ARCHIFACTSBulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand

1988/4 It 1989/1

December 1988March 1989

Archifacts is the official bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand Incorporated. It continues the bulletin of the same title., previously published by the Archives Committee of the New Zealand Library Association, 9 issues

of which appeared between April 1974 and October 1976. The successor "new series" contained 24 issues (nos. 4 & 5, 7 S Β were combined) with consecutive pagination from February 1977 to December 1962. From March 1983, issues of the bulletin are numbered sequentially within the year of publication, with the pagination commencing ¿ifresh with each issue. Currently, Archifacts is published quarterly, at the end of

March, June, September and December.

Subscriptions to Archifacts are through membership of the Association at the current

rp.tes. Copies of individual issues are available at NZ $6-00 per copy, plus postage.

Reprints of issues 1974-76 are available at $7-50 per copy.

The membership year begins with the June issue and ends with the March issue.

Enquiries concerning the content of Archifacts (including advertising), non-receipt

of an issue (or receipt of an imperfect copy), and requests for back or single

issues, should be addressed to the Editor.

All members (and others) are welcome to submit articles, short notices, letters, etc.

to the Editor. Copy deadline is the 15th of the month preceding publication (i.e.,

15 May for the June issue, etc.). Book reviews should be sent directly to the

Reviews Editor; details of accessions directly to the Accessions Co-ordinator.

Apologies are offered to members and subscribers for the late appearance of this double issue of Archifacts, The lack of an editor during late 1988 and early 1989 and the ongoing administrative problems precluded Council from securing publication at an earlier date. Arrangements (announced to members and subscribers in June 1989) are now in hand for the regular publication of Archifacts.

This issue 1988/4 and 1989/1 has been edited and compiled by Messrs S. Strachan, B. Patterson and M. Hoare in Dunedin and Wellington.

Copyright for articles Sc. in Archifacts rests with authors and the Association.

Permission to reproduce should be sought, in writing, from the Editor. ISSN 0303-7940

ARCHIVES AND RECOROS ASSOCIATION OF NEW ZEALAND

ANNUAL REPORT 1987/88

COliNCII

There were some notable changes in the composition of the Council elected at the Annual General Meeting in Christchurch on 28th August 1987, and as a result of retirements through the year Stuart Strachan was elected unopposed for a third and final term as President, but for the two Vice-President positions there was a three-way contest with Brad Patterson running out the loser to Caroline Etherington and Michael Hodder Brad's departure marked the end of a long and unstinting periods of service on Council from 1977 to 1980 and from 1984 to 1987, including terms as Vice-President and President, and during my f i rs t two years as President he was the crucial Wellington sheet anchor It has been a remarkable record of service for which the Association has good cause to be grateful Michael Hoare and Marlene Sayers were elected Secretary and Treasurer, but both found i t necessary to resign during the year, and they were replaced by Nicola Frean and Kay Sanderson respectively Michael's retirement also closed a major contribution to the business of the Association stretching back to 1978, during which he uniquely held the offices of President, Vice-President, and Secretary Michael will be particularly remembered for his hospitality to Council meetings at Boys Brigade HQ in Wellington For ordinary membership of Council there was also a contested election with nine nominations for seven vacancies The successful candidates were Alison Fraser, Nicola Frean, Jan Gow, Richard Hill , Mary Reid, David Retter and Ken Scadden During the year Kay Sanderson was co-opted as a member of Council to f i l l a vacancy by the elevation of Nicola Frean to the Secretaryship, and similarly Sheryl Morgan was recruited to replace Kay, when Kay took over the Treasurership To complete the slate of office-bearers, Cathy Marr was confirmed as Editor, and David Green was appointed Membership Secretary

The pattern of more regular meetings which had developed over the previous two years was continued and Council met at approximately two-monthly intervals, on 29 August, 8 October, 30 November, 20 February, 15 April, and 22 July Our regular meeting place was the Committee Room of the Historical Branch

Mention must be made at this stage of an unfortunate difference which developed between the Director of National Archives and Council over the role and responsibilities of National Archives staff who are also members of Council This difficulty, which arose out of the collapse of the Archives and Records Training Review, led to the effective withdrawal of the four National Archives members from the business of Council for much of 1988 and had a generally stullifying effect on its work A delicately balanced accord was reached with the Director of National Archives which should allow National Archives staff once again to participate at Council level in a way which preserves the independence of the Association, yet recognizes the normal obligations of Public Service staff to their employing authority It was a crisis for the Association, given the predominant position of National Archives as an employer of archivists, and in future i t will be necessary for the Association to watch its relationship with^National Archives very carefully

COHF~, Tver

A most successful eleventh annual conference was held in Christchurch, 27 to 29 Ajgust 1987 at the Canterbury Public Library on theme of "Off the Beaten Record Usual and Unusual Archives" A strong Canterbury/Westland branch organising committee comprising Caroline Etherington (Convenor) Jo-Anne Smith, Rosemary O'Neil, Michael Purdie, Grant Hughes, Max Broadbent, Janette Nicolle and Margaret Thompson produced an imaginative programme and devised excellent local arrangements Altogether they succeeded in attracting 122 registrations Proceedings were given a good stai t with Elsie Locke's opening address, and the papers were generally excellent Finally ^he conference produced the very satisfactory profit of $2,126, which was a most welcome addition to the Association's funds

MEMBERSHIP

After last year's increase, the number of members as at 31st March 1988 showed a small decline on that at the same date for the previous year with 389 personal members compared to 410 in 1987 The number of institutional members remained the same at 146, making a total of all members 535 as against last year's of 556 While this drop is not a cause for major concern, i t is obvious that the next Council must at an early stage turn i ts attention to the need to increase the size of our membership base This, along with the cost of Archifacts, is the major element in the Association's finances, and any further fall in membership would very quickly have an adverse effect on the Association's act ivi t ies As a f i rs t step towards improving the situation the membership application form has been reset and reprinted in upmarket colours

ARCHIFACTS

It has been a year of very mixed fortunes for Archifacts Cathy Marr edited the September issue and substantially the December issue Unfortunately at that stage a limbo developed with the difference between the Director of National Archives and Council, Cathy being a National Archives staff member The next issue, March, was seen through the printers by a team consisting of Kay Sanderson, Nicola Frean and David Retter Finally, Michael Hodder temporarily took up the reins again and produced the March issue By the time of the Annual General Meeting he will have produced the June issue also, and he is now gathering material for the September Issue Unfortunately Cathy Marr has now moved into private enterprise, and is not able to resume the Editorship So an Immediate major task for the new Council will be to find a new Editor Despite these vicissitudes Archifacts is s t i l l a journal we can all be proud of, and gives members very good value, four times a year, for the subscription paid

BRANCHES

Five branches Auckland, Central Districts, Wellington, Canterbury/Westland and Otago/Southland continued to function in their various ways throughout the year with talks, seminars and various activi t ies being arranged throughout the year Central Districts has shown itself especially bold by undertaking to plan this year's annual conference barely eighteen months after being formed, a near record for a new branch Separate newsletters have been issued by Central Districts, Wellington and Canterbury/ Westland branches It is apparent that branches show greatest vi ta l i ty and evoke most local interest from members when they do not confine themselves to straight talks Visits and ac t iv i t ies , such as the seminar on the use of archives arranged by Otago/ Southland branch and the archives book order scheme organised by Wellington branch, gain a much l ivelier response

A special case was- presented by the largely Wellington based Records Management Group, which also produced i t s own newsletter and had regular meetings The members of this group have decided to separate and set up their own association While a certain sadness always attaches to a division of this kind, there was an inevitability to this outcome Overseas almost everywhere separate associations exist for the historical and current records management, and in our own case i t is fair to say that the two sides have never been satisfactorily integrated within the Association The interests of the historical (archives) side have been quite distinct from those of record managers One can only wish the records managers well for the future in their own organisation After all there is a strong parallel in our own separation from the New Zealand Library Association twelve years ago

ARCHIVES AND RECORDS TRAINING REVIEW

Following the high hopes held at this time last year for the work of this review chaired by Colin Davis, Professor of History at Massey University, i t is extremely disappointing to report that the review collapsed shortly afterwards I t would be tedious, and counter-productive to attempt a full explanation for th is , but basically a fundamental difference developed with National Archives over the nature and extent of i t s participation The Association took the view that the review was to be a completely independent one answerable only to the Association National Archives,

CONTENTS

EDITORIAL! Issues in Archives

A STUDY OF THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF

DR WILLIAM SYDNEY DALE (1891-1975) J L Robinson

ACCESS TO ARCHIVES» A Policy Statement

FROM WOODEN SHACK TO WARD BLOCK ι The Archives of

the Otago Hospital Board 1863-1980 Ρ R Miller

NEW HONORARY LIFE MEMBER Jack Churchouse

SUNNYSIDE HOSPITAL ARCHIVESi Preliminary List

of Archives and Records held at Sunnyside

Hospital, Christchurch

A Grieve

G Rice

CIRCULATION FIGURES FOR SOME NINETEENTH

CENTURY NEW ZEALAND NEWSPAPERS D R Harvey

HAPPENINGS 1989

PRELIMINARY LIST OF SURVEY CHARTS BY

THOMAS WING Β Hooker

A PLEA FOR THE PRESERVATION OF NEW ZEALAND

BUSINESS ARCHIVES Κ Rankin

NEW ZEALAND ARCHITECTURAL ARCHIVES COMMITTEE R Griffin

AUCKLAND CITY COUNCIL! A Disaater Coped With,

Sort of Β Symondson

ANALECTA

Archivist Honoured 700 TUC Archives Boxes Transferred to Warwick Directory of Information and Library Services in New Zealand

BOOK REVIEWS

Geoffrey Rice Black November the 1918 influenza epidemic in New Zealand (M Fairburn)

Richard S Hill Policing the Colonial Frontier (M Meyrick)

Roger Openshaw and David McKenzie (eds)

Reinterpreting the Educational Past essays in

the history of New Zealand education (J C Dakin)

G A Wood Studying New Zealand History (J Graham)

Bernard Gadd City of the Toetoe a history

of Papatoetoe (E Reynolds) Neville Peat The VSA Hay 25 years of

volunteering overseas (R Omerod)

OBJCCTS OF THE ASSOCIATION

1 TO FOSTER the care, preservation, and proper use of archives and records, both public and private, and their effective administration

2 TO AROUSE public awareness of the importance of archives and records and in all matters affecting their preservation and use, and to co-operate or affi l iate with any other bodies in New Zealand or elsewhere with like objects

3 TO PROMOTE the training of archivists, records keepers, curators, librarians and others by the dissemination of specialised knowledge and by encouraging the provision of adequate training in the administration and conservation of archives and records

4 TO ENCOURAGE research into problems connected with the use, administration and conservation of archives and records, and to promote the publication of the results of this research

5 TO PROMOTE the standing of archives institutions

6 TO ADVISE and support the establishment of archives services throughout New Zealand

7 TO PUBLISH a bulletin at least once a year and other publications in furtherance of these objects

MEMBERSHIP

Membership of the Association is open to any individual or institution interested in fostering the objects of the Association Subscription rates for 1989 are

within New Zealand $NZ 30-00* 1 n d l v j d u a l s $NZ 42-00 i n s t i t u t l o n s

overseas $NZ 36 00 $NZ 47-00

Overseas members who wish airmail dispatch of notices and bulletins will need to advise their requirements The additional fee will depend on current postal charges

Applications to join the Association membership renewals and correspondence on related matters should be addressed to

The Membership Secretary ARANZ Ρ 0 Box 11-553 Manners Street Wellington NEW ZEALAND

*For two individuals living at the same address (within New Zealand) a joint membership is available at $NZ 34 00 per year which entitles both people to full voting rights at meetings, but provides only one copy of each issue of Architacts

1988/4 1989/1

December 1988 March 1989

ARCHIFACTS Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand

ISSUES IN ARCHIVES

Whilst we have been preoccupied nationally as an Association over the past six months with our own administrative malaise the world of archives, records and information has certainly not stood s t i l l As Stuart Strachan, the outgoing President, wrote in his Annual Report (1987-88) - reprinted 1n this double Issue of Archifacts- "archives are a worthy cause to which any Individual member can easily make a lasting contribution

The recent Special General Meeting of ARANZ, held on 26 May 1989 1n Wellington, clearly agreed wholeheartedly with this statement Members from all over New Zealand moved unanimously to reaffirm our alms (published as usual on the cover of this journal) and to continue the work of ARANZ Their confidence surely must Inspire us to a greater fostering, arousing, promoting, encouraging and publishing about records and archives as the causes around which we associate

Are we aroused by 1 · fact that the Archives Bill (promised for a decade) has been drafted, discussed but iiui reached the statute book yet, or intrigued (perhaps even puzzled) that the more recently passed Antiquities Act (1975) should display all i ts Inadequacies of definition, precision and penalties when used as the instrument for the prosecution of New Zealand's f i r s t test case over the status of a single ancient document in the Gisborne District Court? How did the recent visi t of PARBICA (what's that?) foster or publicise our causes' What of access and user-pays 7

In i t s infancy ARANZ was regarded as a nolsesome, lusty, vigorous, nay often troublesome wee beastie, strident but well attended, at home and overseas Issues were the stuff of which we were conceived and made and weaned The membership seems to be demanding a return to the "worthy cause" rather than a faltering awkward adolescent stumbling towards burn-out and ultimate effete decline

The run-up to the "Sesqui" for us (however we individually interpret i ts significance) should find us grappling with rather than ignoring or running away from issues and causes

Which makes i t all the more timely and significant that our Thirteenth Annual Conference set down for late October in Wellington should be devoted to issues in records, archives,and surrounding the Treaty

2

A STUDY OF THE L I F E AND WRITINGS OF DR WILLIAM SYDNEY JOHN DALE (1891 - 1975)

1 Introduction

William Sydney John Dale is a fascinating but l i t t l e known scholar, who obtained a MA from Auckland in 1929, and MA (1934) and PhD (1936) degrees from Yale University His theses and publications show evidence of init iat ive and an effort towards a holistic approach, and he felt that Maori language and culture should be basic to Maori education at a time when the Young Maori Party was calling for Maori training in English His scholarship and ideas remain relevant today in the ongoing debate on Maori-Pakeha relations and on organizational forms which may improve the New Zealand social climate and the educational success of the Maori Yet Dale seems to have been shunned by the university authorities and continued as a primary school teacher, l i t t l e known outside that sphere

I came across Dale while working on a collection of information regarding the frequency of use of the Maori language at the Department of Maori Affairs My interest was seized by the apparent contradiction between the high standard and relevance of the writings of Dale and his neglect

I have subsequently discussed Dale with a number of scholars, and find that he is largely unknown Few are familiar with Dale The two who have noted Dale's work (Dr R Κ Harker of Massey University and Richard Benton of the New Zealand Council for Educational Research) feel that I t is of some significance

Harker has commented in reply to my correspondence that "I agree he was well ahead of his times in the position he took on Maori education Good luck with your research " He had referred to Dale's PhD thesis in Harker and McConnochie, Education as cultural

artifact, as follows

"One of the earl iest protests in the l i terature against the ubiquitous assim'lationist policy 1s to be found 1n Dale (1936), who suggests that the Maoris could only develop when in a position to control the forces which shaped their lives He firmly rejected assimilation as an outdated policy and advocated in Its place what he called 'fusion' It was impractical to have two parallel cultures since one would inevitably be swamped by the other in an unbalanced situation such as existed in New Zealand Further, failure on the part of the Maoris to adapt aspects of the European culture 'would relegate them to the status of museum pieces or objects of more transitory interest ' (p 316) His idea of 'fusion' attempted a compromise and has something of the later idea of 'cultural differences' about i t I t was to bring equality to New Zealand, but ' i t must be clearly stated that the idea of equality is not to be considered as equality in any sense of the word ' Dale's work then was an early attempt to remove the 'catch' from the Ideology of Equality - work that fell not altogether on stony ground, but which did not really take root until the 1970s "

The conclusions which Dale reached are more accepted today, and his scholarship is certainly relevant to the ongoing debate on the forms of devolution in the Maori iwi

I have searched a number of libraries (National, Turnbull, Victoria University, Massey University, University of Waikato, Auckland University, Auckland Public, Auckland Museum) and have slowly built up a l i s t of publications of Dale, which are listed below Not all are readily available, his Auckland MA thesis is missing, and his manuscripts and talk to the Museum were not found Correspondence is continuing with (amongst others) the Auckland Training College, Auckland Education Board, Yale University and the Training College in Ghana

In the following I outline what I have learned to date It must be emphasised that this research commenced late in 1988, and much remains to be done There are likely to be a few errors (I have already tidied up a few misconceptions), and any conclusions reached must be considered to be provisional and open to future clarification

2 Biographical note

William Sydney John Dale was born in Aldershot, England, 12 August 1891 (some documents give the date of birth as 1894) His father, William Henry Dale was a soldier (a major in the British Army) Dale came to New Zealand via Australia, having had a variety of jobs and was married in Auckland in 1914 There were two children of this marriage

Dale started his teaching career at the Tauranga District High School In his PhD thesis (p 250) he comments on "the time that the present writer was connected with the teacher-training in Auckland"

Dale completed a MA at Auckland in 1929, followed by MA (1934) and PhD (1936) degrees as one of Loram's students in the Department of Race Relations at Yale University He was a Carnegie Scholar, and there is reference on the PhD thesis to "Hon Research Associate, University College, Auckland" His stay in the USA (his family remained in New Zealand) had to be kept short since in the depression there were stringent rules for the periods of residence of foreigners

Around that time Dale was a teacher in Mount Albert, the location of the family home Some holidays had been spent with Maori people round Rotorua, and i t seems that he could talk with Maori people and appeared to be accepted

Dale's marriage broke up In 1940 and he left the family home to Uve with a woman friend, S Woolcott, who illustrated several of his children's books and moved with him later to Ghana, being with him at the time of his death

He was appointed headmaster of Blockhouse Bay primary school 1n 1947 and was 1n charge of Fairburn Road and Campbell's Bay schools before being transferred to Papatoetoe West primary school in 1958, the year before his retirement in 1959

Dale was one of the cofounders of the F1lms-1n-School movement and one of the f i rs t speakers in school broadcasts In 1959 he had just retired after two years as chairman of the Children's Book Week committee in Auckland He was also at one time secretary of Red Cross Society 1n Auckland

He left New Zealand for Ghana, where he worked (I believe) at a Training College In a retirement notice (NZ Herald 17 7 59) i t 1s notad that "Dr Dale said he was working on two books on the Maoris and would remain active in anthropology and literature " I have no knowledge of the whereabouts of any papers left by Dale on his death in Ghana 1n 1975 I have found no obituary in any New Zealand paper

3 Publications and lectures

1929 Pou Alonui Maori A psycho-genetic study of the Maori , unpublished MA thesis Auckland University College, 1929 No copy of this thesis has been traced to date A card on fi le at the Auckland University Library refers to a 1968 correspondence with Dale at Teachers College, P0 Box 87, Assin-foso, Ghana Dale said there is a copy packed away somewhere 1n Auckland, he did not know where

1930 'Literature in New Zealand , The Bookman No 461, Vol LXXVII, February 1930

1930 (ca) coldenhair , Auckland Unity (or University) Press (for children) No copy has been traced to date

1930 lecture to the Auckland Astronomical Society in June 1930 From PhD thesis ρ 79 (114) No copy has been found at the Auckland Museum

1931 The Maori language i t s places m education pp 249-60 of Jackson Ρ M, 'Maori and education , Ferguson and Osborn Ltd , 1931

1931 The Maori - a problem m social assimilation , Australasian J of Psych and Philos 9, pp 203-13, 1931

4

1934 Die influence of Christianity on the Maoris of New Zealand a study of the impact of Western religion on a non-Western people , MA thesis, Yale University On microfilm at Auckland University Library

1935 The relation between Maori custom and social pattern , in Archives of Auckland Memorial Museum, 1935, ρ 10 From PhO thesis, ρ 30 (6) Not found at the Museum The PhD thesis ρ 115 (185) also refers to "information which is now in mss form in the archives of the Auckland Museum" No such manuscript has yet been traced at the Museum

1935 a mss which was read before the Anthropological Section of the Auckland Museum on July 31 1935 From PhD thesis Ρ 67 (92), may be the same as the previous reference

1936 The Maori of New Zealand, a socio-educational study in race relations', Yale PhD dissertation Copies are available at Massey University and Victoria University This thesis is also on microfilm at the Auckland University Library and the Turnbull (the lat ter with t i t l e Whither the Maori? A socio-educational

study of a minority group )

1942 (probable) Let s say some verse book two, a collection arranged for chorlc speaking Copy in Auckland Public Library, Children's section is typed and has no date

1944 The story of Peter Pig , Auckland Unity Press (for children) At Auckland Public Library in NZ/Pac1fic section, a book I had as a child Illustrated by S Woolcott

1944 (probable) «etty hedgehog , An Empire Publication by Unity Press Illustrated by S Woolcott and called 'a DAWOOL story' There is no date on the copy In the Children's section of the Auckland Public Library

1954 Third sex [personality changes in the male climacteric], NZ Bui Psych 1 146-8

1961 Review Of Acculturative stress in modern Maori adolescents by 0 Ρ Ausubel in Child Development 31 617-31 D 1950, in Nat Edu 43 316-18, Aug 1961

4 Some of Dale's conclusions

The following are selected notes from Dale's PhD thesis which Il lustrate his approach and opinions

"The whole factor in life may be said to be purpose, and whenever an individual or a people are deprived of this the result is always the same, and has been noted throughout Polynesia I t is this inability to see what is wrong in the functioning of the educational organon that makes the school so unsatisfactory a vehicle Nor doas i t assist in the fusion of cultures which is essentially a different process rather than a difference of degree of intensity of education I t is just at this point we are failing, we are not giving him a purpose, we are not giving him any appreciation of our culture, nor are we meeting his spiritual needs, rather we are giving him a weapon for self-destruction ih tne more spiritual sense of the word (p 299)

"Wants that are primary in character, those that minister to the purely physical side of l i fe , involved the native in considerable effort, the secondary wants, those derived from the urge to intellectual efforts, social activity, and aesthetic patterning, were of fundamental Importance in sustaining the life-force, the urge to live, in a people The despoiling of life of these secondary wants, whether consciously or not, by the pakeha was more fruitful of the decay of the Maori, I believe, than the trader who introduced the pulmonary trouble-producing western garments, syphilis and gonorrhea, or than the mission worker who combined the functions of the prophet and spiritual director in the one

5

person I t cannot be ignored that even if considerable effort is involved in satisfying the primary wants, their satisfaction leaves the native without need to further activity, on the other hand the satisfaction of secondary wants is impossible As the development of these occurs they become insatiable in their demands, and appear economically, to be unamenable to the law of diminishing returns Having this in mind, i t may be assumed for the purposes of this paper that they supply eternal stimuli to effort in the psychic, in the social, and in the physical realms as shown in the desire to be self-assertive, to be constructive and to be a contributor to the aesthetic life of the community " (p 309)

"In the recasting of the curriculum there must, of necessity, be some departure from what has come to be accepted as the essentials The native tongue must now be given a major place In addition to the use of Maori there is a good deal in the way of local native history which would be correlated with the geography of the place, this could be a point of departure in later study schemes " (p 334)

"Enough has been said, I think, to show that there is a definite place for the native language in the schooling system " (p 286)

"Besides the majority of us, after we have acquired more polished tastes in our University l i fe , i t irks to go back to ponga whare and earthern (sic) floors " (pp 276, 277)

Dale's appreciation of cultural barriers against continuing to higher education are echoed 1n more recent work For example, an ethnographic research project by Roy Sultana at the University of WaikatO { Occupational choice and symbolic violence the case of the New Zealand Maori , doctoral research project, 1988) provides a clue as to why such ethnic and class differences should persist today, some fifty years after Dale wrote his thesis

"Willis (1977) showed us a decade ago how 'working class kids get working class jobs' He skilfully portrayed a process whereby the ' lads ' resistance to the school culture finally reproduced the very attitudes which located them firmly in their class positions in manual labour That process also applies to Maori students in their relationship to monocultural schooling in New Zealand "

Sultana notes "a number of themes 1n the area of the process of occupational 'choice' as taking place within some Maori students' experience They are aware and sensitive to the limits powerful people like teachers set on them They are also aware that they have very few Maori role models who can act as an encouragement for themselves to reach higher "

" expectations act as powerful pressures 1n defining to a Maori what particular jobs he or she can aspire to, and which jobs are 'beyond reach1

Occasionally, Pakeha students spoke directly about a sort of job apartheid in New Zealand "

Perhaps the time has come for a reappraisal of Dale's work, and to consider whether the path which Dale set down might have been more successful than the Ideas of the Young Maori Party (see below for comments by Buck and Ngata)

5 The judgement of contemporaries

Family sources Inform me that he apparently did not see eye to eye with Beeby (whom I hope to Interview shortly), and an Auckland colleague has described Dale as "a rather eccentric man" and "a liberal forward looking man" He further commented that

"My experience in New Zealand has been that active minded teachers are often not approved by people who don't know them personally and attribute to them extreme views that they do not hold whereas their

6

fellow workers or colleagues like them very much, and Dale was in that situation "

At the time that Dale was studying at Yale, in the Department of Race Relations, Sir Peter Buck (Te Rangi Hiroa) was Professor of Anthropology at Yale University and Director of the Bermce Ρ Bishop Museum in Honolulu I t is evident that Buck was not favourably impressed by Dale, and that he voiced opinions that can only have impeded Dale's career From the correspondence between Sir Apirana Ngata and Sir Peter Buck (Na to hoa aroha, from your dear friend, edited by Μ Ρ Κ Sorrenson, Volume 3, Auckland University Press) we obtain the following comments

Buck to Ngata (p 124) "An Auckland student named Dale who wrote a paper in that teachers' summer school publication on the Maori & Education, has turned up as one of Loram's students He brought several papers with him 1n manuscript including his thesis on Maori Education and other contributions about the early Missionaries, Te Kooti, and Te Rauparaha He is after the type of Keesing with no ethnological background and with the same pakeha way of putting things into a pakeha series of bottles with appropriate pakeha labels They go well with the pakeha but there is a feeling of strangeness to the person whose mores have thus been bottled He Is taking one of my classes and appears keen "

Ngata to Buck (p 140) "Dale is keen and ambitious, and as you say he is after the Keesing type, without however Keesing's appreciation of the objects and alms of a young Maori Party He tried hard some years ago to get us Interested in him as 1n Keesing's case, but we held him off He was asked to make a special study of Ruatahuna and to submit a thesis, which would test the calibre and tone of his work I am sure that he only wanted to use our resources and connection for the furtherance of his own ambitions Kaore au ι pai ki tona ahua [I did not like his attitude ]"

Buck to Ngata (p 242) "Dale, I understand, received a Ph D degree from Yale but he received i t from the Department of Race Relations He took my class on Material Culture but he has no sound ethnological education "

I have yet to form a firm view on the two hypotheses that (a) Dale had a difficult character and his work was of limited value, and (b) Dale was out of step, voicing ideas that were clearly not fashionable, and those in power preferred to characterize him as 'rather light-weight" 1 do however concur with Harker and Benton that his work is of considerable interest

It is important as we move towards the 150th anniversary of the Treaty of Waitangi for New Zealand to consider the treatment meted out to the alternative thinker, to any who might dare to challenge the establishment There appears to be insufficient scope within New Zealand institutions for a challenging debate We should ask ourselves what happens to opinion which does not meet with official sanction I believe that the neglect which greeted Dale on his return from Yale can be readily Identified today If this is so, then a study of the life of Dale will have important lessons for the future development of the country

6 Continuing research

I intend to research the writings, both published and unpublished, of Dale A collection of Dale's writings will be prepared, and attention will be given to the publication of selected works, or of a collected works (At the moment I am of the opinion that the publication of a complete collection of Dale's writings would be valuable ) A summary of the life of Dale (concentrating on his work, since there is no intention to deal with personal matters) will consider the value of the expertise which Dale possessed, his efforts in making use of his evident talents, the judgements of his contemporaries, and the subsequent impact on his career Some comment will be made on the relevance of Dale's ideas and career to the New Zealand past and future

7

I am presently investigating sources of financial assistance for this study, as work to date has been in my own time

The study will include interviews with people who have known Dale A search will be made for any remaining manuscripts, and to that end a let ter has been sent to the training College in Ghana Scholars in appropriate fields will be invited to comment on various aspects of the study

I invite correspondence with anyone who has known Dale or his work

Dr J L Robinson Martinborough

ACCESS TO ARCHIVES A POLICY STATEMENT

At the Palmerston North Annual General Meeting in 1988 the following resolutions on access to archives were adopted

A That access to archives and manuscripts in publicly funded institutions, whether local or national, should be without financial charge to members of the public

Β That this policy be sustained on the grounds that

1 Archives and manuscripts should be available on the same basis as collections of other cultural material in archives, art galleries, libraries and museums

2 Only by the provision of free access will the full value of these collections to the nation be realised

3 A commercial approach will inhibit the gift of important collections to public institutions

4 Charging for access would be inequitable to economically disadvantaged members of the public

C That access without financial charge be interpreted to include

1 The provision of basic but comfortable reading faci l i t ies

2 The making available of all finding aids, including computerised ones, to archives and manuscripts held in the Institution

3 The provision of search advice by Institutional staff

4 The production to users of requested archives and manuscripts held in the institution

5 Responding to written enquiries on simple matters of fact where these can be easily ascertained or with guidance of appropriate sources

Comments have been invited by Council from a number of archival institutions and correspondence with Archifacts is invited

Β

FROM WOODEN SHACK TO WARD BLOCK THE ARCHIVES OF THE OTAGO HOSPITAL BOARD 1863-1980

The archives of the Otago Hospital Board date back almost to the establishment of the f i rs t hospital m Dunedin, in 1851, three years after the arrival of the f i rs t European set t lers in the province They constitute an extraordinarily rich research source for the history of health care in New Zealand

The major part of the holdings of administrative archives have been deposited by the Board in the Hocken Library, University of Otago However, the Board s t i l l retains some, as well as virtually all the voluminous patient records In this paper I Intend describing the major series in the archives, saying something of the use made of them to date and the potential use, and concluding with some remarks regarding access restrictions

Administrative History

Firstly, though, to ut i l ise the holdings one needs to know where in the archives to look for particular pieces of information This requires some knowledge of the administrative history of the Otago Hospital Board, and i t s predecessors This aspect has been excellently dealt with by Oohn Angus In his commissioned published history of the Board His book drew heavily on the archives and contains full bibliographic references Researchers, and archivists, are indeed fortunate to have i t available to penetrate the labyrinth of administration, especially that of the nineteenth century It is supplemented by several University of Otago theses on particular phases and areas of history, details of which will be given later All I propose doing Is providing a brief outline of the major administrative changes which have occurred from 1863-1980, to place the archives In context

The f i r s t patients were admitted to Dunedin Hospital in 1852, but at the outset Its administration was cause for local acrimony Eventually, In March 1853, Robert Williams MRCS was appointed Colonial Surgeon, a Central Government paid position, with responsibility for hospital and other patients He was answerable to A C Strode, the Resident Magistrate

However, with the establishment of the Otago Provincial Government 1n 1854, the central authorities in Auckland expected the new body to take over responsibilities for hospitals and charitable aid forthwith Another wrangle ensued until 1856 when the former finally acquiesced, appointed Edward Hulme as Provincial Surgeon, and began the Provincial phase of administration This lasted until 1876 Even at this early stage i t is possible to see the series of archives which might result for, as John Angus puts i t

[Dunedin Hospital] was an inclusive sort of institution inpatients and outpatients, Maoris and pakehas, men and women, paying and non-paying, public and private patients, physically and mentally i l l cases I t served as hospital, charitable insti tution, lunatic asylum and public dispensary

In 1866, Dunedin Hospital moved from i t s ini t ial s i te in the Octagon to the present location in Great King Street Before this date, in fact in September 1863, a separate institution had been established for the mentally i l l Known as the Dunedin Lunatic Asylum, i t was the forerunner of Seacliff (later Cherry Farm) Mental Hospital From 1877 until 1972, when the Board assumed responsibility for Cherry Farm, the Department of Health undertook mental hospital administration

With the goldrushes in the 1860s came new hospitals to the rural areas - Tuapeka (later Lawrence) being the f i r s t , 1n 1862 By 1876, there were eight others In addition, both Oamaru and Invercarqlll had hospitals - on an obviously larger scale All were run by locally Independent committees The only one which concerns us is Lawrence Hospital as the remainder eventually came under the control of other hospital boards

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Another administrative strand commenced in 1862 with the foundation of the Otago Benevolent Association, a private body, but with Provincial Government financial subsidies Ini t ia l ly , this mainly distributed outdoor relief payments to the needy However, in 1866, i t opened the f i rs t stage of i t s premises at Caversham, known as the Otago Benevolent Institution The Lookout Point Industrial School for neglected and criminal children opened in 1869 Its control after 1876 passed to Central Government, though admissions involved local charitable interests

The period from 1876-1910 is a tangled administrative web which we will briefly consider Dunedin Hospital was run by the Dunedin Hospital Committee, a Government-appointed body, from 1877-86 In 1885-86, however, major changes occurred with the passing of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act 1885 and an amendment the following year As a result, there came into being in Otago the Central Otago District Hospital Board, the Tuapeka District Hospital Board, the Otago District Hospital Board, the Dunedin Hospital Trustees and the Otago Benevolent Institution Trustees To cap these, with the grandest t i t l e of a l l , there was the United Districts of Tuapeka, Central Otago and Otago Charitable Aid Board In case i t is thought that there was a multitude of institutions to be run, I quote from Angus

This complex of boards and trusts only had to administer four institutions Dunedin Hospital, Tuapeka Hospital, the Benevolent Institution and the Female Refuge

It must be added that during the time this setup existed, from 1885-1910, an infectious diseases hospital was established In Dunedin, a private sanitorium was taken over and the Female Refuge converted Into a maternity hospital There was also considerable involvement with the University of Otago Medical School - both staff and students - and the Industrial School These developments came under the wing of one or other of the above organisations

By the early 1900s, It was clear this cumbersome administrative structure was pot fulfilling i t s legislative promise The reasons are spelt out in detail by Angus So, in 1909-10, It was all change again with the passing of yet another act by Parliament - this time entitled the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act 1909 This provided for a redrawing of boundaries of hospital and charitable aid distr icts Otago's covered the counties of Waihemo, Waikoualti, Taierl, Peninsula, Bruce, Tuapeka and Clutha, all boroughs within these, plus Dunedin City A new elected Board administered this d is t r ic t - the Otago Hospital and Charitable Aid Board - and took control of all existing publicly run hospitals and charitable Institutions Other functions were

to provide charitable aid for the Indigent and maintain, or establish homes for indoor relief cases

maintain indigent children who lived in state Institutions such as the industrial or special schools

It had eight institutions to run - Dunedin Hospital, the Fever Hospital, Forth Street Maternity Hospital, Rock and Pillar Sanitorium, Pleasant Valley Sanitorium, Tuapeka Hospital, Kaitangata Cottage Hospital and the Benevolent Institution The Board established and disestablished committees to oversee various areas of administration as the need was perceived While ini t ial ly South Otago was part of the Board's d i s t r ic t , local agitation from 1915 eventually resulted in the formation in 1921, of a separate Board It s t i l l exists in 1987, as do the separate Waitaki, Mamototo and Vincent Hospital Boards

Obviously from the 1920s to 1980 there were major changes within the dis t r ic t New hospitals opened e g Queen Mary Maternity and Wakari institutions closed eg the sanitoriums at the Rock and Pil lar , and Pleasant Valley, and others, such as the Benevolent, changed their function Committee and staff structures altered enormously as health care administration grew It is not, however, my intention to detail these here Essentially, the framework established by 1920 remained in 1980

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The Archives

I want to turn now to the archives themselves Those in the Hocken Library total 37 linear metres and they run from 1863-1980 Most of the holdings date from the 1880s, although there are some patient and administrative archives from the 1860s For the provincial period, researchers must also look to the Otago Provincial Government archives and other archives held by National Archives in Wellington Unfortunately, there have been some losses

In the time available, I can obviously only deal with some of the archives Those who wish more detail should contact the Hocken Library

1 intend using the major administrative periods outlined above as a basis for describing holdings which I have generally divided Into (a) Administration and (b) Patients I t should be pointed out that records did not always begin afresh with each period and the divisions were not always clear-cut, especially when i t came to fees paid by or for patients

The Provincial Period 1663-76

(a) Administration

The only series which have apparently survived are the Benevolent Institution's rough minutes from 1867, a volume containing copies of the outward letters in the 1860s of Or Hulme, the Provincial Surgeon, and the minutes of the Tuapeka Goldflelds Hospital Committee 1863-79 (the lat ter continue under various name changes in an unbroken run until 1941)

(b) Patients

One medical casebook exists from 1864-70 It provides patient and treatment details Some patient archives are s t i l l held by the Otago Hospital Board

Post-Provincial Era 1S77-1910

(a) Administration

For Dunedin Hospital there are fair and rough minutes of the Trustees 1886-1911 and the minute book 1886-95 of their Finance Committee We are also fortunate to have their annual reports 1886-1909 (without gaps)

The same series is held for the Otago District Hospital Board 1885-1910, and some of i t s various committees e g the House Committee

The Benevolent Institution Trustees and their administration are reasonably well covered There are minutes 1891-1910, outdoor relief books 1893-1911, and some financial archives e g an investment book 1880-1910 and ledgers 1895-1910 Ledgers are, of course, of considerable value in analysing the f nancial income and expenditure of the Benevolent and particularly so with regard to expenditure on living conditions for the 'inmates'

We have the minute books complete for the United Districts Charitable Aid Board 1885-1910 Nothing is held for the Central Otago District Hospital Board - i t may be i ts archives are with the successor board

(b) Patients

Some thirteen medical casebooks for Dunedin Hospital are extant Included in them are case notes by such doctors as J H Scott, Colquhoun, de Zouche, Barnett and Batchelor There is also an admission, and discharge register covering 1877-82 Other registers for this period are held by the Otago Hospital Board

Benevolent inmates are recorded in an inmates book 1898-1914, while details

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of the provision of outdoor relief by the Otago Benevolent Institution Trustees are extant for 1893-1911

Those interested in the Otago Industrial School will find a roll of indigent children admitted covering 1884-1920, kept by the United Districts Charitable Aid Board

The Otago Hospital Board 1910-80

As one would expect, the quantity of archives 1s largest for this period Only a few of the major series can be described

(a) Administration

Rough minutes are held for meetings of the Board 1899-1948 (the fair minute^ are s t i l l with the Board) Committees e g the Benevolent, (including i t s Ladies Advisory Committee), Sanitorium, Kaitangata Hospital, and Port Chalmers Hospital are well represented by fair and rough minutes

The two largest series are the outwards letterbooks of the Board 1910-35 (over 150 volumes) and newspaper clippings books 1910-75 The lat ter contain not only clippings relating to the Board's act ivi t ies , but also those relating to health matters throughout New Zealand as reported in the local newspapers They are a rich source

There is also a considerable quantity of financial archives e g maintenance cashbooks 1911-ca 1935

(b) Patients

Some seventeen volumes of patient registers 1909-56 are extant However, these are mainly 'miscellaneous' patient registers 1 e they are for hospitals other than Dunedin Public Hospital Many other registers have not yet been transferred from the Board

The archives of one Dunedin Hospital department are held - those of the Neurosurgical Unit They are complete from i ts inception in 1943 until 1978 While containing a mass of correspondence of an administrative nature, they also include much detail regarding patients under treatment or being considered for treatment There are 42 files amounting to just over two linear metres

A more specialised group of archives will now be considered those of the Dunedin Asylum and i t s successor, Seacllff Mental Hospital Both, as has already been noted, were run by the Department of Health from 1877-1972 The archives for this period are 1n two locations Firstly, some eleven linear metres were deposited by the Health Department in the Hocken Library in 1969 They include some Dunedin Asylum archives Most of the individual patient and also the more modern administrative records remain with the Otago Hospital Board

Dunedin Lunatic Asylum

This institution opened in Arthur Street in 1863 and ultimately closed in 1885, following the establishment of Seacllff Its archives deal mainly with patients

There is the journal of i t s Keeper 1863-64, the daily reports 1863-81 of the Provincial Surgeon and visiting book of the Official Inspector from 1870 A staff register exists from 1864

Admission, discharge and death registers for patients are complete for the duration of i ts existence Treatment details are recorded in several medical casebooks from 1863

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Seacliff Mental Hospital

A number of the series for Seacliff continue on from i t s predecessor e g the Inspector of Asylums visiting books 1880s-1949, the report books of Official Visitors 1896-1908, and staff register to 1945

There are, however, several major new series Perhaps the most important -certainly the most voluminous - is that of the twenty-seven volumes of outwards let ters 1882-1916 of the Medical Superintendent, covering all manner of administrative matters These are supplemented by the outwards let ters of general staff 1902-15 (six volumes) There are also series dealing with requisitions, rations and finance

In the area of patient detai ls , the usual registers of admissions, discharges and deaths are extant up until 1929 There are also one or two special registers e g for admissions of criminal lunatics 1884-92

A wider variety of case records are apparent compared with the Lunatic Asylum As well as the usual medical casebooks 1880s-1916, the Library holds daily report books 1914-21 for New Zealand's most famous mental patient, Lionel Terry and registers of mechanical restraint 1897-1949 (59 volumes)

Finally, there are some archives for Orokonui Home, Waitatl 1901-ca 1926, and the Camp, Pukehiki (Otago Peninsula) 1906-18

Research Use of the Archives

Use of the Otago Hospital Board's archives can be divided into three groups Firstly, there are university thesis students and staff Secondly, researchers writing published books and, thirdly, genealogists

To date, there have been several theses, covering somewhat different areas of the archives In 1974, Frances Mulrennan produced 'Dunedin Hospital An Account of the Period 1851-1900' Two have dealt with charitable aid - R Τ Robertson, while researching his thesis on unemployment in New Zealand 1929-35, made use of outdoor relief books and newspaper clipping books

Margaret Tennant perused substantial quantities of archives relating to charitable aid in her Ph D theses Interestingly, she also used them to compile s ta t is t ical appendices and for case studies

Two University of Otago History students have mined the Seacliff Mental Hospital archives, particularly patient series Caroline Hubbard's long essay dealt with lunatic asylums in Otago 1882-1911 and the subsequent period was covered, in 1981, by Susan Fennell s work on psychiatric treatment 1912-48 at Seacliff Both used casebooks and registers of mechanical restraint

Other theses are currently in progress, or have recently been completed University of Otagô staff have also been keen users Two speakers at this Conference, Dr Tony Hocken and Dr Barbara Brookes, have researched Dunedin Hospital and Seacliff Hospital patient archives respectively

Senior History Department students involved in the Department's pioneering work on the Dunedin suburb of Caversham have also looked at the archives of the Benevolent

In 1971, Frank Tod published Seacliff A History of the District to 1970 (12) He included in i t three chapters relating to Seacliff Hospital and i t s predecessor His sources included letterbooks and Keepers reports

However, as one would anticipate, the most extensive user so far has been John Angus in his history of the Otago Hospital Board I have no wish to l i s t details here - his footnotes and bibliography contain all the evidence that 1s necessary of his delving

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Genealogical inquiries corae from two directions Cherry Farm Hospital receives a steady flow of le t ters from genealogists seeking details of patients to whom they are related While the Library holds the patient registers up to 1929, the Hospital s t i l l has all the Individual patient files We, therefore, provide the Hospital with the patient number so the relevant fi le can be located

The Hocken Library also from time to time is visited or written to by genealogists wishing to trace patients If the date of admission/discharge or death is known approximately, 1t 1s a relatively simple task to check these details for accuracy

Not s t r ic t ly genealogical In nature are the more recent enquiries from authors preparing entries for the forthcoming Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, and who desire to f i l l out biographical details for subjects who have passed through Seacllff

Topics which I personally would like to see Investigated Include Dunedin Hospital post-1900, the buildings of the Otago Hospital Board, further work on nineteenth century treatment of patients, biographical studies of doctors and administrators e g Edward Hulme, and the samtoria at Rock and Pillar and Pleasant Valley The archives would form a basis for any one of these With ever-increasing interest In social history, I t Is likely that at least some will be undertaken before too long

Access to the Archives

As has previously been stated, the archives are on deposit with the Hocken Library In view of th is , their sensitive nature, and the provisions concerning patient confidentiality 1n the Hospitals Act 1957, all requests for access are referred to the Board for decision

The Executive Officer, Administration usually handles matters pertaining to the archives, except those of Cherry Farm and i ts predecessors These are the responsibility of the Medical Director, Cherry Farm Hospital

Normal practice 1s for a researcher to obtain a let ter authorising him or her to have access to relevant archives concerned with certain research A copy is usually minuted to the Library Attention 1s drawn to section 62 of the Hospitals Act 1957, usually in the following terms - no names of patients or particulars which may lead to their Identification are to be published In some cases, submission of manuscripts before publication is also required

I t remains to be seen how the Official Information Amendment Act 1987, the provisions of which apply to hospital boards and which came into force on 1 April, will be interpreted by the Board when i t comes to granting access to i t s archives

In conclusion, may I say how fortunate researchers are to have such a good set of archives available There is considerable potential In them for many more theses and publications, all of which Increase our knowledge of the history of health care and administration in this country

REFERENCES

1 J H Angus A History of the Otago Hospital Board and i t s Predessors Dn, Otago Hospital Board, 1984

2 Most of this has been drawn from John Angus's book I wish to record my appreciation of the way in which he tackled what is a very complex administrative body

3 Angus, ρ 23

4 Ibid , ρ 74

5 Ibid , Chapter 10

6 Ibid , ρ 131

1 1

7 F Mulrennan 'Dunedin Hospital An Account of the Period 1851-1900' M A thesis, University of Otago, 1974, p m "Fire destroyed almost all the hospital records of tne 1851-136b period Records were further depleted in 1904 when the Hospital Trustees decided that old papers and records 'lying over the years should be destroyed under the supervision of the chairman and the secretary' "

8 Mulrennan op d t

9 R Τ Robertson 'The Tyranny of Circumstances t Responses to Unemployment in New Zealand 1929-35, With Particular Reference to Dunedin' Ph D thesis, University of Otago, 1978

10 M Tennant 'Indigence and Charitable Aid in New Zealand 1885-1920' Ph D thesis, Massey University, 1981

11 C Hubbard Lunatic Asylums in otago 1882-19H' BA Hons long essay, University of Otago, 1977 S Fennel 1 'Psychiatry and Seacliff A Study of Seacliff Mental Hospital and the Psychiatric Milieu in New Zealand 1912-48' BA Hons long essay. University of Otago, 1981

12 F Tod Seacliff A History of the District to 1970 On, The Author, 1971

Ρ R Miller Hocken Library, Dunedin

Reprinted with permission from the 'Proceedings of the First New Zealand Conference of the History of New Zealand and Australian Medicine" held at Waikato Hospital 29-30 April 1987

NEW HONORARY L I F E MEMBER

At a Special General Meeting held at Turnbull House on Friday 26 May 1989 Mr Oack Churchouse, Director of the Maritime Museum, Wellington, former Councillor and Vice-President of the Associations was accorded by acclamation the highest honour that ARANZ can bestow election to Honorary Life Membership Jack played a large part in the campaign some years ago by ARANZ to secure high standards for the microfilming of newspapers by the National Library and was Instrumental in saving many newspapers and, in particular, the archives of the Union Company He has been the founding fostering spir i t behind the Maritime Museum and a guide, encourager and sustainer to many 1n the museum, archives and historical world A maritime historian of considerable repute, Jack is also a master mariner, a skipper for the "Spirit of Adventure Trust"

He has been one of the Association's real gentlemen and quiet scholars Members were saddened to learn some months ago'of a serious accident sustained as a result of a fa l l , causing Jack to be hospitalised at Burwood, Christchurch, fromwhencehe has continued to take a lively interest in the Association We wish him well and a speedy recovery to hearth and home

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SUNNYSIDE HOSPITAL ARCHIVES PRELIMINARY L I S T OF ARCHIVES AND RECORDS HELD AT SUNNYSIDE HOSPITAL, CHRISTCHURCH

A ADMISSIONS REGISTERS

Register Book, 1854-1872 Patient numbers 1 to 358 - large leather bound volume, only 61 folios used, rest blank - brief entries under these headings Number/Date/Name/Sex/Age/Status/

Occupation/Supposed cause of insanity/Bodily Condition/Duration of existing attack/Number of previous attacks/Date of Discharge, Removal or Death

Note Inside cover "For remarks upon all cases up to No 266, see Old Register Book" (not found)

Register Book, 1872-1881 Patient numbers 350 to 1021 - large leather bound volume

Register of Admissions from 1022 to 1315 (ink on spine) 10 Jan 1881 to 6 Mar 1883

Register of Admissions, from 1316 to 1789 (ink on spine) 16 April 1884 to June 1890

- large slim volume, plain brown spine - has further entries 1n last few pages Register of Admissions, from 1790 to 4125

July 1890 to 16 Sept 1912 - large brown leather volume, damaged spine

Register of Admissions, Males, Civil, 1912-1927 Females, Civil, 1912-1928 Males, Civil, 1927-1929, only used to ρ 54

" " Females, Civil, 1928-1929, only used to ρ 32

Register of Admissions, 3 Jan 1930 to 7 August 1944 - large thick square book, cover missing

Register of Admissions, 7 Aug 1944 to 27 Oct 1963 - large square book, faded buff leather spine

Index to Patients very large volume, alphabetical index on right - appears to extend from 1864 to 1930s - no t i t l e on spine or cover - brief entries Name/Patient number/Date of Admission/Date of Death

or Discharge/Remarks Admissions, red covered journal, 1952-1956 Admission Registers (cheap hardcover notebooks, foolscap size)

26 5 1969 to 23 8 1972 24 8 1972 to 4 12 1974 4 12 1974 to 31 3 1977 1 4 1977 to 12 11 1979 13 11 1979 to 14 1 1982

- give Data/Time/Religion/Name/Age/Status/Ward

(there may be more of these on upper shelves)

Register of Soldier Patients, 1939-55

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Β BOARDERS Register of Voluntary Admissions

Register of Boarders, 1912-1920 - slim book, red spine - only 89pp used, many pages missing from index at front - has two photos Joseph Bell 1912, Alice Mary Cooper 1913

Register of Boarders 1920-1930 (no t i t l e on spine or cover) - blue cloth bound ledger, used to ρ 231 (of 258)

Register of Voluntary Boarders, 1930-1944 - grey volume with paper label on front cover

- gives following information Record Number/Date of Provisional Admission/ Date of Ministerial Order/Name/Age/Sex/Status/Hospital/ Name & Address of Relative/Discharge/Remarks (usually one word s t ress , constitutional, or PA - previous admiss1on7)

Register of Voluntary Patients, 1949-1960 (no t i t l e on spine, only M H 178)

C CASE BOOKS AND CLINICAL FILES

Case Book, 1872-76 (patient numbers 363 to 636) - slim oblong book, damaged brown spine - f i r s t few pages have scattered earlier numbers,

continuous from 363 (20 May 1872) to 1876

Case Book, 1876-1881 (patient numbers 637 to 1068)

Case Book, 1881-1889 (patient numbers 1073 to 1724) - book ends with two pages of inebriates - includes some newspaper clippings and let ters from patients - inside front cover has List of Criminal Lunatics

Case Book, 1889-1891 (patient numbers 1720 to 1916) - small, f la t , brown leather bound volume - alphabetical Index at s tart , then folios 1 to 192

Medical Case Book (on spine) 1891-1895? big square heavy leather bound volume (patient numbers 1917 to 2211) - alpha index - 591 folios (1 e 1182 pages)

- four pages per patient, last two often blank

Case Books, 14 volumes 1896-1917 (patient numbers 2213 to 4835) - uniform large leather bound volumes

Clinical Files, 1918-1968 presumably replace Case Books - individual f i les , often just a few pages, loose-shelved 1n store room

on f i r s t floor, near typing pool - shelved in five large steel cases with 48 oblong pigeonholes (= 240),

each contains 15 to 25 files (= 3,600 to 6,000 files)

Standard forms, with room for photo, but none seen in random sample Stapled together

(Staff informed me that Correspondence Files for each patient were kept separately, but in similar form )

- whereabouts unknown

D DEATH & DISCHARGE REGISTERS (apparently includes Escapes)

Register of Deaths (on red leather plate on front cover) - large brown leather bound volume

1872-1896 (in fact 1895) whole volume used

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(Discharges and Deaths, 1895 to 1903 (on brown spine) (Register of Discharge Book (on red leather plate on cover) - 25 Oct 1895 to 21 March 1903

Register of Discharges and Deaths, 1903-1916 - on spine - whole volume used Register of Deaths (on spine, blue cover) 27 Dec 1916 to 20 Dec 1929 Register of Discharges and Transfers, Male - on cover - 12 Feb 1917 to 18 Dec 1929 - slim oblong leather register, black spine, faded purple cover

Register of Discharges and Transfers, Female - Dec 1916 to Dec 1929 - slim blue oblong book

Register of Deaths (on cover) Jan 1930-Dec 1960 - no spine, slim square grey cover

Register of Discharges and Transfers, 1930-1944 - red leather spine, water damaged at bottom right Register of Discharges and Transfers, 1944-1960 - red spine Register of Discharges and Transfers, Jan 1960-March 1969 - red spine

Ε ESCAPES

Register of Escapes, Nov 1936 - Aug 1939 - 298 folios, all used - alpha index, water damaged at top - plain red spine

Register of Escapes, 1940-1953

I INSPECTORS

Inspector's Book (on red patch on brown leather cover) - 30 May 1871 to 25 March 1881, 276pp - has printed copy of 1868 Lunatics Act

L LETTER BOOKS

Seager's First Letter Book, Dec 1863 to March 1877 - no spine, exposed stitching, brown leather covers

Seager's Second Letter Book, 1877-1882 - faded purple cover, buff spine, slim volume - 246 pp, only f i rs t 77 pp used - fragments of an alpha index

Letter Book spine has in crude lettering, Applications & Maint - 55 pp, but only 213 used, 17 July 1874 to June 1887 - alpha index at s tar t - thin tissue paper, copies done in a press? - most signed MacLean, for Public Trustee

Letter Book (on red patch on spine) Maintenance, No 9 (on black patch on cover) - May 1910 to Sept 1910 - 750pp only 122 used - alpha index at s tar t

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Letter Book (on red label on buff leather spine) - 1911-1914 - alpha index, then folios number 1-745, but only 400 used - mostly relating to farm livestock

M MECHANICAL RESTRAINT & SECLUSION

Register of Mechanical Restraints, 1920-1939 - alpha index - 145 folios, all used

Date/Name/Means of Restraint/ Duration in Hours/Certificate of Medical Superintendent stating grounds upon which the restraint was used

Mechanical Restraint (on cover), 1939-1943

Register of Mechanical Restraint, 1943-1945 - 144 pages

Registers of Mechanical Restraint j . Seclusion, 1950-52 - green covers 5 vols 1952-53

1953-57 1957-58 1958-63

Ρ PATIENTS, POST-MORTEM, PROBATION, PROPERTY

Patients Weight Book (on spine, large brown leather bound vol ) - 1926-27, alphabetical entries - last third blank - has been used as a Scrap Book, 1923-1962, for Health Dept circulars,

carbon copies of le t ters , memos, etc pasted over the old weight records - some 1950s items are in early pages, but earl iest Items date from 1920s

Post Mortem Records, 1880 39 folios, slim brown leather notebook

Post Mortem Book, 1929-1951 - pale buff leather binding 99 fol ios used, rest blank

(there must have been others, now missing)

Probation Register (on spine) 1922-1929, red spine, oblong cover - inside, Register of Patients Absent on Trial

Probation Registers, 7 volumes, 1930-1937 1937-1943 1943-1949 large slim blue book 1949-1953 1953-1958 brown spine, blue cover 1958-1963 1963-1967 grey leather spine

Property Register, 1943-1958 (there must have been many more of these, somewhere)

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S SALARIES, STAFFING

Salary Book (on red patch, on brown leather spine) - Feb 1912 to Dec 1918 - Office/Name/Rate/from/to/Amount/Superannuation/Amount Payable

(there must once have been more of these)

Staff Register, 1941-? (316 pp used of 360) Name/Date of Birth/Date Appointed/Office/Salary

V VISITORS

Visitors' Book, 1864-1899 - no spine, exposed stitching, blue pages - only f i rs t sixth or so used, rest blank

W WORK BOOKS

Staff and Patients' Work Book, 1932-1936 - red spine, faded paper label, whole volume used - names at lef t , small lettering, up to 106 per page - each double page = one week - columns for each day, code or words or X

Staff and Patients' Work Book, 1936-1940 (1940-43 missing) 1943-1947

(1948-49 missing) 1950-1953, brown leather 1953-1956

W WASSERMANN

Wassermann Reactions, 1955 - slim register, grey spine mottled green cover

Andrew Grieve and Geoffrey Rice Christchurch

The above 11st was compiled by the authors on 17 January 1989 from records held in the Hospital's Main Office strongroom

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CIRCULATION FIGURES OF SOME NINETEENTH CENTURY NEW ZEALAND NEWSPAPERS

Little is known about the economics of newspaper publishing In nineteenth century New Zealand Almost no direct evidence, such as that from business documents like waste books or ledgers exists Nor, often, have the newspapers themselves survived When they have, they do not usually contain the Information from which an economic study could be made Even such basic information as the number of copies of each newspaper circulated remains largely unknown When circulation figures for nineteenth century newspapers do exist, then, they assume considerable Importance

It is therefore significant that circulation figures for selected New Zealand newspapers are available for the years 1876 to 1883 This data is present in documents formerly on the Colonial Secretary's files and now with the records of the Department of Internal Affairs at the National Archives of New Zealand It comes from tenders submitted for the business of inserting government advertisements in newspapers for the years 1876 until 1883 The need for these tenders arose when the provincial system of government was abolished in 1876 The provincial gazettes ceased publication in that year, but substitute publications were officially nominated to fulfil legal requirements that certain kinds of notices be published in the provincial government gazettes Notices published in these substitutes then became allowable evidence In a court of law1 The central government chose to call tenders for newspapers to act In the place of the provincial gazettes from the s tar t of 1877

The tenders were called in the New Zealand Gazette;

Tenders are required for the publication for a period of twelve months. In a newspaper In each provincial d i s t r ic t , of public notifications such as were required to be or were usually published In the Provincial Gazette in a province 2

As well as requesting information about type, size cost, and method and place of insertion of the advertisements, the specifications sought a statement of 'the average circulation of the paper The replies were assessed by the Government Printer and the Chief Clerk of the Audit Office The f i rs t tender resulted in newspapers being appointed gazettes in all areas except Wellington, where none was appointed as i t was the practice of all the newspapers published to call attention by a local notice to the contents of each gazette as published 3 Tenders were called again in November 1877 for advertising in 1878, the results this time being decided on by the Cabinet No tenders were requested in 1878 for advertising in 1879 From 1879 until 1883 the contracts were again put out for tender, for advertising in the following year These tenders were called for in late October or November of each year in the New Zealand Gzette or in local newspapers^ and the results were gazetted in late December or early January 5

Oocuments relating to these tenders are present at National Archives up to 1883 (for advertising during 1884) 6 ι have not established what procedure was followed after that date for tendering for government advertising

The files at National Archives normally contain the tenders submitted by newspaper proprietors, other related papers, the Colonial Secretary's summary of tenders received and copies of other administrative correspondence This is the case for 1876 1877, and 1879 to 1882 (as noted above no tenders were called for in 1878) but for 1883 only the Colonial Secretary s summary is on file

21

Government advertising was of significant financial value for newspaper proprietors, well worth seeking out and going to some lengths to procure This is amply demonstrated both in these documents and elsewhere ? Joseph Ivess, a newspaper proprietor credit with 'planting' at least 29 newspapers in New Zealand, actively solicited government advertising whenever he established a new t i t l e 8 The National Archives tender documents show the lengths to which some proprietors were willing to go in order to secure these advertising contracts The proprietors of the Nelson Daily Times were "prepared to find good and reasonable security if necessary for the due performance of the contract In Ounedin the New Zealand Public Opinion, Sportsman and Saturday Advertiser was prepared not only to increase i t s circulation from 2 200 to 3,000 copies but also to post a free copy to

the Clerk or Secretary of every County Council, Road Board, Athenaeum, Public Reading room, and Government Office within the Province of Otago also a free copy to every Justice of the Peace in the said Province

The Colonist (Nelson) would publish an extra if necessary, while Wellington s Evening Argus pointed out that Its policy of not charging postage to country subscribers was an advantage in securing circulation of government notices outside the metropolitan area When the proprietors of the Evening Argus did not secure the contract, they offered to reduce their original quote by ten percent The Otago Guardian requested that an Inquiry be made into the circulation claimed by the Otago Daily Times, suggesting that the letter's claim of between 2000 and 4000 was grossly exaggerated '

Complaints such as the Otago Guardian's about the circulation figures Its rivals claimed may have prompted the government Into action In 1881 the newspaper proprietor was required to make a statutory declaration of circulation to accompany his tender This was probably also the case in 1883 (for tenders called for advertising 1n 1884) Although the declarations themselves are not on fi le at National Archives for that year, annotations are present which suggest that they were required, for instance, a tender was noted as informal because no declaration was supplied The requirement of a statutory declaration In 1883 may account for the generally lower circulation figures listed for that year in the table below

TABLE CIRCULATION FIGURES OF SOME NEW ZEALAND NEWSPAPERS

Newspapers are listed under their la test t i t l e as recorded in 0 R Harvey's Union List of Newspapers Preserved in Libraries, Newspaper Offices, Local Authority Offices, and Museums in New Zealand (Wellington National Library of New Zealand, 1987) Abbreviations used are

d dally w weekly 2w two Issues per week 3w three issues per week

The circulation figures Usted below are the 'average circulation of the paper' as requested In the tenders, that is the average circulation per issue The dates on which the tenders were submitted vary, but were usually in November or December of the year given in the able' These dates therefore refer to tenders submitted for advertising in the following year

YEAR AVERAGE NOTES WHEN CIRCULATION TENDER PER ISSUE SUBMITTED

Age SEE Evening Tribune

2·>

Argus Leader Title Grey River Argus, Argus Leader Greymouth d 1876 760 From 720 to 800" 1877 1050 1879 950 1880 1050 1881 740

Ashburton Guardian Ashburton 3w d 1880 October

1879 800

Auckland Evening Star SEE Auckland Star

Auckland Free Lance Auckland w, 2w 1879 August 1881 3000

Auckland Star t i t l e Evening Star, Auckland Evening Star, Auckland Star Auckland d

1876 5150 '5000 to 5300 daily Including country edition"

1877 6500 "upwards of 6500 daily special edition Is printed dally for the country"

1880 6300 1882 7850

Auckland Weekly News SEE New Zealand Weekly News

Bruce Herald Milton w 2w, 1873 January 1876 2000 tender document states 4000 weekly 400 in

Dunedin weekly, 3600 in country dis t r ic ts weekly

Budget and Taranaki Weekly Herald Title Budget, Budget and Taranaki Weekly Herald New Plymouth d w 1877 May

1876 450 1877 900 1879 900

Bui 1er News SEE News

Charleston Argus SEE Charleston Herald

Charleston Herald Title Charleston Argus, Charleston Herald Charleston 2w 1876 300

Charleston News SEE News

Christchurch Times Title Lyttelton times, Christchurch Times Christchurch d 1876 2850 1877 3250 1879 4100 1880 4000

Colonist Nelson 2w, 3w 1874 January, d 1881 July, d and 3w edition published concurrently until 1882 June

1876 1250 'twelve to hirteen hundred ' 1877 1250 twelve to thirteen hundred" 1879 1300 1880 about 1500 1881 1400 1882 1500

Daily Southern Cross Title Southern Cross Daily Southern Cross Auckland d 1876 large

23

Dally Telegraph 1876

1877 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883

Napier 1480

1800 1575 1945 2000 2250 2325

would also insert notices in Weekly Mercury a i i j Hawke's Bay advertiser free of Charge, Hawke's Bay advertiser claims circulation fûlsely stated and should abe 700-800 (see let ter 23 December 1876)

Ensign t i t l e Hataura Ensign, Ensign 1880 950

Gore W, 2w 1881 April "nine hundred to one thousand"

Evening Argus SEE Evening Chronicle

Title Tribune, Evening Argus, Evening chronicle

'upwards of 1500'

Evening Herald SEE Globe

Evening Chronicle Wellington d

1876 1500

Evening News t i t l e Telegraph, Truth, Evening News Christchurch d 1880 2000 1881 1335

Evening News (Dunedin) SEE Evening Tribune

on Saturday exceeds 3000 ' Evening Post Wellington d

1876 3000 1879 5179 1880 5570

Evening Star (Auckland) SEE Auckland Star

Evening Star 1876 1877 1879

1880 1881

Dunedin d 5300 6500 7300

"over 8000" "over 7500'

1882

Evening Star 1877 1879 1881 1882 1883

Evening Tribune 1876 1877 1879

"7500 to 8000"

"almost certain increase to over 8000 before end of 1880 "circulation steadily increasing" 'Steadily increasing limited only by faci l i t ies for i ts distribution'

t i t l e Hokitika Evening Star, Evening Star 800 520 500 500 650

Hokitika d

Dunedin 1800 3150 5833

Title Evening News, Age Evening Tribune d

"35,000 weekly , issued 6 days per week

C4

Globe Title Morning Herald, Evening Herald, Globe Dunedin d 1877 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883

3000 3500 3500 2500-4000 2500 2500

will attain 5000 in six months'

'steadily increasing"

Grey River Argus SEE Argus Leader

Hawke s Bay Herald Napier d 1876 1877 1879 1880

1881 1882 1883

1200 1325 1400 1500

1600 1800 1600

"the price having been reduced to one penny, there has been a considerable increase 1n the circulation"

Hawke s Bay Weekly Courier 1879 600

Napier w

Hokitika Evening Star SEE Evening Star

3w inangahua Times 1880

Reefton 500

Leader Hokitika w 1881 750

Lyttelton Times SEE Christchurch times

Marlborough Dally Times Title Marlborough Times, Marlborough Dally times Blenheim 2w 3w 1881 March, d 1882 January

1879 700

1880 600 advertisements also placed in "Weekly Edition every Saturday Morning, 500 1881

1882 1883

1000 "under 900 1000

Marlborough Express Blenheim 2w, d 1880 January 1876 1877 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883

Marlborough Press 1876 1877 1879

1881

800 800

800 to 850" 900 900

1075 1200

Picton w 350 350 400

400

"proprietor objects to circulation being published '

Marlborough Ti mes SEE Marlborough Daily Times

25

Marlborough Weekly Hews Blenheim w 1880 500

Mataura Ensign SEE Ensign

Morning Herald SEE Globe

see tender document for Marlborough Daily Times

Mount Ida Chronicle Naseby w 1876 450

Nelson Dally Times Nelson d 1876 900 1877 950

Nelson Evening Mail Nelson d 1876 1225 1877 1325 1879 1500 1880 1600 1881 1700 1882 1775 1883 1700

New Zealand Free Press Auckland w 1881 1400

New Zealand Freeman's Journal Auckland 1881 1300

New Zealand Herald Auckland d 1876 7200

2w 1876 October '400 to 500'

'Bona fide

1877 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883

New Zealand Mail 1879

"about 8400" 9300 "up to 6200" "up to 6350" 6750 4056

Wellington w 1350

1500 on statutory declaration

w 1250 on statutory declaration

W e e m y

average circulation of the two t i t les

"Daily

Herald)

2.700, Weekly (1 e 4,500'

New Zealand Public Opinion, Sportsman and Saturday Advertiser Title New Zealand Saturday Advertiser , Saturday Advertiser, New Zealand Public Opinion Dunedin w

1876 2200 'shall guarantee 3000 or over if awarded contract

1881 2000-3500 "steadily increasing 1882 1850

New Zealand Saturday Advertiser SEE New Zealand Public Opinion

New Zealand Tablet Dunedin w 1881 1935

New Zealand Times Wellington d 1876 3200

1879

would also insert notices free in Nei. Zealand Mall (weekly)

"1300 to 2400' would also Insert notices in New Zeaxanc Mail at one charge for both newspapers

26

New Zealand Weekly News Title Auckland Weekly News, Weekly News, New Zealand Weekly News Auckland w

1880 6000 1881 6000 1882 6100

News Title Westport News, Bui 1er News, Charleston News, Westport News News Westport d

1878 not exceeding sixty according to let ter 13 Ouly 1878 from manager of Westport Times

News Letter 1876

Hasterton 415

3w

Northern Advocate Title Whangarel Comet and Northern Advertiser, Northern Advocate Whangarei w, 2w 18917

1878 1000

Otago Dally Times Dunedin d 1876 3000 Otago Guardian claims this Is "grossly

exaggerated" 1877 "2250 to 4000" 1879 20000 to 4000" 1880 "2000 to 3000 would also Insert notdlces free 1n

Otago Witness 1881 4100 would also Insesrt notices free In

Otago Witness 1882 '4400 to 6000' 1883 4650

Otago Guardian Dunedin d 1876 1500

Otago Witness Dunedin w 1876 4000 1879 6500 to 7000 subscrsibed for by nearly every farmer

in the Province" 1880 7000 1881 7000 see tender document for otago Daily

Times 1882 7250 to 8500'

Patea Mail Patea 2w 1876 400

Press Christchurch d 1876 2500 between two and three thousand copies" 1877 very large and constantly increasing'1

1879 5000 1880 5250 1881 4750 1882 5000 "upwards of 5000'

Saturday Advertiser SEE New Zealand Public Opinion

South Canterbury Times Timaru d 1876 1000 1880 2500

Southern Cross SEE Daily Southern Cross

Southern Mercury Dunedin w 19876 3500

27

Southland Daily News Invercargill 1876 1300 1880 1500

'about 1300 town and country

Southland Times Invercargill d 1876 1200 "over 1200 with weekly issue' (Weekly

Times) 1877 left blank in tender document

Southlander Title Weekly Despatch, Weekly News, Southlander Invercargill w 1880 1000

Taranaki Herald New Plymouth w, 2w 1869 May, d 1877 May 1876 1877 1879 1880 1881

1882

1883

Taranaki News 1876

months ago 1877 1879 1880 1881

700 1000 1100 1200 1200

1200

1000

New Plymouth 700

850 1050 1100 1200

would also insert notices free in Budget and Taranaki Weekly Herald

would also insert notices free in Budget and Taranaki Weekly Herald

increase from 400 fourteen

Telegraph SEE Evening News

Thames Advertiser Thames d 1876 3250 1877 3250 1879 2000

Thames Star Title Evening Star, Thames Star 1879 1500

Thames d

Timaru Herald 1876

1879

Timaru d 700

1400

Tomahawk Timaru w 1876 1000

Tribune SEE Evening Chronicle

Truth SEE Evening News

2w Ha ι mate Times 1880

Waimate 500

a correction states "over 800 daily , would also insert notices free in Tomahawk (weekly circulation over 1000') would also insdrt notices free in Géraldine County Chronicle (w)

see tender documents for Timaru Herald

Wairarapa Standard Greytown 2w, 3w 1875 February 1876 1000 "over 1000"

28

Weekly Herald Auckland w 1876 4500 see tender documents for New Zealand

Herald

tender documents for Daily

Weekly News SEE New Zealand Weekly News

West Coast Times 1876 1877 1880 1881

Hokitika 1100 1250 1250 1500

d

would also insert notices free In Leader (̂ )

1882 1883

1000 900

Westport News SEE News

Westport Star Westport d 1878 250 1879 250

Westport Times 1876 1879

Westport 2w 550 500

'between five and six hundred" would also insert notices free 1n Westport Evening Star

Whangarel Comet and Northern Advertiser SEE Northern Advocate

NOTES AND REFERENCES My thanks are due to the staff of National Archives for their assistance

1 More Information about these legal requirements 1s present 1n a let ter on IA1 81/2588

2 New Zealand Gazette 1876 November 6 ρ 765 3 Letter from the Colonial Secretary"s Office to Mr Hall, 18 October 1879, IA,

79/4382 (In IA1, 80/362) Ί For example New Zealand Gazette 1876 November 10, 1879 October 23, Nelson

Colonist 1877 November 24 5 Fcr example New Zealand Gazette 1876 December 14, 1878 January 3, 1882

January 19 6 Th- fi l l numbers, and a description of the contents of each f i l e , are

IA 34/87 Tender documents, summary of tenders, and other related documents for tenders submitted In 1876 (for advertising in 1877) Also present are a few documents concerning 1878

IA1 79/5540, 79/4697. 79/4589 (In IA1, 80/4716) Tender documents and summary submitted in 1879 (for advertising in 1880)

IA1, 80/5384 (in IA1, 11/2588) Tender documents and summary submitted in 1880 (for advertising in 1881)

IA1, 81/5727 (in IA1, 1882/834 Tender documents, sworn declarations, and summary submitted in 1881 (for advertising 1n 1882)

IA1, 1883/121 Tender documents and summary submitted in 1882 (for advertising in 1883)

IA1 84/12 (in I At. 84/356) Summary of tender documents submitted in 1883 (for advertising 1n 1884)

29

7 See two letters from the Colonial Secretary's Office IA1, 79/4382 (in IA1 80/362) 18 October 1879, IA1 81/2588, 4 July 1881 The Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives often published details of

government advertising expenditure see for example H -32, 1895, for expenditure for the period 1894

8 OR Harvey, "Joseph Ivess Celebrated Country Newspaper Propagator , Turnbull Library Record, ν 21 no 1, Hay 1988, pp 5-28

D R Harvey Monash University

HAPPENINGS 1989

October 1989 will be a feast for conservators, records managers, archivists, historians and others Book your diary now for

17 - 19 OCTOBER

The society for Cultural Conservation (Wellington) Inc is running a conservation course covering such topics as conservation in small museums, climate and environment control, storage materials, insect and mould control and special workshops on prints/ watercolours, manuscripts/plans, tex t i les , wood, Iron and bone, photographs and books and journals

Registrations are due by 15 September and further details can be obtained from Robin Griffin, BNZ Archives, Ρ 0 Box 2392, Wellington

26 - 28 OCTOBER

ARANZ's thirteenth Annual Conference entitled 'Issues in Records and Archives' will be held at The Royal New Zealand Police College, Papakowhai, Porirua The f i rs t day will be devoted to 'Issues and Recores', the second to 'The Challenge of the Treaty', and the third to 'Current Issues in Archives Such As User-Pays', Public Access, The Antiquities Act' and other Issues

Registration forms will be Issued soon to all members and institutions Further details from the

Conference Convenor ARANZ Ρ 0 Box 11553 Manners Street Wellington

10

A PRELIMINARY L I S T OF SURVEY-CHARTS BY THOMAS WING

Thomas Wing (1810-88) f i rs t came to New Zealand as chief officer of the Independence in 1834 Returning to England in command of the same ship he was Interviewed and commissioned by the British Admiralty to carry out a number of surveys of New Zealand haibouis This work occupied W1ng for three years and was mainly carried out in the Fanny

In 1844, Wing was selected by Colonel Wakefield to convey in his brigantine, the Deborah, officials of the New Zealand Land Company, from Nelson to Otagi when that part of the colony was purchased 1 During this period, Wing was closely associated with Frederick Tuckett the New Zealand Company surveyor

In 1858 Wing was appointed harbourmaster of the Hanukau, a post he held until his death at Onehunga in 1888

None of Wing's charts or plans were published by the Hydrographie Office '

Wing carried out the following surveys in New Zealand waters (arranged north to south)

Kaipara Harbour, Fanny, January, 1836 Manukau Harbour, Fanny, January, 1836 Tauranga Harbour, Fanny, June, 1835 Raglan Harbour, Fanny, January, 1836 Kawhia Harbour, Fanny, January, 1836 Ahurlri, Napier Harbour and part of the central-east coast of the

North Island, Trent, August, 1837 Entrance to the Fox River, (date and vessel uncertain) Foveaux Strait area, Deborah, March to August, 1844

List of Charts

A - Hydrographie Department, Ministry of Defence, Taunton (arranged north to south)

1 L2391 New Zealand folio 1 A sketch of the entrance of the Kaipara on West Coast of New Zealand copy, dated 12 May 1841 of an original work dated January 1336, size 430 χ 540mm

NB Probably the original work 1s the sketch held 1n the Auckland Public Library, see reference number 6 below

2 L2384 Sh Xu A sketch of the Harbour of Manukau / on the West Coast of New Zealand by Thos Wing Master / Schooner Fanny of the Bay of Islands New Zealand / January 1836 [with an inset view ] The entrance of the Manukau appears thus when the / outer nine pin Rock Bears E b S by Compass Distance three miles / / Copied from a rough tracing belong to Mr Wyld May 12th 1841 [Hydrographie Office stamp 13 May 1841]

colour and ink on paper, size 550 χ 424mm

3 L2389 New Zealand Folio 1 A sketch of the entrance of Tauranga, a small harbour on the Bay of Plenty on the east coast of New Zealand, Lat 37 39 south [with an inset coastal profi le] pen and ink on paper, copy of a rough tracing belonging to Mr Wyld, 12 May 1841, size 365 χ 515mm NB Possibly the original plan is the sketch held in the Alexander Turnbull

Library, Wellington - see reference number 10 below

Jl

4 L2390 New Zealand folio 1 Sketch of Kawia / on the West Coast of "New / Zealand 1836" High Water on the Full and Change of the / Moon at 9h 30m am and rises / about 12 feet at spring tides / scale of one mile / [scale] Drawn by (Capt) Thos Wing

copy made in 1841, size 620 χ 450 mm

NB Possibly this work was copies from an original sketch held in Auckland Public Library, see reference number 8 below

5 L2392 New Zealand folio 1 A sketch of Hau R1d1 1n the south part of Hawkes Bay New Zealand by Thomas Wing Master of / Schooner trent of the 8ay of Islands NZD high water on the full 4 change of the moon at 7h AM and / rises about 7 feet at spring tides running from six to seven knots per hour the soundings / were taken at low water and are to feet August 1937 pen and Ink on paper, copy dated May 12th 1841 of original 1837 work, size 399 χ 500imi Reproduced John O'C Ross This Stern Coast (Wellington A Η & A W Reed, 1969), ρ 112 NB Possibly the original work Is the sketch held in the Alexander

Turnbull Library, Wellington - see reference number 12 below 3

Β - Auckland Public Library, Auckland (arranged north to south)

6 D995 118aj 1836 NZM613 Chart of the entrance to Kaipara Harbour 1836 pen and ink on paper, size 330 χ 530mm NB This is possibly the original of the chart held at Taunton -

see reference number 1 above

7 D995 153 aj 1836 NZM4605 A sketch of Waingaroa [Raglan] on the West Coast / of New Zealand high water on the full and / Change of the Moon at 9h 30m am and tides about / 12 feet at spring tides the soundings were / taken nearly at high water on the 28th / of January 1836 / Latt about 37° 36' South / / Drawn by Capt Thos Wing

pen and ink on paper, 260 χ 330mm

8 D995 197 aj 1836 NZM4612 Sketch of Kawia / on the West Coast of 'New / Zealand 1836 High Water on the Full and Change of the / Moon at 9 h 30m AM and rises / about 12 feet at spring tides / Scale of one Mile / [scale] Drawn by Capt Thos Wing

pen and ink on paper, 460 χ 330mm NB Possibly this is the original work from which the Taunton copy was made -

see reference number 4 above

9 C995 59cba 1836 NZM84 Chart of North Head - South Head [Fox River entrance] pen and ink on paper, 370 χ 475mm NB No vessel or date indicated

C - Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington (arranged north to south)

10 832 16 aj / 1835 / ACC 423 A sketch of the entrance of Tauranga, a small harbour on the Bay of Plenty on the East Coast of New Zealand June 1835 [signed] By Capt Thomas Wing

pen and ink on paper, 270 χ 340mro

Reproduced J O'C Ross, This Stern Coast (Wellington A Η & A W Reed, 1969) ρ 110 NB Possibly this is the original from which the copy at Taunton was traced,

see reference number 3 above

832 17 aj / 1836 / Acc 1465 A chart of Kawhia, New Zealand January 1836 pen and ink on paper, 360 χ 320mm (copy) NB This chart is apparently a tracing of the original chart held in the

Auckland Public Library, see reference number 8 above

832 3 aj / 1837/ Acc 419 A sketch of Hau Ridi in the south part of Hawkes Bay, New Zealand, August 1837 pen and ink on paper, 330 χ 530mm

Reproduced Ρ Β Ma ling Early charts of New Zealand 1542-1851 (Wellington Reed, 1969), ρ 117 NB Whether this is the original from which the chart held at Taunton was

copied 1s unclear, see reference number 5 above

D - Otago Early Settlers Museum, 220 Cumberland Street, Dunedin

13 A sketch of Stewarts' Island and Foveaux's Strait With remarks and soundings on the adjacent harbours and roadstead by Thos Wing, Master of the Brigantine Deborah whilst 1n the employ of the New Zealand Company surveying the south part of the Middle Island for the s i te of the New Edinburgh Settlement, from March to August 1844 [signed] Thos Wing pen and Ink on paper, 1110 χ 990mm (possibly 1n 4 sheets) Reproduced (detail only) Basil Howard Rakiura (Wellington A Η & A W Reed for the Stewart Island Centennial Committee, 1940) t*B (1) The chart Includes a note added by Capt Ward of the Scotia about

Ward Rock ( u ) This 1s apparently the chart referred to in The New Zealand Herald biographical note as 'several charts of the 5

coastline of Otago, Foveaux Strait and Stewart Island, dated 1844

REFERENCES

1 See Basil Howard The Mapping of Otago (Dunedin Otago Branch New Zealand Geographical Society, 1947), duplicated, unpaginated

2 Although the Hydrographie Office apparently did not make use of Wing's data, John Arrowsmlth the London map publisher Incorporated Information derived from Wing's surveys of Ran1an, Kawhia, and Tauranga harbours, in his map THE / HARBOUR AND CITY / OF / AUCKLAND / the Capital of New Zealand / with the Districts of the Rivers / [with 2 inset plans] by John Arrowsmith, London, 1841, issued in, Charles Terry, New Zealand i ts Advantages and Prospects, (London Τ & W Boone, 184TJ

3 According to information held in the Auckland Public Library, three of the plans were donated to the Old Colonists Museum, by the grandchildren of Thomas Wing, 24 September 1936

4 Howard op ci t

5 New Zealand Herald, 2 September 1932

Brian Hooker, Orewa

3 Λ

11

12

33

A PLEA FOR THE PRESERVATION OF NEW ZEALAND 'S BUSINESS ARCHIVES

It is an unfortunate fact of life that whenever there is an economic squeeze on private sector business, there is also likely to be lack of resources available for such "low priority" tasks as preserving a society's heritage or collecting hard information about the state of the economy, or In social research generally In 1931 the census was cancelled as an economy measure

But i t is at such a time when the need for information is greatest, because when periods of economic tension occur i t is imperative for a society to eventually learn from the experience I t is also an important time for collecting historical information, records which may contribute to the understanding of a present crisis by shedding information about past crises

It is at such a time when much valuable information is likely to be destroyed or allowed to deteriorate In the last few years Mew Zealand has lost a number of firms which have thrived for much of the last 100 years

Many of these firms are manufacturing concerns The economic history of New Zealand's manufacturing sector remains largely unwritten, in part because few historians have appreciated i t s significance in New Zealand's development, also because of the bias in the preference for and accessibility of government source material over private records Thus government is over-represented in New Zealand's historiography

The present crisis in New Zealand manufacturing is a last opportunity to secure private sector documentation of New Zealand's industrial history in a coordinated and publicly accessible form

A national centre for business archives can also provide a safe place for historical records of companies s t i l l operating Documents which are now part of our heritage may be of more value to the public than to the firms themselves Historical records are merit goods, which, once secured, become public goods Their preservation is a public responsibility

If we deny future historians - writers and readers of their work - access to vital information about our past by allowing i t to be lost , then we are asking future generations to pay for short-sighted false economies New Zealand's nineteenth century archive material 1s a community resource, just as are our forests and our mountains

Economic history is an under-valued academic discipline in New Zealand Economic historians are thin on the ground Those that have not emigrated are vulnerable to being poached as market high-flyers or policy advisers I t is only possible seriously to study economic history at one of New Zealand's seven universities The future should be different Economics is a prestigious discipline that is now in crisis As a result historical economics is being rediscovered, and the skil ls and insights that economic history bring to cri t ical analysis - broader than those of pure economic theoreticians - are being revalued Economic historians have to be skilled at writing for people from outside of economics, in using original source material, at carefully interpreting (often incomplete) s t a t i s t i c s , and in applying economic theories They should be important people in the knowledge-driven economy of the future

New Zealand's business archives are just the raw material that future economic historians need to cut their teeth on in thesis writing The lack of economic history theses in New Zealand is lamentable The archives can play a cri t ical role in fi l l ing out the gaps in New Zealand's history, in training social science researchers, and in countering the biases in existing published work in New Zealand history

Economics is the study of people's choices People make choices in government They make choices as producers what to produce, whether to produce, who to employ, how much to invest, what their investment priorit ies are And people make choices in their households what to buy, whether to seek employment, whether to s tar t a business, what level of income they require as compensation for giving up time and energy into being productive Most of the important choices do not involve government, although

3-1

many choices will reflect socio-economic parameters which are partly the result of government activi t ies

Business records give direct evidence of the changing ways business choices have been made, le of institutional change within the business environment They help us to understand whether firms really did aim to maximise profits, whether firms were rational in the pursuit of their aims, and which people within firms were the effective decision-makers The records help us to monitor long-term institutional change, change in the motives of decision-makers, and changes in the balance of power within firms They allow us to do research into the internal-marketplace, a new concept for the forms of competition and cooperation that occur within firms And the records can tell us much about sexual or racial discrimination in employment practices, practices which are, by definition, economically irrational

Archives can tell us about when firms have changed the pattern of their expenditure in the face of a more or less hostile environment, they can te l l us about the demand for advertising services, banking services, security services and other producer services that compensate for transaction costs (1e external diseconomies associated with high levels of competition) In doing so we can learn about the role of (and the heterogeneity of) the service sector, the linkages between the different sectors and the balance of Interest and influence between sectors We know that, in difficult times, bankers tend to become unpopular with working proprietors Business records can teach us about financial history from the other side of the ledger

The understanding of the impact on firms of transaction costs, and the demand by firms for services are areas of innovation in economic history Itself, areas of study that are increasingly being seen as important in understanding the economic performance - the process of wealth-creation - of a whole society

Business records also provide crit ical information about changes to decision-making within households Employment records tel l us about labour supply as well as labour demand, about periods when people are willing to supply labour to firms at low wages, and about times when women and children are increasing or decreasing their participation rates They also can tell us about changes to firms' product innovations, changes that reflect changing consumer preferences Thus they te l l us about market forces, they personalise market forces We can learn about patterns of demand in history

It is necessary to preserve a careful selection of New Zealand's business records Any bias has to favour the ordinary over the distinct Firms that operate in a different way from prevailing norms cannot tell us about those norms Their Importance - eg in setting new trends - can only be understood if the normal practices of the period are known

Do we care, as a society about preserving the key elements of our history, the bits of evidence that show how ordinary New Zealanders made those all-important but often trivial-seeming economic decisions' The l i t t l e decisions which add up to the making of New Zealand? Do we want to learn about ourselves, and the ways in which we get ourselves into and out of crises?

One aspect of a solution might be to cooperate with Australia, where there is already a comprehensive business archive It could be an area of cross-Tasman cooperation linked to Closer Economic Relations Ideally, records of value that had no other safe home in New Zealand could be held in Canberra And all records for both countries could be centrally catalogued

This is important for Australian as well as New Zealand scholars Before 1901, New Zealand was one of seven Australasian colonies New Zealand was an integral part of the Australian economy Thus, to a considerable extent, Australian work on the nineteenth century is incomplete because of the lack of a New Zealand dimension Records covering the period after 1901 are as important for a different reason From 1901 t i l l at least the late 1960s the two countries were developing on separate although parallel paths Thus the use by historians of material from both sides of the Tasman can help to distinguish purely local practices from international trends

Information is the gold-mine of tomorrow's society If the present economic environment is destroying many of our long-established firms, let i t not destroy thei memory Their memory is the memory of the way New Zealand was made, the rich heritage of our origins, of our grandparents' daily lives

Keith Rankin

3G

NEW ZEALAND ARCHITECTURAL ARCHIVES COMMITTEE

The New Zealand Architectural Archives Committee 1s s t i l l alive and well though, like a famous dormouse, inclined to fall asleep This is the fault, no doubt, of i t s convenor but i t can be attributed to i t s poverty of both money and the professional sustenance of ARANZ If in the Library-Museum-Archives world, Archives are the poor relation then in the Archives sphere, Architectural Archives are by far the poorest kindred and very much neglected In very general terms, even the largest institutions would rather not know, at least one has in fact admitted that I t doesn't really krow how to look after i ts extensive collection adequately In many cases, i t is apparent, that the smallest collections are best managed from both the storage and retrieval aspects Such collections are held in some well known architectural firms, the drawings of the Wellington architect, W Gray Young, and of the Dunedin architects. Mason and Wales, are notable examples

On 19 December 1980 the then President of ARANZ circulated a let ter to the New Zealand Library Association (NZLA), National Archives, the New Zealand Historic Places Trust (NZHPT), the Ministry of Works and Development (as 1t then was) and the New Zealand Institute of Architects (NZIA) inviting their delegates to attend a meeting 1n February of the following year The purpose of the meeting was to set up a committee to carry out a resolution passed at the Architectural Archives Seminar held by ARANZ and the NZLA in Rebruary 1980 The Seminar resolved

Tnat this meeting recognises the necessity for

1 A survey to establish the location and status of collections, particularly those in public institutions and which may be at risk}

2 An investigation of methods of indexing and retrieval of Records in public collections

3 Coordination between public repositories for research needs;

4 Urgent consideration of the need for providing repositories and conservation treatment for at risk collections

The delegates duly met In the old Pipi tea Street premises of the Historic Places Trust Since then meetings have been held in the Board Room at Antrim House The most recent one, however, met in Turnbull House for a light lunch supplied by the Pate Shop The BNZ Archives picked up the tab 1

At the f irs t meeting the existence of two surveys of holdings in private hands and held by local authorities was noted A discussion ensued regarding the various collections Bad news was undoubtedly the order of the day, but there were haphazard attempts around the country to sort, index and preserve Standardization of archival practice 7 Never heard of i t 1 Worst of all the researcher into the history of structures for their own sake or with a view to re-furbishing an old home for private use or an old building for public inspection had a hard time finding out where the raw archive material was held, let alone being able to examine this But then perhaps one should not presume that the purpose of holding archives is to enable anybody actually to use them' It was agreed therefore that a survey of holdings and collection policies was necessary, that owners should be informed as to where they might deposit drawing archives they no longer required, and that a code of practice should be drawn up "listing minimum archive material winch should be retained" by producers and holders of construction documents

The next meeting was held in response to the discovery that some local authorities had realised that microfilmed documents took up a lot less space than the originals Some authorities were destroying permit records with l i t t l e attention to whether the microfilm replacements were actually usable This clearly reflected the failure of the Archive profession to inform owners that an original document is far, far superior to any copy reproduced by any means, electronic, photocopying, or otherwise, especially if you cannot read the result, quite apart from the intrinsic value as art I t was decided therefore to contact the authorities concerned and supply guide-lines about the

37

retention of their records and draw up a code of practice for microfilming

Subsequent meetings discussed the questions of what should be kept, locations and microfilming standards These deliberations were aided and abetted by such reference material as Alan Κ Lathrop, "The Provenance and Preservation of Architectural Records", pp 326-338,

The American Archivist Vol 43, No 3 Summer 1980,

Cathy de Lorge, "Architectural Cataloguing" [of the Oregon Historical Society], pp 198-199, op c i t , Vol 42, No 2, April 1979

British Standards Institution, Specification for 35mm micro-copying of maps and plans BS 5525 1977

Ralph Ε Ehrenberg, Archives and Manuscripts Maps and Architectural Drawings (Society of American Archivists, Chicago, 1982}

New Zealand Standards Inst i tute, New Zealand Standard Model Building Bylaw Chapter 2, Building Permits NZSS 1900 July 1964

Hands up all those professional archivists (and anyone else) who have a) heard of all of these, b) read them, and c) applied the principles enunciated' I would be obliged if both of you would write to me expatiating especially upon c) 1

During 1983 the NZHPT was able to employ a person on the PEP scheme She assisted the Committee by writing to the main public l ibraries, some museums, the university schools of architecture and the School of Fine Art at Canterbury University In all 27 institutions were contacted They were told about the Committee and i ts aims and asked whether they held drawing archives and would be willing to accept collections for storage All replied, most affirmatively Of those five who could not accept drawings some suggested other nearby institutions to which they could be sent The reason for not collecting was the problem of space constraints All were supportive of the Committee's aims It was clear unfortunately that no organisation had a strong interest in going out into the highways and byways to seek out the existence of drawing archives and gathering in those that might be at risk

The completion of the survey enabled a communication about the Committee to be circulated to architectural and engineering firms The let ter pointed out the aims of the Committee, stated what sort of documentation, etc , should be kept and which material could be replaced by microfilm A l i s t of collecting institutions was added A press release was also prepared and despatched to ARANZ, NZLA, NZIA and AGMANZ

This burst of activity was short-lived because, as many people remember, the PEP scheme would only supply a person for six months But the achievements for the Committee during this period emphasized the need for funding With the "retirement" of the Committee's one and only paid "secretary", i t might have slipped into oblivion in spite of i t s determination "to remain in existence and meet as and when necessary" Hope springs eternal in the human breast, the poet te l l s us, and Oamaru the architectural jewel of the south, nurtured renewed faith in the conservation of building archives

"As I looked at your buildings rising in stone of the utmost bril l iance, of a kind I have never seen before, I thought Oamaru is a fair maiden that s i ts by the sea," enthused Sir George Grey to the Oamaru people in 1878 Poetic rapture aside, in 1984 Sir Michael Fowler, then Chairman of the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council, after opening an exhibition in the Forrester Art Gallery (originally the Bank of New South Wales building) suggested that the Forrester drawings could form the nucleus of a national architectural archive collection The Architectural Archives Committee, familiar as i t is with the perilous condition of the nation's architectural archives, to say nothing of the wanton destruction of our built environment, welcomed the agenda which the Oamaru Borough Council readily suggested The proposal "that, in the absence of any active acquisition policy by any library that acts as a repository for architectural records this Committee supports the concept of a national architectural archive as proposed by the Oamaru Borough Council" was carried unanimously at the Committee's meeting on 23 July 1985 Unfortunately many insti tutions, aided and abetted by the related servants of

38

hypocrisy, parochialism and vested interest, believed erroneously that their precious drawings were to be extracted from them and deposited beyond their reach in the deep south The Oamaru proposal was quite simple The archive would provide storage and conservation faci l i t ies for drawings which no other Institution was able to do

I t should be noted that the policy of the Forrester Gallery is to maintain a representative collection of North Otago and New Zealand art and architecture and to interpret those works to the public By early 1985, the Gallery (opened in May 1983) had acquired a notable collection of North Otago architectural plans, mounted exhibitions on Colonial Buildings and Houses, run a series of architectural tours of Oamaru's old commercial area, published a tour brochure on Oamaru architecture, trained voluntary tour guides, conducted a pilot tour of North Otago Churches and Homesteads, and was maintaining a dialogue with several architectural firms in Dunedin on conservation and collecting matters These activities were clearly consistent with Recommendation 26 of the Smith Report 'all those who are responsible for archival functions should utilise all methods to provide information concerning the use of their resources, maintain liaison with classes of users, and use publications, ^

exhibitions and the media to create a public consciousness'of the value of archives Unfortunately, Dr Smith recognised the importance of maps but made no mention of architectural records

In spite of the fears referred to earlier made by representatives of institutions who should have known better, the Borough Council pressed ahead with plans for a feasibility study A brief was drawn up, feelers put out for a possible consultant or two to carry out the study and funds were sought The proposal foundered for lack of funding

The Architectural Archives Committee believes now that rather than establishing a collection of drawings and artefacts Oamaru should concentrate on establishing an information centre The database would be positioned to answer the questions as to who holds what where It could be networked with the Historic Places Trust Index of classified historic buildings, with the local authority building permit databases, and any other institution with i t s holdings on a database A questionnaire to be sent to all collecting bodies 1s in the process of compilation

As we approach the sesquincentennlal year of 1990 i t is timely to remember and activate ARANZ's sixth objective, as quoted on the cover of this journal, that 1s,

to advise and support the establishment of archives services throughout New Zealand Just what services are there in the sphere of architectural and engineering archives and are you fostering their care, preservation and proper use ?

The Committee therefore appeals for support and comment on the proposed database or alternative suggestions for preserving our heritage of architectural archives

REFERENCES

1 Minutes of a meeting [the f i r s t ] held on Tuesday 24 February 1981 at the New Zealand Historic Places Trust Office, 6 Pipitea Street, Wellington

2 Lita Barrie, "Architectural Archives", Archifacts 1983/3 September 1983 pp 26-27 It also appeared in the Notes and Comment section of New Zealand Libraries,

vol 44, No 4, December 1983, ρ 73

3 Minutes of the Eighth Meeting 8 September 1983

4 Quoted in Ν Brocklebank and R Greenaway, oamaru (John Mclndoe, Dunedin, Ν Ζ , 1979), ρ 5

5 "National Role urged for Gallery", otago Daily rimes 11 August 1984

6 Wilfred I Smith, Archives m New Zealand A Report (Archives & Recores Association of New Zealand, Wellington, Ν Ζ , 1978)

7 The Smith Report is a quaint historic document reflecting the pressure groups within the callow ARANZ of the time and the public service mentality of the archive profession of the seventies

Minutes of the Eleventh Meeting of the New Zealand Architectural Archives Committee held at Turnbull House on September 1988, para 7 ( n )

The f i rs t O b j e c t i v e O f ARANZ I S 'To foster the care, preservation and proper use of archives and records, both public and private, and their effective administration "

Robin Griffin

A 1

A U C K L A N D C I T Y C O U N C I L - A D I S A S T E R C O P E D W I T H , S O R T O F

I had just returned from lunch on Monday 9 May 1988, when I was told there was a flood in the building and I should check the basement

Over the previous eighteen months a combination of equipment failure and disruption of normal drainage patterns by work concerned with the installation of new pipes had caused three floods Fortunately, none were serious, meaning the water was only a few inches deep, not a few feet

My f i rs t reaction to the call was therefore What1 Again1?

At one end of the building on the basement level water was cascading down from above but the pumps were handling i t I had hardly arrived, however, when a phone call told me matters were more serious on the sixth floor The primary hot and cold water pipes for the building are housed in a separate shaft at one end of the building An expansion point bellows at the seventh floor level had failed, consequently hot water under pressure was affecting all levels below that point

On the sixth floor were stored many of the Council's engineering maps and plans About forty-five drawers of plans were affected to some extent, though only the equivalent of about one drawer of plans were saturated Fortunately the large number of aperture cards stored nearby were unaffected A large number of places were phoned regarding freezing and drying While freezing would not have been a problem, nowhere was available to also vacuum dry

The immediate attempt to spread plans out to dry was severely hampered by lack of space Very fortunately we had a small, empty and lockable room on the sub-basement level that had housed the main electrical equipment for a recently superceded telephone system Within twenty-four hours nine five-line 'expandfte clothes lines were purchased plus hundreds of clothes pegs The lines were installed in the room by council workshop staff Two mobile de-hum1dif1ers were rented from Apple Air Conditioning

Many of the plans were only slightly wet usually at the edges Frequently those on the top of drawers or which had already been spread out were drying naturally, and sticking as they did so It became clear that the plans should not be spread out or separated at all until they could be separated completely Very l i t t l e damage occurred when separating plans s t i l l set at the edges, as the dampness assisted separation If they had largely or entirely dried damage was likely therefore separation had to be very careful In some cases where plans had dried and become stuck together they were re-dampened to assist separation In contrast the relatively few plans which were wet over their entire surface could not be separated when wet Initial attempts to do so resulted in tears, so only proceeded with extreme caution or were abandoned

Within the above procedures plans were hung or pegged on the lines as rapidly as possible The dehumidifiers meant that plans dried in four to eight hours

The plan section affected operates a public counter service Senior Works staff decided that as the enquiries were not going to go away and were in some cases urgent the service would continue to operate and a fuil, normal service resumed as quickly as possible This was achieved by very hard work including Works staff coming in on the weekend In line with the decision to run a normal service 1 decided to take a pragmatic attitude to minimising damage to plans Provided damage was restricted to areas on the plan that carried no information I was not concerned if odd bits of paper were stuck to the wrong plan Where there was Ink separation proceeded slowly but with the" acceptance that in many cases some of the ink would adhere to other plans

The other floor that gave considerable concern was the fifth, where most of the computing hardware was housed Fortunately, the water flowed past units, not through, and normal air-conditioning sufficed to dry out equipment

Unfortunately I have no advice for avoiding the same disaster, but a few possible lessons for coping with one

(1) Plans which are only partly wet, especially if this is restricted to close to the edge, can and should be separated while s t i l l damp

(2) Plans wet through should be separated only after they are partly dried, and/or with extreme caution

(3) Provided a suitable drying area is available a quite large number of plans can be dried quickly with simple equipment

(4) Additional help is very useful if not essential In our case Workshop staff were available to assist all affected floors, and did some of the work involved in moving plan drawers to and from the sub-basement level

(5 ) Unless you have a lot of resources or time you cannot return matters to what they were A fair number of the Council's maps and plans are damaged, but the information loss is very slight

Bruce Symondson Records and Archives Manager Auckland City Council

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A N A

ARCHIVIST HONOURED

The Archives profession has been complimented by the election of Robin Griffin, BNZ Archivist, as President of the Society for Cultural Conservation (Wellington) Inc The Society 1s open to anybody interested in Archives and conservation matters Subscriptions Wellington members $10 (they are able to attend monthly meetings), others, who are too far away to go to meetings, $5, those non-members who attend a meeting occasionally should bring a $1 Both $10 and $5 members receive a quarterly Newsletter

SEVEN HUNDRED TUC ARCHIVE BOXES TRANSFER TO WARWICK

One of Britain's most Important institutional archives is to become more accessible to researchers

The Trades Union Congress archives from the early 1920s until 1960, currently lodged at TUC headquarters Congress House, are to be moved to the Modern Records Centre at Warwick University

TUC staff are currently involved in a massive cataloguing and transfer operation Two hundred boxes of material have already been sent to Warsick A further 500 are expected to follow early next month

The expansion of TUC activit ies since the early 1970s has created serious space problems at Congress House The move relieves that pressure while creating much-improved access for researchers

The TUC filing department, currently responsible for the archive, has inevitably to give priority to Its day to day responsibility for servicing current Congress operations Only one or two researchers at a time have been able to work at Congress House

Warwick can offer trained archive staff support and purpose-built filing systems Transferred material will not be open to the public for at least a month after arriving at Warwick -MRC staff are to examine and catalogue boxes before allowing access

Ε C Τ A

A rolling programme of transfers is planned - every five years a further five years of material will be moved to Warwick

Mr Mike Jones, TUC project coordinator for information technology, said some signifi-cant discoveries had been made during the transfer "We found a number of Items that had never been recorded, Including records of disputes as far back as the 1920s

Huw Richards THÉS 29/7/88

The New Zealand Library Association is proud to announce the publication of

DILSINZ Directory of information and library services m New Zealand / compiled by Paul Szentirmay and Thlam Ch'ng Szentirmay Wellington, Ν Ζ New Zealand Library Association, 1988 ISBN0908560222

The Directory includes 540 entries for libraries and Information services The following data 1s printed from a computer-based fi le library symbol, parent organisation, location, postal and street addresses, telephone, telex and fax numbers, opening hours, staff, contact personnel, founding date and history, services, computer-based operations, online services, databases used, main subject f ields, special and named collections, stock, classification used, publications issued, branches, and any other relevant infor-mation

Eight indexes provide entry points to the mam listing parent organisations, type of organisation, subject index, publications, names and special collections, names of personnel, locality index, library symbols

This edition of DILSINZ with i t s 145 pages of clear easy-to-read type is an essential tool for all l ibrarians, employers, and those in the business of meeting infor-mation needs

Price List $NZ 42 00 (NZLA members $31 50), plus GST

43

BOOK REVIEWS

Geoffrey Rice Black November the 1918 Influenza Epidemic in New Zealand

Allen & Unwin/Historical Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1988 ix, 230p $29 95

Black November is the f i rs t full-scale study of the November 1918 'flu epidemic in New Zealand The book starts by discussing the characteristics of influenza viruses and the international origins and diffusion of the 1918'super'flu' which, along with the Black Death of the 14th century, was one of the great microbic ki l ler events in human history The bug derived i t s lethal effect from the fact that i t was a unique and new type of virus, as people had never been exposed to i t before, their immunological systems lacked the antibodies to resist i t Dr Rice then follows the course of the epidemic in New Zealand's four main centres and in a 'typical country town' (Temuka) From the narrative we learn that an under-staffed Health Department was Incapable of dealing with the disaster, and that local communities were left very largely to their own devices to care for the 111, their endeavours being greatly assisted by the patriotic organisations they had established during the war The devastating impact of the disease on the Maori population 1s examined in chapter six, a revealing description of the state of early twentieth century race relations Next, Rice constructs a superbly reasoned argument to reject the legend that the failure by the authorities to place the Niagara (the ship carrying Massey and Ward back from a meeting of the Imperial War Cabinet) in quarantine was responsible for the introduction of the virus into New Zealand The succeeding two chapters are an exercise in quantification where the objective is to establish the incidence of mortality according to occupation, region and locality, age and marital status Lastly the author sketches the broader ramifications of the epidemic in New Zealand history, which he admits were minimal

In less skilful hands the 'flu epidemic as an historical subject would have produced arid fact-grubbing, antiquarianism It is to Rice's credit that he completely avoids this danger by placing his enquiry squarely in the context of a rising sub-discipllne of a 'new social history 1 - the scientific investigation of the role of disease and medicine in past time The 'new social history' addresses itself less to the peculiarities of one country than to the cri t ical evaluation of models about universal phenomena It requires the practitioner, f i rs t ly , to master a mass of international theory and data, and secondly, to engage in a particular kind of highly focussed research, where a society is taken as a case-study to test the propositions constituting the international body of knowledge

Rice fulf i l ls the f i r s t of these requirements admirably, and goes a substantial way towards satisfying the second with exhaustive research into the primary material His most Important sources are local newspapers (used to good effect to revise upwards the estimated Maori death ra te) , and the death certificates of all the victims held by the Registrar-General Less satisfactory is his use of another kind of documentation, the oral testimonies of survivors The author has access to a great many of these and cites them extensively throughout the f i rs t half of the book to provide colour This unfortunate lapse into soft social history wastes valuable space and is irrelevant to the questions raised by the international literature (how and when did the lethal 'flu strain originate 7 How did i t spread7 Why was i ts incidence so uneven7 How did the society manage the crisis?) But this blemish is small when compared with another

Rice fails to satisfy the second requirement completely because his analytical procedures m a few key parts of the book are messy and technically inadequate What I am referring to here is his attempt to explain the strong variations in the incidence of 'flu mortality His way of handling the problem of variation is essentially ad hoc He throws a hopeful mixture of calculations of percentages and deductive reasoning at the data As a result of this process he arrives at the conclusion that five causative factors determined the variations These were the proportion of young men (the demographic category most at risk of dying from the disease) in the population, the proportion of Maoris (whose rates of mortality were many times higher than the pakeha's), the capacity of local cororunities to mobilise medical resources to treat the sick, t ie patchy distribution of the same virus earlier in 1918 (which conferred some immunity during the November outbreak), and differences in population density and propinquity

44

His method may have succeeded had he been comparing mortality rates across half-a-dozen or so localities But i t is unmanageable because of his ambition to make sense of the variations across all of New Zealand's myriad counties and boroughs Moreover, he does not try - and lacks the tools - to rank these five causative factors in some sort of hierarchy, let alone measure their explanatory power, singly or in particular combinations, over the total number of 'flu victims Had he applied some standard s ta t is t ical techniques (like multiple correlation or multiple regression) he could have saved himself from these difficulties As i t stands, his ad hoc treatment inevitably leads him to make assertions every now and then about the primacy of a particular causative factor, when i t is equally possible that one or another of the other factors was exercising a stronger influence The same makeshift procedure also t ies him up in a knot of inconsistency On page 105 he attributes the high Maori death rate to the fact that the Maori population 'was almost entirely rural, scattered in small settlements and remote farming communities This meant that they were largely isolated from the normal circulation of colds and minor respiratory ailments within the predominantly European urban population Constant exposure to such minor infections seems to give town-dwellers better general immunity to new infections, making themTiem 'tougher' than their rural counterparts' Lemphasis addedj But later (pp 141-2) he gives an opposing meaning to the effect of population density The reason, he says, the pakeha death rate was higher in the towns and cit ies than In the rural areas was that 'viral infections spread more rapidly in concentrations of population, and morbidity rates are therefore likely to be higher in urban centres, especially larger c i t ies , while the very scattered nature of much rural settlement in New Zealand, and i ts remoteness from main lines of communication, undoubtedly helped to keep the death rates lower in the counties'

My final criticism 1s that the last chapter on the wider repercussions of the epidemic is narrow and (compared with the other chapters) underdeveloped Rice 1s certainly very Instructive about some of the repercussions (notably the reforms of the Health Department) But there is no discussion of the effect of the calamity on the mentality of the bereaved and on the sensibility of the rest of society as Indicated by such things as suicide ra tes , religious belief, and popular superstition In addition, although the author te l ls us that the charismatic leadership of Ratana helped ttaon society adjust to the shock, the book would have profited from an exploration of the mechanisms operating in pakeha society which allowed i t to cope with the psychological side of the effects of intense stress Missing, too, is a wider consideration of the effects of the epidemic on polit ics and voting behaviour 1n the 1919 general election R1ce says that the epidemic destroyed the political career of the flinister of Health, if so, why was Massey, the leader of the Reform Party, able to win his greatest ever election majority in 1919 despite being widely blamed for the nagara episode 1 Last, had the study of the repercussions been informed by the international l i te ra ture , this would have given more breadth to a book that otherwise sets a very high standard for social history in New Zealand

Miles Fairburn Victoria University

Richard S Hill Policing the Colonial Frontier Wellington Historical Publications Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1985 XXI, 1142p $39 95

This work, published in two parts, is the f i rs t volume of the history of policing in New Zealand It covers the period from earl iest contact between Maori and Pakeha until 1867 Volume Two is also being written by Mr Hill , while the author of the third volume will be Graeme Dunstall of Canterbury University

The real value of this study is the subject matter i tself and the extent to which i t has been researched from primary sources From the earliest days of colonial authority in New Zealand, police of one form or another were appointed as agents of the governing body to enforce i ts rules These rules are made on behalf of the majority, but in those early days, who constituted the majority 7 For example, in early Wanganui the set t lers demanded a police magistracy ostensibly to keep in check the drunkenness and debauchery of the rough elements of the while population Yet Mr Hill concludes the real reason was the sett ler desire to control local Maoris who disputed

45

the occupancy of some land Questions such as this , and other police actions taken on behalf of government, have been studied at length by New Zealand historians, yet these studies lack a dimension if they ignore as source material the very agency entrusted to enforce government decisions The police are great recorders •• they must have compiled millions of files on every conceivable topic of New Zealand life - yet i t took the police themselves to ini t ia te this study of Mr Hill 's

But if the police are great creators of f i les , they have also been great destroyers of them In the decade before Mr Hill wrote this book, the police burned the bulk of i ts own history Perhaps i t would take an archivist to appreciate the magnitude of Mr Hill 's task He has been as methodical in documenting his material as he has been painstaking in his researches among the police filing system, relevant government minutes and bureaucratic correspondence The result is well over 1500 cross-indexed references - more than 120 pages of them - containing, for example, no less than 172 indications that police activity was moulded as much by financial constraint as any other factor Perhaps government has not changed as much as we suspect Mr Hill has turned archives into accessible history, given that police files are not open to everyone I t took a policy U-turn by some senior police officers to open them to Mr Hill

Apart from Its interest to research historians, an overriding impression given one by this book is the extent to which New Zealand was a frontier society in the period before the Anglo-Maori wars Policing, in this unsophisticated society, was l i t t l e more than a necessary appendage to the voracious search for exploitable resources, mainly gold and land Perhaps 1t 1s typical of a colonial society that the increasing acquisition of these resources Increases the demands for the imposition of order in a form acceptable to those 1n control This book describes' this process in detail in New Zealand i t included the establishment of a criminal code in the goldfields, and the replacement of Maori tradition by English common law and i t s conveyancing procedures

Law-enforcement is about poli t ics , and i t is easy to see in this work the origins of that emulsifying of society which in a democracy occurs as the majority uses the agencies of government, especially the police, to establish i ts will and maintain i t s control But.accepting Mr Hill 's thesis that this was a frontier society, i ts politics were also those of the frontier Mr Hill skilfully uses this to give his book a human face and prevent i t becoming a morass of political detail The provincial governments competed for resources, and i t is not surprising to read of enterprising policemen deserting their posts on the West Coast to turn up a short time later as better paid constables in the South West Nelson goldfields There are many stories of intrigue and interest, and i t would be impossible to avoid them, for this is the stuff of everyday police work In 1868 a constable trying to escort a notorious murderer to gaol In Dunedin boarded a ship in Auckland The captain recognised the prisoner and refused to have him on board A week later the constable tried again, this time ingeniously disguising himself and his prisoner as each other, which saw them travel unrecognised as far as Wellington So notorious was this criminal that other prisoners in Mt Eden gaol had petitioned the Governor to prevent him socialising with them, and when those in Dunedin gaol heard that he was to become one of their number they petitioned against him being incarcerated there

1 found Mr Hil l ' s discussion of policing in the goldfields most interesting and had not realised the 'wild west' lives that many miners lived There is also a substantial portion devoted to the police role in the 'collision between the races' I look forward to Mr Hill 's next volume, and to his developing his themes of racial conflict and cooperation (there has always been a strong contingent of Maoris in New Zealand police forces), and of the police role in working-class politics The history of the police is entwined with that of the working class, until recently most policemen themselves had working class origins Mr Hill , with his interest in working-class poli t ics , is an ideal choice as the author of this work This is a major and important work on the political history of New Zealand and one which confirms Mr Hill as an historian of stature Do not be put off by the extraordinary 'Introductory Interpretation', in fact, unless you are of that rare breed for whom history is no more than an intelligent exercise, don't even read i t The rest is a treatment of history which ranges from analysis of substance to anecdotal description, and so has wide appeal being both a reference work for the serious student, and entertainment for the curious and casual

Michael Meyrick Huntly

Reinterpreting the Educational Past Essays in the History of New Zealand Education

Edited by Roger Openshaw and David McKenzie Wellington NZCER, 1987

This volume of fourteen essays exemplifies the recent trend in New Zealand historiography towards a new critical awareness, a broader social perspective and a more penetrating examination of the recorded facts In the f i rs t two essays Gary McCulloch and Mark Olssen cr i t ic ise traditional educational histories for their unwarranted assumption of educational progress, their acceptance of the 'egalitarian myth' and their tendency to view educational institutions in isolation from their cultural and social context

McCulloch, in his essay on the history of the curriculum, notes the tardiness of New Zealand educational historians in following up the advances made by their colleagues in this field in the USA and ir i ta in, but he perceives new sociological insights and a revisionist approach in the pioneering work of Rollo Arnold, David McKenzie and Roy Shuker among the New Zealand historians of education

Olssen, in his essay 'What Really Happened', comments on the lack of theoretical rigour in the traditional writing of educational history in New Zealand and animadverts particularly upon the 'celebratory' kind of history represented by Ian and Allan Cumming's The History of State Education In New Zealand His criticism of this work, however, goes too far when he states that i t is 'al l about the formal school system' (p 25), the Cummlngs do Include references to preschool and continuing education and to libraries as well as to political and other events

There is a challenge to New Zealand historians in these two essays, and i t must be said that the remainder of the volume shows that our present-day educational historians can meet this challenge The authors harbour no illusions about egalitariamsm or destined educational progress Almost all the essays are concerned with the impart of institutions upon people rather than with the institutions themselves The only essay which concentrates upon the history of institutions is Ian McLaren's 'The Politics of

Secondary Education in Victorian New Zealand', but in doing SO i t reveals the social impact of the exclusiveness of many of these schools before 1903

Three of the essays disclose the restrictive influence which educational and governmental systems have had upon the advancement of women Rollo Arnold's carefully researched essay 'Women in the Teaching Profession 1877-1920· exposes the early preference of educational authorities for male teachers, the exploitation of the over-supply of well-educated women, and the relative success of the early campaign for equal pay Jan Rodgers 1n Ά Good Nurse outlines the gradual development between the 1880s and the early 1900s of the training of nurses under a discipline in which the ' f i r s t law' was obedience The training scheme culminated in 1901 with Mrs Grace Nelll 's successful promotion of the world's f i r s t legislation for the registration of nurses

Feminism m Education in Post-War New Zealand', by Sue Mlddleton, is exceptional in that i t is based on an analysis of the oral histories of twelve women engaged in education after 1945 This study reveals the contradictory expectations that women may entertain

David McKenzie's essay, The Growth of School Credentlalling 1875-1900', describes in cogent detail the effect that the institution of the Junior Civil Service examination had upon the primary school system, in which there was a phenomenal growth of standard 7 classes School credentlalling became 'a major force in the expansion of the national education system' Howard Lee in his contribution, The Junior civil Service Examination Reconsidered 1900-1912', shows how this examination, which was introduced for the purpose of selecting recruits for the civil service, ceased to serve that end and came to be recognised as a means of acquiring an educational qualification - a senior free place in a secondary school, for instance

Roy Shuker's 'Moral Panics and Social Control' describes the public concern about juvenile delinquency and 1larrikinism' in the late nineteenth century and shows how this helped to increase support for compulsory education and school attendance as well as for 'child-saving' movements '

47

Four other essays afford fascinating insights into the actual workings of the education system at the grassroots level Kay Matthews' Long winding Road' depicts the work of school inspector Henry Hill His travels on horseback, his devotion to the professional development of teachers, and his concern to make the curriculum relevant for his 'bush pupils' are all vividly described Colin McGeorge in 'Religious

Aspects of the Secular System1 demonstrates the limitations of a legislative ban on religion In the schoolroom in local communities which are professedly Christian and predominantly Protestant John Barrington in his essay on Maori schools after 1930 has recourse to teachers' log-books in order to assess the extent to which state Maori schools did in fact implement the policy of introducing aspects of Maori culture into their programmes His conclusion 1s that the new policy was implemented in a very uneven fashion In his essay Hugh Price employs his probably unique knowledge of early school text books as well as inspectors' reports to help us understand what went on 1n New Zealand classrooms in the last quarter of the nineteenth century Often children were allowed the use of only one reader, the contents of which many of them learnt off by heart

The last essay, on 'Teachers Accused of Disloyalty in World War Two', IS by Roger Openshaw It is a well-documented account of the New Zealand Educational Inst i tute 's discreet defence of teachers who were conscientious objectors

This collection of essays follows closely on the publication of Gary McCulloch's monograph, 'Education in the forming of New Zealand Society' (NZARE 1986), in which the author enumerates ten aspects of New Zealand educational historiography which require careful consideration These essays have paid attention to all these aspects, with the exception of urban education and the organisation of academic knowledge In fact these essays testify to the growing scope and maturity of historical writing about New Zealand education The essays and the references appended to them will provide a rich resource for other researchers in the educational and historical fields The references to Sue Middleton's essay, in particular, open up what may for many be a whole new area of documentation

The editors and the NZ Council for Educational Research are to be congratulated on the publication of these studies in a field In which the fruits of good research are too often relegated to obscure overseas journals or to the basement of university libraries

J C Dakin Wei 1ington

G A Wood studying New Zealand History Dunedin University of Otago Press, 1988 118p $17 95

In the fifteen years since G A Wood f i rs t published his extremely useful Guide for students of New Zealand History (University of Otago Press, 1973) New Zealand studies have expanded rapidly in popularity A completely new edition of Wood's under-utilised Guide is therefore timely Studying New Zealand History is exactly the handbook which students, family historians, and teachers at primary, secondary and tertiary level should welcome

The well-indexed and attractively presented text is divided into fourteen sections The f i rs t five, dealing with libraries and archives, introductions to the study of NZ history, bibliographies, printed reference works, and periodicals, are comprehensive in coverage and clearly written Readers wishing to know what has already been published in their field of interest will find these chapters a concise guide to the means by which ar t ic les , books and theses can be located Particularly useful are the references to overseas publications Obviously the t i t l e s included represent only a fraction of the resources available, but their very inclusion serves to remind the general reader that insularity need not be a hallmark of historical writing And for the researcher eager to plunge into the primary sources there is also the salutary reminder that 'a f i r s t and important task i s , not to get at the original sources, but to become thoroughly familiar with the broad outlines of relevant research already completed ' (p23)

Sections six to twelve cover the topics of theses and research in progress, primary sources, official documents and records, overseas sources, local and regional

48

archives and records, private archives and papers, and other historical sources, which include newspapers, almanacs, sound recordings and l i terature There is much here for the family historian, there is even more for university students - and their lecturers studying New Zealand History does not attempt to replace that cooperative relationship between librarian, archivist and researcher so essential to the success of any research project, but i t does enable the student to be better prepared before approaches are made to official repositories Archivists and librarians have a right to be impatient with university researchers at whatever level who have not troubled themselves to become familiar with the key resources outlined in Associate Professor Wood's book

The final sections of the book, chapters thirteen and fourteen, contain helpful advice on the writing and presentation of theses and manuscripts There Is a useful l i s t of common abbreviations cited in footnotes, and practical assistance in the setting out of a bibliography Finally there is a succinct summary of New Zealand copyright law, an appendix which is essential reading for all who have ready access to a xerox machine

For the hundreds of primary and secondary school teachers who are currently endeavouring to include a New Zealand component in their lessons without having had any formal instruction in New Zealand history temselves, this Inexpensive handbag-sized paperback should be a compulsory purchase My only suggestion for additions to the text would be the inclusion on pp 46-7 of the two key educational history periodicals, NZJES and ANZHEAS, even though readers following Dr Wood's advice to turn to the indispensable index to New Zealand Periodicals should soon pick up references to the wealth of historical ar t icles contained in those two publications Hesitant purchasers who wonder whether studying New Zealand History might become outdated can rest assured that Associate Professor Wood has provided the reader with the means of coping with that contingency The November 1988 publication of the Alexander Turnbull Library's Women's Words, for example, will be noted In future editions of A Ρ U Millett and F Τ Η Cole, Bibliographical Work in New Zealand Work In Progress and Work Published, Hamilton, 1980f studying New Zealand History is an excellent reference work which deserves to be a best-seller

Jeanine Graham University of Uaikato

Bernard Gadd C i ty of the toetoe a history of Papatoetoe Palmerston North Dunmore Press, 1987 138p $24

The latest attempt to meld the multitude of boroughs and ci t ies that goes under the name of Auckland will mean a decline in the sense of community And the more that people lose their feeling of belonging to a manageable locality the rarer will grow local histories

So this history of Papatoetoe has been published on the very threshold of an era in which a sense of continuity will shrink, and memory of the reasons for the manmade landscape will face

Bernard Gadd's starting point 1s the use which people have made of Papatoetoe's geography Here, where the North Island shrivels to a causeway, tidal inlets fingering further into the land offered easy portage Here British troops could command a narrow line of advance into the Waikato Here gentle contours eased the spread of the plough Here Auckland's daily demands turned oatfields into dairy farms Here the Southern Motorway erects a demographic barrier with the young and the brown on the Otara side, and the old and the pink in Papatoetoe

Gadd is a wonderfully industrious collector of fact, and this 1s the book's chief merit when did the croquet club move, why is the skating club so important, how many voters favoured transforming the road board into a borough council, what was the telephone number of the f i rs t taxi driver ' (It was 157 and his name was Buster Heaven -'Phone 157 and get to Heaven') Facts on their own, though, do not a history make Although some events are disconnected and arbitrary, others are part of a flow And the job is to find that flow This is the weak point of the book It reads as if i t was written on the run - as if information was put in i t s final form as i t was captured, allowing no time for the creation of a synthesis

49

The result will greatly appeal to old Papatoetoe hands who need only a few names and dates to set their memories off on pleasurable excursions into private pasts

For an outsider, though, events are largely undigested, and some references start unanswered questions, such as whether the early Smythemans and Bassetts were the forebears of the poet and the cabinet minister, and whether the early set t lers whose names are on so many street signs s t i l l have descendants living in the area

The three maps require magnifying qlasses There is a select bibliography but otherwise sources are not given

Ted Reynolds, Auckland

Neville Peat The VSA Way 25 years of volunteering overseas Wellington Compatriot Press for VSA 195 ρ

Unlike Neville Peat's other publications on Antarctica, the west coast forest, whitebait fishing, a bicycle journey through New Zealand, and a refugee from Afghanistan, The VSA way is not a book which I would have chosen to buy, but having been given i t for review I am happy to provide i t with shelf space

Covering the 25 years of New Zealand's role in providing volunteers to work in a variety of positions in the Pacific, Asia and Africa was not necessarily an easy undertaking, i t was however one for which Neville Peat was ably qualified As a VSA volunteer in 1974-75 he edited the Tonga chronicles later he spent eight years with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as information officer for the official development assistance programme Peat's editing and journalistic ski l ls have been combined to produce a readable account of the organisation's history VSA's records are clearly diverse and comprehensive, and their retention is a matter for congratulation

Part one of the book covers the evolution of VSA Peat, typically, sets the scene by briefly sketching world events and the local context VSA's origins lay m a need perceived by a variety of service, church and youth groups, government departments and a graduate scheme operating between 1959 and 1961 Conferences and campaigners formed an ' a l t ru is t ic pot' from which the New Zealand Council for Overseas Service emerged

An elected chairman accepted a cheque for £2,500 from the government for administrative expenses, some rent-free space was provided, and the Govermnent Stores Board contributed recycled furniture Recruitment began, the effort being premised on partnership and the sharing of costs between VSA and the host employer

At the f i r s t annual meeting in June 1963 the chairman described the year as one of modest achievement they had acquired a box number, public subscription was open, and volunteers had been selected for Thailand and Western Samoa More positions were about to be advertised

VSA's development is traced factually refinements based on experience and other demands are analysed, and problems with keeping up the numbers are described A chapter on the interview process adds atmosphere, and an assessment is made of the nature of volunteering The appendices contain l i s t s of elected officers and volunteers forming an impressive 'Who's Who'

Considerable journalistic licence has been taken with the second part of the book, which Peat describes as 'representing the volunteer spectrum' Extracts from the reports of volunteers aged from 16 to 65 serving as teachers, nurses, and mechanics, and providing agricultural support and all kinds of other assistance, are indeed, as we are told, 'heartfelt s tuff Many of the accounts are ιllustruated, the photographs - typically snapshots - could have been technically enhanced, but this would perhaps have detracted from their character

At the end of his preface Peat writes that 'VSA is not so much an organisation as a movement in two directions, and this book is not so much a history but a celebration of that movement' The description couldn't be more accurate Although i t is not an academic work, The VSA way is a unique contribution to the New Zealand record

Robin Ormerod Wellington

ARCHIVES ΑπΒ RECORDS ASSOCIAT ION OF NEW Z E A L A N D INC

Ρ O 8ox 11-553, Manners Street, Wellington, Ν Ζ

His Excellency The Governor General, Sir Paul Reeves

COUNCIL

Richard Hill (Acting to May 1989} Michael Hoare

Jan Gow (resigned May 1989)

Brad Patterson (elected May 1989)

Bruce Symondson (elected May 1989)

Sheryl Morgan

Kay Sanderson (resigned May 1989)

Jan Gow (elected May 1989)

Jane McCrae (elected June 1989)

Penny Feltham

Alison Fraser

Peter Hughes

Meryl Lowrie (membership secretary)

Kathryn Patterson

Michael Purdie

Police Centennial Museum Royal Ν Ζ Police College, Private Sag Porirua"

Economic History Victoria University, Wellington

Auckland City Council Private Bag Wellesley Street Auckland

Massey University Library Palmerston North

18 Mudena Crescent Auckland 5

Ρ 0 Box 11436 Wellington

5 Pimble Avenue Karon Wellington 5

Ν Ζ and Pacific Collection Main Library Auckland University

15 Rochester Street, Wilton Wellingtons

20 Khyber Road Seatoun Wellington 3

Canterbury Museum Christchurch

Stuart Strachan Hocken Library Dunedin

David Thomson History Department Massey University Palmerston North

considering that i t had a great deal at stake on the outcome of the review, wanted a strong hand in i t s administration The two positions proved irreconcilable, and as the limited time available to Professor Davis to chair the review ran short, very regrettably i t had to be terminated But at some future stage i t will be necessary for the Association to address the task again at a more propitious time

PUBLIC ISSUES

Public Archives and Records Bill

Progress on this measure continued to be infuriatingly slow Following last year's general election and the appointment of a new Minister of Internal Affairs, Dr Michael Bassett, a deputation from the Association visited the Minister on the 3rd of November We expressed concern at the delay in introducing a new measure, and our views on the two key points we deemed essential in revised legislation, namely, the need for a separate mandatory annual report by National Archives, and the need for a representative archives advisory council This was followed up with the presentation of written submissions Unfortunately i t is apparent the Department of Internal Affairs own programme of work has not allowed any substantial subsequent progress, and a recent le t ter from the Minister's Office makes i t clear that the process of reviewing the public submissions which were called for late in 1984 has yet to be completed

ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY

Following the adoption of the position paper on the relationship of rhe Alexander Turnbull Library to the National Library at last year's Annual General Meeting, a statement of principles, which in the Association s view ought to govern that relation-ship, so preserving the special position and character of the Turnbull Library, was drafted and a copy forwarded to the National Librarian The President subsequently discussed the statement with the National Librarian, and found that apart from a few matters of detail the National Librarian did not have any oreat difficulty vith i t A major point, that the Chief Librarian of the Alexander Turnbull Library, whould be directly responsible to the National Librarian has come to pass as a result of a senior management restructuring within the National Library These things, however, are as much a matter of emphasis as anything else, and in these changing times the price of free institutions is constant vigilance

SAUNDERS REPORT

A submission was made to the Joint Advisory Committee on Librarianship concerning the recommendations in Professor Saunders report Whilst Professor Saunders was primarily interested in librarianship education he had made some quite substantial and sensible observations and recommendations on education for archives and records management The Association's submission emphasised the common ground shared by the three professions, particularly computerization, conservation, and information retrieval and also the need for some archives and records management education to be provided in New Zealand The Association asked that i t be involved in any future discussions

CRIMINAL RECORDS BILL

Recently a submission was prepared on the Criminal Records Bil l , currently at the Select Committee stage in Parliament Some of the provisions in the Bil l , a well intended measure to promote the rehabilitation of those who have had a conviction, would have the unfortunate effect of severely inhibiting research and publication in quite serious ways The Association's submission proposed a number of changes whereby the worst effects would be ameliorated, while at the same time preserving the Bi l l ' s rehabilitative purpose

FAREWELL

Finally, I should like to end my third and final year as President by saying that whatever the failings of the Association may be, and i t is very easy to dwell on them, i t has nevertheless in the eleven years of i ts existence achieved a great deal with very slender resources, human and financial We have now a well established journal, more archives and archivists than ever before (approximately twice as many as in 1977), and a much greater public consciousness of the importance of archives and records All this has been due in good measure to the efforts of the Association, and I am proud to have been President in three of those years However, there is no doubt that the Association is at something of a turning point The energies of the founding fathers and mothers have now run their course, and i t is up to the next generation of members to take up the work Some of them have already done so, but more are needed Archives are a most worthy cause, to which any individual member can easily make a lasting contribution

S R Strachan President

29th August 1988

COMMITTER CONVENORS

Archival educat ion and t r a i n i n g Bruce Symondson c / - Auckland Ci ty Council P r i v a t e Bag, W e l l e s l e y S t r e e t Auckland

Bus iness a r c h i v e s

Labour a r c h i v e s

Records Management

R e l i g i o u s a r c h i v e s

Women's arch ives

Cla ire Dawe C/- Westpac A r c h i v e s , P.O. Box 6 9 1 , Lambton Quay

Cathy Marr 5 Alameda Terrace . Aro V a l l e y , Wel l ington

Al i son Fraser 5 Pimble Avenue, Karori Wel l ington

Bever ley Booth C/- Hocken Library , P.O. Box 56 , Dunedin

Kay Matthews Education Department, U n i v e r s i t y of Waikato, P r i v a t e Bag, Hamilton

BRANCH CHAIRPERSONS

Auckland

Canterbury/Westland

Central D i s t r i c t s

Otago/Southland

Wellington

Janet Foster c / - Anglican Church Of f i ce Ρ 0 Box 3 7 - 2 4 2 , Parnel l Auckland

Carol ine Etherington C/- National A r c h i v e s , P.O. Box 1308, Christchurch

Ian Matheson Palmerston North City Counc i l , Palmerston North

Peter M i l l e r C / - Hocken Library Ρ 0 Box 56 Dunedin

Mark Stevens C/ - National A r c h i v e s , P.O. 8ox 6148 , Wel l ington

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