art & culture 1st partial study guide

8/8/2019 Art & Culture 1st Partial Study Guide

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The Art, in the classic conception, is a system of extracted rules of the experience, but thought

later logically that teach us the way to carry out an action directed to its improvement and

optional repeated, action that is not part of the natural course of happening and that we don't

want to leave to the whim of the chance. It is a habit or intellectual virtue that the artist

memorizes through the exercise in the cases, of the imitation of the examples and of the study of

the doctrine through the discipline taught by the teachers.

KEY-WORDS: art, intellectual virtue (needs talent), doctrine (can be learnt) , disciplines(needs

work).

Art Nature

Nature is an independent phenomena that already exists. Art is what can be produced with talent,

effort and knowledge.

Art Science

Both of them are processes. Science has a method and is concerned about proving facts. Art isfocused on the process and the potential outcome of such process.

Aesthetics: When the artista is concerned about the viewers perception.

Work of Art: The result of a process.

Types of Art

Acording to Viewers Acccording to Artist

Poiethical: Craft for Money: Made with the intention of earning

a monetary reward.

Practical: Refers to the interaction

between the work of art and the viewer.

To Show

Theoretical: To observe and judge a

work of art, acquire knowledge, develop

a theory about it.

Skill and Challenge to the Rules: Made just to prove

that you can do it, imitation.

Liberal Study: Not made for money, higher

expectations: knowledge, common benefit, etc.

Prehistoric Art: 3300 years old. We think they did to:

represent gods, instructions, daily life and desires.

Naturalism: They used stones, bones, blood,

and mud.

Geometry: They used the forms they found in

nature.

Ilustracin 1. Altamira, Spain


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Altamira, Spain.

Considered the first 3D image (because of the curving in the rock)

Network of caves with over 500 figures.

Bulls, horses, bison, deer.

We think they were: tribute to gods,

wishful items or maps.

Chauvet, France. It represents

movement. Believed to be the

oldest in the world.

Venus of Willendorf. Paleolithic.

Abstraction: Represents the main characteristics of comething without

specific details. Can be understood because of those elements.

Womans power to give life. Emphasizing the features that were used

for fertility and nursing.

Sedentarianism

People started living in communities (Herds). They developed

agriculture. They started working with metal. They started settling and so came architecture.

Ilustracin 2. Lascaux, France.

Ilustracin 3. Chauvet. France.

Ilustracin 4. Venus of Willendorf.


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Stonehenge.

Megalithic (Huge rocks) Architecture.

Maybe: a tomb, a hospital, ritual tool or homes.

They are placed in such a way that sun aligns with the

construction during summer solstice.

The Iron Age

y They created the brick, made architectureeasier.

y They learnt how to make tools and weapons.Origin of WAR.

y They acquired traditions.Bronze Age

y Further development in skills. They were interested in improving their artistic skills.

MESOPOTAMIA

Agriculture was the basis of wealth, they established a religion. They started to name Kings. Went

from oral communication to writing. They applied their technology: tools for agriculture.

Writing: Pictographs (symbols & sounds), Hieroglyphic/Cuneiform (representing ideas)

Ilustracin 6. Ziggurat.

Ziggurats: Represented

mountains, a platform for

their gods.

Votive Figures.

Representation(abstraction) of people

worshiping their gods. Their eyes are big

and round, like impressed in the presence

of their gods. Made of limestone, clay.

Ilustracin 5. Stonehenge.

Ilustracin 7. Votive Figures.


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Mesopotamian Art: Music. Lyre made of wood, gold and lapis

lazuli (semiprecious blue stone)

Had mythological meaning. The beard symbolized power and

royalty.

Akkadians: Stele of Naram Sin

Proclaims the kings authority, hierarchical scale, the king closer to god.

Babylon

Stele of Hammurabi. Characters represented at the same level.Undeneath is written the fist law EVER created.

Ilustracin 9. Mesopotamian Lyre

Ilustracin 8. Stele of Naram Sin.


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EGYPT.

-Eye and torso in frontal view: Egyptian characteristic. The size

and the place in the center shows the characters importance.

Made of stone.

Death Masks. To represent the

dead when he was alive and great.

Made of gold and lapis lazuli.

Rosetta Stone. Made of black granite. A decree is written in three

languages: Demotic Script, Ancient Greek and Hieroglyphics.

Saqqara. A tomb for

Anaksunamun, built

by a priest named

Imotep, by order of

Djasem. Made of

several structures,

one over another.

The Egyptians saw death as a transitional stage in the progress to a better life in the next

world. They believed they could only reach their full potential after death. Each personwas thought to have three souls, the "ka," the "ba," and the "akh." For these to function

properly, it was considered essential for the body to survive intact. The entire civilization

of Ancient Egypt was based on religion, and their beliefs were important to them. Their

belief in the rebirth after death became their driving force behind their funeral practices.

Ilustracin 10. Palette of Narmer.

Ilustracin 11. Death Mask

Ilustracin 12. Rosetta Stone

Ilustracin 13. Saqqara


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When a Pharaon died,

their heart was weighed

in front of the goddess

Osiris. If it was lighter

than the maat (symbol

of truth and justice) the

death could go on to the

afterlife. If it was

heavier, the death was

doomed to live in their

mummy for eternity.

Gizah Pyramids.

The other side of the Nile, seen as heaven, It was the contrary to the place where Egyptians lived.

It was oriented to the four compass points. A series of chambers and traps, a tomb for a death

pharaoh.


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GREECE

Periods:

y Geometric (bronze age, abstraction)y Archaicy Classicaly Helenistic

Main characteristics: Human proportion, movement, shows emotion, physical action & ideal

beauty.

It was lost because of: Christianity, earthquakes, looting, middle ages wars.

Kudos of Anavyssos. Archaic Period. Skeleton made of stone. Covered

with clay. Shows movement and muscular tension.

For the greek, the woman was a symbol of pleasure. They were not at

their same intellectual level. They had homosexual tendencies, they

could only consider another man as beautiful and intelligent as them.

Acropolis. City at the top.

Doric Order:

y Three stepsy 6 columnsy One entrancey

Ilustracin 14. Kudos of

Anavyssos


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Pediment: Shows the god in all their greatness

Motope: tells the story of the god.

Opistodomos: lobby a halway following the entrance.

Cella. The place where the god was, Sacred zone


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Pronaos: Only the priests had access to these zones.

The Parthenon. 8 columns,

contains a statue of Athena

(goddess of war, wisdom)

Started in classical period,finished in Hellenistic period.

Amphora

Charcoal based painting, made of clay.

Bell

Krater:

Classical

period.S

ame

paint,

baked,

carbed

and

polished

. It has

metallic

elements. Combine materials


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Charioteer of

Delphi.

Illustrates

movement,

strength. Made

form copper,

realistic details.

Riace Warriors.

One made of

copper, one

made of bronze.

Not

exaggerated

muscles.

Copies.

Statue of Hercules.

Enormous muscles,

Greece was in themiddle of battle and

it was important to

show the strength

of their gods.

Strength & power

were synonyms of

beauty.

Alexander the great.

Ideal beauty: strength of

the mind, intelligence.More detail on the face,

not the muscles. To show

his humanity and wisdom.

Hellenistic Period.

Nik (Victory) of

Samothrace. Very

detailed, shows

movement.

Represents victory

and the greatness

of Greece.

Helenistic period.

Temple of Apollo. Battle of LApith. One single

structure, not independent figures. They must

have studied anathomy to create the centaur.

art & culture 1st partial study guide

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