art, design and architecture

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Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3(2):123-130 (ISSN:2141-7024)

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Art, Design and Architecture: A Triadic Combination of Failures inBuilding Design in Nigeria

1

B. A. Ogunlade

2

A. A. Taiwo, and

3

Femi Kayode1Department of Fine and Applied Art

Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria2Department of Architecture

Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria3Department of Industrial Design

Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, NigeriaCorresponding Author:Femi Kayode___________________________________________________________________________AbstractArt, Design and Architecture share most elements and principles in common. It is virtually impossible toseparate the aesthetic concepts fromfunctional concepts. The relatedness not withstanding, they are consideredin this paper as a triadic combination of failures in environmental beautification and urban safety for manyreasons. This paper looks into the concept of integrity vis--vis building design failures in the Nigerianenvironment. Apart from the global historical antecedent, building designs have failed in Nigeria on manyoccasions; the worry has been that it continues to be unabated despite the far cry of the masses. The causes arediscussed along side preventive suggestions.__________________________________________________________________________________________Keywords: catastrophic occurrence, design failures, triadic relationship, integrity, building collapse__________________________________________________________________________________________INTRODUCTIONFundamentally there is no clear dichotomy betweenart, design and architecture. All emphasize theconcept of creativity in terms of concept imaginationand delivery, appeal in terms of form ordering inmagnetic charm and manipulation of methods and

materials parameters to meet some particular needs atusers end. By manipulation Ocvirk et al (1998)means a direct way of creating forms or designingwith the use of hand, materials and special tools toarrive at a finished product. Art and design are soengrafted in concepts and like siamen twins whichhave tightly knit relationship, were supposed to givearchitecture a greater artistic flexibility and impetusthis contemporary milieu. The word relationship heremeans that art, design and architecture are soconnected in real way such that a good-looking art ordesign requires time, creative spark and sensiblemethod of rendition as architecture. This position isevident in Ocvirk et al (op cit) which submit that in

many ways architects today are building sculptorsand their designs require a thorough grounding inartistic principles as well as an understanding ofengineering concepts. Constant cross-fertilization ofideals therefore occurs between art and design interms of elements and principles and architectureitself is not immune to such influences. But when oneof the trios fails, all others have failed. Inapproaching building as a design it is expedient toconsider the entire process of form building and

aesthetics alongside its functional imperatives. Sincethis study is revealing the various failures in buildingdesign from the panning, quality and quantityperspectives, the practical concern will be discusswith pictorial evidences (as shown in plates 2 10)how and why things went wrong.

BACKGROUND OF STUDYIt was in the Neolithic period (between the 9thand 4thmillennia BC) that design of architecture really began(The Book of Inventions and Discoveries, 1992).Curiously, this art sprang to life in a part of the worldlacking those classic building materials, wood andstone. But modern architecture which classifies from1918 to present day is characterized by designsstemming from needs, site, economics and newtechnology (Readers Digest Book of Facts, 1985).Generally, the common knowledge that architectureis a building process in which man puts the availablematerials at his command to work for him (Emeji,

2002) not withstanding, the skill and materialsrendition at the disposal of Nigerian designers seemto be working against the ordinary positiveexpectation. The frequency of collapse buildings isdisturbing and one wonders if it is a deliberate designto reduce the population of our dear country. Failureof structure is not a strange thing in the constructionindustry all over the world with particular referenceto the developing countries though; never designed tobe the ideal. Incidents of collapsed buildings,

Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 3 (2): 123-130 Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2012 (ISSN: 2141-7024)jetems.scholarlinkresearch.org


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collapsed bridges or other structures of various typesare not peculiar to Nigeria. The horrifying scenes ofbuilding collapse calls for urgent preventive measuresto be taken by government of all nations, theprofessional bodies and the general public,considering the lives and properties that would be lostwhenever a building collapses. But the continuous

report of collapsed buildings kin the South-westernstates of Nigeria needs to be checked urgently.Arayela (2001) affirms that an informal surveyconducted by the Nigerian Institute of Building(NIOB) has revealed that more buildings may havecollapse during construction in the Lagos state than inthe rest of the country put together over the last forty-five years (1955 2000). The report further revealedthat more than fifty-eight point eight (58.8%) percentof the reported collapse buildings occurred in theLagos area over the study period. Of the forty-one(41) incidents which form the basis of this study,twenty-four (24) occurred in Lagos State. Certainly,there are similar manifestations of such occurrencesin some parts of the country. Major structural failuresof buildings are easily known and sympathizedbecause many are reported in the print media. Thephenomenon has become worrisome to an averageNigerian because it can be anybodys turn whichinvolves lives and property. It occurs in differentgarbs, sometimes partially and other times totally.Some collapses occur at the construction process,some during continuous occupancy while some as aresult of structural ageing. Sadly still, there continuesto be many more incidences of different buildingcollapses that are less disastrous and not widelypublicized. These too are disasters in themselves.Structural engineers, builders, designers and art-decorators have stakes that are uncompromising inboth public and private residential building designs.

A Broad Overview of DisastersThe rate of catastrophic occurrences in the worldcontinues to be disturbing. It occurs in both naturaland man-induced dimensions. Though the so-callednatural disasters such as soil erosion, floods, droughtand deforestation may stimulate our concern process,they are most of the time largely human-caused. Theinternational Engineering Congress on Alleviation ofNatural Disasters held in 1991 in Nigeria andreported in Sunday Times of November 17, of thesame year revealed that natural disasters have in thelast twenty years resulted in loss of 2.8million lives

worldwide. Such disasters have adversely affectedabout 820million people and have caused propertydamage amounting to between 25 to 100 billion USdollars (Sunday Times, November 17, 1991).Besides, the deluge of 27 September, 1991 in Ibadan,Nigeria (shown in plate 1) was a deadly reecho of thecatastrophic deluges of 1980 and 1983 in whichinnumerable number of people perished in a tragedythat remains indelible in the history of Nigeria. The1991 deluge which lasted for six hours resulted in

dastardly overflow of the Ogunpa River in Ibadan.The cause of the tragedy (popularly tagged Omiyale91) was simply that citizens of Ibadan designed andbuilt illegal structures to block the Ogunpa channels.Plate 1: Flood Disaster (popularly tagged omiyale)in 1991- Ibadan, Nigeria

In Lagos state, people are still building living housesand business structures under the high tension electriclines despite warnings and threats from governmentagencies. Nevertheless; continuous crusades towardssaving the entire world from the predations of itsoccupants is the concern of many interest groupssince the last few years (Hoskins, 2006). As can beseen in the Nigerian example, unsafe and unhealthysituations are part of the consequences of nefariousrelationships of man with his environment. Whereman abound artificial disasters also abound with theend probably not coming to sight for now, and thereason for that is not far fetched. The problem is thatour environment is in disorder and there is need for

everybody to find solutions to some of the criticalindices of this disorderly situation. No one can besure if it is possible to solve the problem because ithas become a way of life for the people (Okpara,2006). It is observed that change (in attitude), as aphenomenon is as hard as a rocky soil in a worldwhere the pursuit of material gains is of moreimportant consideration than its adverse effects onhealth and safety of lives. Incontestably, the centralthrust of Asaju (2002) is that the core values ofintegrity and professionalism have been vitiated onthe altar of profiteering in the case of Nigerians.Again, this is where the idea of using the conscienceto tell a story comes in as noted in Kayode et al

(2008). One of the common disasters mentioned inSridhar et al (1993) is house collapse. Of particularconcern in this study therefore is the unchecked rateof building failures in Nigeria. In this case Nantka(2006) is of the opinion that the primary function ofbuildings is to provide protection for their users fromthe outdoor climate and to maintain an acceptableindoor environment that is thermally comfortable,conducive and invaluable to occupants health.Unfortunately, buildings fail for many reasons andwhen they fail, its devastating effects are felt more


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painfully by the inhabitants than the owner. Casestudy by Ogunsemi (2002) and Folagbade (2002)show that poor structural design, use of substandardbuilding materials, non-compliance with approvedbuilding design, poor workmanship and lack ofqualified and appropriate professionals to ensurequality construction and cost control among others

are major causes of building failures in thecontemporary Nigeria.

Plate 2: Concrete slab full of cracks and disintegratedparts (poor concrete mixture and weak steelreinforcement)

Plate 3: Collapsed Beam of a building at Oba-Ileroad, Akure, Nigeria

In addition, Berglund et al (1992) note in Valavanidisand Vatista (2006) that indoor air pollution (IAP) in

homes and non-industrial environments (offices,schools, hospitals, shops, etc.) is rampant and hasbeen at the centre of scientific investigations becauseof their adverse consequences on human health andthe well being of the structure. A structure is usuallydesigned to ensure that it does not fail but reverse isthe case in the Nigerian example. Asides the flaws inindoor ventilation circumstances, thenonconformance of structural properties of materialsused in the actual construction to the properties of

materials specified for it is also adduced (Arum,2008). In a situation where designs fail, the muchneeded integrity of the environmental practitioners Industrial Designers, Artists, Architects, Builders,Planners and perhaps the Estate Managers have beendownplayed or sacrificed or even thrown overboard.

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF STRUCTURALDESIGN FAILURESStructural failure has a much longer history thanother types of buildings failures. Cowan (1989)investigated and stated that in the ancient worldstructural failures were often severely punished. Forexample, the legal code promulgated by Hamurabi, aBabylonian king (1792 1750 BC) stated amongother things that if a builder has built a house for aman and his work is not strong and if the house hehas built falls in and kills the occupant, that buildershall be slain. This shows that there were buildingcollapses in very distant time past and thegovernment then set Code of Laws, first in history. Itwas very harsh code, dealing with the socialstructure, industries, law, economic conditions andfamily life. On the contrary, the Romans attitude tobuilding collapses was not quite harsh. Cowan (1989)finds out that there was also a tendency to make sureimportant structures does not fail by using materialsgenerously, and that is of course, one reason why somany of the Roman architecture survived till today.

In the European Middle Ages structural materialswere often used far more sparingly. The reasonswere partly religious and partly economic. Peoplewere more inclined to look for supernatural causes ofstructural failure. With traditional materials bucklingwas not a major structural problem, and multi-storeystructures were rare. The emphasis was therefore onsize of horizontals spans. In the Roman times thearch and dome came into use for horizontal spans,with a consequent increase of several hundred percentin the predictably length of spans. Arches, vaults anddomes remained an important part of Europeanstructure thereafter.

Cowan (1989) said that there was no structural theoryof any sort before the 15th century, and none that waspractically useful before the 17th century. How didthe builders formulate their factors of safety? Onemay ask. The failure of arches, vaults and domes ofbricks, stones or concrete occurred through the

opening up of a sufficient number of joints or cracksto form a collapse mechanism. Collapse occurs whenthe line of thickness to span (where t is the thicknessor depth of the structure and l is its span), t/l, whichdepends on the dome. The minimum safe ratio of t/lcould be determined by observing collapses. If thestructures fell down, the ratio was too small. It wouldrequire a lot of observations, but structural innovationwas slow. Egyptian temple structure hardly changedover 3,000 years, and the structure of Ancient Roman


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domes and vaults and of the Gothic cathedralsdeveloped slowly, in each case over a period ofseveral centuries. Columns were usually grosslyoversized but comparatively long horizontal spans forcollapse, that is, those that survived manyundoubtedly did collapse.

Scientific concepts began to play a role in structuraldesign from the 16th century onwards, but the sizingof buildings remained predominantly empirical until,and well into 19th century. The main causes ofstructural failure were the inadequacies of theseempirical rules though there were other causes.Surprisingly, outright mistakes still are a major causeof failure today, they presumably always have been acause, although one that might get lost within theinaccuracies of empirical rules. Poor constructionhas always been, and still is a cause of structuralfailure. A major cause of structural failure in thedeveloping countries of the world is an inadequateunderstanding of the structural consequences of anew building technology. This would have beenregarded as a minor cause before the 18th centurywhen building technology changed very slowly sothat there was ample time to study the consequencesof new methods and materials. Thus there has been avery major change in the causes of structural failure.Lack of adequate theories and inadequate factors ofsafety had been the main cause of failure prior to the18th century. No major failure since the end of theSecond World War in 1945 can be attributed to thatas asserted by Cowan (1989). In that area thedeveloped countries have therefore beenspectacularly successful. Major structural failures aretoday in the developed countries of the world, in fact,are remarkably rare.

Design Failures in Nigerian BuildingsBuilding failure in Nigeria are attributed as 50% ofthe causes being due to design faults, 40% to faultson construction site and 10% to product failure asasserted by Oyewande (1992). Building failurescould be as a result of defects under any or all of thestages in design approval of drawings and thesupervision/construction stage.

Plate 4: Building collapse at the construction levelalong Oba-Ile road, Akure, Nigeria

Those that are usually first accused of professionalnegligence are any of the following persons; thearchitect, structural engineer, the contractor andplanning authority officials.

Plate 5: Building project supervision (an idealsituation)

The inability of the architect and especially, thestructural engineer to properly carry out his own partof the work to see to the fact that the right numberand sizes of reinforcements are used remains a factor.The inability of the town planning authorities toensure that architectural and structural designs (andstructural calculations) conform to design principlesbefore approvals are given, leads to structuralfailures. From past occurrences, the town planningauthority which ought to enforce its developmentcontrol regulations can hardly be seen to be firm inenforcing its regulations so that the incidences ofcollapsed buildings are prevented or abated. Some

officials of the planning authorities sometimescompromise their position and allowdevelopers/landlords to recklessly contravenedevelopment control regulations.

Added to this dimension is the very slow pace atwhich the planning authorities enforce the law.During construction, the consultants and thecontractors must have competent persons in site tomonitor work as it progresses, failure to do so couldlead to bad or poor workmanship and thereforeresults in structural failure. Often, developers andlandlords of collapsed buildings try to cut corners inthe use of materials by not using quality materials for

construction. They deliberately deviate from whatwas approved for them and begin to contravene in theprocess of construction. Most of the buildingcollapses that are usually reported in the newspapersin Nigeria come from the Lagos state area (see table1). And few are sparsely reported across the country.What exactly is the problem with the Lagos area?Does this mean that the professionals in the buildingindustry and the planning authorities are not doingtheir work as expected? And what is the governmentdoing to stop this trend? It can be seen from table 1


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that eighty percent (80%) of reported buildingcollapse occurred in the Lagos area from the datacollected for this study and within the period ofSeptember 1995 to March 2002 of the twenty-five

(25) cases which formed the bedrock of this paper,twenty (20) occurred in Lagos area.

Table 1: Some reported cases of building collapse in Nigeria (1995 2002)S/No Type of Building

StructureLocation ofBuilding

Suspected Causes Source & Date Remarks

1 2-storey residentialbuilding

Isolo, Lagos Windstorm Daily Times Sept. 17, 1995 2 buildingscollapsed, roofs ofmany houses blownoff


Lagos Island Poor constructionmaterials used

The Guardian Oct. 21, 1995 2 persons killed

3 3-storey building Ogba, Lagos Structural failure Daily Times Nov. 5, 1995 One personconfirmed dead

4 2-storey building Surulere, Lagos Structural defects/lackof soil test fromtheonset

The Guardian Dec. 16, 1995 One person died,several otherssustained injurie

5 One-storey building Tejuosho area ofSurulere, Lagos

Poor structure,rainstorm

Daily Champion Feb. 7, 1996

6 Apostolic Church Olowokere Street,Lagos

Concrete slab collapsed Vanguard May 26, 1996 7 people died

7 Residentialbuilding

Edidi Street,Amakoko, Lagos

Heavy rainfall/flood Daily Champion July 16, 1996

8 Hotel Maryland, Lagos Poor foundation,vibration froma bridgerecon-struction 40maway

The Guardian July 1996 About N65.5million worth ofgoods lost

9 Uncompletedbuilding

Along OlowokereLagos

Structural failure Tell Magazine Sept. 16, 1996 Workers trappedunder rubble

10 A 6-storey building Maryland, Lagos Structural defect The Guardian Jan. 2, 1997 6 persons died11 A 3-storey building

under constructionKano Heavy rainfall The Guardian Aug. 1, 1997

12 2-storey building(uncompleted)

Premises of St.Thomas Ang.Church, Isikan,Akure

Failure of structuralmembers

Arayela, O. Sept. 30, 1998 2 persons reporteddead


Road 3 Plot 10,Funbi Fagun, Ogunstate

Use of poor qualitybuilding materials

Arayela, O. Nov. 1989 No death reported

14 A Church building

(under construction)

Ijemo, Agbadu

Abeokuta

Structural failure during

formwork removal

The Guardian April 10, 1999 10 persons died,

many others injured

15 A 2-storey building Ojuelegba, Lagos Heavy rainfall The Guardian Apri l 29, 1999 5 persons died16 A storey building

(Apostolic Church)Oke Igbala, Lagos Structural failure Vanguard May 28, 1999 6 persons killed

17 A Mosque (underconstruction)

Abeokuta Structural failure Vanguard May 28, 1999 7 persons killed

18 A building(uncompleted)

Central part ofLagos

Structural failure Vanguard May 28, 1999 10 persons killed

19 A storey building 124 Tokunbo Streetin Central Lagos

Heavy rainfall,structural failure

The Guardian July 6, 1999 One person killed,many others injured

20 A 3-storey buildingof luxury flat

Aja Epe, Lagos Faulty supervision Arayela, O. April 2000 2 persons died, 200injured

21 Catholic Church Akoka, Lagos Structural failure The Guardian June 2001 5 persons died22 One-storey building Alafia Street,

Mushin LagosStructural failure The Guardian Aug. 2001 2 persons injured

23 Mosque building Mushin, Lagos Structural failure The Guardian Oct. 2001 40 persons died

24 2-storey building Akewasola Street,Oworonsoki, Lagos Structural failure The Guardian Oct. 2001 4 persons died

25 3-storey building Otigbe Street, Ikeja,Lagos.

Structural memberscaved-in

The Nigerian Tribune March 26,2002

10 persons died, 3injured

Source: As indicated from the table above, data was collected from Nigerian Newspapers, Magazine and aJournal (1995 2002).

Causes of Building Collapse in NigeriaBuilding disasters in Nigeria have immediate andremote causes. They are numerous and can becomplex depending on who is handling what.

According to Folagbade (1997) the inability of theengineer to carry out proper site investigations,calculate design loads accurately, prevent the use ofsubstandard building materials, have good designlayout, understand structural analysis and design


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principles lead to structural failures as revealed inPlate 6.

Plate 6: Collapsed design at the construction level -Inability to calculate design loads accurately.

Other causes are:- The absence of soil test report- Structural designs and details handled by

quacks- Absence of co-ordination between the

professional bodies and the local townplanning authority

- Lack of adherence to specifications by theunqualified and unskilled personnel

- Poor and bad construction practices- The use of substandard building materials- Lack of proper supervision by professionals- Inadequate enforcement of the existing

enabling building regulations

-

Il legal conversion of buildings which oftenlead to structural deficiencies- Flagrant disobedience of town planning

regulations by developers/landlords- The compromising attitude of some workers

of the town planning authority- Lack of sanctions against erring professionals

and landlords- Governments lukewarm attitude to punish

offenders

Report of soil test of any site is very useful to thearchitect and the structural engineer. This will enablethem to specify what type of foundation is to be used.And also they will know what precaution to take inorder to avoid collapse of the structure due tosettlement and other foundation problems. In somecases, buildings that are above the ground floor leveldo not have structural designs and details, and oftentimes lead to failure of the structure. On the whole,the professional bodies such Nigerian Institute ofArchitects, the Nigerian Society of Engineers, theNigerian Institute of Building and the PlanningAuthorities, who represent the government share inthe blame (as stated in the possible causes of building

collapse above) that cause collapse of buildings inNigeria.

The Need for Proactive ActionHaving considered both the immediate and remotecauses of building design failures in Nigeria,preventive and corrective actions such as those listed

below would prevent the menace of building designfailures. The measures are hereby recommended asappropriate for the Nigerian example.(i) Stringent penalties for those responsible for

the collapse of buildings, particularly whenloss of lives is involved should applied.

(ii) Town Planning Authorities should beadequately staffed and equipped withprofessionals in the construction industry. Foreffective monitoring of projects during andafter construction.

(iii) Continuing professional development shouldbe emphasized by both the professional bodiesand the government on modern trends in thebuilding industry. To keep members of thebuilding industry abreast with new trends inconstruction.

(iv) Government should provide an enabling lawfor the training and effective control of artisansand craftsmen in the building industry.

(v) Government should screen those gettinginvolved in housing projects. For anystructure more than a bungalow, a structuralengineer must be involved.

(vi) Construction work should only be carried outby registered contractors and supervised byregistered Architects, Engineers and Buildersrather than engaging unskilled contractors.

(vii) Clients should obtain approvals before theybegin construction. At the same time theyshould work with the approved drawings andspecifications. Any alternations should beapproved before their implementations.

CONCLUSIONThis paper has been able to identify major causes ofbuilding collapse in Nigeria with particular referenceto the Lagos state area of the country. It recommendssome preventive measures in order to ameliorate theincessant occurrences of collapsed buildings in Lagosarea and across the country in general. It identifiedthe fact that there are lapses on the part of theprofessionals in the building industry and the town

Planning Authorities and that the Government alsohas lukewarm attitude to punish offenders. Theauthor strongly feels that the enactment andimplementation of the National Building code has nosubstitute, with this, construction of buildings will beeffectively regulated. The author believes that if therecommended preventive measures are takenseriously, then the issue of collapsed buildings in oursociety will soon become a thing of the past just as itis the case in the developed nations.


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Plate 7: Clearing debris on building construction site

Plate 8: Collapsed building under construction

Plate 9: Another incident of design failure anoccupied building

Plate 10: Ruins of a collapsed residential building inSurulere area of Lagos State, Nigeria

Plate 11: Ruins of a collapsed residential building

Plate 12: Evacuation of debris from the site ofdisaster in Surulere

Plate 13: Clearing of Ruins of a collapsed residentialbuilding - Surulere, Lagos

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Arum, C. (2008) Verification of Properties ofConcrete Reinforcement Bars: Nigeria as a CaseStudy. In Indoor and Built Environment Journal ofthe International Society of the Built Environment.17(4), 370-376.


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Asaju, A. S. (2006) Challenges of Ethical Behaviourand Professionalism An Estate SurveyorsPerspective. In Conference Proceedings on EthicalIssues and the Challenges in ConstructionProfessionals Service Delivery, Ogunsemi, D. R.(ed), 132-140.

Berglund, B., Brunekreef,B., Knoppel, H., Lindvall,T., Maroni, M., Molhave, L., and Skov, P. (1992)Effects of Indoor Air Pollution on Human Health.Indoor Air. 2, 2-25.

Cowan, H. J. (1989) The Causes of StructuralFailure. Architectural Science Review. 32(3), 6566.

Emeji, M. J . (2002) Integrating Visual Arts andArchitecture as Instrument of Culture and SymbolSystems for Enhancing Visual and AestheticEnvironment. In Book of Reading on Design Historyin Nigeria. Agberia J. T. (Ed), National Gallery ofArts and Association of African Industrial Designers440-451.

Hoskins, J. (2006) Green for Danger. In Indoor andBuilt Environment Journal of the InternationalSociety of the Built Environment. 15(6), 509-510.

Folagbade, S. O. (1997) Structural Failures inDomestic Buildings in Nigeria: Causes andRemedies. In Proceedings of a National Symposiumon The House in Nigeria, Ile-Ife, 183187.

Folagbade, S. O. (2002) Case Studies of BuildingCollapse in Nigeria. In Proceedings on BuildingCollapse: Causes, Prevention and Remedies.Ogunseemi D. R. (ed), The Nigerian Institute ofBuilding, Ondo State, 110-121.

Kayode, F., Ojo, B., and Sheba, E. A. (2008)Design, Aesthetics and the Issue of Integrity in theBuilt Environment: The Nigerian Example. InIndoor and Built Environment Journal of theInternational Society of the Built Environment. 17(4), 283-298.

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