arrays and strings
DESCRIPTION
Arrays and Strings. Lecture: 25. 19.09.2012. Why??. Design Problem. Consider a program to calculate class average. ?. Add to Design Problem. Now your client says, I need to ALSO calculate and display “deviations” from the average. Describe why this will or will NOT work. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Arrays and Strings
Lecture: 25
19.09.2012
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Design Problem
Consider a program to calculate class average
Why??Why??
?
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Add to Design Problem
Now your client says, I need to ALSO calculate and display “deviations” from the average
Describe why this will or will NOT workDescribe why this will or will NOT work
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Enter in the scores again Use 100 separate variables
» and cout and cin commands Read (then re-read) from a file The real answer …
Possible Solutions
Use arrays!!
5Simple vs Structured Data Types
Simple data type => data element contains a single value
Structured data type => a data element contains a collection of data values
x : 15x : 15 avg : 84.35avg : 84.35 ch : ‘A’ch : ‘A’
scores : 85 79 92 57 68 80scores : 85 79 92 57 68 80
name : ‘C’ ‘L’ ‘Y’ ‘D’ ‘E’name : ‘C’ ‘L’ ‘Y’ ‘D’ ‘E’
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Arrays
Arrays are Structured Data Types They have a means of accessing
individual components Values can be retrieved from and stored
in the structure
scores : 85 79 92 57 68 80scores : 85 79 92 57 68 800 1 2 3 4 5
cout << scores[2];scores[0] = 100;cout << scores[2];scores[0] = 100;
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One Dimensional Array
Structured collection of components» All of the same type
Structure given a single name Individual elements accessed by index
indicating relative position in collection Type of elements stored in an array can be
“just about” anything Index of an array must be an integer
8Use of Array for Our Problem
Store elements in array as read in Go back and access for deviations
Note declarationNote declaration
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Declaring Arrays
Syntax: Data_type Array_name [constant];
Note declaration from our example
Tells how many elements set asideTells how many elements set aside
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Declaring Arrays
Example specifies an array…» each element is an integer» there is space for 100 elements» the are numbered 0 through 99
scores : 85 79 92 57 68 80 . . . scores : 85 79 92 57 68 80 . . . 0 1 2 3 4 5 98 99
11Accessing Individual Components
Use the name of the array Followed by an integer expression
inside the square brackets [ ]
scores : 85 79 92 57 68 80 . . . scores : 85 79 92 57 68 80 . . . 0 1 2 3 4 5 98 99
max = scores[0];for (x = 0; x < 100; x++) if (scores[x] > max) max = scores[x];
max = scores[0];for (x = 0; x < 100; x++) if (scores[x] > max) max = scores[x];
Index can be:- constant- variable- expressionMUST be an integer
Index can be:- constant- variable- expressionMUST be an integer
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Out of Bounds Index What happens if …
C++ does NOT check for index out of range Possible to walk off into “far reaches” of
memory -- clobbers ...» other variable locations» .exe code » the operating system (??)
float f_list [50];
f_list [100] = 123.456;
float f_list [50];
f_list [100] = 123.456;
13Initializing Arrays in Declarations
Possible to declare the size & initialize
Possible to omit size at declaration» Compiler figures out size of array
int results [5] = {14, 6, 23, 8, 12 }int results [5] = {14, 6, 23, 8, 12 }
float prices [ ] = { 2.41, 85.06, 19.95, 3.91 }float prices [ ] = { 2.41, 85.06, 19.95, 3.91 }
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Arrays as Parameters
This is one task that CAN be done to the WHOLE array
C++ always passes arrays by reference
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Arrays as Parameters
The name of the array is a pointer constant
The address of the array is passed to the function
Size of thearray alsopassed tocontrol loop
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Arrays as Parameters
Note the empty brackets in parameter list » A number can be placed here but it
will beignored
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Multidimensional Arrays
A collection of a fixed number of components arranged in two dimensions
» All components are of the same type
The syntax for declaring a two-dimensional array is:
dataType arrayName[intexp1][intexp2];
where intexp1 and intexp2 are expressions yielding positive integer values.
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Multidimensional Arrays
The two expressions intexp1 and intexp2 specify the number of rows and the number of columns, respectively, in the array
Two-dimensional arrays are sometimes called matrices or tables
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Multidimensional Arrays
double sales[10][5];
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Accessing Array Elements
The syntax to access a component of a two-dimensional array is:
arrayName[indexexp1][indexexp2]
where indexexp1 and indexexp2 are expressions yielding nonnegative integer values
indexexp1 specifies the row position and indexexp2 specifies the column position
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Accessing Array Elements
sales[2][3] = 35.60;
35.60
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2-DIM. Array Initialization Like one-dimensional arrays
» Two-dimensional arrays can be initialized when they are declared
To initialize a two-dimensional array when it is declared1. Elements of each row are enclosed within braces
and separated by commas2. All rows are enclosed within braces3. For number arrays, if all components of a row are
not specified, the unspecified components are initialized to zero
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2-DIM. Array Initialization Example:
int anArray[3][5] =
{
{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, }, // row 0
{ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, }, // row 1
{ 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 } // row 2
};
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2-DIM. Array Initialization Accessing all of the elements of a two-dimensional
array requires two loops: one for the row, and one for the column.
Since two-dimensional arrays are typically accessed row by row, generally the row index is used as the outer loop.
for (int nRow = 0; nRow < nNumRows; nRow++)
for (int nCol = 0; nCol < nNumCols; nCol++)
cout << anArray[nRow][nCol];
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Multidimensional Arrays A collection of a fixed number of elements (called
components) arranged in n dimensions (n >= 1) Also called an n-dimensional array General syntax of declaring an n-dimensional array is:
dataType arrayName[intExp1][intExp2]...[intExpn];
where intExp1, intExp2, … are constant expressions yielding positive integer values
Example: 3-Dimensional array:int anArray[5][4][3];
26C-Strings or Character Arrays
We have learned that the elements of an array can be just about anything
Consider an array whose elements are all characters» Called a C-String» Has a collection of special routines
27C-Strings or Character Arrays
Character array: An array whose components are of type char
String: A sequence of zero or more characters enclosed in double quote marks
C-stings are null terminated (‘\0’)
The last character in a string is the null character
28C-Strings or Character Arrays
char str[80] = “Amanuensis”
29C-Strings or Character Arrays
There is a difference between 'A' and "A"
» 'A' is the character A
» "A" is the string A
Because strings are null terminated, "A" represents two characters, 'A' and '\0‘
Similarly, "Hello" contains six characters, 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', and '\0'
30C-Strings or Character Arrays
Consider the statementchar name[16];
Because C-strings are null terminated and name has sixteen components» the largest string that can be stored in name
is 15 If you store a string of length, say 10 in name
» the first 11 components of name are used and the last 5 are left unused
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Declaration of C-Strings
Similar to declaration of any arraychar name[30];
// no initializationchar title [20] = "Le Grande Fromage"; // initialized at declaration
// with a stringchar chList [10] = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'}; // initialized with list of char
// values
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Initializing Strings
When a character array is declared, it is legal to use the assignment operator to initialize
Note : use of the = operator only legal for char array initialization
But : aggregate array assignment is NOT
greeting = “don’t do it;
C-Strings: Example-1#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
const int MAX = 80; //maximum characters in a string
char str[MAX]; //string variable str
cout<< “Enter a string \n”;
cin>>str; //put string in str
cout<< “You entered: ” << str << endl; //display string from str
getch();
return 0; }
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Reading Embedded Blanks#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
const int MAX = 80;
char str[MAX];
cout<< “Enter a string \n”;
cin.get(str,MAX); //member function get() of the stream class of // which cin is an object
cout<< “You entered: ” << str << endl;
getch();
return 0; }
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Reading Multiple Lines#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
const int MAX = 2000;
char str[MAX];
int main()
{
cout<< “Enter a string \n”;
cin.get(str, MAX, ‘$’); //terminate with $
cout<< “You entered: ” << str << endl;
getch();
return 0; }
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Copying a string: Hard-way#include<iostream>
#include<cstring> // for copying a string
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ char str1[] = “C++ is the best programming”
“language that I have ever used.”;
const int MAX = 80;
char str2[MAX];
for(int j=0; j < strlen(str1); j++)
str2[j] = str1[j];
cout<< str2 << endl;
getch();
return 0; }
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Copying a string: Easy-way#include<iostream>
#include<cstring> // for copying a string
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ char str1[] = “C++ is the best programming”
“language that I have ever used.”;
const int MAX = 80;
char str2[MAX];
strcpy(str2, str1);
cout<< str2 << endl;
getch();
return 0; }
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Standard C++ string Class
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#include<iostream>
#include<string> //string class
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ string s1(“Man”);
string s2 = “Beast”;
string s3;
s3 = s1; //assign
cout << “s3 = “ << s3 << endl;
s3 = “Neither “ + s1 + “ nor ”; //concatenate
s3 += s2; //concatenate
cout << “s3 = ” << s3 << endl;
s1.swap(s2); //swap s1 and s2
cout << s1 << ” nor “ << s2 << endl;
getch(); return 0; }
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Contrast/Compare Strings and C-Strings
Assignment is OKstring s;s = "hi mom";
Comparison OKif (s < "geek") …
I/O allowedcin >> s;cin.getline(s,'\n');cout << s;
Assignment is illegalchar cs[30];cs = "don't do it";
Comparisons not allowed I/O allowed much the
same way
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Working with Strings
Functions provided in #include <cstring>
Used instead of assignment
Used for comparisons
Working with Strings C-strings are compared character by character
using the collating sequence of the system If we are using the ASCII character set
1. The string "Air" is smaller than the string "Boat"
2. The string "Air" is smaller than the string "An"
3. The string "Bill" is smaller than the string "Billy"
4. The string "Hello" is smaller than "hello"
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Working with Strings
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Passing Arrays to Functions
Arrays can be used as arguments to functions.
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Passing Arguments to Arrays
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
int sum(int list[], int listSize)
{
int index, sum = 0;
for(index=0; index<listSize; index++)
sum = sum + list[index];
return sum; }
int main()
{ int myArray[] = {2, 3, 5};
cout<< "The is: " << sum(myArray, 3);
getch(); return 0; }
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