Dissemination and Ret r ieva l of.Informat1on I n Microbiology and Chemotherapy by C i t a t i o n Indexing*

Eugene Oarfield, Ph.D., Director Richard J. Torpie, Research Associate

I n s t i t u t e f o r S c i e n t i f i c Information 325 Chestnut S t r e e t

Philadelphia, Pa. 19106

A c i t a t i o n index is an organized c o l l e c t i o n of the l inkages tha t have been

es tab l i shed i n the l i t e r a t u r e between past, present or even f u t u r e papers. These

linkages are h i s t o r i c a l and bibliographic r e l a t ionsh ips expressed by re ference

c i t a t i o n s .

t i o n has been cited by subsequent papers.

The Science C i t a t i o n Index (SCI) shows w h e r e any speclfic publica-

I t enables the s c i e n t i s t to explore

-

the pathways between these r e l a t e d elements of evolving knowledge. He may begin

h i s explora t ion by en te r ing the system a t any known event he chooses, whether by

f a m i l i a r i t y or by acc iden ta l discovery. For example, i f a microbiologist were t o

e n t e r the SCI system w i t h Darling's classical 1906 paper on pseudotubercles i n

the lungs, (1) or Deldonbreun's 1934 paper concerning "The Cul t iva t ion and Cul tura l - Characteristics of Darl ing 's Histoplasma Capsulatum," (2) he would be led t o a

September 1965 paper by Sturim, Kouchoukos, and Ahlvin on "Gas t ro in tes t ina l Mani-

f e s t a t i o n s of Disseminated Histoplasmosis" (3) or t o other papers on various

aspects of t h i s sub jec t , including treatment.

Consider another example. Many of you w i l l recall the meningitis outbreak

which occurred i n Ca l i fo rn ia a t For t Ord. Mass su l f ad iaz ine prophylaxis fa i led

t o s t e m the outbreak of meningococcal meningitis among r e c r u i t s .

The concept of sulfonamide prophylaxis i n a r e c r u i t camp environment began

with the vork by D. Y. Kuhns et a l . reported I n the Journal of the American

Medical Association i n 1943. (4)

*Presented a t the F i f t h In te rsc ience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy and the I V t h In t e rna t iona l Congress of Chemotherapy ( Jo in t Meeting) Washington, D.C.; October 19, 1965.

- a -

BoI.ver, to f ind the most recent opinion on t h i s preventive therapy, one

lrimply checks the 1965 SCI and f inds a study by J. R. Oauld, et al . ( 5 ) on the

%pideriology of Yoningococcal Meningitis a t Fort Ord" i n the k e r i c a n Journal

of E p i d d o l o q . This paper s tudies the Fort Ord population and contains the

s t a t e ren t that 11188 prophylaxis w i t h sulfadiaeine is contra-indicated as long

as r e s i s t an t s t r a l n s of meningococcus are present. This recent work v i r tua l ly

reverses the original Ituhns' philosophy which is still being taught i n medical

schools today.

The d l f f i cu l t i e s in using classical descr iptor techniques i n indexing m i c r o -

biological papers is par t icu lar ly noticeable. The semantic and nomenclature prob-

lems of a rapidly evolving topic a r e almost impossible t o deal w i t h by descr iptor

systems even i f expense is not considered. For example, a typical one word en t ry

such as "amphotericin" or a group of words such as "Studies on the U s e of Ampho-

tericin-B and Related Capounds i n the Treatment of Cl in ica l Yycoses" may be in-

adequate for a par t icu lar search.

might be more helpful and specific.

Additional descr ip tors such a s 'fblastomycosesff

Hcmever, using additional descr ip tors involves f inanc ia l and semantic prob-

lems which severely l i m l t such detailed word indexing. More important--a new corn-

pound may be as y e t unestablished and thus provide no subject heading under which

t o search. However, even a paper containing an unnamed or unidentified natural

substance can be indexed by bibliographic c i t a t i o n s because they reflect the total

body of knowledge or concepts w h i c h it embraces.

If the microbialogist begins w i t h one old reference which holds h i s i n t e r e s t ,

he w i l l be led by c i t a t i o n indexing t o a l l subsequent a r t i c l e s , letters, etc.,

which c i te t h i s s ing le work. The c i t a t i o n index leads h i m to information which

may not be found under the "expected" headings i n conventional subject indexes.

- 3 -

Consider another example. A microbiologist i n t e r e s t e d i n streptomycin

resistance may begin witn seve ra l re fe rences on t h i s subjec t . If he began wi th

the work by N i l l e r and Bohnhoff (6) on "!ho Streptomycin-Resistant Variants of

MeningOCocCUs** i n t h e Journal of Bacteriology, o r that of H. B. Newcornbe ( 7 )

A Canparison of Spontaneous and Induced Nutat ions of Escherlchia c o l l t o v t - Streptomycin- Resis tance and Dependence" Journa 1 of C e 1 l u l a r and Compar a t i v e

Physiology, he would be led t o work by S. Lie (8 ) which con ta ins "Studies on

t h e Streptomycin Resis tance System of Neisseria meningi t idis" i n the Acta - Pathologica e t Microbiologica Scandinavica. In t h i s s tudy , the mutation char-

a c t e r i s t i c of streptomycin r e s i s t a n c e i n meningococci and E. coli i s compared.

Transformation is inves t iga ted through the prepara t ion of b a c t e r i a l DNA by

Marmur's procedure f o r t h e i s o l a t i o n of DNA from micro-organisms (9). For any-

one i n t e r e s t e d i n material on the use of t h i s technique, t he re a r e over 200 such

papers listed i n the SCI f o r 1964 and 1965 alone. I f t h i s sounds t r i v i a l , I sug-

gest you attempt a similar search by conventional methods. I might add that i n

our ASCA*system, a l l such papers which a r e turned up a r e f u r t h e r "qual i f ied" by

showing w h i c h other p r o f i l e papers are cited.

Many papers on a sub jec t important t o t h e microbiologis t appear i n jou rna l s

ou ts ide the scope of t h e b io log ica l indexes, such a s Biological Abstracts. Methods

of e s t a b l i s h i n g s tandardized animal assays of typhoid vaccine have been i n v e s t i -

gated for years. If we begin w i t h one test , t h e bacteremia test of Lipp and Ihm,

reported (10) i n 1958, t he SCI leads to an article by J. Spaun and K. Uemura i n

the Wll le t in of the World Health Organization f o r 1964 (11) which notes progress

on an i n t e r n a t i o n a l co l l abora t ive study on t h i s subjec t . This study po in t s o u t ,

i n t e r a l i a , that none of the assay procedures ava i l ab le in animals reflect the

potency of typhoid vaccine i n man.

*ASCA - Automatic SubJect C i t a t i o n A l e r t

- 4 -

The use of new c l i n i c a l agents fo l lows a p red ic t ive course which allows t h e

SCI t o be used t o outs tanding advantage when fol lowing the progress of new agents .

Papers could appear i n t h i s sequence:

Category

1. Synthesis or isolat ion

2. Ant ib io t i c screening and S e n s i t i v i t y S tudies

3. A n i m a l S tudies including toxici ty and experimental i n f e c t i o n

4. I n i t i a l human pharmacological s t u d i e s or human experimental use

5 . I n i t i a l c l i n i c a l t r i a l s

6. Widespread c l i n i c a l use

7. Reports of comon s i d e e f f e c t s and rare tox ic mani fes ta t ions

8 . New c l i n i c a l i nd ica t ions

C l a s s i c a l l y , papers i n category No. 2 w i l l c i t e No. 1, and Nos. 3-5 w i l l com-

monly c i t e p r i o r papers I n the sequence. C i t a t i o n of a l l e a r l i e r papers may be

less connnon i n the Nos. 6-8 series, although t h e y w i l l commonly c i t e papers i n a

similar category. For example, reports on agranulocytosis due t o an a n t i b i o t i c

(No. 7) may c i t e e a r l i e r c l i n i c a l r e p o r t s of t ox ic mani fes ta t ions (No. 7) or ani-

m a l s t u d i e s on toxici ty (No. 3).

To fol low an a n t i b i o t i c agent p r i o r t o t h e t i m e it is known I n t h e l i t e r a t u r e

under an e s t ab l i shed subjec t heading is r a t h e r d i f f i c u l t , due t o the vagar ies of

conventional subjec t indexing. With c i t a t i o n indexing, one uses an unambiguous

I* c i t a t i o n t o i d e n t i f y the subjec t matter" f o r each s p e c i f i c category shown above

according to t he t y p e of information des i red a t t he moment.

Let's t r a c e the sequence of events f o r candic id in , an an t i funga l a n t i b i o t i c

derived from a s t r a i n of Streptomyces g r i seus a t Rutgers by Lecheval ier , Waksman

and o t h e r s in 1953. It has had l i t t l e c l in i ca l use.

- 5 -

H. Lechevaller e t a l . (12) reported the f i r s t syn thes i s and i s o l a t i o n of

candlcldln I n 1953. They a l s o discussed screening and s e n s i t i v i t y s tud ie s .

This work w a s subsequently c i t e d by A. M. Kligman and F. S. Lewis when repor t ing

on "In v l t r o and I n v lvo Act iv i ty of Candlcldin on Pathogenic Fungi" t ha t same

year In Proceedings of the Society - for Erperimental Biology - and Medicine (13).

Botn the paper by Lechevaller and t h e one by Kligman and Lewis were subsequently

c i t e d by J. L. Fox i n 1955, rho reported the f i r s t c l i n i c a l use of candicldin.

'

--

Fox used the compound i n a case of moni l ia l (Candida albicaas) vulvovaginit is .

This disease i s common, He successfu l ly t r e a t e d the case over s eve ra l months.

may be chronic and wlthout symptoms except f o r discharge. It may disappear spon-

taneously; however, i n t h i s case Fox f e l t that candic id in was ac t ive aga ins t t h i s

acu te i r r i t a t i n g episode. Subsequent c u l t u r e s w e r e negative.

A l l three of the previously cited papers w e r e subsequently c i ted by L. A.

D i c k i n another c l i n i c a l eva lua t ion of candic id in (15) done t e n years later.

According t o the au thor , t h i s i s the f i r s t paper concerning the use of candic id in

as a topical an t imon i l i a l agent , a point which i s not a t a l l self-evident from the

t i t l e of t h i s paper. Eighty per cent of the p a t i e n t s treated were either cured or

showed excellent r e s u l t s .

The choice of s t a r t i n g re ferences is m o s t genera l ly made by the s c f e n t i s t .

A logical jumping off poin t is h i s own published work or that of related inves t i -

ga tors .

such s t a r t i n g points.

It is presumed t h a t the inves t iga to r has i n h i s files or i n h i s memory

For ins tance , a ve t e r ina ry s c i e n t i s t newly i n t e r e s t e d i n coccidiosis, a pro-

tozoan d i sease causing contagious e n t e r i t i s i n penned animals, especially chickens,

may recall a March 1949 symposium on cocc id ios i s a t t h e New York Academy of Science.

By using one or more of t h e papers i n that published symposium, he can determine

more recent developments reported 15 years afterwnrds. For example, the paper by

A. 0. Foster on "The economic losses due t o coccidiosis" (16) is cited by D. L.

Pearson e t a l . i n a paper on "Trials of Candidate Bovine Coccidiostats: Efficacy

- 6 -

of Amprolium, Lincomycin, Sulf amethazine, Chloroquine S u l f a t e and Di-Phenthane-70"

i n the American Journal - of Veterinary Research (17) i n 1965.

When there is no choice of a s t a r t i n g r e fe rence , a textbook can be consul ted.

The same v e t e r i n a r i a n could , for in s t ance , be concerned w i t h the problem of Staph-

ylococcic mstitis, an i n f e c t i o n and abscess of t h e breast i n da i ry ca t t l e , which

is r e s i s t a n t t o a n t i b i o t i c s and which usua l ly r equ i r e s surgery w i t h drainage or

conmonly, amputation. With no knowledge of a s p e c i f i c paper on the s u b j e c t , he

might consul t Blood and Henderson's Veterinary Medicine, 1963 (18).

In t h i s text he i s informed that a n t i b i o t i c s a r e i n e f f e c t i v e , that s t r a i n -

s p e c i f i c vaccines are imprac t i ca l , but t h a t bac te r in vaccines from whole staph-

ylococcic cells and their toxoids o f f e r promise.

The name Slane tz appears i n the bibliography of t h e appropr ia te s ec t ion of

the book. In the SCI, the works by S lane tz a r e c i t e d , but not the s p e c i f i c r e f -

erence mentioned i n the t e x t . However, the works cited embrace the same t i m e

period. Indeed, a 1965 up-to-date source, by S lane tz h imse l f , is found e n t i t l e d :

"Evaluation of Cell-Toxoid Vaccines for t h e Vaccination of Dairy C a t t l e Against

Staphylococcic Mastitis. (19) This cu r ren t 1965 work c i tes t w o of Slanetz ' e a r l -

ier papers from 1959 and 1963, a s w e l l a s three papers by other authors .

11

These examples can be matched by dozens of others. The m o s t important added

information I can provide i s simply t o say that t h e same p r i n c i p l e s apply i n t h e

ASCA sys t em and can be used i n a dramatic and e f f e c t i v e way t o keep ind iv idua l s

cons tan t ly u p d a t e d on sub jec t s of cu r ren t i n t e r e s t . A personal ized p r o f i l e of

ques t ions en tered i n t o ASCA r e s u l t s i n weekly computer r e p o r t s which describe

those cu r ren t works most l i k e l y t o be r e l a t e d t o t h e sub jec t of i n t e r e s t . A wide

v a r i e t y of d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of ques t ions are ava i l ab le w i t h ASCA which provide com-

plementary c r i t e r i a for sys temat ica l ly s e l e c t i n g pe r t inen t mater ia l .

R..ferences

1.

2.

3.

4 .

5.

6.

7.

8.

I t 8 .T. Darling , A Protozoan General In fec t ion Producing Pseudotubercles i n t h e Lungs and Focal Necrosis i n the Liver , Spleen and Lymphatics," Journal of -- t h e American Medicdl Association 46, 1283 (1906).

W.A. IkMonbreun, "The Cu l t iva t ion and Cu l tu ra l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Dar l ing ' s Histoplacma Capeulatum, 14 , 93 (1934).

H.S. S t u r h , N.T. Kouchoukos and R.C. Ahlvin, Gas t ro in t e s t ina l Manifest- a t ions of Disseminated Histoplasmosis," American Journal of Surgery 110(3) , 435440 (1965).

11 American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

11

D.M. Kuhns, et a l . , "The Prophylact ic Value of Sul fad iaz ine in the Control of Meningococcic Meningit is, 123, 335-339 (1943).

I1 Journal of t h e American Medical Associat ion

11 11

J . R . Cauld, et a l . , Epidemiology of Meningococcal Meningitis at Fort Ord, American Journal of Epidemiology 82(1) , 56-72 (1965).

C.P. Miller and M . Bohnhoff, "Two Streptomycin-Resistant Variants of Meningococcus," Journal of Bacteriology 54, 467481 (1947).

H.B. Newcombe, A Comparison of Spontaneous and Induced Mutations of Escherichia coli t o Otrep tmycin Resis tance and Dependence, Cel lular and S. L i e , S tudies on t h e Streptamycin Resistance System of Neisser ia meningi t id i s , I 1 Acta - Pathologica et - Microbiologica Scandinavic8 63(4) , 623-635 (1965).

il

Journal of Physiology 39, 13-26 (1952).

11

9. J . Marmur, "A Procedure f o r the I s o l a t i o n of Deoxyribonucleic A c i d from Micro-Organisms, 11 Journal of Molecular Biology 3, 208-218 (1961).

11 10. R. Lipp and P. Ihm, Ein Q u a n t i t a t i v e r B a k t e r i b i e t e s t an d e r Maus zu r Z e i t s c h r i f t f i r Hygiene und I1 Bewertung d e r Typhus-Impfstoffe und-Sera,

Infekt ionskrankhei ten 145, 14-25 (1958).

11 11. J. Spaun and K . Uemura, In t e rna t iona l Reference Prepara t ions of Typhoid Vaccine," Bu l l e t in -- of the World Heal th Organization 31(6), 761-791 (1964).

12. H. Lecheval ier , et a l . , "Candicidin, a New Antifungal An t ib io t i c , " Nycolozea 45, 155-171 (1953).

A . M . Kligman and F.S. L e w i s , "In v i t r o and -- i n vivo Ac t iv i ty of Candicidin on Pathogenic Fungi, Proceedings of t he Society f o r Experimental Biology - and Medicine 82, 399-404 (1953).

13. 11

14. J .L. Fox, "Candic i d i n , a N e w Ant i f ungal Ant i b i o t ic ; F i r s t C l i n i c a l Report, An t ib io t i c Medicine 1, 349-350 (1955).

11

11 15. L.A. Dick , A C l i n i c a l Evaluation of Candicidin, A New Antifungal Topical

An t ib io t i c , 346-350 (1965).

Current Therapeutic Research, C l i n i c a l and Experimental 7 (6) ,

16. A.O. F o s t e r , "The Economic hs&s Due to Coccidio8i8," Anna18 & % New York Academy of Sciences 52(4), 434-441 (1949). --

17. D.L. Pearson, e t a l . , " T r i a l s of Candidat. Bovine Coccidio6tat6: E f f i cacy of Amprolium, Lincomycin, Sulfamethazino, Chloroquine S u l f a t e , and Di-Phenthane-70," American Journal $- Veter inary Rs8earch 26, 683-687 (1965).

18. D.C. Blood and J . A . Henderson, Veterinary Medicine (2nd IM., Bal t iaore : W i l l i a m s and Wilkine, 1963).

19. L.W. Slanmtz, C.H. B a r t l e y , and F.B. Allen, "Svrlu8tion of Cull-Toxoid Vaccine8 for t h e Vaccinat ion of Dairy Cat t lo Ag8in8t 8t8pbybCUiC Wastitis ," American Journa l of - Veter inary Rerearch 26, 688-695 (1965).

ADDITIONAL PERTINENT REFERENCES

E . G a r f i e l d , "Science C i t a t i o n Index -- A N e w Dimension i n Indexing," Science 144(3619), 649-654 (1964).

I.H. Sher and E. G a r f i e l d , New Tools for Improving and Evalua t ing the Effec t iveness of Reeearch. Paper presented at t h e Second Conference on Research Program Ef fec t iveness , Washington, D.C., J u l y 27-29, 1965. Copies a v a i l a b l e from t h e I n s t i t u t e .for S c i e n t i f i c Information.

1

DARLING ST *06* J U E R MED ASS 46 1283

i b

DEMONBREUN WA 34-AMER J TROP MED 14 93

STURIM Iis AMER J SURG 65 110 435

Ayc.rur JO-AL o? EPIDP~OLOO~ Copyright (Q 1OW by Tbe Johm Hoptrim Univdty

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS AT FORT ORD

BY JOHN R G A W , ROBERT E. NITF, DONALD H. HUNTER', JAMES

H. RUS'P AND ROSS L. GAULP.

(Received for publication February 12,1965)

Kuhns, D. M., Nelson, C. T., Feldman, R. A, and Kuhn, L. R. The prophylactic vdue of sulfadiazioe in the control of meningococcic meningitis. Jour. Amer. Med. A d a , 1943,123: 335-339.

Mueller, J. H. The relation of the.carrier to epidemic mkningitis. Ann. Int. Med, 1943,18: 974977.

Office of The Surgeon General, Washington, D. C. Circular letter no. 170, 30 Septem- ber 1943.

Phair, J. J., and Schoenbach, E. B. The dynamics of meningocod i n f e ~ t i o ~ and the effect of chemotherapy. h e r . Jour. Hyg., 1414,tO: 318-344.

O$ce of The Surgeon Gened, Washins- ton, D. C. Control of diseases of respira- tory Bystem and other cl;---. -Z&A-A Ln J: *

15. Earper, G. J, and Cawston, W. C. The k vitro determination of the. sulfonamide sensitivity of bacteria. Jour. Path. and Bact., 1945,61: 59-66.

16. Seligson, D. Standard Methods of .Clinical Chemistry. Vol. 3. New.York: Academic Press, 1961.

17. Cook, S. S. The incidence of cerebrospinal fever in the United States Navy ~ l l re- lated to length of service and season of enlistment. h e r . Jour. Hyg, 1936, 83: 472-485.

1% Sartwell, P. E, and Smith, W. M. Epi- demioIogical notes on meningococcal meningitis in the Axmy. *-- . Pub. Eealth. 10.' -

la D L *

3 STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE AND PREPARATION OF BACTERIAL DNA

( n - 2__ )

AUTOMATIC SUBJECT CITATION ALERT

a service of the INSSiTUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC INFQRMATION

DR. MARGARET RUDOLPH DEPT. OF RESCARCH MICROBIOLOG& I N S T I T U T E WASHINGTON, ' DC

06679 %CCOUNT NUMBER UNITS USED . 'i tJNIT9 REMAINING

REPORT FOR 8 OCT 65 48,360 oitations from ourrent scientific literature and

ourrent patents were prooessed for ASCA this week

THE I T E M BY MARMUR J J MOL B I O L 3 208,1 61 THE ITEM ay MILLER CP J BACT 54 467 47 THE I T E M BY NEWCOMBE HB J CELL COMP 39 13 52 ,

C I T E D BY L I E S ACT PATH SC 63 623 65 2 7 ~ N 1 - 4 64990

STUDIES ON THE STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE SYSTEM OF N E I S S E R I A M E N I N G I T I D I S

SPAUN J B WHO1 64 31 761

International Reference Preparation of Typhoid Vaccine.

A Report on International Collaborative Laboratory Studies

J. SPAWN, M.D.' & K. UEMURA'

REFERENCE

Lands M., Gaincs, S. & Spnnz H. (1957) Brit. 1. exp.

Lipp, R. & Ihm, P. (1958) Z. HM. hfekt.-Xk., 145,

Spun, 1. (1995) Ada path. microblol. scunu.., 39, 469-

Svaun. J. (1962) Bull. Wld Hlth Og., 26,219-225 Spaun, J. (1964) Bull. Wtd Hlth Ow., 31,793-798 Spaun, J. & Bentton, M. W. (1957) Aeta path. m i d l o l .

amndfast, A. P. B. (196Oa) Bun. wld Mth Om., 23,

hnJfast. A. P. B. (196Ob) Bull. wld Hlth Oty., 23,

Path., 38, IS, 25

14s

480

d., 41,327-341

3 1 4

4742

Typhoid Panel, UK Department of Technical Ca opcntion (1964) Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 30,631434

World Health Organization. Expert Commitlee on Biological Standardization (1960) Wld Hlth m. techn. Rep. Sm., 187, 15

World Health Organization, Expert commrtase on Biolegical Standardization (19621 Wf p*' m- techn. Rep. Ser., 259, I7

Yugoslav Typhoid Commission (1957) &111 WUHhh Org., 1.6 897-910

Yugoslav Typhoid Commission (1962) BufL wld Mth ow., 26# 357-369

Yugoslav Typhoid CommiUion (1964) Bun. wld Hfth 0V.s 3% 623-630

I 8, Lechevalier, S.A. W a k s m a n , e t a l . ,

TOPICAL ANTIMONILIAL AGENT