arep gaw wmo global atmosphere watch (gaw) programme liisa jalkanen, chief atmospheric environment...

AREPGAW

WMO Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW)

Programme

Liisa Jalkanen, ChiefAtmospheric Environment Research (AER) Division

WMO Secretariat

AREPGAW

World Meteorological Organization

Independent technical UN agency

187 Members manage through WMO Congress and Executive Council

Secretariat in Geneva (staff 290)

Technical Departments

Observing and Information Systems (OBS)

Climate and Water (CLW)

Weather and Disaster Risk Reduction Services (WDS)

Research (RES) Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch (ARE)

Atmospheric Environment Research Division (AER)

Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)

AREPGAW

What is GAW?• WMO/GAW was established 1989 by merging GO3OS and

BAPMoN, after the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 and establishment of IPCC by WMO and UNEP in 1988.

• GAW focuses on global long-term networks for GHGs, ozone, UV, aerosols, selected reactive gases, and precipitation chemistry.

• GAW is a partnership involving contributors from 80 countries.

• GAW is coordinated by the Atmospheric Environment Research Division (AER) of WMO/RES.

• Currently GAW coordinates activities and data from 24 Global stations, 200 Regional stations, and 19 Contributing stations

AREPGAW

New GAW Strategic Plan (GSP)

For years 2008 – 2015

Published summer 2007

AREPGAW

MONITORING THEMES

• Stratospheric Ozone

• Tropospheric Ozone

• Greenhouse Gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs,)

• Reactive Gases (CO, VOC, NOy, SO2)

• Precipitation Chemistry

• Aerosols (chemical, physical, AOD)

• UV Radiation

• (Natural Radionuclides, Rn222, Be7, 14CO)

AREPGAW QA/QC in GAW

Scientific Advisory Groups (SAGs)

Quality Assurance/Science Activity Centres (QA/SACs)

World Calibration Centres (WCCs)

World Data Centres (WDCs)

GAW stations: primary responsibility for generated data

Instrument calibrations

Instrument intercomparisons

Station audits

Laboratory comparisons

Training

AREPGAW Central Calibration Laboratories

{Hosts of WMO World Reference Standards}

• CO2, CH4, N2O, CO NOAA CMDL USA

• Total Ozone NOAA CMDL USA DobsonMSC, Canada Brewer

MGO, Russia M124

• Ozone Sondes FZ-Juelich, Germany

• In Situ Ozone NIST USA

• Aerosol Optical Depth WORCC, Davos, CH

World or Regional Calibration Centres{Linking Observations to World Reference Standards and Ensuring Network

Comparability}• Total Ozone 6 Regional Dobson Centres

1 Regional EU Brewer Centre

1 Brewer travelling standard

• Ozone Sondes FZ-Julich, Germany

• In Situ O3, CO, CH4 EMPA, Switzerland

• CO2 , CH4, N2O NOAA CMDL USA

• N2O , VOC IMK-IFU Garmisch Germany

• Aerosol Optical Depth WORCC, Davos, CH

• Aerosol physical IFT, Leipzig, Germany

• Precip. Chemistry SUNY Albany USA

AREPGAW GAW Station Information System

…GAWSIS Online - comprehensive information on all GAW stations

• Database • Search / Update • Inventory / Audit

(Supported by Switzerland)

40

0

South Pole

Point Barrow

Mauna Loa

Alert

Pallas-Sodankylä

Minamitorishima

Kenya

Assekrem -Tamanrasset

Arembepe

Ushuaia

Izana

Amsterdam IslandCape Grim

Cape Point

Samoa

Ny Ålesund

Lauder

Mace Head

40

80

40

0

40

80

160 80 0 80 160

Nov. 2005

Zugspitze-Hohenpeissenberg

Mt Waliguan

Neumayer Station

Bukit Koto Tabang

Jungfraujoch

GLOBAL STATIONS IN GAW

Danum Valley

AREPGAW Data Application

Data analysis and distributionGAWSIS, WDCs, Stations

Assessments and data application• Conventions: Vienna, UNFCC, LRTAP

•Ozone assessments with UNEP, NOAA, EU, NASA•Antarctic ozone hole bulletin•Total ozone maps over Northern Hemisphere

• Greenhouse gas bulletins, IPCC• Use in model validation• Integration of GAW data with satellite observations • Workshops on data analysis and interpretation

Studies, research projects• National, regional and global studies• Attract research projects to GAW stations

Annual Greenhouse Gas BulletinsWMO

Greenhouse Gas Bulletin The State of Greenhouse Gases in the AtmosphereUsing Global Observations up to December 2004

Executive summaryThe latest analysis of data from the WMO-GAW Global Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Network shows that the globally averaged atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have all reached new highs in 2004 with CO2 at 377.1 ppm, CH4 at 1783 ppb, and N2O at 318.6 ppb. These value are higher than those in pre-industrial times by 35%, 155%, and 18% respectively. Atmospheric growth rates of these gases are consistent with previous years, though CH4 growth has slowed during the past decade. The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) shows that from 1990 to 2004 the total atmosphericradiative forcing by all long-lived greenhouse gases has increased by 20%.

Global Atmosphere Watch

WMO

No. 1

GAW Global CO2 network

Greenhouse gas calibrations

Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Group (CCGG) at NOAA CMDL WMO Central CO2 Laboratory (CCL) Activities for

over 20 years, “WMO CO2 Experts” meetings

Number of CO2 calibrations that differ from NOAA by:

1991-1992 1995-1997 1999-2000

< 0.10 ppm 13 32 44

> 0.25 20 5 5

AREPGAW WMO Antarctic Ozone Bulletins

An example of a need for integrated products in near-real time

Every Two Weeks Aug to Nov + Summary in Dec/Jan

http://www.wmo.int/web/arep/ozone.html

http://www.wmo.int/web/arep/ozone.html

GAW Urban Research Meteorology and Environment GURME project

AREPGAW

UV activities

AREPGAW

SAG-UV

• Ann Webb (Chair)• Susana Diaz• Vitali Fioletov• Jay Herman• Serm Janjai• Berit Kjeldstad• Gunther Seckmeyer• Betsy Weatherhead• Liisa Jalkanen (WMO)

Next meeting:August 2008 at IRS2008

Last meetings:Toronto, Oct. 2005Buenos Aires, Nov. 2003

AREPGAW Measurements

• Spectral (< 1 nm)• Multifilter (~ 10 nm)• Broadband (usually erythemally weighted)

• Within each instrument class there are different makes and models with differing characteristics

AREPGAW

Data

• Data are submitted to WOUDC in Toronto• At present the database contains

predominantly spectral data, much of it from Brewer spectrometers

• There are many UV sites that are not directly associated with GAW and do not submit data to WOUDC

• Much European data in EUVDB at FMI

AREPGAW Current Products and Services

• Guideline documents for different types of UV instruments and for QA/QC of measurements

• Data sets provided through WOUDC

• Provision of erythemally effective UV, i.e., the UV Index

• Provision of UV Index forecasts for the public by NMHSs

• Calibration services for North America and Europe

• Instrument inter-comparisons for the quality and harmonization of measurements.

Future Products and Services

In addition to above

• Improved data availability to users especially due to more available broadband data sets

• Improved accessibility of satellite data for any specified site

• Globally linked calibration services in different regions

• SOPs for all instrument types.

AREPGAW

Ozone activities

AREPGAW

Some ozone measurements history

• Regular measurements for total ozone started in 1926 when 6 Dobson spectrophotometers were deployed around the world

• In conjunction with the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957, WMO assumed responsibility for the establishment of the Global Ozone Observing System (GO3OS) network, standard procedures were adopted for uniform total ozone measurements

• In 1989 GO3OS merged together with BaPMon to form GAW

GAW GLOBAL TOTAL COLUMN OZONE NETWORK: 2001- 2004Stations Submitting Data

The symbols represent different instrument types.

Compliments of WOUDC, MSC, Toronto {Ed Hare Manager}.

GAW GLOBAL OZONE SONDE NETWORK: 2001- 2004Stations Submitting Data To WOUDC

The red triangles represent sites of GAW Contributing partner NASA/SHADOZ

Compliments of WOUDC, MSC, Toronto {Ed Hare Manager}.

AREPGAW

WMO GAW Ozone SAG

• Johannes Stähelin, Chair• Frank Baier• Robert Evans• Jack Fishman• Sophie Godin-Beekmann• Edward Hare• Ulf Köhler• Tom McElroy• Koji Miyagawa• Alberto Redondas Marrero• Herman Smit• Richard Stolarski• René Stübi• Johanna Tamminen• Karel Vanicek• Mark Weber• Geir Braathen, WMO

AREPGAW Goal GAW stratospheric total ozone: Measurement of changes with

sufficient precision to determine the effects of human activity, which involves

• Maintaining networks of high quality total ozone measurements based on Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers with transparent calibration histories

• Making best use of this information for validation of satellite ozone observations

• Providing quality control of ground stations by comparison with long-term satellite data records (data gaps, correction of jumps, etc.)

• Documenting the data quality of satellite and ground-based data records for the users

• Improving the characterization of the small but distinct differences between Dobson and Brewer total ozone measurements and between different UV measuring satellite instruments

• Submitting Level 0 data and associated calibration information to the WOUDC

• Conduct a pilot project for ozone involving NRT exchange of data.

AREPGAW Goals GAW Ozone Profile Measurements

• Operate a world wide network of ozone sonde stations to provide data of known quality according to GAW QA/QC guidelines

• Document adequately important properties and data quality of ozone sonde data deposited at WOUDC, including the characterization of individual series in a simple way for the users by data quality indicators

• Operate a well maintained network of stations providing Umkehr measurements from Dobson and Brewer instruments

• Process routinely Umkehr measurements of Dobson and Brewer instruments deposited at WOUDC by a well tested retrieval algorithm

• Continue cooperative relationships with NDACC, SHADOZ and NILU to integrate lidar and microwave measurements into a global (possibly virtual) database of ground-based vertical ozone profile data sets.

AREPGAW Demand for high quality (total) ozone observations:

(i) Ozone trends caused by ozone depleting substances (CFCs);

(ii) validation of satellite measurements.

AREPGAW Relative differences between the Dobson

instruments and compared station instruments during the initial calibrations of the intercomparisons

since 1969 (from Koehler et al., 2005).

AREPGAW

Brewer instrument (basically same design as Dobson instrument but completely automated)commercially available since middle of 1980s (Arosa, Switzerland, operated by MeteoSwiss)

D101 installed in 1968 and D62 in 1992

B40 installed in 1992, B72 in 1994 and B156 in 1998

AREPGAW Stability of the triad of Brewer instruments defining the primary Brewer total

ozone scale operated at MSC in Toronto (from Fioletov et al., 2005), calibrated by Langley plot calibration at Mauna Loa Observatory (Hawaii)European calibration center (Meteorological Inst. Spain (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologica)): triad of Brewer instruments operated in Izana (Tenerife), also performing Langley plot calibration

AREPGAW

However:

• The quality of measurements at several stations archived at WOUDC needs improvement

• Action: Systematic comparison of ground-based Dobson and Brewer data with ozone satellite measurements to

(i) (officially) identify suspicious (periods) of measurements;

(ii) inform these stations and ask for revisions based on advice of experts;

(iii) (improve) public documentation of intercomparison results at WOUDC;

(iv) flagging of suspicious data (periods) at WOUDC• Only limited accuracy when transferring calibration scale from

one to another instrument (± 0.5 %).

Observations:All Sources

Global Products

Geir BraathenIntegrated Global Ozone Observations: IGACO-Ozone

World Integrated Data Archive

System:Includes WOUDC Reanalysis

Assimilation of Real-Time Data

By Forecast Models

GAW Calibration &

Quality Assurance

Data Uses/Applications1. Public UV Warnings2. Public Ozone Bulletins3. Research4. Scientific Assessments 5. Forecasts of Ozone Depletion6. Improved Weather Forecast

Aircraft: GAW & MOZAIC

Surface-based: GAW

Satellite:WMO Space Programme

WMO Real-Time Data Distribution:Weather Information System (WIS)

AREPGAW

Collaboration is critical for success!

AREPGAW

Extra slides

AREPGAW

Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)

• Systematic monitoring of atmospheric

chemical and physical parameters globally

• Analysis and assessment

• Development of predictive capability

AREPGAW

AREPGAW

Role of SAG-ozone

Advice for reliable ground based ozone measurements of known data quality to be published in WOUDC (Toronto, Canada) („homework“).

Methods- SOPs, DQOs, Intercomparisons with reference instruments

(similar to „audits“), documentation (WOUDC), recomendations

New Challenge: Implementation of IGACO-O3/UV

- integration of satellite and regular air craft measurements, data assimilation

- interactions with science community

AREPGAW

Future priorities

Scientific questions• Ozone at UT/LS (strong greenhouse gas) • Total ozone measurements at polar sites • Controversy regarding seasonal variation in total ozone: Dobson similar

to TOMS, Brewer similar to GOME and SCHIAMACHY (temperature dependence of ozone cross sections)

• Ozone sonde measurements: Normalization by total ozone, background current

Other activities• Closer colaboration with NDACC and others: different groups without

interactions: for total ozone (UV/VIS and DOAS in NDACC), ozone sondes (NDACC, SHADOZ), upper stratosphere (Umkehr, microwave, LIDAR, FTIR)

• NRT delivery Implementation of IGACO-O3/UV (in addition to groundbased

measurements: satellite, regular aircraft, data assimilation, numerical simulations)- Interactions with science community via IGACO-O3/UV

AREPGAW

AREPGAW

GAW Central FacilitiesVariable QA/SAC

Central Calibration Laboratory (CCL)Host of Primary

Standard

World Calibration Centre

(WCC)

Regional Calibration Centre

(RCC)World

Data Centre (WDC)

CO2JMA (A/O) ESRL ESRL JMA

CH4Empa (Am, E/A)

JMA (A/O) ESRL Empa (Am, E/A)JMA (A/O) JMA

N2O UBA ESRL IMK-IFU JMA

CFCs JMA

Total Ozone JMA (A/O) ESRL1, Environment Canada2

ESRL1, Environment Canada2

BoM1, ESRL1, IZO2 JMA1, MOHp1, MGO3, OCBA1,

SAWB1, SOO-HK1

Environment Canada5, DLR6

Ozone Sondes FZ-Jülich FZ-Jülich FZ-Jülich Environment Canada

Surface Ozone Empa NIST Empa OCBA, SOO-HK JMA

Precipitation Chemistry ASRC-SUNY ISWS ASRC-SUNY ASRC-SUNY

CO Empa ESRL Empa JMA

VOC UBA IMK-IFU JMA

SO2JMA

NOxJMA

Aerosol IfT (Physical Properties) JRC5, DLR6

Optical Depth PMOD/WRC4 PMOD/WRC JRC

UV RadiationESRL (Am)

Environment Canada

Solar Radiation PMOD/WRC PMOD/WRC MGO

GHGs

Combining Air Chemistry, Meteorology and Climate Research

Aerosols & DustSevere Storms

Process Studies, Modelling

Observations

O3

Air Pollution

Climate Change & Prediction

Weather Prediction

arep gaw wmo global atmosphere watch (gaw) programme liisa jalkanen, chief atmospheric environment...

Documents

arep gaw data data

arep gaw qaqc

arep gaw components

arep gaw uv activities

arep gaw wmo antarctic

gaw danum valley slide

arep gaw measurements

gaw coordinates activities