argumentum ad hominem attacking the person’s character or personal traits rather than the argument...
DESCRIPTION
Anecdotal Using a personal example or isolated experience instead of concrete evidence May also occur when refuting statistics with personal stories and isolated incidentsTRANSCRIPT
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Logical Fallacies
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Argumentum Ad Hominem• Attacking the person’s character or personal traits
rather than the argument at hand• Rejecting a claim based on the person defending it
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Anecdotal• Using a personal example or
isolated experience instead of concrete evidence• May also occur when refuting
statistics with personal stories and isolated incidents
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Appeal to Authority• Not meant to dismiss the
claims of experts• Stating claims as true
simply because an authority on the subject is in agreement
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Appeal to Emotion• Manipulating emotion (fear, pity, pride, and more) to
win an argument• Argument lacks logic and factual evidence
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Appeal to Nature• Argument based on the concept that something is good
because it is “natural” or bad because it is “unnatural”• Nature decides what is right/good
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Bandwagon• Appealing to popularity of
belief/choice or the fact that many people agree with claim x• Also called “appeal to the
masses”• Offers the threat of
rejection (relies on peer pressure)
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Begging the Question• Claim includes the assumption the conclusion is true• Also called “circular reasoning”
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Black or White• Presenting only two alternatives where more exist• Also called “either-or fallacy” or “false dilemma”• Over-simplifies an argument and narrows options
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Burden of Proof• Saying the burden of proof lies on someone else to
disprove the claim• Essentially “guilty until proven innocent”
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The Fallacy Fallacy• Inferring that a conclusion cannot be true because the
argument constructed contains one or more fallacies• Also called argumentum ad logicam (argument to logic)
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Invalid Conclusion• In a syllogism a fallacy whereby the major premise and
minor premise do not add up to the conclusion• Or where fallacies exist within the premise(s)
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Personal Incredulity• The premise that because something is difficult to
understand, or you are unaware of how it works, it is not true
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Slippery Slope• Presuming one event
will inevitably follow another without rational proof as to why• Post Hoc is a related
fallacy where it is assumed that A causes B, simply because A happens before B.
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Strawman• Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier
to attack• Similar to the cliché metaphor of “putting words in
someone’s mouth”
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The Texas Sharpshooter• Also called “clustering illusion”• Ignoring differences in data and focusing solely on
similarities• Inserts meaning into randomness
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Tu Quoque• Also called the “appeal to hypocrisy”• Tries to discredit an opponents argument by stating
they have not consistently behaved in accordance with their conclusions