are all gfs equal? - comtecgroup sh… · filgrastim, pegfilgrastim, and sargramostim as...

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Are all GFs equal?

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Page 1: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Are all GFs equal?

Page 2: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

How say I?

Page 3: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS
Page 4: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS
Page 5: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

G‐CSF Lenograstim 

(Granocyte)

Myeloid growth factors

G‐CSF

Filgrastim 

(Neupogen) G‐CSF

Pegfilgrastim 

(Neulasta, / Neulastim)

GM‐CSF (Molgramostim) GM‐CSF Sargramostim 

(Leukine)

Page 6: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

BIOSIMILARS  

• Copycat versions of a given originator  biological product (the “reference product”) 

that is already authorized on the basis of a full  licensing dossier.

• Otherwise known as :– “similar biological medicinal products”– “follow‐on proteins”– “subsequent‐entry biologics”– “similar biotherapeutic products”

Page 7: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

7 Filgrastim biosimilars currently  approved in the EU

•Effectively represent only three

distinct products, 

produced by three manufacturers and marketed 

under various brand names. •In effect, all multiple brands for a given product 

share the same marketing authorization dossier. •The most recent guidelines from the EORTC 

recommend all authorized filgrastim biosimilars, 

indiscriminately, in patients at increased risk of 

CIN.

Page 8: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

• Note the  Molecular complexity of recombinant  proteins, and the complexity of biological 

manufacturing processes. • Easy to see that small differences can arise in a 

recombinant protein product which are hard or  impossible to detect with even state‐of‐the‐art 

analytical techniques. – May have significant impact on the safety and efficacy of 

the drug. • The European Medicines Agency (EMEA) has taken the 

lead in issuing guidelines, most of which are still under  review. 

Page 9: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS
Page 10: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Need I remind you of the pure red  cell aplasia produced by antibodies  formed against a biosimilar to EPO?

Page 11: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

What say I regarding the profusion of  biosimilar copycats?

• “Beware the Ides of March “

(Shakespeare)• Beware the march of  idems!

• Pharmacovigilance

is the name of the game  since there still has to be some concerns 

regarding their long‐term evaluation– because of the limited experience at the time of 

approval of these products in terms of efficacy,  safety and immunogenicity

Page 12: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

GM‐SCF: More than a hematopoietic  growth factor

• Apart from stimulating production of granulocytes and  monocytes/macrophages

• GM‐CSF has also long been used for in vitro

generation /survival of  dendritic cells (DCs) from monocytes and bone marrow cells

• Involved in regulation of the development and function of  dendritic cell subsets

– promotes inflammation• Plays a role in Immunity against pathogens

as well as 

initiating/mediating immunopathology in chronic inflammation?• Antibodies targeting GM‐CSF or its receptor have been successful in 

preventing/reducing  inflammation in clinical trials(Hamilton, 2008)

Page 13: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

paradoxical effects on tumor  immunity

• GM‐CSF‐expressing tumor cells induce potent long‐ lived, systemic anti‐tumor immune responses in mice 

(Dranoff et al., 1993).– Augmentation of DC differentiation and function has been 

linked to these beneficial effects of GM‐CSF (Mach et al.,  2000). 

• Has also been associated with tumor growth (Serafini  et al., 2004), 

• Whether the differential influence of GM‐CSF on DC  subset differentiation and function reduces the 

paradoxical effects on tumor immunity is still to be  investigated.

Page 14: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Sargramostim (rhGM‐CSF)

• Emerging new drugs for wound repair??

Page 15: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Filly, Lenny & Molly

Page 16: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Bone Marrow Transplantation (2006) 38, 407–412

Page 17: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

• Trend

in favor of filgrastim for median number of CD34 cells collected

• No difference among treatment arms and subgroups  was observed in harvesting CD34 /CD33 cells, 

CD34 /CD38 cells and CD34 /Thy1 cells. • median number of days until apheresis statistically 

significant advantage in favor of lenograstim– Lenograstim 12 days– Filgrastim

13 days days in the 

– Molgramostim

14

Page 18: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells following myelosuppressive 

chemotherapy: a randomized comparison of filgrastim, sargramostim, or sequential

sargramostim and filgrastim

CH Weaver, KA Schulman and CD Buckner Bone Marrow 

Transplantation May 2001, Volume 27, Supplement 2, Pages S23‐S29

• 156 patients with multiple myeloma, breast cancer, or lymphoma received 

cyclophosphamide with either paclitaxel or etoposide and were randomized

to 

receive G‐CSF 6 g/kg/day s.c., GM‐CSF 250 µg/m2/day s.c., or GM‐CSF for 6 days 

followed by G‐CSF until completion of the stem cell harvest. 

• patients who received G‐CSF had faster recovery of ANC  (median of 11 vs 14 

days, P

= 0.0001)

• fewer patients :

– requiring red blood cell transfusions (P= 0.008)– with fever (18% vs

52%, P

= 0.001)

– hospital admissions (20% vs

42%, P

= 0.13)

• less intravenous antibiotic therapy (24% vs

59%, P

= 0.001). • There were no significant differences in outcomes between G‐CSF alone and the 

sequential regimen. 

Page 19: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

• Mobilization with G‐CSF or the sequential  regimen

– higher numbers of CD34 cells– faster platelet recovery– fewer patients requiring platelet transfusions

• In summary, G‐CSF alone is superior to GM‐ CSF alone for the mobilization of CD34+

cells 

and reduction of toxicities following  myelosuppressive chemotherapy.

Mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells following myelosuppressive 

chemotherapy: a randomized comparison of filgrastim, sargramostim, or sequential

sargramostim and filgrastim

CH Weaver, KA Schulman and CD Buckner Bone Marrow 

Transplantation May 2001, Volume 27, Supplement 2, Pages S23‐S29

Page 20: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

GM‐CSF ≠ GSF

Let’s look at some more data

Page 21: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Comparative Effectiveness of  Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and  Sargramostim as Prophylaxis  Against Hospitalization for 

Neutropenic Complications in  Patients With Cancer Receiving  Chemotherapy

Derek Weycker, Jennifer Malin, Rich  Barron, et al American Journal of 

Clinical Oncology. 35(3):267‐274, June  2012

Page 22: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

• Retrospective cohort design• US healthcare claims data. 

• Source population included patients with solid  tumors receiving filgrastim, pegfilgrastim, or 

sargramostim during their first observed  course of chemotherapy between July 2001 

and June 2007.

Page 23: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Adjusted ORs for hospitalization. Filled diamonds show ORs for filgrastim versus pegfilgrastim and filled squares show ORs for sargramostim versus pegfilgrastim. Adjusted for patient, cancer, and chemotherapy characteristics—which

were selected using a

backward elimination method—including sex, comorbidity index, history of anemia neutropenia and infection, cancer type, presence of metastasis, number of myelosuppressive drugs, and year of chemotherapy. **Narrow definition: admission to hospital with a diagnosis(principal or secondary) of neutropenia (ICD‐9‐CM 288.0); broad definition: admission to hospital with a diagnosis (principal or secondary) of neutropenia, fever (ICD‐9‐CM 780.6), or infection

Filgrastim vs  PegSargramostim vs  Peg

Fil vs  Peg

Sarg vs  Peg

Fil vs  PegSarg vs  Peg

• Adjusted odds versus pegfilgrastim

of hospitalization  were significantly higher for: 

– Filgrastim (OR :1.58‐1.79; P<0.001] and – Sargramostim

(OR:

1.89‐2.68; P<0.001) 

• Conclusions:

Risk of hospitalization for neutropenic  complications during cancer chemotherapy is lower  with pegfilgrastim prophylaxis than with filgrastim or 

sargramostim prophylaxis.

Page 24: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factors for  febrile neutropenia prophylaxis following  chemotherapy: systematic review and meta‐ analysis

Katy L Cooper, Jason Madan, Sophie Whyte, et  al BMC Cancer 2011, 11:404

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471‐ 2407/11/404

Page 25: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Pegfilgrastim

reduces FN incidence to a  significantly greater extent than filgrastim

• Comparisons between different G‐CSFs, – 5 studies compared pegfilgrastim with filgrastim. 

• FN incidence was significantly lower for pegfilgrastim  than filgrastim, with a relative risk of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.44 

to 0.98)

• This is consistent →

reduction in FN risk for  pegfilgrastim

VS no primary G‐CSF was greater than 

the reduction observed for filgrastim

versus no primary  GCSF

Page 26: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS
Page 27: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Are all GFs the same?

Page 28: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Perhaps not by a knockout!

Page 29: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

But certainly on points!!

Page 30: Are all GFs equal? - Comtecgroup sh… · Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Sargramostim as Prophylaxis ... • US healthcare claims data. ... pegfilgrastim. VS

Vive la (Petit?) Difference!