architecture the art of sheltering people both physically and spiritually from the raw elements of...
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Architecture
• The art of sheltering people both physically and spiritually from the raw elements of the unaltered world
• Vertical
• Horizontal
Great Pyramids at Giza -2600 BCE
Post & Lintel
• Horizontal beams laid across open space between vertical supports
• Limited by lack of tensile strength -withstands bending
• Has compressive strength- withstands crushing
Columns
• Columns- consist of a shaft, base, capital
• Fluting- may be carved vertical lines on the shaft
• Base- may be none, stepped, or elaborately stepped
• Capital- uppermost section, transition from top of column to lintel
Greek Architectural Orders
• Doric Order- simple shaft, no base, curved shape supporting a squared capital
• Ionic- shaft with fluting, rests on stepped base, carved scrolls on capital called volutes
• Corinthian- most complex, fluted column rests on a detailed, stepped base with carved, stylized acanthus leaves on the capital
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Arch Construction
• Stresses transfer outward from center (keystone) to legs: does not depend on tensile strength of materials
• Round- Roman
• Horseshoe- Moorish
• Lance- pointed, Gothic
• Ogee arch
Arch types
Arch Construction
• Perfected by the Romans by 2nd c. BCE• Can define large spaces because the
stress is transferred from the keystone to the legs
• Keystone- wedge-shaped central stone in the arch; it is inserted last & locks the other stones in place
• Vault- arched masonry structure that spans an interior space
Joined Arches
• Arcade- a series arches placed side by side • Tunnel vault- half-round arch extended in
depth, arches placed back to back to enclose space
• Groin vault- formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults of equal size at right angles
• Ribbed vault- tunnel or groin vault in which the lines marking the diagonal intersection of the vaults are reinforced with raised masonry
• Dome-arch rotated 360 degrees on its vertical axis
Arch Supports
• Buttress- reinforcement to the legs of an arch to prevent them from caving outward
• Flying Buttress- buttress designed to overcome bulk of stone by accomplishing structural ends that were light in appearance
Contemporary Structural Systems
• Cantilever- overhanging beam or floor supported only at one end
• Bearing wall- the wall supports itself, the walls and the roof
• Skeleton frame-a framework supports the building, the walls attach to the frame forming an exterior skin
Variations
• Skeleton frame– 1. Balloon construction: When the framing
utilizes wood, as in house construction– 2. Steel cage construction: When the metal
forms the frame, as in skyscrapers
Building Materials
• Stone- post & lintel; also combined with mortar or brick & mortar, called masonry
• Concrete- pre-cast concrete (cast in place using wooden forms around steel)
• Ferro-concrete (reinforced concrete)• Wood- balloon framing or post & beam• Steel: steel cage, cantilever• Steel suspension (bridges, superdomes, aerial
walkways)• Geodesic dome
Stone
Masonry
Concrete
Pre-cast Concrete
Wood
Steel
Steel Suspension
Common Terms
• Line, forms, repetition• Materials, texture• Balance• Scale & proportion • Color• Light• Space: how do the forms (walls,
ceiling, stairs, entries, roof) enclose the space
Architectural Considerations
• Structural system• Context- the environment. How does the
example relate to the physical environment – in contrast to or reflective of surroundings
• Circulation: design and flow of contiguous spaces relative to function
• Climate-• Function- the purpose of the building• Dynamics- stability, instability & movement• Style- historical reference