Art. 21,Protection of life and personal liberty

Submitted by: Anjana JoshiArticle 21 and 21A

Article 21Article 21 lays down that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except acc. to procedure established by law. Article 21 uses four crucial expressions , viz:Life: as here used, something more is meant than mere animal existence. The inhibition against its deprivation extends to all those limbs and facilities by which life is enjoyed.Personal liberty: In art.21 it is of widest amplitude & it covers a variety of rights which go to constitute personal liberty of man & some of them have been raised to status of distinct FRs. Law: constitution make no distinction in principle b/w a law made by the legislature & ordinance issued by president,both are equally subject to limitation which the constitution has placed upon that powerProcedure established by law: it extends both to substantive as well as procedural law. A procedure not fulfilling these attributes is no procedure at all in the eyes of art.21 Maneka Gandhi v. Union of IndiaManekas passport was impounded by the Central govt. under the passport Act in the interest of the general public. Maneka filed a writ petition challenging the order on the ground of violation of fundamental right under Art. 21. The major ground of challenge was the order impounding the passport was null and void as it had been made without affording her an opportunity of being heard in her defence Right to foodRight to ShelterRight to education Right to livelihoodRight to privacyRight to healthy environmntArticle 21 Right to medical care

Right to livelihoodThe right to livelihood is borne out of the right to life, as no person can live without the means of living, that is, the means of livelihood.If the right to livelihood is not treated as a part and parcel of the constitutional right to life, the easiest way of deprivingaperson of his right to life would be deprived him of means of livelihood to the point of abrogation.

Olga Tellis V. Bombay Municipal Corporation - AIR1986 SC 180 Right to privacy

The Supreme Court explained thatArticle21of theConstitutionentitlesaperson to lead a healthy life and therefore the women who was to marry a person was entitled to know whether her prospective husband has any deadly and communicable disease.Mr. X v. Hospital Z (AIR 1999 SC 495)

Registered Society v. Union of India AIR 1996

The Supreme Court had given directions to Subordinate Courts to dispose of long pending cases. Criminal cases was quite consistent with the spirit underlying Part III of theConstitution, Telephone tapping was held to be violation of right to privacy

RIGHT TO SHELTER Shantisar Builders v. Narayan Khimal Totame AIR1990 SC 630The SC has ruled that the right to life is guaranteed in any civilized society. That would take within its sweep the right to food, the right to clothing, the right to decent environment and reasonable accommodation to live in. The diff. b/w the need of an animal andahuman being for shelter has to be kept in view. For an animal it is the bare protection of body: for a human being it has to be a suitableaccommodation which would allow him to grow in every aspect-physical, mental and intellectual

RIGHT TO MEDICAL CAREParmanand KataraV Unionof India AIR 1989 The SC has considered a very serious problem existing at present: in a medico legal case (such as accident) the doctor usually refused to give immediate a medical aid to the victim untill the legal formalities are completed. In some cases, the injured die for want of medical aid. The SC has now very specifically clarified that preservation of life is of paramount importance.

RIGHT TO HEALTHVincent v. Union of India AIR 1987The SC held that a healthy body is the very foundation of all human activities. Even Art. 47, a directive principle, lays stress on improvement of public health and prohibition of drugs injurious to health as one of the primary duties of the State.

RIGHT TO EDUCATIONMohini JainV.State of Karnataka AIR1992The right to education flows directly from theright to life, and the right to education being concomitant to the fundamental right, The state is under a constitutional mandate to provide educational institutions at all levels for the benefit of the citizens.

12 Miss Mohini Jain, a resident ofMeerut(in the State ofUP), applied for admission to theMBBScourse in the session commencing February/March, 1991, to a privatemedical collegelocated in the State of Karnataka.

The college management asked her to deposit a sum of Rs. 60,000/- as the tuition fee for the first year and also to show a bank guarantee of the amount equal to the fee for the remaining years.

When Miss Jain's father intimated the management that the asked amount was beyond his reach, the management denied Ms. Jain's admission to the medical college.

Miss Jain informed the court that the management demanded an additional amount of Rs. four and a halflakhs, however, the management denied the allegation

Miss Jain filed apetition.

A two member bench consisting Justice Kuldip Singh and Justice R. M. Sahai gave the judgment of the case on 30 July 1992 (1992 AIR 1858).[2]For the first time in the post independent India, right to education of the Indian citizens and the State obligation to secure the right came under scrutiny at the premises of theapex court.

Unni Krishnan v/s State of AP AIR 1993 SC 2178The Right to education is implicit. The parameters of this right is not absolute.Court limited the State obligation as follows;Right to education till the age of 14 Beyond the stage, State obligation is subject to economic capacity and development of State.

RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT The SC has held that enjoyment of pollution free environment is included in the right to life under Art.21Subash Kumar v. Bihar AIR 1991

Murali S. Deora v. Union ofIndia

Since a non-smoker is afflicted to various diseases including lung cancer or of heart, only because he is required to go to public places and it is indirectly depriving of his life without any process of law. Hence smoking in public places was banned

M.C. Mehta v. Union of IndiaIt was held that the direction to convert all buses operating in Delhi to CNG fuel mode was given for safeguarding health of people .