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Victoria Bourne, Starting Out in Methods and Statistics for Psychology 1e

How to use this example lab report

This document is intended to help you structure, format and adopt an appropriate writing

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Always use a simple font and 12 point font with double spacing. APA style suggests

Times New Roman. The main body of the text should be left aligned.

Running head: Submitted papers often have a very short version of the title, up to 50

characters. For this paper it could be something like: Chocolate consumption and

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Running head: CHOCOLATE CONSUMPTION AND HAPPINESS.

Do People Feel Happier After Consuming Milk Chocolate Than After Consuming White

Chocolate?

Victoria Bourne

Royal Holloway, University of London


Author, 03/01/-1,

According to APA style, the title page should have the running head at the top of the page, left aligned. On the title page the running head should be capitalised.

Author, 03/01/-1,

APA requires the author's name and institution, but this is usually not suitable for pieces of submitted coursework. Many institutions now mark all work anonymously, so your name should not appear anywhere on the paper. Check the requirements for your institution as you may need to give your student or candidate ID number here instead, and some institutions may ask for information like the word count, course code or assignment title on the front page.

Author, 03/01/-1,

The title should have each word capitalised and should be 10-15 words long. Make it as concise and specific as you can. Just from the title the reader should have a fairly good idea of what this piece of research is about. Try thinking about the main variables you measured and what your study question is.

Author, 03/01/-1,

The only other information on this page should be the title, author's name and the institution that they are at. This information should all be centralised on the page and roughly one third of the way down it.


Abstract

Whilst there is an increasing amount of evidence showing a relationship between a person's

emotional state and their consumption of various foods, there is still a lack of clarity regarding the

possible effects of chocolate consumption on psychological mood. In the present study chocolate

consumption was experimentally manipulated with participants eating either white chocolate

(control group, no cocoa content) or milk chocolate (experimental group, cocoa content) before

completing a happiness questionnaire. Happiness ratings were found to be significantly higher in

participants who consumed milk chocolate than in participants who consumed white chocolate.

This suggests that eating milk chocolate may have positive effects on psychological mood;

however the possible impact of individual differences on this effect may need to be considered in

future research.

Keywords: chocolate, happiness, mood.


Author, 03/01/-1,

For submitting a paper to an APA journal the author needs to give up to six keywords. This is often not a requirement for undergraduate coursework though, so check whether your course lecturer wants you to include this in your report.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Explain the implications of your findings (what do they mean?) and highlight one key issue from your Discussion. Try to make this specific, rather than a vague statement such as "future directions were discussed".

Author, 03/01/-1,

Highlight the key findings from the study. You do not need to repeat the actual statistics here.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Summarise the key aspects of the methodology.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Give a brief summary of the research question to be addressed. Do not include references in the abstract.

Author, 03/01/-1,

The abstract should be on its own page with the title "Abstract" centred, not in bold or any other formatting. The abstract is a short summary of the paper of around 150 - 250 words long. It is often easiest to write the abstract last.


Do People Feel Happier After Consuming Milk Chocolate Than After Consuming White

Chocolate?

It is relatively well established that there is a complex relationship between a person's

emotional state and the types of foods that they choose to consume (Macht, 2008). However, the

research considering the specific relationship between mood and the consumption of chocolate is

still relatively limited, with contradictory findings. One way in which further clarity could be

brought to this area of research is to experimentally manipulate chocolate consumption and then

measure the possible effects on mood.

A large number of correlational studies have found significant relationships between

various measures of chocolate consumption and mood. For example, Hosseinzadeh et al. (2016)

found that the self-reported consumption of unhealthy foods, including chocolate, associated with a

range of negative effects, including higher levels of depression and anxiety. Camilleri et al. (2014)

surveyed a large sample of nearly 30,000 participants and asked them to report all of the food that

they ate in 24 hours and to complete two questionnaires, one about emotional eating and the other

about depressive symptoms. They found that eating greater quantities of high fat and sweet foods,

such as chocolate, was associated with higher levels of emotional eating, particularly for women

with more depressive symptoms. Both of these studies suggest a relationship between unhealthy

eating and mood, however, they did not separate out the effects of the different types of unhealthy

food, so it is not possible to identify possible effects resulting specifically from higher levels of

chocolate consumption.

Rose, Koperski and Golomb (2010) looked more specifically at the relationship between

mood and chocolate consumption, and found that individuals who have higher scores on a

depression scale consume more chocolate. In a study looking at high school students, Kim, Yang,

Kim and Lim (2013) found that students who report experiencing higher levels of academic stress


Author, 03/01/-1,

As there are fewer than six authors, all authors must be listed on the first citation. On subsequent citations the study would be cited as Rose et al. (2010).

Author, 03/01/-1,

Use "and" rather than '&' within the text of writing when listing authors.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Why is the methodological weakness a problem when trying to answer your research question?

Author, 03/01/-1,

Identify weaknesses in the research you present in the Introduction.

Author, 03/01/-1,

For each study, just identify the core methodological details that are needed to understand what the researchers did.

Author, 03/01/-1,

There were eight authors for this study, so you can use "et al." from the first citation.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Each paragraph should be indented on the first line, and each new paragraph should start on the next line (i.e., no line gaps between paragraphs).

Author, 03/01/-1,

Use the first paragraph to set up the overall research question and to specify what you will be adding to this. It can be helpful to start with the broader context or research question, but keep it quite closely linked to your own hypothesis and design.

Author, 03/01/-1,

For APA style, the Introduction starts on a new page with the title, presented centrally. Sometimes you will see "Introduction" instead of the title. Check what your course lecturer requires.


consume greater quantities of chocolate, suggesting a relationship between chocolate consumption

and mood. However, not all research has found significant correlations between chocolate

consumption and psychological aspects of quality of life (Balboa-Castillo et al., 2015). Further,

whilst the previous research reviewed may identify some correlations between chocolate

consumption and mood, it is impossible to determine if there is a causal relationship between these

two variables, and which direction any possible causal direction may take. For example, does low

mood lead to increased consumption of chocolate, or does chocolate consumption affect an

individual's mood?

Various studies have used experimental approaches to further understand whether chocolate

consumption does influence mood by manipulating the amount or type of chocolate given to

participants, or by isolating specific ingredients that make up chocolate. Pase et al. (2013)

conducted a double blind experiment, where participants were given a dark chocolate drink

containing 0 mg (control/placebo), 250 mg (low dose) or 500 mg (high dose) of cocoa polyphenols

once a day for 30 days. At the end of the study, participants in the high dose condition had

significantly improved levels of self-rated calmness in comparison to the placebo group. Massee et

al. (2015) conducted a double blind experimental study looking at cocoa supplements, rather than

actual consumption of chocolate, on various psychological and health outcomes. They found that

cocoa consumption led to significantly improved (reduced) mental fatigue, but there were no

significant effects on mood. There are therefore inconsistent experimental findings regarding the

effects of chocolate consumption on mood.

The effects of chocolate consumption on mood may not be the same for all individuals.

Martin, Antille, Rezzi and Kochhar (2012) gave participants dark chocolate, milk chocolate or a

cheese spread snack (the control group). Additionally, participants were classified as having low or

high levels of trait anxiety. For participants with high levels of trait anxiety, consuming milk

chocolate was found to decrease anxiety, whereas participants with low levels of trait anxiety were


Author, 03/01/-1,

Highlight inconsistencies in the previous research findings as this will help you to justify the need for your research study.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Identify any questions that cannot be addressed through the methodology used in previous research.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Present contrasting evidence if it exists.


found to have reduced levels of anxiety after consuming dark chocolate or the cheese spread snack.

This suggests that the effects of different types of chocolate may vary according to a person's pre-

existing levels of anxiety, further raising the issue of whether chocolate consumption influences

mood, or whether people in particular mood states are more likely to consume chocolate.

Two studies have experimentally manipulated mood and examined the effects on chocolate

consumption. Havermans, Vancleef, Kalamatianos and Nederkoorn (2015) experimentally induced

boredom and found that participants ate more chocolate when bored, whereas Turner, Luszczynska,

Warner and Schwarzer (2010) found that participants who experienced a positive mood induction

consumed fewer chocolate chip cookies than participants in a control group who experienced no

mood manipulation. Both of these studies provide supporting evidence for the relationship between

chocolate consumption and mood, and suggest that more negative mood states may lead to higher

levels of chocolate consumption.

Whilst a number of studies, both correlational and experimental, have considered the

relationship between chocolate consumption and mood, the findings to date have been somewhat

inconsistent. In this experiment happiness will be measured after eating two different types of

chocolate, with white chocolate (no cocoa content) being given to those in the control group and

milk chocolate (cocoa content) being given to participants in the experimental group. Given the

contradictory findings of previous research, it is predicted that happiness levels will differ between

the two groups, but no direction is given to this prediction.

Methods

Participants

Thirty undergraduate psychology students participated in this study. There were 12 males

and 18 females with a mean age of 18.5 years (SD = 0.5). Participants were recruited by means of

posters placed in study areas within the Department of Psychology and were paid £5.00 for their


Author, 03/01/-1,

Report any reimbursement, reward or incentive used for recruitment.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Include the method of recruitment.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Summarise all relevant participant characteristics. Sex and age is typically the minimum given.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Each subheading within the Methods should be presented left aligned and in bold.

Author, 03/01/-1,

The Methods continue on the same page as the Introduction, with the section title of "Methods" presented centrally and in bold. The subsections within the Methods do sometimes change or have different titles, so check the requirements of your course submission.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Finally, give your predictions, making it very clear whether they are one-tailed (directional) or two tailed (non-directional).

Author, 03/01/-1,

Very briefly outline your key methodology.

Author, 03/01/-1,

In the final paragraph give a very brief summary of the key research findings raised in the Introduction.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Each paragraph in the Introduction should help to build the logic and rationale behind your study design to address your research question. One way to do this quite explicitly is to end each paragraph by clearly identifying why the research you have just discussed is relevant.


participation and were also given a large box of chocolates. This study was granted ethical approval

by the Departmental Ethics Committee.

Materials

All participants were asked to consume 50g of chocolate. The chocolate in the milk

chocolate condition contained 30% cocoa solids, whereas the chocolate in the white chocolate

condition contained none.

Happiness was measured using an adapted version of the Positive and Negative Affect

Scale (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988), selecting only ten of the positive affect items. For each item

participants are given a word that describes a positive emotional state (e.g., proud, excited,

inspired) and asked to respond "yes" or "no" according to whether each item describes how they

feel in the present moment. A "yes" response is scored as one and a "no" response is scored as zero.

The scores are then summed, giving a happiness score from zero to ten, where higher scores reflect

a more positive mood, or feeling happier.

Procedure

All participants were initially briefed as to the purpose of the study, asked if they had an

allergy to any of the ingredients in the chocolates used, and gave informed consent for their

participation. Participants were then randomly allocated to each condition by means of a random

number generator. There were fifteen participants in each condition. In the white chocolate

condition there were eight males and seven females, with a mean age of 18.3 years (SD = 0.3). In

the milk chocolate condition there were four males and eleven females, with a mean age of 18.7

years (SD = 0.4). Participants ate the chocolate, and then waited for 30 minutes before completing

the happiness questionnaire. They were then debriefed before leaving the lab.

Design

An experimental design was used where the independent variable was the type of chocolate

consumed. There were two conditions (white chocolate or milk chocolate) with an independent


Author, 03/01/-1,

If you randomly allocated participants to conditions in an independent measures experimental design, then you need to include how they were allocated to conditions and the participant characteristics within each group. For any other design this is not needed.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Unless there is anything specific about the ethical procedures, such as screening participants for allergies, you do not need to go into detail about the ethical procedures. You only really need to confirm that they were followed.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Include how the scores were created, what the minimum and maximum possible scores are, and what high and low scores mean.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Give enough detail so that the reader could replicate the methodology of your study.

Author, 03/01/-1,

If you use an existing measure, give the reference for it.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Confirm that the study has ethical approval, and who granted the approval.


measures design. The dependent variable was the happiness rating. Data were analysed using an

independent measures t test.

Results

There was a significant difference in happiness between the two groups (t (28) = 2.14, p

< .050), with participants who ate milk chocolate having higher levels of happiness than those who

ate white chocolate (see Table 1 for the descriptive statistics).

Table 1. Descriptive statistics showing happiness ratings for each group separately.

M SD

White chocolate consumed 6.2 3.9

Milk chocolate consumed 8.5 1.6

Discussion

In the present study chocolate consumption was experimentally manipulated by giving

participants either white or milk chocolate, before measuring their self-reported happiness.

Participants who consumed milk chocolate were found to be significantly happier than participants

in the control condition who had eaten white chocolate. This finding is consistent with some of the

previous research, both correlational (e.g., Rose et al., 2010) and experimental (e.g., Pase et al.,

2013). However, not all of the previous research has found evidence to support this relationship

(e.g., Balboa-Castillo et al., 2015, Massee et al., 2015). It is therefore important to consider the

differences between these studies in an attempt to further understand whether there is any effect of

chocolate consumption on mood, and if there is, whether the effects on mood are positive or

negative.


Author, 03/01/-1,

There are fewer than six authors on this paper, but it was cited earlier in the paper with all authors listed, so now "et al." can be used.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Explicitly compare your findings with the previous and similar research.

Author, 03/01/-1,

The Discussion continues on the same page as the Results, with the section title of "Discussion" presented centrally and in bold.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Any statistical information should only be presented once. You can give the descriptives in a table, figure or within the text, but pick one and don't repeat any information.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Tables and figures should be numbered separately. For tables the legend goes above, and for figures it goes below. When submitting a paper to a journal all figures and tables are usually presented at the very end of the manuscript, but for coursework assignments it is usually preferable to give them within the Results section.

Author, 03/01/-1,

If you have a table/figure, remember to refer to it (usually in brackets) so the reader knows when to look at it, or they may not!

Author, 03/01/-1,

The Results continue on the same page as the Methods (i.e. there should be no page break), with the section title of "Results" presented centrally and in bold.


The previous research has defined and measured mood in a wide range of ways. For

example, Rose et al. (2010) used a depression scale, whereas Balboa-Castillo et al. (2015)

measured mental components of quality of life, and in the present study happiness was measured

using an adaptation of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. It is possible that, whilst all of these

measures may be correlated to some extent, they do not measure exactly the same aspect of

psychological mood. If chocolate consumption effects on mood are very specific, then it may be

that these are only identified in studies that measure a particular component of mood.

Consequently, if chocolate consumption increases happiness, but has no impact on the mental

components of quality of life, then it is perhaps not a contradiction that significant results were

found in the present study, but there were no significant findings in the Balboa-Castillo et al. (2015)

study. To examine this possibility, future studies in this research area could measure various

components of psychological mood to consider the consistency of the effects.

One possible limitation of this study is that the two conditions were not equally balanced

according to sex. There was a roughly equal balance in the white chocolate condition but nearly

three times as many females as males in the milk chocolate condition. This may have biased our

findings if there are sex differences in chocolate consumption, mood or the relationship between

the two. There is evidence for both depression and anxiety being more prevalent in females than in

males (for a review, see Altemus, Sarvaiya & Epperson, 2014) and 92% of self-reported chocolate

addicts are female (Hetherington & MacDiarmid, 1993). Consequently, it is possible that women

will have been more susceptible to the manipulation used in the present study, which may have led

to an overestimation of the impact of eating milk chocolate on happiness. Further, Hormes and

Timko (2011) found that 29% of women experience increased craving for chocolate during

menstruation. As there were no controls for the phase in the menstrual cycle that the women in this

study were at, it is possible that some women (i.e., those who were menstruating) were more

susceptible to the effects of chocolate than others. In future studies it would be important to ensure


Author, 03/01/-1,

Clearly explain how your results may have been influenced.

Author, 03/01/-1,

In this example I have identified two possible reasons why the over representation of females in our study may be problematic.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Explain exactly how this may have influenced your findings.

Author, 03/01/-1,

It is fine to include new references in the Discussion, but make sure they are not references that you should really have included in the Introduction.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Use "&" rather than ‘and’ when listing multiple authors within brackets.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Support your idea with research.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Clearly identify the limitation.

Author, 03/01/-1,

It is important to discuss the weaknesses in your design, but pick one or two strong critical evaluation points and discuss them fully. Box 3.1 will help you to do this.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Suggest how future research could examine and/or resolve these methodological issues and inconsistencies.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Explain how these differences in methodology might lead to different findings between studies.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Identify the differences (or similarities) between research designs when contrasting findings.


that sex is perfectly balanced in all conditions, and to control for potential menstrual cycle effects

in women by only including female participants who are not currently menstruating. With such

controls, it is possible that smaller effects of milk chocolate consumption on happiness would be

found than were reported in the present study.

There are likely to be a number of confounding variables in this study, primarily occurring

due to individual difference, that may influence the relationship between chocolate consumption

and mood. For example, there may be differences according to whether a participant tends to crave

chocolate or not. Moreno-Dominguez, Rodriguez-Ruiz, Martin and Warren (2012) conducted an

experiment to look at the effect of depriving participants of chocolate on mood, specifically

comparing participants who are classified as experiencing either high or low level chocolate

cravings. After two weeks of deprivation, individuals with high levels of chocolate cravings

experienced the greatest increase in anxiety levels. This suggests that the psychological effects of

eating, or of being denied, chocolate may be greater for those who crave chocolate. As chocolate

craving was not measured in the present study, it is likely that high and low craving individuals

were allocated to both conditions. This may have caused increased random variance within each

group, leading to an underestimation of the true differences. In future research it would be

interesting to compare milk and white chocolate consumption in high and low craving participants,

and it is predicted that the differences would be greater in the high craving participants than in the

low craving participants.

Whilst the present study has provided further support for the mood influencing effects of

chocolate, there is still a lack of convincing evidence identifying the mechanism that may underlie

this relationship. It has been suggested that the high levels of antioxidant properties in cocoa have a

neuro-protective effect, which then has a positive benefit on both mood and cognition (Latif, 2013).

More specifically, cocoa has high levels of flavonoids, which are thought to have a neurobiological

effect on both mood and cognition. It has been suggested that this occurs as the "absorbed


Author, 03/01/-1,

A limitation of this study is it may give evidence for chocolate influencing happiness, but it does not consider why. Consequently, addressing "why?" is a good suggestion for future research.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Suggest how your findings might change with this re-designed method.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Suggest how your study could be improved. It is sometimes tempting to save the "future directions" for the final paragraph of the Discussion, but integrating it within other points can make a far stronger and more justifiable case for your ideas.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Consider how this confound may have influenced your findings.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Give research to support your idea.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Clearly identify the confound.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Identifying confounding variables in a Discussion is a good way of critiquing your study. However, avoid the temptation to simply list a few confounds. Instead identify one or two key confounds, and then discuss them fully. See Box 3.1 for guidance on how to do this.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Predict how the findings may differ if this methodological change were made.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Suggest methodological improvements for future research studies.


flavonoids penetrate and accumulate in the brain regions involved in learning and memory,

especially the hippocampus" (Sokolov, Pavlova, Klosterhalfen & Enck, 2013, p. 2445). With

further research to clarify the effects of chocolate on mood and to elucidate the mechanisms that

underlie these effects, it may be possible to develop chocolate based interventions to improve

mood.


Author, 03/01/-1,

Research papers often end on a future research direction that is slightly broader (or bigger) than what study you might run next with a small methodological tweak, but try not to think too far into the future. Your suggestion should still be closely tied to the research you have just presented.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Give the page number that you took the quote from. If the quote crossed multiple pages you would write it slightly differently: pp. 123-124.

Author, 03/01/-1,

It is usually best to avoid quotes, but sometimes they are necessary when conveying complex and/or technical information. Always put quotation marks around the quote.


References

Altemus, M., Sarvaiya, N., & Epperson, C. N. (2014). Sex differences in anxiety and depression

clinical perspectives. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 35, 320-330.

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.05.004

Balboa-Castillo, T., López-García, E., León-Muñoz, L. M., Pérez-Tasigchana, R. F., Banegas, J. R.,

Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., & Guallar-Castillón, P. (2015). Chocolate and health-related quality

of life: A prospective study. PloS one, 10, e0123161.

dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123161

Camilleri, G. M., Méjean, C., Kesse-Guyot, E., Andreeva, V. A., Bellisle, F., Hercberg, S., &

Péneau, S. (2014). The associations between emotional eating and consumption of energy-

dense snack foods are modified by sex and depressive symptomatology. The Journal of

Nutrition, 144, 1264–73. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.193177

Havermans, R. C., Vancleef, L., Kalamatianos, A., & Nederkoorn, C. (2015). Eating and inflicting

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Hetherington, M. M., & MacDiarmid, J. I. (1993). " Chocolate Addiction”: A preliminary study of

its description and its relationship to problem eating. Appetite, 21, 233-246.

Hormes, J. M., & Timko, C. A. (2011). All cravings are not created equal. Correlates of menstrual

versus non-cyclic chocolate craving. Appetite, 57, 1-5.

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.03.008

Hosseinzadeh, M., Vafa, M., Esmaillzadeh, A., Feizi, A., Majdzadeh, R., Afshar, H., ... & Adibi, P.

(2016). Empirically derived dietary patterns in relation to psychological disorders. Public

Health Nutrition, 19, 204-217. doi.org/10.1017/S136898001500172X


Author, 03/01/-1,

There are more than seven authors on this paper, therefore the first six authors are listed in the usual way, then there is "… &" before the final author.

Author, 03/01/-1,

This is an old paper, so it does not have a DOI.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Remember that APA format now requires the DOI for all papers.

Author, 03/01/-1,

This is an e journal, so the papers only exist online and therefore do not have start and end page numbers.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Use a hanging indent.

Author, 03/01/-1,

References must be presented in APA format and in alphabetical order.

Author, 03/01/-1,

References are presented on a new page, with the title "References" centralised and without any kind of formatting such as bold or italics.


Kim, Y., Yang, H. Y., Kim, A. J., & Lim, Y. (2013). Academic stress levels were positively

associated with sweet food consumption among Korean high-school students. Nutrition, 29,

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Latif, R. (2013). Chocolate/cocoa and human health: a review. The Netherlands Journal of

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dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.002

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chocolate and non-chocolate snacks impact postprandial anxiety, energy and emotional states.

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Massee, L. A., Ried, K., Pase, M., Travica, N., Yoganathan, J., Scholey, A., ... & Pipingas, A.

(2015). The acute and sub-chronic effects of cocoa flavanols on mood, cognitive and

cardiovascular health in young healthy adults: a randomized, controlled trial. Frontiers in

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Moreno-Dominguez, S., Rodríguez-Ruiz, S., Martín, M., & Warren, C. S. (2012). Experimental

effects of chocolate deprivation on cravings, mood, and consumption in high and low

chocolate-cravers. Appetite, 58, 111-116. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.013

Pase, M. P., Scholey, A. B., Pipingas, A., Kras, M., Nolidin, K., Gibbs, A., ... & Stough, C. (2013).

Cocoa polyphenols enhance positive mood states but not cognitive performance: a

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10.1177/0269881112473791

Rose, N., Koperski, S., & Golomb, B. A. (2010). Mood food: chocolate and depressive symptoms

in a cross-sectional analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170, 699-703.

doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.78



Sokolov, A. N., Pavlova, M. A., Klosterhalfen, S., & Enck, P. (2013). Chocolate and the brain:

neurobiological impact of cocoa flavanols on cognition and behavior. Neuroscience &

Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 2445-2453. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.013

Turner, S. A., Luszczynska, A., Warner, L., & Schwarzer, R. (2010). Emotional and uncontrolled

eating styles and chocolate chip cookie consumption. A controlled trial of the effects of

positive mood enhancement. Appetite, 54, 143-149. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.09.020

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of

positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063


Author, 03/01/-1,

Appendices are sometimes used in papers, typically to present stimuli (such as a newly developed questionnaire) or some additional statistical analyses. If you include Appendices, they should be numbered, with each one starting on a new page.

Author, 03/01/-1,

Footnotes are rarely used in APA papers and the APA discourages their use.

arc2.oup-arc.com web viewyou can find the character count in word in the review tab. highlight the...

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