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Arsenic in Argentina: technologies for arsenic removal from
groundwater sources, investment costs and waste management
practices
Marta I. Littera,b,c*, Ana M. Ingallinellac,d, Valentina Olmosc,e, Marianela Savioc,f,
Gonzalo Difeoc,g, Lía Bottoc,h, Elsa Mónica Farfán Torresc,i, Sergio Taylorc,j, Sofía
Frangiec,g, Jorge Herkovitsc,k, Isidoro Schalamukc,l, María José Gonzálezl, Eliana
Berardozzic,m, Fernando S. García Einschlagc,n, Prosun Bhattacharyao,p, Arslan Ahmado,q,r
a Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, CONICET, San Martín,
Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
b Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de General
San Martín, Campus Miguelete, San Martín, Prov. of Buenos Aires, Argentina
c Red de Seguridad Alimentaria de CONICET, Argentina
d Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina,
e Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Argentina,
f INCITAP y Depto. Química, FCEyN-UNLPam, Argentina
g INTI Química, Argentina
h CEQUINOR-CCT La Plata-CICPBA-UNLP, Argentina
i INIQUI - Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina
j Autoridad del Agua, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (Marta I. Litter)
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k Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Salud, Fundación PROSAMA, CONICET,
Argentina
l INREMI-CICPBA-UNLP-CONICET, Argentina
m INIFTA-CCT La Plata, Dto. Hidráulica-Facultad de Ingeniería, UNLP, Argentina
n INIFTA-CCT La Plata, Fac. Cs. Exactas-UNLP, Argentina,
o KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
p University of Southern Queensland, Australia
q KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
r Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research
(WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fig. S1. Material recovered from wastes of water treatment plants, used to remove As
from water through adsorption technologies. A view of the plant is included.
Fig. S2. Community initiative of local drillers of Bangladesh in the search of safe
sediments for installation of tubewells based on the color of the sediments (von
Brömssen et al., 2007).
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Fig. S3. RO plant in Venado Tuerto (Santa Fe) (Olivieri and Pagliano, 2010).
Fig. S4. Rural device for As removal, designed by INTI-Química, based on the
coagulation-filtration technology.
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Fig. S5. Map of the rural schools in Chaco where devices for As removal have been
installed.
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Fig. S6. Experimental plant in School Nº 1, Punta Indio, Buenos Aires.
Fig. S7. Small scale prototype based on the ZVI technique developed at the Hydraulic
Department, Engineering Faculty of UNLP.
Fig. S8. Pilot plant based on the ZVI technique designed for field tests.
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Fig. S9. Treatment plants installed in the Chaco Salteño by UNSa-INIQUI/CONICET.
Fig. S10. Bottles with TiO2 impregnated in the wall or containing materials impregnated
with TiO2 (Meichtry et al., 2007).
School No. 4627 Palo a Pique
Access to the school
Tanks installed outsideInstallation of new tanks in the kitchen
Installation of the system
Assembly of the filters
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Fig. S11. Applicable technologies for As abatement according to the water source quality and the population size (Instituto
Nacional de Tecnología Industrial, 2009).
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Fig. S12. Dewatered sludges from the As removal plant of Lezama, Buenos Aires
(Crisanto, 2012).
Table S1
Wastes generated in As removal processes (Clancy et al., 2013).
Process Wastes Type of wastes
Coagulation-adsorption-
filtration
Solids deposited in a
sedimentation tank
Backwashing of filters
Very dilute semiliquid
with ca. 2-8% solids
Ionic exchange Exhausted resins
Regeneration agents
Solid and liquid
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Membrane technologies Exhausted membranes
Liquids from chemical
cleanings
Solid-liquid from
chemical cleanings
Activated alumina Regeneration agents and
exhausted adsorbents
Liquid and solid
Iron based adsorbents Washings
Exhausted adsorbents
Liquid and solid
Fig. S13. Open field close to the Lezama treatment plant of sewage (Crisanto, 20125).
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Fig. S14. Concrete pieces and mechanical tests.
Fig. S15. Rhinella arenarum embryo showing multiple sublethal teratogenic effects
produced by different phsicochemical agents. Asymetries, delayed development,
reduction of body size, microcephaly, axial incurvations, agenesis (gills), aberrant cell
proliferation processes, hydropesy and other effects are observed (Herkovits, 2015).
Thus, ecotoxicological studies allow to recognize the effluent toxicity before and after
its treatment; their discharge in inland waters should not overcome values clearly
established to warrant the life protection in the receiving body. Regarding the disposal
of solid wastes, their toxicity can be evaluated from the toxicity of their leachates
(Herkovits and Pérez Coll, 2003).
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Fig. 16 Embrion de Rhinella arenarum que ejemplifica multiplesefectos teratogenicos subletales producidos por diferentes agentes
fisico-quimicos Asimetrías Retraso en el Desarrollo Reducción en el tamaño
corporal Microcefalia Incurvaciones axiales Agenesia (branquias) Procesos de
proliferación celular Hidropesia, etc.
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References
Clancy, T.M, Hayes, K.F., Raskin, L. 2013. Arsenic Waste Management: A critical
Review of Testing and Disposal of Arsenic-Bearing Solid Wastes Generated
during Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47,
10799–10812.
Crisanto, T. 2012. Tratamiento y disposición final de residuos de plantas of remoción de
arsénico por procesos de coagulación-adsorción-filtración. Master Thesis,
Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Buenos Aires.
Herkovits, J. 2015. Ecotoxicología: Una decisión necesaria para el manejo sustentable
de cuencas hídricas. Ing. Sanit. Amb. 125, 25–35.
Herkovits, J., Pérez-Coll, C.S. 2003. AMPHITOX: A Standardized Set of Toxicity
Tests employing Amphibian Embryos. Its Potential for Customized Hazard
Assessment. In: Linder, G., Krest, S., Sparling, D., Little, E.E. (Eds.) Multiple
Stressor Effects in Relation to Declining Amphibian Populations. ASTM
International, pp. 46–60.
Instituto Nacional of Tecnología Industrial (INTI). 2009. Modelo de intervención para
el abatimiento de arsénico en aguas de consumo. Informe INTI Química, Centro
de investigación y desarrollo en química.
https://www.inti.gob.ar/quimica/pdf/asenagua.pdf (Accessed November, 2017).
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Meichtry, J.M., Lin, H., de la Fuente, L., Levy, I.K., Gautier, E.A., Blesa, M.A., Litter,
M.I. 2007. Low-cost TiO2 photocatalytic technology for water potabilization in
plastic bottles for isolated regions. Photocatalyst fixation, J. Solar Energy Eng.
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Olivieri, V., Pagliano, A. 2010. Evaluation of the reverse osmosis plant of the
Cooperativa de Obras Sanitarias de Venado Tuerto, Provincia de Santa Fe.
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von Brömssen, M., Jakariya, M.D., Bhattacharya, P., Ahmed, K.M., Hasan, M.A.,
Sracek, O., Jonsson, L., Lundell, L., Jacks, G. 2007. Targeting low-arsenic
aquifers in groundwater of Matlab Upazila, Southeastern Bangladesh. Sci. Total
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