ARE ALL ROCKS ARE ALL ROCKS MINERALS?MINERALS?

HOW DOES MATTER CHANGE?HOW DOES MATTER CHANGE?

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER:LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER:

NO MATTER CAN BE CREATED OR DESTROYEDNO MATTER CAN BE CREATED OR DESTROYED

SOLIDSOLID―›LIQUID:―›LIQUID:MELTINGMELTING

LIQUID ―› GAS: LIQUID ―› GAS: EVAPORATION,BOILINGEVAPORATION,BOILING

GAS ―›GAS ―› LIQUID: LIQUID: CONDENSATIONCONDENSATION

LIQUID ―› SOLID: LIQUID ―› SOLID: FREEZINGFREEZING

SOLID ―› GAS: SOLID ―› GAS: SUBLIMATIONSUBLIMATION

GAS ―› SOLID: GAS ―› SOLID: CRYSTALLIZATIONCRYSTALLIZATION

WHAT IS A MINERAL?WHAT IS A MINERAL?

NATURALLY OCCURRINGNATURALLY OCCURRING: Formed by natural : Formed by natural processes.processes.

INORGANICINORGANIC: Do not come from living organisms.: Do not come from living organisms.

SOLIDSSOLIDS: All minerals are solid: All minerals are solid

DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONSDEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS: Each : Each mineral has a unique composition (SiOmineral has a unique composition (SiO22).).

CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURECRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE: The atoms are : The atoms are arranged in regular geometric patterns.arranged in regular geometric patterns.

HOW ARE MINERALS FORMED?HOW ARE MINERALS FORMED?

MINERALS FROM MINERALS FROM MAGMAMAGMA: Minerals can : Minerals can form from cooling form from cooling magma from magma from volcanoes.volcanoes.MINERALS FROM MINERALS FROM SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS: In nature : In nature if a solution of water if a solution of water becomes becomes supersaturated, or supersaturated, or overfilled, mineral overfilled, mineral crystals will begin to crystals will begin to precipitate, or drop out precipitate, or drop out of the solution.of the solution.

MAJOR CRYSTAL SYSTEMSMAJOR CRYSTAL SYSTEMS

CUBICCUBICHEXAGONALHEXAGONALTETRAGONALTETRAGONAL

ORTHORHOMBICORTHORHOMBICMONCLINICMONCLINICTRICLINICTRICLINIC

MINERAL GROUPSMINERAL GROUPS

SILICATESSILICATES: Silicon + Oxygen + metals : Silicon + Oxygen + metals Make up 96% of all mineralsMake up 96% of all minerals

CARBONATESCARBONATES:: CO CO33 + metals + metals

SULFATESSULFATES: : SOSO44 + metals + metals

OXIDESOXIDES: : Oxygen + metalsOxygen + metals

HALIDESHALIDES: : Halogens + metalHalogens + metal

SULFIDESSULFIDES: : Sulfur + metalsSulfur + metals

HOW DO WE IDENTIFY HOW DO WE IDENTIFY MINERALS?MINERALS?

COLOR:COLOR: What color is the mineral? What color is the mineral?LUSTER:LUSTER: Metallic or nonmetallic Metallic or nonmetallicTEXTURE:TEXTURE: How does it feel? How does it feel? STREAK:STREAK: Rub a mineral across an unglazed porcelain tile, what Rub a mineral across an unglazed porcelain tile, what color does it leave behind?color does it leave behind?HARDNESS:HARDNESS: One of the most useful tests, measures how easily a One of the most useful tests, measures how easily a mineral can be scratched.mineral can be scratched.

CLEAVAGE/FRACTURE:CLEAVAGE/FRACTURE: CleavageCleavage is when a mineral splits evenly is when a mineral splits evenly along one or more planes. along one or more planes. FractureFracture occurs when a mineral breaks occurs when a mineral breaks roughly, jagged along the edges because of tightly bonded atoms.roughly, jagged along the edges because of tightly bonded atoms.

DENSITY & SPECIFIC GRAVITY:DENSITY & SPECIFIC GRAVITY: D = Mass/VolumeD = Mass/Volume; ; Specific Specific gravitygravity = ratio of weight of the substance/weight of equal volume of = ratio of weight of the substance/weight of equal volume of water at 4water at 4˚̊ C. C.

WHAT IS A GEM?WHAT IS A GEM?

A RARE AND BEAUTIFULA RARE AND BEAUTIFUL

MINERAL OR ROCKMINERAL OR ROCK

WHAT IS AN ORE?WHAT IS AN ORE?

A ROCK THAT CONTAINS MINERALS YOU A ROCK THAT CONTAINS MINERALS YOU CAN MINE FOR USE TO MAKE A PROFITCAN MINE FOR USE TO MAKE A PROFIT

(EXAMPLE: (EXAMPLE: BAUXITEBAUXITE; AN ORE MINED FOR ; AN ORE MINED FOR ALUMINUMALUMINUM TO MAKE SODA TO MAKE SODA

CANS, POTS, PANS ETC.)CANS, POTS, PANS ETC.)