Supplementary

Figure S1. Alpha diversity-related boxplot analysis of samples. (A) The Simpson index

reflects the biodiversity of the two groups; the higher the index, the higher the biodiversity.

(B) The Shannon index also reflects the biodiversity of the two groups; the higher the index,

the higher the biodiversity. (C) The Good’s coverage index shows whether the sequencing

data accurately reflect the sequences of each sample; the higher the value, the lower the

probability that the sequence is not measured in the sample. (D) The Chao1 index was used to

estimate the total number of species. (E) The observed species represents the number of

species in the sample; the higher the value, the higher the species richness of the sample. (F)

The PD whole tree index reflects the evolutionary history of the sample; there is a significant

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difference in evolutionary history in the control group compared to the surgery group; p <

0.05. Data were analysed by ANOVA.

Figure S2. OTU classification of intestinal bacteria. (A) OTU-level bar plot of sample

comment ratios. The horizontal axis gives the sample name (a column represents a sample);

the vertical axis gives the total tag statistics in OTUs annotated at different classification

levels. (B) Flower plot of the number of OTUs in every sample. The number in the core

represents the total OTUs of all samples (core OTUs); the numbers on the petals represent the

total OTUs of each sample minus the total OTUs of all samples. (C) System evolution tree

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based on OTUs (Top 50). The left side represents the evolutionary tree diagram; the score

value indicates the credibility of the evolutionary branches; the right side indicates the

abundance of OTU in each sample on the left.

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Figure S3. Heatmap of the microbiome community structure. (A) Heatmap showing the

relative abundance level (Top 30). Green indicates species that are relatively scarce; red

indicates species that are relatively abundant. (B) Species abundance of Top 30 in each

sample at different classification levels. Group represents different groups. The left clustering

tree represents species clustering. The cluster Group represents samples from different

groups. Orange indicates species that are relatively abundant; blue indicates species that are

relatively scarce.

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Figure S4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of the total DNA of faecal bacteria. Compared with

the groups treated with water (control group), the amount of total DNA from faecal bacteria

decreased dramatically after antibiotic treatment. M: marker; 1–3: control group; 4–6: surgery

group; 9–10: antibiotic group and 11–12: antibiotic + surgery group

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Figure S5. Relative abundance of DNA expressions in the gut microbiota of the remaining 14

types of the 22 common types of bacteria among the total 37 types analysed (top 30). One-

way ANOVA results: Actinomyces (F = 2.618, P = 0.919), Eubacterium (F = 0.4539, P =

0.7176), Butyrivibrio (F = 0.3704, P = 0.7752), Parabacteroides (F = 1.642, P = 0.2320),

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Atopobium (F = 8.866, P = 0.0011), Anaeroplasma (F = 5.07, P = 0.0117), Methylobacterium

(F = 4.34, P = 0.0274), Comamonas (F = 5.701, P = 0.0092), Methylobacterium, (F = 3.008,

P = 0.0723), Killgella (F = 3.183, P = 0.0475), Veilnebucterium (F = 1.31, P = 0.3019),

Neissria (F = 0.1712, P = 0.9138), Leptoterchia (F = 33.9, P = 0.001) and Gemella (F = 0.48,

P = 0.7017). (control group (Con), anaesthesia/surgery group (Surgery), VSL#3 group

(VSL#3) and VSL#3 + anaesthesia/surgery group (VSL#3+Sugery); n = 4–6 per group, one-

way ANOVA, *P < 0.05 compared with the Con group

Table S1 Primers used in the custom-made, Q-RTPCR assay

Primer specificity Forward (5′-3′) Reverse (5′-3′)

Bacteria ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGT ATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGC

Actinomyces TACGGCCGCAAGGCTA TCRTCCCCACCTTCCTCCG

Bacteroides GCATCATGAGTCCGCATGTTC TCCATACCCGACTTTATTCCTT

Eubacterium

Butyrivibrio

ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGT

CTAACACATGCAAGTCGAACG

ATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGC

CCGTGTCTCAGTCCCAATG

Lactobacillius

Lachnospiraceae

AGCAGTAGGGAATCTTCCA

ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGC

CACCGCTACACATGGAG

GCTTCTTAGTCARGTACCG

Parabacteroides TGATCCCTTGTGCTGCT ATCCCCCTCATTCGGA

S. thermophilus ACGCTGAAGAGAGGAGCTTG GCAATTGCCCCTTTCAAATA

Prevotella CCGGACTCCTGCCCCTGCAA GTTGCGCCAGGCACTGCGAT

Comamonas TGGAGAATTCCATATGGGACGTG

TAAATGACA

GTTAAGCTTTCAGTTCGCCGTAT

ACCCTC

Kingella GCTTTGGTTGGCGAATTGGC GACCGTGGCTACTTGTCGCC

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Capnocytophaga AAGTCGAGGGAGAAGCCCT TCCAAATTTCTTCGGGCTATC

Veillonella AACGCGTAATCAACCTGCC CTTTCATCTATCCTCGATGCC

Leptotrichia GCTTGCACAGACAAGCCAA GCTTGACATGCGTCAGCC

Corynebacterium CCTTGGTGGTGGGTACTCG CACACCGCAATAAGGCTTT

Neisseria AACACTGTTCCCCGTTATGC TATTCGATTTCGACGCCTTC

Atopobium GGGTTGAGAGACCGACC CGGRGCTTCTTCTGCAGG

Ruminococcacea

e

TTAACACAATAAGTWATCCACCTGG ACCTTCCTCCGTTTTGTCAAC

Rothia GCATTAGATCGCGTCAGAG GGCCGAACCGCTGGCAACA

Anaeroplasma CTGTAATCGTT TAGGCGGCGCTGAA

Methylobacteriu

m

TACGTGGAGAGATTCACGGT GTACAAGGCCCGGGAACGT

Gemella CGAGAGTCAGCCAACCTCAT GGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGT

Mogibacterium TTATGCTAACGGAAAGCGG CATGTGCTTCATCGGTGTCA

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