arc current, voltage, and resistance in a high energy, … · statistical and measurement...

ARC CURRENT, VOLTAGE, AND RESISTANCE IN A HIGH ENERGY, GAS-FILLED SPARK GAP

by

BRIAN LANE MAAS, B.S.E.E

A THESIS

IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Approved

/f^ccepieú

May, 1985

ÂCKNCWLEDGM.ENTS

I would "like to thank Dr. Magne Krist iansen, Or. Marion Hagler,

and Dr. Hermann Krompholz for the i r guidance and assistance during the

course of th is pursui t . I would also l i ke to thank Dr. William Kolarik

fcT servinq on my committee and Dr. Lynn Hatfie'íd for his íiiany helDfu'

suggestions. Speciai thanks go to the fol lowing people: Ken athb-un

for doing most of the machine work and some drawing, Michael Katsaras

f c r wr i t ing and implementing the computer programs, Anthony Donaldson

for asslstance in the laboratory and many invaluable discussions; ånC

Jeannette Davis for help in the processing of th i s mãnuscript. The

fir iâricial support of the Air ^orce Office of Sc ient i f ic Research and

Texas Tech University is greatly appreciated. F ina l l y , I woula l i ke to

thank my parents, Mr. and Mrs. R. F. Maas, without whose love å:\6

support, none of th is would have been possible.

n

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i i

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

I. INTRODUCTION 1

11. THEORY 4

Pulsed Skin Depth 8 Inductance 11 Shaft Inductance 11

Main Shaft H Electrode Shaft 13 Electrode Tips 13

Load Inductance 13 Arc Inductance 15

Resistance 19 Shaft Resistance 19

Main Shaf-t 19 Electrode Shaft -. 19 Electrode Tips 20

Load Resistance 21 Return Rods Resistance ^ Arc Resistance 21

III. EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 24

Desired System Parameters 24 High VoUage Network 25 Spark Gap 28

Gas Chamber 28 Shafts 29 Electrodes 30

Load 31 Current Return 31 Safety Precautions 31

Capacitor Dump 34 Isolation Inductor 34 Grounding Strap 35

IIT

IV. DIAGNOSTICS 36

Current Measurement 36 Measurement of the Time Derivative of the Current ... 37 Streak Photography 40 Circuit Analysis by Computer Simulation 44 Data Acquisition and Analysis 48

Hardware 48 Software 48

V. DATA 51

VI. ANALYSES OF DATA 59

Statistical Analysis 59 Error Analysis 66 Comparisons with Previous Results 67

VII. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR ADDITIONAL RESEARCH .... ^6

LIST OF REFERENCES ^9

APPENDIX 82

IV

ABSTRACT

A spark gap was designed and constructed to measure the time

dependent arc resistance. The arc current was measured and the arc

resistance calculated using the current and the other circuit

parameters. Typical operating parameters were: unipolar pulse, 35 kV

breakdown voltage, 30 kA peak current, and 1.15 kJ total energy per

shot. The dissipated arc energy was calculated from the arc current

and resistance and found to be between 4.5% and 10.5% of the total

energy. Arc resistance vs time curves were obtained for all possible

combinations of three electrode materials (304 Stainless Steel, ACF-IOQ

Graphite, and 3w3 Copper-Tungsten), three gases (Air, N^, and SF5), and

three gas pressures ( 1 , 2, and 3 atmospheres). Statistical analysis

was performed on the resultant data. Essential results are: within the

statistical and measurement errors,the resistance is independent of the

electrode material. For each gas, R is approximately proportional to

pd (pressure and gap distance). The constants of proportionality are

(31 ± 7) mfi/(cm Dar) for air , (47 + 15) mfi/(cm bar) for N^, and (76 j^

17) mfi/(cm bar) for SF^.

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Pulsed Skin Depths 10

2. Gas Density Constants 16

3. Circuit Inductances 18

4. Circuit Resistances 23

5. Design Restrictions for the Mark IV Spark Gap 24

6. Data 57

7. Sample Means and Variances ^O

8. Tests for Normality ^

9. Tests on Variances ^3

10. Tests on Means 65

11. Errors 68

12. Mark IV Software Variables 83

VI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Mark IV Circuit Diagram 5

2. Mark IV Spark Gap 6

3. Shaft Structure 7

4. Current Waveform ^

5. Geometry for Inductance Calculations 12

6. Electrode Tip Geometry 14

7. Arc Inductance 17

8. Time Derivative of the Arc Inductance l^

9. Arc Current, Voltage, and Resistance 22

10. Mark IV Spark Gap 26

11. Basic Circuit Diagram 27

12. Mark IV Shafts with Electrode Tips 29

13. Mark IV Electrodes 30

14. Mark IV Load 32

15. Mark IV Safety Features 33

16. B Probe 38

17. Geometry of B Probe 38

18. di/dt Waveform 39

19. Basic Streak Photography Arrangement 41

20. Triple Streak Photography Arrangement 42

21. Single Streak Photograph 43

21. Triple Streak Photograph 43

23. Arc Radius vs Time 45

24. SPICE Program Listing 46

vii

25. SPICE Output Curves 47

26. Data Acquisition and Analysis System 49

27. Trigger Generator Schematic 50

28. Arc Current, VoUage, and Resistance for Copper-Tungsten Electrodes in Air at 2 Atmospheres ^

29. Arc Current, Voltage, and Resistance for Graphite Electrodes in N2 at 1 Atmosphere 53

30. Arc Current, Voltage, and Resistance for Stainless Steel Electrodes in SF5 at 3 Atmospheres 54

31. Inductive Arc Voltage Drops 55

32. Arc Energles 56

33. Arc Resistance vs Time 69

34. Mesyats Arc Resistance 70

35. Vlastos Arc Resistance 72

36. Toepler Arc Resistance 73

37. Rompe and Welzel Arc Resistance 75

38. Comparative Arc Resistance Plot

v m

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A pulsed power system can be described as a system in which

a large amount of energy is stored during a relatively long time and

then released in a much shorter time. In order to deliver the energy

from the storage medium to the load, some type of closing switch is

required. The most widely utilized closing switch is a spark gap.

With the advent of more advanced pulsed power systems, the need

arose for spark gaps to achieve greater reliability and durability.

Parameters characterizing the reliability are hold-off voltage, delay

time, recovery time, and jitter. Durability can be described as the

length of time the switch remains reliable or the useful lifetime of

the switch. The lifetime of a spark gap is mainly limited by elec-

trode erosion.

Electrode erosion takes place when there is sufficient energy

present to remove material from the electrodes. There are two main

sources for electrode erosion: i R heating of the electrode tips, and

the energy dissipated in the arc. In order to investigate the depend-

ency of electrode erosion on the arc energy, it is desirable to have

an accurate measurement of the arc voltage and current.

The measurement of the arc current is relatively easy and

straightforward while the arc voltage measurement is difficult at

best. The first difficulty with the voUage measurement arises from

the fact that the arc voUage starts at a high level (lO's of kilo-

1

voUs) and drops wery quickly to a comparatively low level (lOO's of

voUs). The large range of voUages makes i t d i f f i c u U to obtain

accurate measurements during the ent i re pulse. Another d i f f i c u U y

stems from the fact that direct measurement of the voUages at the

t ips of the electrodes is v i r t ua l l y impossible. Therefore, measure-

ments have to be taken some distance from the t ips and the subsequent

additional voUage terms subtracted from the resuUant s ignal .

Several researchers have reported resuUs of arc voUage measure-

ments in the past. Among these are: Allen and Craggs [ 1 ] , Basov [ 2 , 3 ] ,

Braudo and Craggs [ 4 ] , James and Browning [ 5 ] , Richeson [ 6 ] , and

Cassidy [ 7 ] . Some of the above authors take into account various

additional voltage terms but none of them appear to take into account

al l of the supplemental terms.

With the above conditions taken into consideration, a spark gap

was designed and constructed and measurements were made of the arc

current. The arc voUage was caUulated using the current ineasurement

and the various c i r cu i t parameters. The experiment was designed so

that the conditions were as close as possible to electrode erosion

experiments previously done by a fel low student [ 8 ] . The reason fo r

the above res t r i c t ion was to enable correlat ion of the data from the

arc voltage experiment with the erosion data.

The method chosen to approach the problem can be summarized as

fol lows: The current was measured and then d ig i t ized and stored on a

disk for computer analysis. The breakdown voUage was caUulated from

the current. The capacit ive, induct ive, and non-arc res is t ive voUage

drops were then calculated. The computer then subtracted the above

voUage drops from the breakdown voltage and divided the resuU by the

current to obtain the arc resistance as a function of time. F ina l ly ,

the arc resistance, together with the arc current, was used to obtain a

measurement of the energy dissipated in the arc.

Chapter I I describes the various c i rcu i t parameters and how they

were calculated. The experimental arrangement is described in Chapter

I I I . Chapter IV detai ls the various diagnostics employed to acquire the

data which are presented in Chapter V. ResuUs of various analyses are

described in Chapter V I . Chapter VII elaborates on certain conclusions

and gives suggestions for additional future work. A l i s t i n g and

description of al l computer programs is given in the Appendix.

CHAPTER I I

THEORY

The arc resistance was calculated using the fol lowing equation

obtained from the c i r cu i t diagram of Fig. 1 which corresponds to the

experimental setup shown in F ig. 2.

'ârc^^^ = l / i ( t ) { \^ - l/cf^ i ( t ) d t - (LQ + L ( t ) )d i ( t ) / d t

-(RQ + c lL ( t ) /d t ) i ( t ) } (1)

where i ( t ) = current

V. = breakdown voUage = 1/C / i ( t ) dt

C = 1.88X 10"° F

0 ~ capacitor shaft load

Lcapacitor = ^4 x lO'^ H

'"shaft " '-main shaft "*• '"electrode shaft " '"electrode t i p ^^^® ^'^^' ^^

L( t ) =L^^^ ( t )

ô " ^shaft "*• '^load "*" '^return rods

•^shaft " ^main shaft ^ 'êlectrode shaft ^ 'êlectrode t i p ^^^^ ^^^' ^^

Res A A A ^

^ 6 S

A A A r L|oûd

AAAr-Rload

Rarc(t)

oi Larc(t)

Figure 1. Mark IV Circuit Diagram.

t Figure 2. Mark IV Spark Gap.

Å. E o

00 CVJ

E o

^ lO CVJ

E o

cø GO CJ CVJ

H U-< X co z

s_ 3

-M O Z5 S-+->

«3

co cu s_

UJ o o

. ^

UJ o ÍTû O

1 - - ' D I OHh-LU _ I UJ

< O

y

8

Pulsed Skin Depth

For a puUe, the current flows in a th in layer near the surface of

a conductor; therefore, to calculate the various inductances and

resistances for Eq. 1, the pul sed skin depth for various materials was

needed.

The current pulse was an overdamped sinusoid as shown in Fig. 4.

Approximating the pul se as a haU period of a sine wave, i t was found

[9 ] that the pulsed skin depth

ÔQ = 0.713Ô (2)

• v ^ where 5 = ac skin depth = -%/ (3)

with KQ = 1/oôy = P^IM (4)

and w = 2ir/T (5)

The conductivity of the material is a^ , the r es i s t i v i t y of the

material is PQ , u is the permeability of the mater ial , and T is the

period of the sine wave (= 3.0 ysec). Table 1 l i s t s the various

materials and the i r pulsed skin depths.

0) Q Z

o (J UJ 0)

o tr u »—1

^ U J

tli 2E ^^ í -

• E s_ o

M-(U >

-> c (U i -s-3

o

^

cu s-Z3 U)

c sdHvoniM 3 iNaayna ayv

10

Table 1

Pulsed Skin Depths

Material Pulsed Skin Depth (cm)

304 Stainless Steel (SS) 5.274 x 10"^

ACF-IOQ Graphite (GR) 3.240 x 10""

3W3 Copper-Tungsten (CuW) 1.154 x 10"^

Load Resistors 17.118

Aluminum 1.006 x 10"^

Brass 1.605 x 10'^

11

Inductance

The methods used to calculate the various inductances in the Mark

IV c i r cu i t are described below. A summary of a l l the c i r cu i t

inductances is presented fol lowing the explanations of how each was

calculated.

Shaft Inductance

The shaft inductance consisted of the main shaft inductance, the

electrode shaft inductance, and the inductance of the hemispherical

electrode t i p s .

Main Shaft

The main shaft inductance was calculated as [10]

L = 0.002 ilCln(a/p,) + ( l /n ) . ln (a /np) + I n ^ + 1/0.4n] yH (6)

The geometry for the above equation is that of a tubular conductor of

inner and outer radii p and p^, surrounded by n round conductors of

radii p, evenly spaced on a circle of radius a (see Fig. 5). The

quantity, In , is dependent on the ratio of p^ to p^, where p^ =

p - ô , and goes from 0.25 for a solid conductor to zero for a thin

shell. The length of the inductor is l.

12

y^

O /

/

/

o \

\

\

o \

o \

o \

a=l2.38cm \

/' = l.22cm 2

jo=l.27cm

\

o /

/

/

o

o /

radius=^ = 0.48cm

Figure 5. Geometry for Inductance Calculations.

13 Electrode Shaft

The inductance of the electrode shaft was also calculated using

Eq. 6, but was calculated for the three different electrode materials

(304 Stainless Steel, ACF-IOQ Graphite, and 3W3 Copper-Tungsten).

Electrode Tips

Equation 6 was also used in the calculation of the electrode tip

inductance. Due to the curvature of the t ip; however, an integration

had to be performed.

/•1.27 ^e.t. ^ ^ J 0 0-002[ln(a/pJ + (1/n) • ln(a/np)

+ l n | + l/0.4n]dz (7)

where p = y R - z^ (see Fig. 6) (8)

The two in front of the integral takes care of the fact that there

are two electrodes. Since a tabular, rather than an analytical, form

was the only thing available for In^, the term, J In ídz, was replaced

with, l In^Az, where Az = 0.127.

Load Inductance

The load consisted of five Carborundum Type AS washer ceramic

power resistors [11] connected to the main shaft by a thin aluminum

plate. The inductances of both the resistors and the aluminum plate

were calculated uslng Eq. 6.

14

Figure 6. Electrode Tip Geometry.

15

Arc Inductance

The inductance of the arc was calculated in much the same way as

the shaft inductance. Equation (6) is applicable with the following

changes: In^ is now 0.25 due to the fact that the arc can be thought of

as a solid rather than a tubular conductor [12]; and the P^ term in

Eq. (8) now becomes a time-varying function for the arc radius.

There are several authors who have previously reported equations

for the arc radius vs time (see for example Braginskii [13], Herziger

[14], Pavlovskii [15], and Drabkina [16]). Of the above equations, the

one by Braginskii was chosen to be reasonably accurate and the easiest

to apply. The accuracy was verified by streak photography which is

described in Chapter IV.

According to Braginskii,

Arc radius = p^(t) = 0.093 p/^/^ i ^^ t^^^ (9)

where po = gas density in g/cm (see Table 2)

i = current in kA ( «t)

t = time in psec.

A plot of L ( t ) vs time is shown in Fig. 7 and clL^^^(t)/dt vs Cll w

time is presented in Fig. 8.

The arc inductance and all circuit inductances are given in

Table 3.

^

16

Table 2

Gas Density Constants

Gas

A i r [14]

A i r

A i r

N^ [17 ]

N^

N^

SFg [18]

5^6

^^6

Pressure

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

(atm) Po(g/

1.29

2.58

3.37

1.18

2.36

3.54

6.5

1.3

1.95

'cm^)

X 10"^

X 10"^

X lO"'^

X 10"^

X 10"-^

X 10"^

X 10"^

»2 X 10 ^

_2 X 10 "

m v •• '• P i i ' f l wjip" mt

17

0) LU

z UJ X o U

UJ U z < u Q

U (T

0.012

0.010

0 .008

0.006 -

0.004 -

0.002 -

0-000

TIME C MICROSECONDS 3

Figure 7. Arc Inductance.

u UJ O) \ O) tu a: z UJ

o (T U

4

•o u Q:

•o

0.000 - 0 . 001 --0 .002 -- 0 . 003 - 0 . 004 - 0 . 005 - 0 . 006 - 0 . 007 - 0 . 008 - 0 . 009


Figure 8. Time Derivative of the Arc Inductance.

18

Table 3

Circuit Inductances

Capacitor

Main Shaft

Electrode Shaft

SS

GR

CuW

Electrode Tip

SS

GR

CuW

Load

Al Plate 1.6 nH

Resistors 35.6 nH

Arc 0.002 Jl[ln(a/p ) + 0.71] yH

24

212.4

27

28

27

15,

16,

15.

.9

.7

.8

.6

.0

.5

nH

nH

nH

nH

nH

nH

nH

nH

19

Resistance

The various resistances are summarized in Table 4 following the

explanations of how each resistance was calculated.

Shaft Resistance

The shaft resistance consisted of the main shaft resistance, the

electrode shaft resistance, and the resistance of the hemispherical

electrode tips.

Main Shaft

The main shaft resistance was calculated as

R = pJl/A (10)

where p = resistivity of the material

1 = length

A = area = irr ô^ - uô/ (11)

r = radius of the conductor

ôo = pulsed skin depth

Electrode Shaft

The resistance of the electrode shaft was calculated using Eq. 10

for each of the three electrode materials.

20

Electrode Tips

Due to the curvature of the electrode t ip , the resistance was

calculated as follows (see Fig. 6)

R = 2p / ^ (12)

where the two is due to the fact that there are two electrodes and dji

is in the direction of current flow and perpendicular to the area A.

With dJi = (R - ôo /2)dØ, the area is the surface area of a conic

section:

A = TT(R^ + R^)8o (13)

where R = R cosø (14)

" ^2 = (^ " o )cose (15)

The above holds true for 0 from zero to sin-1 í ^ _] %)

or z from zero to R - o • At z = R - SQ the current is flowing

uniformly through the entire t ip so that

^"^íV 72 (16) J R- 5. "ffr

R - €

where r = ^ \<^ - z^ ' (17)

and z goes to R - « instead of R because at z = R the integral diverges.

The value of « was chosen to be 0.001 to give a sufficiently small

error

21

Load Resistance

The load resistance consisted of the resistance of the aluminum

plate and the resistance of the f i ve Carborundum resistors. The

aluminum plate resistance was calculated using Eq. 10 and the

rasistance of the Carborundum resistors was measured by normal means

since the skin depth was much larger than the radius of the resistors.

Return Rods Resistance

The resistance of the return rods was equal to one-eighth the

resistance of one of the return rods since there were eight return rods

in pa ra l l e l . The resistance for a single rod was calculated using

Eq. 10, with the length equal to (57.3405) cm + the gap spacing (GS)).

Arc Resistance

As stated before, the time-dependent arc resistance was obtained

using Eq. (1) . A composite plot of typical arc current, resist ive arc

voltage, and arc resistance is presented in Fig. 9.

r, 30

UJ

o: U u

20 -

10 -,

1

22

UJ u <

u

UJ

cn »-4

UJ

1 2 3 4 T I M E C MICROSECONDS 3

Figure 9 . Arc Current , Vo l tage , and Resistance.

0.89

6.12

0.19

1.06

6.93

0.29

4.61

0.90

mí2

mí2

mfi

míî

mfi

mí2

UÍ2

Í2

23

Table 4

Circui t Resistances

Main Shaft 6.75 mí2

Electrode Shaft

SS

GR

CuW

Electrode Tip

SS

GR

CuW

Load

Al Plate

Resistors

Return Rod (57.3405 + GS)/56655.39024 Í2

CHAPTER III

EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT

Desired System Parameters

The experiment to obtain the arc resistance was designed to

facilitate easy attachment of the various diagnostics and to assimilate

the characteristics of previous erosion experiments. The design

restraints are shown in Table 5.

Table 5

Design Restrictions for the Mark IV Spark Gap

1) Unipolar Pulse

2) Breakdown Voltage >_ 20 kV

3) Peak Current >_ 20 kA

4) Total Energy >_ 1.0 kJ

5) One inch diameter hemispherical electrodes

6) 3 electrode materials (304 Stainless Steel,

ACF lOQ Graphite, and 3W3 Copper-Tungsten)

7) 3 Gases (Air, Nitrogen (N^), and Sulphur

Hexafluoride (SF5))

8) 3 Gas Pressures ( 1 , 2, and 3 atmospheres)

24

25

With the above conditions in mind, the Mark IV spark gap system was

designed and constructed (see Fig. 10).

High VoUage Network

The high voltage network (Fig. 11) used with the Mark IV spark

gap was a single capacitor charged through a resistor by a constant

current power supply. The capacitor was then discharged through the

spark gap into a matched load. The power supply was a Sorenson 60 kV,

10 mA, constant current supply and is described in detail by Johnson

[19]. The value of the charging resistor (Rch) was selected to limit

the initial current and to protect the power supply from large reverse

current surges. A value of five kilohms was chosen so that the fault

current would be limited to approximately eight amps (when the

capacitor was charged to 40 kV). The chosen resistance value was also

small enough to provide only a negligible voltage drop during

charging.

The capacitor selected was a McGraw-Edison energy storage

capacitor having a capacitance of 1.88 uF. The capacitor was rated at

60 kVdc. The capacitor was fashioned to allow for direct attachment of

a coaxial spark gap arrangement. The charging voltage for the

capacitor was chosen to be 35 kV to ensure that the total energy was

greater than 1 kJ. A 35 kV charging voltage resulted in 1.15

kilojoules of energy per shot.

26

Gas In

GQS E

LOAD

B Probe

Viewing Port

^_-Jo Pressure Gouge

"^^High Voltoge Capacitor

Tektronix Attenuators

Figure 10. Mark IV Spark Gap.

_^

27

cî " o o 6

•^wv-

o o

00 -0 0 >

" o o5

o. >. Ê O

o cr o I o

l N

z O

-VNAr-

fO

Z5 (J

o u

•r— CO <T3

CQ

m « X u

CC í? 8

OJ S-3

3 •o

• £ >«

2 5 | > < o ^ w •* *=

> § w o o -c ^ » «> -o» • »

o °-

28

Spark Gap

The Mark IV spark gap (see Figs. 2 and 10) was designed to facil-

itate changing of electrodes, to withstand up to 3 atmospheres of gas

pressure, and to provide easy access for diagnostics. The spark gap

system consisted of the gas chamber, the shafts, the electrodes, the

load, and the current return rods.

Gas Chamber

The main chamber was constructed from a so l id , eight inch

diameter, Lucite cyl inder. A four inch diameter cyl indr ical hole was

machined out of the or iginal cyl inder along with access holes for the

attachment of two viewing ports. The top and bottom of the chamber

consisted of identical pieces of one inch thick Lucite. Each plece

was grooved to accept the main cylinder and the whole assembly was

held together by four , three-quarter inch diameter, G-10 rods. The

0-rings on the top and bottom of the main cylinder provided the needed

seals for pressurizat ion.

The two viewing ports on the main chamber were spaced 180** apart.

They consisted of ei ther Pyrex or special u l t rav io le t transparent

windows sandwiched between a stainless steel ring (which was attached

to the Lucite cyl inder) and an aluminum ring (on the outside). One

port was used to i l luminate the gap with u l t rav io le t l i gh t (to provide

for uniform breakdown voltages) and the other port furnished photo-

graphic access to the gap.

29

Lucite insulator inserts (thin walled cylinders) were used to

protect the main gap housing from, and provide a record of, materials

ejected from the electrodes. Holes were cut in the sides of the

inserts to coincide with the viewing ports.

Shafts

Two shafts were used with the Mark IV spark gap (see Figs. 3 and

,12). One shaft screwed directly into the positive terminal of the

capacitor and the remaining shaft screwed directly into the aluminum

plate at the bottom of the load. The unattached ends of each shaft

were threaded in order to accept the replaceable electrode tips. Nylon

Cajon fittings provided air tight seals around each shaft where it

entered the gas chamber.

•^^^^fí -' -:^.^^-^^-.v.

lÍMÍÍÍiMMIM^Í^

•\-r-^-~T,

M W < v - A > > M ^ w X VuCAi«>«44AVONdA ••<•* •.<«»i-**i.v«

Figure 12. Mark IV Shafts with Electrode Tips.

30 Electrodes

The one inch diameter, hemispherical t i p electrodes employed in

the Mark IV spark gap were chosen to match the electrodes used in

previous erosion experiments. An electrode pair is shown in Fig. 13.

The electrodes were threaded in order to screw into the ends of the

shafts. An O-ring protected the threads froin the corrosive action of

certain gases (namely SF5). The grooves on the sides of the

electrodes were designed to accept a standard seven-eighths inch open

end wrench. The wrench was used to ensure that the electrodes were

screwed snugly i nto the shaft, providing good electr ical contact. The

basic machining and polishing procedures that were followed in the

fabr icat ion of a l l electrodes are outlined by Donaldson [20 ] .

Figure 13. Mark IV Electrodes

31

Load

In order to obtain a unipolar pulse, the Mark IV system had to be

run in either the critically damped or overdamped mode. For critical

damping, the circuit resistance needed to be approximately 0.82 í2, so

the load resistance needed to be about 0.8 í2. The Carborundum

resistors were 0.2 Í2 +_ 10% so it was decided that five would be used to

ensure that the pulse was at least critically damped (the measured

resistance of four resistors was slightly less than O.Síî). The load

is shown in Fig. 14.

Current Return

The main current was conveyed back to ground via eight brass

rods. The rods were arranged in a circular pattern around the main

current path. The circul ar layout was chosen to match mounting holes

in the capacitor and also to provide a good approximation to a coaxial

geometry for the Mark IV spark gap.

Safety Precautions

Safety is a major concern with all high voltage experiments;

therefore, three main safety attributes were incorporated into the

Mark IV system (see Fig. 15). They were as follows: a) an automatic

capacitor dump, b) an isolation inductor between the system ground and

true ground, and c) an attached grounding strap.

32

XJ

O

cn

33

High Voltage o-

* P Dump b Relay

Dump Resistor

w System Ground

Isolation Inductor

-L True Ground

High Voltage Capacitor

9 j

Grounding Strap

Figure 15. Mark IV Safety Features.

34

Capacitor Dump

The capacitor dump automatically discharged the capacitor any

time main power was interrupted or the high voltage power supply was

turned o f f . The dump system was made up of a high voltage relay and a

dump res is to r , as shown in Fig. 15. The re1ay closed in approximately

80 msec and was rated at up to f i f t y k i lovol ts when immersed in o i l

[ 19 ] . The dump res is tor was designed in the same manner as the load

resistor except that d i s t i l l e d water was used in place of the CuSO

solut ion. Since CuSO was not used, brass (which is less expensive and

easier to machine) was used for the electrodes instead of copper. The

resistance was measured to be ten kilohms. After closure of the

relay, the capacitor was almost t o ta l l y discharged in four time

constants (4RC ~ 75 msec), meaning that less than a tenth of a second

after the relay was closed, the voltage level on the experiment was

safe.

Isolat ion Inductor

An iso la t ion inductor was insta l led between the Mark IV system

ground and the true ground of the laboratory. The inductor prevented

fau l ts in the Mark IV system from affecting other systems in the

laboratory and vice versa. The inductor was a single layer, eighty-

four t u rn , c i rcu lar c o i l . The inductance was 435 yH which yielded a

maximum fau l t current of twenty-f ive amps.

35

Grounding Strap

To insure that the high voUage capacitor was completely

discharged before anyone handled any part of the Mark IV experiment,

the capacitor was shorted to ground using an attached grounding strap.

One end of the grounding strap was permanently connected to the system

ground. The other end was attached to a curved copper bar that was

connected to an insulat ing wooden rod. The copper bar could be easily

slipped around the shaft that was connected to the posit ive terminal

of the capacitor.

CHAPTER IV

DIAGNOSTICS

Of the numerous diagnostics and analysis methods that could have

been used to gain information from the Mark IV spark gap, it was

decided that five would provide sufficient knowledge. The five chosen

were: 1) current measurement, 2) di/dt measurement, 3) streak

photography, 4) computer circuit analysis, and 5) computerized data

acquisition and analysis.

Current Measurement

The value of the arc current was obtained by measuring the current

through one of the eight current return rods and multiplying the

resultant amplitude by eight. The current flowing in each of the

return rods was measured and found to be identical for all rods. The

current through the selected return rod was measured using a Pearson

coil [21] (see Fig. 10). The Pearson coil chosen (model 110) could

measure peak currents of up to five kiloamps. The rise time of the

coil was twenty nanoseconds for a step function current pulse. The

ratio of output voltage to input current was 0.1 V/A. The output

signal of the coil was first fed into several Tektronix in-line

attenuators, then through a fifty ohm cable, and finally into a hex

attenuator before being delivered to the transient digitizer. The

Tektronix attenuators attenuated the signal by one-hundred times; the

hex attenuator provided a fifty ohm termination for the signal

36

í W : '

37

result ing in an additional attenuation of two times; and the hex

attenuator i t s e l f reduced the signal amplitude by another f ive times.

The resultant signal was then less than a half a volt in amplitude

which was small enough for the input requirement of the d ig i t i ze r . The

tota l ra t io of output voltage to input current was 12.5 mV/kA. A

typical current waveform is shown in Fig. 4.

Measurement of the Time Derivative of the Current

The time der ivat ive of the current was measured with a single

loop B probe. The probe was made out of a single piece of RG-58

coaxial cable. The center conductor was formed into a small loop at

one end and then connected to the outer braid, as shown in Fig. 16.

For the geometry shown in F ig. 17, i t can be shown that the

voltage induced in the small loop.

V. . . = - n u d i /d t a f /2r f (18) induced ^ o o

where aø = radius of the loop

ro = distance from the loop to the current path

n = # of turns ( = 1)

y = permeability of a i r ( = 4Tr x 10-^ H/m)

The self-inductance of the loop is calculated as Í222

L = 0.004 Tta [ I n — - 1.75] yH (19) 0 P

^mmmBm^

Figure 16. B Probe,

38

iY

Figure 17. Geometry of B Probe.

39

where a = radius of the loop in cm

p = radius of the wire = 0.0405 cm for RG-58/U center conductor.

Choosing a loop radius of 0.635 cm gave a self-inductance of 24.6 nH.

Dividing the self-inductance by the cable impedance (50 n) gave a time

constant for the B probe of 0.49 nsec. Since the time constant was so

small, the output voltage of the probe was essential ly equal to the

induced voltage.

Using the Mark IV current waveform, i t was calculated that a

maximum d i / d t of 5 x 10^0 A/s could be expected. In order to keep the

output voltage down to a reasonable level (< 100 V), the loop was

positioned 10.16 cm from the main current path. The output amplitude

could also be lowered by t i l t i n g the loop so that i t was not exactly

perpendicular to the magnetic f i e l d . A typical waveform is shown in

Fig. 18.

a> o

( j LU (0

4>


Figure 18. d i /d t Waveform.

^o

Streak Photography

I t was desired to ver i fy the accuracy of the Braginskii equation

(Eq. (9 ) ) . There were several possible methods available to

accomplish the above task. Among them were Schlieren photography,

Mach-Zehnder interferometry, and simple streak photography. The lack

of an available high power laser precluded the employment of Schlieren

photography or Mach-Zehnder interferometry. Therefore, i t was decided

to use simple streak photography. Simple streak photography required

only simple optics (mirrors and lenses), an optical s l i t , and a streak

camera.

The basic streak photography arrangement is shown in Fig. 19. The

s l i t could be placed at any v i r tual vert ical position in the arc. For

example, pictures could be obtained of the arc radius at tíie cathode,

at the anode, or anywhere in-between. Since i t was desirable to

compare the arc radius at the three aforementioned posit ions, the

arrangement of F ig . 20 was implemented. Simultaneous photography of

the arc radius at three d i f ferent positions was then possible. The

vert ical placement of the images was adjusted so that the resultant

streak picture showed the arc radius at the cathode, at the anode, and

approximately halfway in-between. Sample streak photographs u t i l i z i ng

both the single and t r i p l e streak techniques are shown in Figs. 21 and

22. From the ensuing photographs in air at one atmosphere , the

expansion rate of the arc was calculated to be 6.8 x lO^ cm/sec fo r one

41

Spark Gop

Mirror

Figure 19. Basic Streak Photography Arrangement.

^

42

M-Mirror

CBS-Cube Beom Splitter

Image ot

Slit

Sparkf ^ Gop \^J

Focusing Lens

CBS

CBS

Figure 20. Triple Streak Photography Arrangement

0 --

0.5

1.0

t(ys)

Figure 21. Single Streak Photograph.

0 ..

0.1

0.5

0.6

1.0

1 .1 . -

t ( y s ) Figure 22. Tr ip le Streak Photograph.

43

44

microsecond. The Braginskii equation gives an expansion rate of 7.2 x

10 cm/sec, fo r one microsecond, so i t seemed that the Braginskii

equation was a reasonably good appro'ximation fo r the arch radius

as a function of time (see Fig. 23).

Circui t Analysis by Computer Simulation

The actual c i r cu i t as shown in F ig. 1 was analyzed using a com-

puter simulation program called SPICE. SPICE is a general purpose

c i r cu i t simulation program for l inear ac, nonlinear dc, and nonlinear

transient analysis [23] . The c i r cu i t of Fig. 1 was al tered, as

fo l lows, fo r analysis with the SPICE program:

a) Rarc (^) = ^O.O mfi (SPICE would not handle time-varying

resistances)

b) Lay^c(t) = 7 nH (SPICE would not easily handle time-varying

inductances)

The results of the above simulation were used as a preliminary

check on the actual data obtained. The program l i s t i n g and output

curves are given in Figs. 24 and 25.

I^l-'.l'lll.^] '

45

:^ oo 2r H—1 O cC Q : CQ

o LLJ Q:: ^ 3 OO <: UJ ^

æ • o

(O

o

(M

GD (O C\J o

(/) o z o u LU cn o cr u HH

3E U J

LiJ

1—1

H-

• F

1—

to > to Z3

-o (TJ

OC

(J S-

"<

co CM

(U S-

o^

c uiw 3 sni vy aav

46

1titirir*é1e1e^Ht*é*1t**icit1kick*ie1té*1t*^t*1tkkék1t

• MARK CBANK L BANK RMS 2 L f l S RES L E S R ET L E T R ARC V/ SYS L A R K RLO AD L L Q AO R BR AS • O P T I • TRAN • PLOT . P L O T • P L O T • P L O T • END

rv/ i 1 3 4 5 6 7 3

8 9 9 l 10

I I 1 2 1 3

QNS 5C TR TR TR TR

C I R C U I T A N A L Y S I S - G R A P M I T E c i . a e u F i c = 3 5 . D v; 2 24.CNH 6. THOHM 212 ,4NH 6.1MOHM 28.7NH 6.9rH0M 15. 0 N H 4 1 .CMOHM

11 7.CNH 12 0.9aHM 13 37.2NH 0 l.CMOHM rTL5=50000

NS 5US UIC AN K U S Y S I AN U( 8» 1 l I AN U(6»llÍ AN K U S Y S ) v;(8,i 1 I

Figure 24. SPICE Program Listing.

47

• • . • • « t « • « • • • •

• t • 4 t «

t 4 • • t 4 • •

UJ O

• o •e:

« 4 * 4

t « • 4

• 4 t 4

• 4 • 4

cc cc

10 0?«f t * t I G C i f 3*r f 0 c c i I • ; i c C»III*Z r3 o t i f • ; c 0 flvfcr *r le a*»«*r cd ovtb*r 10 0 01 • * r 10 et r< *r f P O I C t T f e Oiift*r &0 OltO'C ce 01«! * i ce o * i ( ' c ce aio«*c C3 o«r«^c io oe«**t co ai*<*c ce o*c**c ce o«oe** cc oocr** ce o<«c * • ce o&«fc** t : ooc4*« ce o«eê** cc a*ea*t 13 Oá<C*« co o*á«*« ce o«<«*s ce Oioo't te o t o t * * to eicc*« t» 0*«fc*« C3 0100*« tO OiCO*l CG a«tc* i 10 a««t * i ce o i«»* i ro o r t i ' o C9 o^«**o td 0064*0 ce 0110** cc e t c * * * tO 0 1 * 1 * * •9 03IC*I •2 e«tc• t «0 c teo ' i • 0 c r r I * i •c o r « i ' i »0 0C3>*I •0 o«»r* i tc o*«r* i •0 a*cc* i *e o;.»c'i «0 Qfcr**I *e 011**1 *o o i r t * ! *0 OOl t ' l *o ooc«*i *e a*a«*i *o 0*Cl*t *0 0**1 * I *e o t t« * t *o o*c**t *0 01«** i *o o«re*t «0 o«oe*r *e e c * i * r *e o (cr * r *0 06«C*t * • o*rc*r *o orof * t •0 o*c«*r *e a<ft**r •tf c i « < * / •c oo»t*r «0 o**«*r * : c»o«*r *o o i r i ' r *o e«c i * r * • f c « i * r *a o » * i * t *o o«o«*c *o occ**r •0 ot«c*r *3 o*« i * r •e 0091*r *d flirv'c •0 e f t c ' r •0 cci«*r •e c«« t ' r * 0 C*10*Z * 0 O I « 0 * t *a o?»o*i •0 a e a r ' i CC 0 1 1 1 * 0 co ot«o*« to*«««t*c

• 3 - e o o o * * • 4-t«.^V» ' t

ro ooio*

• 0 0 0 0 0

CO • • « 0 * 1 CO 0 0 0 0 * 1

•0 «ooo*e

ro 0000*«

«9-1..h4 •• • ; - c - , á • • •0-C^fc« *« • J - C 3 f • • • • j - c : v * * * • ; - i y » , • • • : - j ^ V* • • ^ r - V - c « • • • C-OCfcl • • • 3 - 0 . f I • • • i - O J * f ** «»-c«c; ** • o - c ^ i i • • « 3 - 0 3 : i • • «r f -60fcJ^* « 3 - C 3 C J * » « 0 - 0 6 % * 'C «C-C3C4 * ! «0-Crfkw * ! « 3 - c ; ; r f ' i «e-u9*« •c «a-o9ei *i •0 -uOt** l • 3-C3:« ' i • 9-0}h« *t «o-tídCi*c •^-o»»«*c « 9 - 0 0 S « *t • d - « a t c * i «9-oecc 'c • 0 - 0 4 b ( * l • 9 - a 9 t . t ' t « 0 - 0 0 ( 1 'C « 9 - C 0 C I ' l «3-flOfcO^I • e - o e Cb ' I • a - c f M "r « 3 - c } v * • : • e - o j v * 't • 3 - a : c 4 '? • 4 - L J V i •,-«J-o;cá •: • i - t .C ht *.-• c - a c c« 'i • : -o;fct •? • 9 -CJwt *t « - - * . ; fc» '.• «o-rsc« ' i •e-a;bc •? •c-cicc *r •9-flwwr'r •9-cc(.r ' r «M-cjfci*r « C - Ú ; Cl ' t «3-flcc«'r «c-fls&c^r « o - e o ( * ' i «c-c:c« ' i «d-flacii*t «9-0fiC0*t • O - O í t l ' I • o - o o u *i • 3 - 0 9 « « * 1 «o-a:c« * i «o-a;«c* i •o-aoc6 * i •o-oot^ • I • 9 - C 9 C * • ! • 3-CJM *l • 0-C3CC * ! • • - e e t r * i «3-cocr*t « 9 - C 9 t ( • ! • O - C î f 1 • ! •3 -«ote" t • ? - e : : c * i lo-osefc ** 1 9 - O D C J * * 1 0 - C 9 C « * « ( 3 - 0 9 30*« i C - 0 0 0 0 * 1 1 9 - 0 C C e * l l C - 0 9 0 « " ^ 1 0 - C 0 C J * « i ? - o e t« * t i O - c d o e * « 4 3 - 0 3 C * • • i 9 - c ; c : • • i;. - c j z t * f 1 9 - a 9 C 0 * C i 9 - 0 9 ; , * ' r 1 9 - o c c c " r i 9 - e 9 e « " t 4 0 - 0 9 ( 9 * 1 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 * 0

0 * 0

« - 1«| m i i

I I 1 * 0 i r t ICås t t l : •

XA 

CL

O

a. oo

LO

 oia ooo*ir • • • n i VII9<*H>| t l C A I V N V i l i O I C M « « i

48

Data Acquisition and Analysis

Hardware

The arc current was recorded and analyzed using a computerized

data acquisition and analysis system. Digitization of the waveform was

accomplished by a Transiac 8 bit, 20 MHz transient recorder. The

digitizer was controlled and accessed by a LeCroy mode1 3500M computer

system. The LeCroy system is described in detail by Ness [24]. The

system is shown in Fig. 26.

A rectangular pulse generator was used to trigger the three

digitizers. A schematic of the generator is shown in Fig. 27. The

pulse generator accepted the Mark IV di/dt signal as its input and

produced a rectangular TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) pulse as its

output.

Software

There were two main programs used with the Mark IV experiment. The

first program (M4DA) controlled the digitizers and stored the current

waveform on a floppy disk. The second program (M4AN) computed all of

the needed variables and was able to provide either a printout of the

values or a plot of the curve of any of twelve possible quantities.

Both of the above programs and their associated subroutines are limned

in the Appendix.

Figure Acquisition and Analysis System.

50

u 4-> 03 E O)

u oo

i . o +J na

O) sz <v

s_ o; cn

c>o

<u

CT)

CHAPTER V

DATA

The current waveform was recorded for eighty-one di f ferent shots.

Three shots were taken at each of the twenty-seven di f ferent

combinations (3 electrode naterials x 3 gases x 3 gas pressures = 27

combinations). The breakdown voltage for each shot was 35 kV ± 1%.

Typical curves for arc current, res is t ive arc voltage, and arc

resistance are shown in Figs. 28, 29 and 30. Typical inductive arc

voltage drops are shown in F ig . 31 and typical curves of the resist ive

arc, inductive arc, and total arc energy vs time are shown in Fig. 32.

Table 6 shows the average results for each of the twenty-seven

combinations. The f i r s t two le t ters of the combination name stand fo r

the electrode mater ia l . The next l e t te r stands for the gas type and

the number s ign i f ies the gas pressure. Some of the N and SF^ data

points show unexpected trends.

51

52

r, 30

UJ Q: oc

U u Q: <

20 -

10 -

1

• w 0.5

UJ

u h-(/) »-i O) UJ

u (T

Figure 28,

J 5 1 2 3 4

TIME C MICROSECONDS 3 Arc Current, Voltage, and Resistance for Copper Tungsten Electrodes in Air at 2 Atmospheres.

53

r, 30

UJ ÍT o: 3 U u Q:

20 -

10 -.

UJ

u - J o

u Q:

UJ

O) 1-4

O) UJ Q:

1 2 3 4 TIME C MICROSECONDS 2

Figure 29. Arc Current, Voltage, and Resistance for Graphite Electrodes in N at 1 Atmosphere.

54 30

< X l - l

H Z UJ Û : Q:

U

u Q: <

n

> JC l_ l

UJ

u < - I o >

u Q: <

UJ > N H

H æ i - i

cn UJ Q:

20

10

0

5

4

3

2

1

0

w 0 .5

UJ u z <

cn i - i 0) UJ Q: u Q:

0.4 -

0,

0.

0.

0.

3 -

1

1 1 ± _L 1 1

Figure

0 1 2 3 4 TIME C MICROSECONDS 1

30. Arc Current, Voltage, and Resistance for Stainless Steel Electrodes in SFg at 3 Atmospheres.

J 5

55

co -I o >

43 T3

U Q:

I -

o

4>

•o u Û:


Figure 31. Inductive Arc Voltage Drops a) l^j^Q'úi/át b) i-dLarc/^^*

56

>-u Q: UJ z UJ

u Q: <

UJ >

(n i -«

tn ui tr.

UJ •-> > »-*

I - >-

(n u •^ Û: (n uj UJ z (r u z o u z Q:

<

100

>-u Q: UJ z UJ

u Q:

o 1 c) 3 4 TIME C MICROSECONDS 3

Figure 32. Arc Energies a) Resistive b) Nonresistive c) Total

s

- a CL

E oc

co

o

</>

vo 0)

r—

^ fO

fT3

+-> fO

o *E

E (J

a> c o <T3 Q .

o . (T3

CD

+J

O O

57

00 00 o

o o r->. oo

co co UO 00

<T> o ?0

vo o cn 00 00

00 LO <o

co Rl o co

CVJ OsJ

^ ro '—• r^ t - . o> CO CO C\J r-H

<T\ CO lO c o «^ "ît-

o lO

o —• co co

o vo

00 00 LO

00 co LO

vo t ^

>—1

vo LO

P-s.

l O

00 o <o

o o LO

<o LO

cr>

<Ti

cn 00

C>0 l -H

P*.

00 00

r--

o

<o co

vo <o co

P-N.

vo

cr» (Ti v o <o <o

l o <y\ I—»

vo 00 00

co cn

00 c\j Lo cr» LO

co r^ o^ co r^ P-- (O p-- vo lO

cn o

c g CVJ o^ O 00 00

<o co r—i

00 p-.

00 LO

Lo cr» I-- 00

co 00 . .

.—I CVJ •sj- CO

VO vo CO O O CO LO co >—I LO CO

83 LO LO

vo LO 00 CVJ

LO O LO P-- "O LO LO co uo co c\j r^ LO ^

cn

LO 00 vo

cc cn vo ^ LO

^^ , , . - ^ _ , _ - O L O c r i < o v o C \ j T — i L o C v j o

O CT> CTt •"• 00 O^ <T O^ 00 00

m '^ icy ^ co co co co

LO l O uo LO LO ^ î o c o f o r S c ^ c o c o c o c o c o c o c o c o

C\J r—I

co

o LO LO

00 CM LO t—( CO

co co vo 0 0 ^ co co

LO LO LO CO

<o

^o co <0 lO «!l- O

o l O LO

CTi ^ CO

co «d-1—t

o LO LO

t — t

00 co

LO LO CO

"^ o 0 0

co cn l O

i-H O o o »—• o o r-H O

«-H

<c 0 0 co

CSJ

<c oo oo

co <c oo to

«—) «a: Q: CD

c\j co •-• ^ <22 c í «a: «=c < : < o o o c j o

o o c o < — t C M c O ' — ' c v j r o

o oo oo

co oo

oo 0 0

Q: o

Û :

CD ûc: C3

58

E +J

E o

-o Q .

E Cd

</) O

to

-o OJ 3 c +->

c o o *~"

vo

 c o <o o. oo CL 03

CÍ3

c o

+-> 03

O O

VO CO

. r-.

0 0 <o

L O C>sJ

o^ co 0 0 ( O

C\J

C sJ

. I — vo

LO

co •

to

^ CVJ

co co • •

o r-. CTi <o

o r-.

. 0 0

«—1 CVJ 0 0

co <T> LO

« 0 < 0 LO LO

r^ 0 0 <0 r -

CsJ

( O LO <0

0 0

^ .

r-* r--

LO . co r-»

•ed-•

'íf VO

cr> •

<T lO

VO . o LO

cri .

lO r*.

•îd-

. LO VO

i-H

. co r-.

co LO c\j a>

c r > o c T i c o « ! í - c o C \ j « ^ ( y i C O ^ C O C O C O C \ J . ; ^ C O C O

L O r - . O O C O L O < O U O < O L O

cr> .

«!í-

co

O O O O 00 00 0 0

L O l O L O l O « : í - « ^ ^ ^

c o c o c o c o c o c o c o c o

i^ (T> KO ^ <Tt ^

LO O^ 0 0 vo C\J <—I «;!• ip <o <o

C\J r-H «;d-O O O

^ cri LO <0 Î \J '-<

. . o o

r-H CVJ CO CsJ CO CSJ CO

00 oo

oo 00

oo oo

Q:

co Q;

e3 Q:

CD o

CHAPTER VI

ANALYSES OF DATA

Statistical Analysis

The data presented in Chapter V were analysed to find out whether

or not there were statistically significant differences in the arc

resistance due to electrode material, gas, and/or gas pressure. Both

Rfîiin ( í ^ minimum arc resistance) and Rmin/P^ ( * ^ minimum arc

resistance normalized for gap spacing and pressure) were analyzed. The

sample means.

n Z X .

- i=l ^

and the sample variances,

l (x - x)

s ' = '^ ÍTI ' (21) ^ n-1

for each of the three electrode materials, gases, and pressures were

calculated and are presented in Table 7.

The data were first analyzed to determine whether or not an

assumption of normality was reasonable. The normality was checked

using a chi square goodness of fit test [25]. The results of the test

59

Table 7

Sample Means and Variances

60

Rmin/Pd

x(mí2/cm«atm) 2 2 2 2 s (mfi /cm 'atm )

ss

GR

CuW

A i r

N 2

SF6

1 atm

2 atm

3 atm

45.3

41.2

46.2

38.7

57.7

36.3

52.3

42.4

38.1

283.7

124.7

302.2

112.7

255.3

71.0

319.2

137.6

158.2

53.4

46.9

49.3

31.3

47.4

70.8

58.6

47.5

43.4

451.6

224.3

689.3

54.3

232.3

280.5

470.3

383.6

440.4

^

61 are presented in Table 8. I t was found that an assumption of

normality was indeed reasonable for most of the distributions, based on

the data collected.

The next test was to see whether or not the variances were equal.

The variances were compared in pairs (0-2 with o- , 0-2 with <r ^ SS GR SS CuW

o-gj with cr^ ^ and likewise for the gases and pressures) using an

F-test [26]. The test statistic

^o = s2/s2 (22)

where s2 and S^ are the sample variances and S^ > S^, was then 1 2 1 2 '

computed for each pair of sample variances and the null hypothesis,

a2 = a | , was rejected i f FQ > F01/2 n - 1 n - 1 (« is the 1 ' 1 ' 2

significance level and n and n are the number of observations in 1 2

each sample). The result of the tests on variances is preseiited in

Table 9.

Two different t-tests were then used to test for the equality of

the means [26]. If the variances were declared equal based on the

previously described F test, a two sample pooled t-test was used.

First a common variance was estimated using

(n^-Ds^ ^ (n,-l)s^, ^ = n^. n ^ - 2 (23)

Table 8

Tests for Normality

HQ: F(x) is normal

degrees of freedom = 3 / a =0.05

62

f^min

F ( x )

ss

GR

x ^

9.88

3.02

Conclusion

O.OKOSKO.025

0.25<0SL<0.5

Rmin/Pd

F(x)

ss

GR

X^

1 . 4 1

5.19

Conclusion

.5<0SL<.75

.1<0SL<.25

CuW

Alr

N2

SF6

1 atm

2 atm

3 atm

9.10

16.34

4.17

4.03

3.32

1.43

5.41

.025<0SL<.05

0SL<.005

.1<0SL<.25

.25<0SL<.5

.25<0SL<.5

.05<0SL<.75

.K0SL< .25

CuW

Air

"2

1 atm

2 atm

6.90 .05<0SL<.1

0.907 .75<0SL<.9

0.77

1.78

3.72

6.22

.75<0SL<.9

.5<0SL<.75

.25<0SL<.5

.1<0SL<.25

3 atm 2.77 .25<0SL<.5

OSL is the observed significance level which is the probability of

observing a larger x value

Table 9

Tests on Variances

Hypothesis HQ: <I = 2

H,: : f a.

63

1 atm-3 atm

2 atm-3 atm

accept HQ

accept HQ

reject HQ

reject HQ

reject HQ

accept HQ

accept HQ

accept HQ

accept HQ

64

The test statistic

X - x^

to = / , (24) S p V l / n i + l/n^

was then computed. The null hypothesis was HQ : wi = u2« One tail

hypotheses were structured and the alternate hypothesis was either Hj :

vi < M2 ^^ Hi : yi > ]i2 depending on the difference in the sample

means. The null hypothesis was rejected if -t^^^> t^ > t^^^ (a is

the significance level, ^ is the degrees of freedom = n + n - 2). I f

ô < -â.j' ^^6" î^î " ^^ ô > â,í' ^^6" ^l ^ 2^

I f the variances were declared not equal, then a slightly

different procedure was used to test the means and was only

approximate. The new test statistic was

X ' ^2

t . = - = = L = = = . (25) 0 rr^ ; 7 ^ ^ ^^2 VvÃh •" '2 /n

The above hypotheses and criteria for rejection or acceptance were the

same except that now

(Si^/ni -I- s^Vna)^ V =

-2 (26)

( s , ^ / n i ) ' ( S i V n , ) '

ni + 1 " ni + 1

The results of the mean tests are presented in Table 10 and discussed

in the next chapter. All statistical conclusions are based on an

a = 0.05 signlficance level.

Table 10

Tests on Means

65

min R . /pd

0 0 Conclusion t« or t^

0 0 Conclusion

SS-Gr

SS-CW

GR-CW

Air-N

N -SF

N-SFg

1 atm-2 atm

1 atm-3 atm

2 atm-3 atm

1.05

-0.19

-1.26

-5.15

0.92

6.16

2.41

3.38

1.30

accept H,

accept H

accept H,

âir " ^N,

accept H_

^N^ ' ^SFg

^l " ^2

^l ' ^3

accept H

1.30

0.63

•5.37

1.97

2.67

0.76

-0.41

-4.94

-11.22

accept H

accept H

accept H,

U • < UM

âir N< âir < ^SF.

^N^ ' ^SFg

^l " 2

^l " 3

accept H^

66

Error AnaTysis

The error in the arc resistance calculation (ARgrc) due to errors

in the measurements and calculated c i rcu i t parameters was computed as

fol lows. For a function of several variables, the error in the

function due to errors in the variables is computed as follows :

Af(x,y ,z) = |df/dx|Ax + |af/ay|Ay + |df/âz|Az. (27)

Recall that

Rarc(t) = V ( t ) / i ( t ) (28)

where V(t) = Vbr - VC / i ( t ) d t - (LQ + L( t ) )d i ( t ) /d t

-(Ro + dL(t ) /d t ) i ( t ) (29)

so that

ARarc(t) = |dRarc(t)/5V(t)|AV(t)

+ |aRarc( t ) /^ i ( t ) |Ai ( t ) (30)

AR arc ( t ) = | l / i ( t ) | A V ( t ) + | V ( t ) / i 2 ( t ) | A Í ( t ) (31)

67

Using Eq. 27 on V(t) i t was found that

AV(t) = AVbr + I [f i ( t )dt ) /c2 |AC + I -l/Z\L(r\[t)át) ^o JQ

+ |-di(t)/dt|(ALo + AL(t) )+ |-(Lo + L(t) )|Adi/dt

+ |-i(t)|(ARo + AdL(t)/dt) + I -(Ro + dL(t)/dt)|Ai(t) (32)

The various errors were computed for four different times and are

presented in Table 11. From the values in Table 11 the arc resistance

curve of Fig. 33 was constructed including the error bars.

Comparisons with Previous Results

Several authors have given equations for the arc resistance.

Mesyats [27] gives the resistance as

W ^ ^ - V ^ 2 ^ 2a/ i^ (t

\J i (t)dt (33)

where p = pressure in atm

d = gap spacing in cm

a = a constant « 0.8

A plot of Eq. 33 is given in Fig. 34 for three different cases.

o <u

co II

o s. i .

<u ZJ

co

o LO

r^

II

o S-s-

LLJ

0)

(U

-Q íO

I -

t/1 s . o s . s-

c

o o LO

II

s . o s-S-

179.02

<*) o 0 0 LO co

l\J o O'i r*». i - H

.88x10"^

f - H

1

o r-H X

00 00

* r-H

00 1 o i - H

X 00 00

• i - H

1

o i - H

X f - H

r OJ

CVJ 1

o i - H

42x

LO

(T\ 1 O i - H

X 00 i - H

co

r^

o i - H

X 00 l - H

co

lO <T> 1 o f - H

X CTt

m

VO

1 o 1—•

X 00 i - H

• co

i - H

o i - H

X

rv.

CT> 1

o 1 - H

44x

• i ^

f - H

i - H

1 o i - H

X i - H

o •

00

o i - H X

00 «!3-

C>J 1

O^ o i - H

95x

•

1

(

o

oo t o f - H

X f - H Csj

<T>

i - H C>J <T

• O

no 1 o i - H

X 1 - H

CVJ •

(T

vo 1 O i - H

X vo co i - H

co 1 o

36x:

i - H

•

o

LO

o f - H

X a» LO

• i -H

1

00 co

550

r*.

co «^ f - H

3.84

OJ

r

658

vo •

CSJ <X) vo

.096

o

087]

o

^ C\J o o

vc csj r^ c . I I I I

o o o

CSJ

co o 00 LO co

i - H

X 00 00

•

f—t

X 00 co

•

i - H

X 0 0 i - H

• i-H O

1-^ i-H CO 0 0

i-H O

f - H

CVJ CT>

• O

o i - H

X <Ti LO i -H

•

o o l O 0 0 CVJ

o o LO i - H

LO C\J LO o • o

co o 0 0 LO

co

0 0 LO <T\ CO LO

OJ

o •

<T> r . i - H

o f - H

X 00 00

i - H

o f - H

X vo *d-

co

o I - H

X 0 0 r-H

co

o 1 - H

X l O l O

00

o i - H

X

co 00

o i - H

X i - H

CVJ

<T\

o i - H

X C\J o co

•

<T <Si l - H

^ •

<T> vo vo

LO vo CVJ o • o

v o c o r^ <Tv o I I I i-H o o o o

CM

X 0 0 0 0

X X X cvj 0 0 l o O^ »-• LO

i-H VO Cn

X i-H X VO CVJ CSJ vo cy> o

00 •-• o I

C>sJ o o cr> o cy> 0 0 r>^ c\j o l O C\J C\J o

68

c

o LO C\J

II

S-o s-s-

 0 0 r>. c o

VO

o m t-H o X 0 0 0 0 LO 0 0

co

VO CTí i-H CO LO I I I 0 0 i I o o o o o o

X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 i-<

X ' l-

X

<T>

c o r^ <T> O I I I I— o o o o

X X VO <X) LO i-H

X

X X i-H CVJ CVJ O

i-H r>. c o CT> cvj CTí 0 0 I

CVJ

o

X 0 0 <T> CT»

i-H X C\J CVJ

i-H i-H CO CT> « ^ O

o 0 0

r^

o o

l O

r«» «vr ^ o v o

o

LO o o <T> CO vo ^ o

<u s .

C-} • 1 - O _J

-o cxr -o cx:

o s-03

69

<L)

0) Q Z a u UJ

(n o (T u z l_ l

UJ »•4

h>

co > OJ VJ c «3 -M to

to (U

u S-

«a:

co co O) S-

C3í

C SWHO 3 33NViSIS3a GdV

70

O o o

o o

o

—' o o o o



to UJ ^

O u UJ O) o (r u

co

<u S-=3

C SWHO 3 33NVlSIS3y

71

Vlastos [28] gives the resistance as

^ (2a p i^ (t)dt)^/2

where i = gap spacing in cm

a = a constant » 0.8

Equation 34 is plotted in Fig. 35 for the same cases as Eq. 33.

The arc resistance equation given by Toepler [29]

RT(t) = k r ^ )

where kj = 1.3 x 10"^ vs/cm


Q(t) = f S(t)dt

is plotted in Fig. 36.

72

i i i i I I I — r m i 11 I

o u u (\J O O) ^ \n (D CT) u ^ ^

• • • -< o o B I a

I I I I I I I I

i i i i 11 I I — r in

- ' ^

0)

c\i

I

/

/

/

/

í l l I I I I L O O O

O O

o

l l l l I I I I L O

o •

o

-• o o o

(n o o u LJ (/) O a: u

LU

 to

iA (U

o^ o S -

<: to o

4-J tO fO

LO

co

(U s-

C SWHO : 33NViSIS3y

m ''-

73

l l l l l I I I l l l l l l I I I l l l l l j I I

(n Q z o u UJ ( / )

o Q:

u • ^

z l ^

UJ

z l ^

h-

 to

• 1 —

lO

<u a:

o S -< :

s-<u

^ i

Q . <U O

1—

vo co <u s-=3 O í

C SWHO 3 33NVlSIS3d

N ^

Rompe and Weizel [30] give the arc resistance as

(36)

74

where kp^ = 18 V^s/cm^


Figure 37 shows plots of the above equation.

All four equations for p = 1 atm and d = 1.312 cm are plotted

together in Fig. 38 along with the resistance plot of Fig. 27. It

can be seen that all five curves have roughly the same shape, up to the

point where the current reaches its maximum, with the only differences

being in amplitude. It would appear that the equation by Mesyats for

all three pressures comes the closest to matching the data presented in

Chapter V. Mesyats and Vlastos are identical only for p = 1 atm.

^

75

I I M M I I nTTT

u u u (\l O O) «^ lO (O CT) in -^

• • • •-• o o

I I H

O Q O

I I II 111111 I I 1—r in

- - ^

- Cî)

(\i

r t t iT i I I i i i i 11 I I I

r-i

(n o "S^

o u UJ (/) o (t: u i ^

s: i_ i

UJ "S. »>4 L. .

 10

•r-» to (U

<3[^

O S-

<c

<u N

•r— <U

"O c fO

<u Q . E O

Q :

• i ^ co <u s-

o o o

o o

o

o o o

o o

•

o

Oî

C SWHO 3 33NViSIS3y

76

I I I 1 1 I I — r \ i i i i 11 I

LU 1 1

CD

1

iMi i I I r r

UJ M-J •—1 <

UJI-i Z

LU (j)(nccodj^ h-OlU *^ <I--JUJÛ: >-C/)û.£I.UJ cn<uj:s:£i-UI-JOOX 3:>I-Û:UJ 1 1 1 t 1

<C UOUJ

CJ

in

r - i

(/) O z o u UJ (/) o a: u •-^ z i ^

UJ 3 l-H

1-

(U o c tT3 +-> co

•r—

CO 0)

Qc:

o « í

(U

> +-) fO S-

o. E o o

0 0 co <u s. O í

C SWHO 3 33NViSIS3d 3dV

CHAPTER VII

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR ADDITIONAL RESEARCH

The time dependent arc resistance was determined for three

electrode materials, three gases, and three gas pressures. From the

resultant data, it was detarmined that resistive losses in the arc

range from 4.5% to 10.5% of the total energy input to the system.

It was further determined that the electrode material has no

statistically significant effect on the arc resistance at the a = 0.05

level. From the Rf - /pd analysis, it was found that based on a

statistical significance at the a = 0.05 level, SFg arcs have higher

losses than N^ arcs which have higher losses than Air arcs. Possible

explanations are:

1) electron attachment in Air is negligible [31]

2) electron attachment in N^ is less than in Air

3) drift velocity in Air is higher than in N^ [31]

4) the first Townsend coefficient in Air is higher than in N^

[31] and the first Townsend coefficient in N^ is higher

than in S?s [32].

It was also found that, at the a = 0.05 leveK low pressure (one

atmosphere) results in higher losses than high pressures (two or three

atmospheres). The above conclusion is supported by Barannik [33].

From the comparisons with previously reported results it would

appear that the arc resistance is proportional to the gas presure and

gap spacing and inversely proportional to / i(t)dt.

77

78

In order to develop a more precise expression for the arc

resistance i t is suggested to measure the arc voltage directly with a

floating probe linked to the data acquisition system by a fiber optic

link. The voltage measurement should allow a more accurate

determination of the arc resistance. Further investigations of the arc

radius vs time are needed in order to find a inore accurate expression

than the one by Braginskii. The arc radius dependency on electrode

líiaterials, gases, and gas pressures should be looked at. Future

experiments should be designed in a fashion that allows interaction

effects (electrode material*gas, gas*pressure, electrode material *

pressure, and electrode material*gas*pressure) to be investigated (data

points taken in a completely randomized order).

1.

2.

LIST OF REFERENCES

Allen J E. and Craggs, J. D. "High Current Spark Channels," Bntish Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 5, pp.446-453, Dec 1954.

Basov, N. G. et al., "High-Power Discharqes in Gases I. Expenmental Investigation of Optical and Energy Charactenstics of a High-Power Discharge in Air," Soviet P^^sics-Technical Physics, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 399-404 (Sept.

3. Basov, N. G. et al., "Strong Gas Oischarges II. A Descriotion of the Dynamics of a Strong Discharge in a Gas by Means of a'Self-Similar Solution of the Gas Dynamics Equations with Nonlinear Thermal Conductivity," Soviet Physics-Technical Physics, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 624-630 (Oct. 1970).

4. Braudo, C. and Craggs, J. D. "Some Properties of High Current Spark Channels," Int. J. Electronics, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 329-353 (1967).

5. James, T. E. and Browning, J. L. "Arc Voltage of Pulsed High Current Spark Gaps," lEE Gas Discharges Conf. Proceedings, pp. 318-323, (Sept. 1970).

6. Richeson, W. E., "Apparatus for Producing and Measuring High-Energy Electrical Discharges," Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 99-104 (Feb. 1958).

7. Cassidy, E. C. , Zimmerman, S. W. and Neuman, K. K. "Time Resolved Electrical Measurements in High Current Discharges," Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 210-214 (Feb. 1966).

8. Donaldson, A. L. et al., "Electrode Erosion Phenomena in a High-Energy Pulsed Discharge," lEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. PS-12, No. 1, pp. 28-38 (March, 1984).

9. Knoepfel, H. Pulsed High Maqnetic Fields. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, pp.46-/Z, i970.

10. Grover, F. W. Inductance Calculations. New York: Dover Publications, p. 43, 1946. ~

11. Carborundum Resistance Materials Company, Niagara Falls, NY, 14302.

12. Kimura, W. D. et al., "Investigation of Laser Preionization Triggered High Power Switches Using Interferometric Techniques," 16th Power Modulator Symposium, 1984.

79

80

' ' • SoJfl ' p h k i c ; j Í T p ' t í ' ^I ''.' Development of a Spark Channel," iovieL nysics JtTP, Vol. 34, No.6, pp. 1068-1074 (Dec. 1958).

cs

16. Drabkina, S. I "The Theory of the Development of the Channel of

473-48^(1951) '' '" ^^' ^^'^' ^'°'' ^''" ^°^' ^^' * ' ^^'

17. Bolz, R. E. and Tuve, G. L. eds., CRC Handbook of Tables for Applied Enqineerinq Science 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, I nc, pp. 57 1980.

18. Maller, V. N. and Naidu, M. S. Advances in High Voltaqe Insulation and Arc Interruption in SF^ and Vacuum. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 1-20, 1974.

19. Johnson, D. E. "Multichannel Surface Discharge Switch," Masters Thesis, Texas Tech University, Dec. 1982.

20. Donaldson, A. L. "Electrode Erosion Measurements in a High Energy Spark Gap," Masters Thesis, Texas Tech University, August 1982.

21. "Technical Infonnation Manual," Pearson Electronics, Inc, Palo Alto, CA., June, 1979.

22. Grover, F. W. Inductance Calculations. New York: Dover Publications, p. 143, 1^46.

23. "SPICE Version 2G.1 Users Guide," Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, Oct. 1980.

24. Ness, R. M. "A Computerized System for the Acquisiton and Analysis of Spark Gap Breakdown Voltage Data," Masters Thesis, Texas Tech University, May 1983.

25. Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. Principles and Procedures of Statistics . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960 pp. 392 - 393.

26. Montgomery, Douglas C. Desiqn and Analysis of Experiments. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 23 - 27, 19/6.

27. Mesyats, G. A. "Techniques of Shaping High Voltage Nanosecond Pulses," FTD-HC-23-643-70, Foreign Technology Division, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, March 1971.

81

28. Vlastos, A. E. "The Channel Resistance of Sparks," lEE Gas Discharges Conference Proceedings, pp. 31-34 (Sept. 1970).

29. Toepler, M. "Zur Bestimmung der Funkenkonstante," Archiv fur Elektrotechnik, Vol. XVIII, p. 549 (1927).

30. Weizel, W. and Rompe, R. Theorie Elektrischer Lichtbogen und Funken. Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag, 1949.

31. Brown, S. C. Basic Data of Plasma Physics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1959.

32. Baumgartner, R. G. "Dielectric Characteristics of Mixtures of Sulfurhexafluoride (SF5) and Nitrogen (N^)," Int. Conf. on Gas Discharges, 1974, pp. 366-369.

33. Barannik, S. I. et a]., "Resistance and Inductance of a Gas Arc," Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys., Vol. 19, No. 11, pp. 1449 - 1453 (May 1975).

34. "Operation and Maintanance Manual - Transiac Model 2008, 8 Bit 20 MHz Transient Recorder," Transiac Corporation, Mountain View, CA Sept., 1981.

APPENDIX: MARK IV SOFTWARE

A short description, program listing, and line by line discussion

of all programs used in conjunction with the Mark IV experiment are

presented. The short description tells briefly what each program or

subroutine does. The program listing also includes, besides a listing

of the program, the program length, the data length, and a list of

subroutines addressed by the program or subroutine. The line by line

discussion goes into detail about how each program or subroutine works.

A table of the important variables used in the programs and sub-

routines is given first. The table is followed by the program CALI-

BRATOR, which was used in connection with calibrating the Transiac

digitizer. The program and subroutine used for data acquisition are

next and the programs and subroutines utilized for analysis of the data

are presented last.

82

^^HÍ

83

TABLE 12

Mark IV Software Variables

Variable Description

ARCL Arc Inductance

ARLN Logarithm argument for arc inductance

C Energy storage capacitance

CINT /^i(t)dt •' 0

CR Current

DATA Quantity to be smoothed in SMOOTH subroutine

IDT di/dt

DLDT dLarc/dt DT 50x10"^ seconds ENTl Rarc ' "' ENT2 (Larc * d i /dt + i • dLarc/dt)*i

ENT3 Varc total * i 103

10-6

FiLEC Variable name for current f i l e

PILEH Variable name for header f i l e

Maximum value of y-axis for plots

Minimum value of y-axis for plots

Quantity to be plotted in PLTR subroutine

FF

FFl

FMAX

FMIN

FUNC GS Gap Spacing

ICR Digitized voltage representing current

IDl Month (1-12)

ID2 Day (1-31)

ID3 Year {> 80) j£j Electrode material

84

Table 12 (continued)

Variable Description

IGT Gas

IGP Gas Pressure

IPRE # of pre-s ignal data points that are zero

NREM Total # of data points taken

NUM Maximum number o f data p o i n t s used

OLD I n t e r m e d i a t e v a r i a b l e i n the SMOOTH sub rou t i ne

R Resistance of electrode shaft and electrode t i p

RARC Arc resistance

RO Gas dens i ty constant

T Time

TL (Lo + l - ( t ) ) d i / d t

TR (RQ + d L ( t ) / d t ) i ( t )

TVAR Total arc voltage

Inductive arc voltage = L^rc * ^^/^t

Inductive arc voltage = i-dLarc/^t VARIA

VARIB VARR Resistive arc voltage

VBR Breakdown voltage

VINT / o i ( t ) ^ ^

X Inductance of electrode shaft and electrode t i p

Lower l im i t of the time window for plots

Upper l im i t of the time window for plots Resistive arc energy

Inductive arc energy

Total arc energy Non-time-varying c i r cu i t inductance

Non-time-varying c i rcu i t resistance

XMAX

XMIN

Wl

W2

W3

ZL

ZR

85

PROGRAM CALIBRATOR

The program named CALIBRATOR helps in the process of calibrating

the digitizers. It first asks for the slot number of the digitizer to

be calibrated. Then it displays ten sequential values of the readout

from the digitizer, and asks the operator if the operation should be

repeated.

i » * i

. . i ? 1 X ;

^- ; r - - u . r , . c^,-rr. r ;_ r - ;v,>JE.^: N ; X ^ ? / ) 1 -. r ^r.wri - • A - ,' ! "7 ' \

_ n . . \ 1. ' / - I * • * ''• - 1 ' r' • ' - • ~ •* \ • •» • • - • •• ^ 1 • ~ •Z \ '\ ' ~i ~' '• •' •-•

C- » J . . \ ••. . t • j C > . ; . > » -7 ••• : . t < > , • ( * i _ i l » • J .' .• ^ . J u i I U X ~i

/ » .-f: 1 : - . > X .' j . ..:. .'

C > i _ 1" ..'•''.•• 1 ', . • . ' ^ . • • j ! :cr'-'i ,•' • ~ \ ^. I r i u r t x . - ; 1 ? .• .•' , - » •-• - . : 4 ••. ^ « _• . • J j . .

! - • ' • • • _ J _ - _ i _ L -< l " . - . , ' * ^ •.T y ••.' •• / • . .' - - : ' - n . '

•t •( » • ; • ' • " T •• •* ' T ••.

• * ' • ' • -í ~ - v^i^( / / / / / )

X •

'u'i I 2 4( •• .' _!:' 0 í 'A ; . / X _•».-. -^ri

\

— • 1

O • --' - • ^f V j . V - •' - f J v }

^ t O J ;•• • J ? , ^ i ^ i . J - I '-^ J i - - ' x , - í f •• > X : • - . . . .

?-.-í •

.-^ 1 p: . i : ; : ' ro)

- f

:" "• C: ir -: iTl L. ' 1 '

l ; 5 t í Í^. 5 L:

. . . ; n l í "<=0 ;i-C ( 1:2 /

. • J •_ í u <_ •-•

i o ^^N:

86 CALIBRATOR

LINES PURPOSE

2 Transfers control to the statement

labeled 55.

3 - 5 Asks the user for the slot number of

the digitizer to be calibrated and

reads the response.

6 - 9 Checks for the validity of the

response and displays an error message

if the response is not valid.

10 Executes a CAMAC F(26) command to

switch the digitizer output from scope

display to computer readout.

11 _ 12 Advances the cursor five lines.

13 _ 17 Reads ten data values from the

digitizer and displays them on the

screen.

18 _ 22 Asks the user whether or not the

process is to be repeated and reads

the response.


labeled 10 if the process is to be

repeated.

24 Terminates the program.

87

PROGRAM M4DA

The M4DA (an acronym for Mark IV Data Acquisition) program is the

data acquisition program for the Mark IV experiment. The program starts

by informing the user of the program's purpose and instructing the user

to insert a disk in the right-hand disk drive for the eventual storage

of the current data f i l e . The program then asks the user for certain

information about the upcoming shot (date, shaft length, electrode

material, gas, pressure, and gap spacing). The correct settings for the

digitizer and hex attenuator are next displayed and an option is given

for correction of the di^^itizer settings. The program then waits for

the user to press "return" before putting the digitizers into

operation. Once in operation, the digitizers run in a continuous loop

until the trigger signal is received. After the trigger, the program

reads the signal from the digitizer into the computer's memory and

finds the zero-time point. The program calculates the breakdown voltage

and then displays i t on the screen. The user is then given the option

of recording the data or repeating the run. The program then asks the

user for the filename that the data will be stored under and stores the

f i l e on a disk. Finally, the user is given the option of either

exiting the program, repeating the run, or reviewing the newly created

data f i l e .

88

c •

•7 ' /

10 11 12: 13 1* •» ir X J

Í i Á •T 1 . •« r ; • X ' . •

1'î'

20; n-t

29: 30 31 32 33 34: 35; So'

3S 3? AO 41 42 43! 44; 43 ^•s; 47 43 49 50

PROGRAii M4DA r-r, •»-r ^7-. . , , / . , - / r r , V C X ' i I _ ; . » X ....•• A i..• L r- £. _ i i •• -« ; • » r - _ . ^ - , . 1 . I . . — .^ •. : 'T ,

. - , ' ! coCA^f X i r x:'í ? i.-i T •, T i~ " r" -1 .j/ "• T - Ti T r- "í r i , - I C j C i ^ - f X. i w A í i L - A O

R'EAL^'S FILEwíFILEH LOGICAL X.'Ct niílENSION R-0(3»4)f CR(515)^FILcC(2)»FIL£H(2)

10 URITE(1»2Û) 20 F RNATÍ' THIS 13 A HATA ACQUISITI.JN PROGRAM F R TH£ HARK

C-iy SF'ARK'»/»' GAP EXf'ERIricNT, T'HE WMVIEFOKÍI C RRESPONDING C TG THE niSCHARGE',./^' CURRENT 13 DIGITIZEL AND STDREIi DN C A DISK, PLEASEí INSExT AS/?' LIS;-( IM TnE RIGHT DI3K C DRIVE AND PRE.5.3 THE "?;£TURN" KEY',/,-' T3 CONTI.NUE WITH C PROGRAH EXECUTIGN' I/)

R£AD(1>30) ICONT

30 F:R:ÂT( i i )

w J 1 'Jrt; '-! . V C í i w i ' . X'r1 1 C • r ! , , - i ' k ' ~ i i .' J

R AI lf-vifO.í I I . l ? I D 2 í I J 3 âO F D R ; i A T ( 3 ( I 2 r l A ) )

IF( ( IDl*GE*l)»ANDt( ID1»L£»Í^ )f AND»í 102»G£»l ) . A N D » ( 11:2»L£, C 3 1 ) » A N D » Í I D 3 . G £ , 8 J ) ) G J T 90

70 W S I T £ ; 1 ? 3 0 ) SO FQRHATC WRCNG EMTÃY - TRY AGAINi- 'y / )

1 j A.;)

•,''^ T I - ( \ •, i - 1 • c U * i .' lAi^íL •', j . J i "• ij I • i o ) ) TL'-••'•. • \ \ •-. .wi.'i • ^•.•{•4 .1 n-'r. •'. x.x'x •c.-J

C*Á)»G?:»( IDÍ,Eu*9)»0^^( IDi>£Ci,ll))ÂND*( ID2.GT^30))) GQ TG C70

120 WriITEí l í l 3 0 ) 130 FCRíiATC CH0G3E ELECTRCI.E TYPE F Qfi \',/,' 1 - STAINLE3S

C STEELS/f^ 2 - GRAPnIT£', /r 3 - COPPER TUNG3TEN',/) READ(lf30) ÎET I F ( ( I E T » G £ * 1 ) » R * ( I E T . L E » 3 ) ) GO T J 1-VO W R I T E ; I / 8 0 ) GQ TD 120

140 WRITE(lfl50) 150 F RîiATC CH OSE GAS TY?£ FÃ M î-'í/f' i

CTRGGEN'f/f ' 3 - SF6'»/) READ(lf30) IGT IF((IGT^GE*1)ÂND»( IGT*L£»5)) GG TG 160 WRÎTE(1»30) GO TG 1-0

160 WRITEí1*170) 170 FDRH.^TC SELECT GAS rS;E33UR£ FAOM : S / . ' 1_ - 1 AfîlGSPHERE'

Zf/f' 2 - 2 AT:iOSfH£R£3'>/f' 3 - 3 AT>iC5r;"!cRE3'T/Í' -;• - 1/2 C ATMGSPHERE'í/) ÃEAI:(1^30) ÎGP IF((IGr^GE»Í).ANIu(IG.-'*L£,4)) GC TC 130

A Tj' ' . ' 'T' _ '»J -X A f .' f i. - !\ X

> • n T (ITE;I?30

5 "Q 160

r - i ^

••i my

89

51

54 s:i7 w-J

5'6

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 6i

':J-;

69 70 7'

/ -f

/ J

77 73

31 82 83 3A

35 86 87 83 89 90 91 92 93 94

96 97 93

100

X'i•w- A'JÍ 1 ? 1 ; = X , i 7 * i V • :•?!*( - j ;

' . • - ^ / • ' . " ' ' • • — '"• ~ T - X ' - \ •• i . . ' ~ •>

-.)( 1 ô ^ ' ^ l . C í iO- i í ' : - 2 ) •••' v' '•. i .' 4 / ~ -.j Y 4 •!• ^ I ' , ) j. -f <?• \ - -r ,'

nO( 2 í l '=i»13*10*íí í( - 3 ) R0( 2:»2 )=2^364íl0^**( - 3 ) R0( 2 í 3 ) = 3 * 5 4 * i 0 ^ i a ( - 3 ) rvDí274)=5»9*10»*:íí(-4) R0(3?l. '=6^5*10»*)lc(-3^ R0(3»2)=l*3í;10»*:K(-2) R0(3?3 )=1^9 ! ;* i0»** ( -2 ) R 0 ( 3 ' 4 ) = 3 * 2 3 * 1 0 ^ * * ( - 3 ) RC=R0(IGTíIG?)

190 WSIT£(1,200) :• •.< '. \ c. 'í i ilX \s -iP r-

'•lL X .'\'\j I, '! uCi'-i , .A •:: • i - ; j r.

' " . 1 ' ^

- • • w .•• V . • •..•• '

_• ?• .\ • / \ ••. .•\ y .•••

R £ A : ( 1 ' 2 Í 1

: " : ? : ^ i T ( 7 j *

X - '. O- C • 'J I • V » w

W?IT£(IrSO) GO TC 1?0

.;.--J Wr I ) i ^ ii>i;..5^) )

•', 1 G - r . - ' >-, •-, •- ,

1 'w J : . - ; . U

^ - • J W;- 1 ) i x i i ' i . J ' J / n-T--. C'-0;->* "• —1' •' T'..;r r * T . \ A . - ^ - , • ' r ^ - T r •••Í, - - n,— -"--'••• T ~ - --^-•••/ T - : 7- -.-.T ^w-. ' ," J A !,;•••. ', ! "w X';-î : M h'w- K'w X O X ) X w í . ' • • . u L c O O i j A,;:.1i.'l I j t ' C i j -

L n^.-. i:: S ' w K c T;-A - :'..')»• T;-i£ i ' -•• .ANSInu. x. J O C i ! x b . . 1 x. i ir . l o _ , '

r- '^^í'. r\'^ L '.;-Tt; r- 'n i-?' C ' iwc '^ . . ' ' rn,-.!T:; ;": •:; ;:" * ' . . ^ .

• j »

C SLQ' 4 \k , 11T r, .*. M . -'iui^i ; r .í- i M , - i ! •}' L o i •< i r, w I

" * • " - / " , " , — . 1 — i ' 1*^ • • " I ' • C * ' —»••

CL.-W)-,_' LCN' - Î i h • ,_I.;.X.' fj Í

CRING 3CX 13 "GN"f BEFCR YGJ P R E 3 3 ' í / r ' ANY THER C AFTER YCU HAV£ VERIFIED CCRRECT SETWPÍ P Í E S S ' , / ?

C" TO CaNTINLE'f/) P£AI:(1;233) ICGNT

233 FCRi^AT(I4) IF( ICDNT»E0^2008) CALL. C3N CALL CA}iI(4í9?0?XíQ.'ID) CALL CAílK 4 ' 2o í0?X?Qí ID) WRITE(Íy230)

250 FCRíiATí 3 0 ( / ) ' ' T:-iE 2-08 DIGITIZcR 13 NOW IN THE C MCDE* YC'J MAY )m't/f' FIR£ A SINGLE S H C T S / )

C'iO CGN'INUE CAuL CA>íi :4 '3rO;XíG?i : : ) • ' ' - . ' •» • , - • T .-> ' i . " •'' T "-• *"• • ••-• X.- . • : • ' •_ I • u- / U 'J 1 - ' Í.J-W

Nc. i • II •;' — T " ] " •.(

PERATT> I xTf'J

Wrt-

90 101 î 102Î 10 10

•wí J

4 105 106 107 103 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 113 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 129 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 133 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 143 149 130

iNu'n-,ji j

'~' '-I î- »- íí

U w H i ._;

IF(Q) NCR=0

-Aî^; 4/2^0í>.íQ?ICR?;'ÛH '_' i_

r - -'•'"' " -'•• "i

DG 330 12=1/NUH NCR=NCRfl IF( ICR( 2)»GT»3) G T 340

330 C NTINUE 340 I?RE=NCR-Í

WRITE(1,373) 375 F RrÂTí ' *',/)

WRITE(1,376) IPRE 376 FCRfiAT'( •' I?R£ = ' .15,/)

IGFF=ICRÍIPÊ) D'=50*iiciO>H:^(-9 ) '-r=l í-bC'lílO ,%^\ - Ô )

vINT=0, ICR( )=0

f!'*' "? 3A T"'-•1 '^.'\r\

XI •*•.->- xr r.CTx

ICR( 13 )~2*( ICR( IPRE )-"IOFP ) ICRS=ICR(I3-l)tICR(I3) VIN^=yi:iT-l-IT*0.04*rLGAT( ICR3)

330 C NTINUE vBR=l^/C;iíVI>^T

331 WRITE(l,3c2) MSR 332 FDRMATÍ' THE EREAKDC^M VOLTAGE 15 -0 • i ;

C I i"* ^"" r" r> T • u A -^ •T " T'~: > • ", 1 ! >"••"/,",•*£ T ' — t - " T ,-, —

i \ x L . u

;PT: V U i - I O >

r .7:

r. r, ri ,-• i~ " ••••1 T n r, •" p •-» n •;•, T 1 - • . 1 " ^ I : : Í : . J T ' J i-\ . w J r \ x i 1

C , / , ' 1 READ(1,30) FIN IF<IFIN ,E3»1) GO • ^ C / T T T ' ' ! — '"• " ' '•"^ T n T->f i

WRITE(1,S0)

T .*• •" ' •' -1 i M , / ? xl 'EAT

r . • • '

U'W

;JN^

'0 334

GJ' TQ , J 3 1

XXXXX (3TRICT)- , / ) 334 WRITE(1,335) 3S5 FORM.AT( ' ENTER FILENAilE

READ(1.*336) FILEC( 1 ) 336 FGRMA'(A5)

CALL C P E N ; 6 ; ' F I L E N A « E I ! A T ' , 1 )

WRITE( 6,337) FILEC( 1 )f FILECd ) 337 F0R.MAT(2X,A5,'CR DAT'ÂS,' TAT')

REWINIî 6 R£AD( 6f 3S3 ) FILECÍ 1 ),FILEC( 2 ),F Lcn( 1 ),FIL£,'

333 F.3RtHAT( 2X f AS, A3»AS, A3 ) ENDFILE 6

:=o NSECT=2:J/3:-H

:(2)

r •• • ' r- c j,- 'FIl.EC,2) DC 400 l4=l.N3£CT

^

91

i J X * ^ e n • i J i : : t

153î 154 î

sr • • • 15

156 î 157 î 153Î 159 î 160: 161 î 162Î 163: 164 î •• • i '= : •

166: 167t •) i /-, • A •J o •

169: 170: i 7 i : 172: 173: i / T •

175: 176: 177: 173Î 179: iso: 131: 132: 183: 184: 185: 136: I r i T •

O ' •

133: 139: 190: I 9 i : 192: 193: 194: 195: 196: 197: 198:

NI=31*KIí-l

3^0

=:

• • •

R

i,J T

1 '2.

"ílA

1 • " -

, / :• T / •-• 1 ••. X.

w

X '•>')

»3 ' 'Z..' t X'

• • ' i ••. .i. i •T .'

[ = - iOMic,<; j : ) . ' . J i f's^r )

KI=KII1 400 CONTINUE 410 ENDFILE 7

NRE:'Í=NUM-NCR+I CALL CPEN(8fFILEH,2) yRITE( 3/460) I i a , I D 2 , Ii3,I£T,IGT,IGP,G3»NREíifRG

460 F0RÍÂT(2X.'3:2,3Il ,F6^3,l4,Eil^3) ENDFILE 8

463 WRITEí I J ^ ^ - D ) NREM.FILECd ) , F I L E C ( 2 ),FILEi-i( i ),FILEH( 2 ) 470 'GRîATv' T'-iE RUN WA3 3UCCE33rULLY COHF.ETED FCR ' / 1 4 ,

C' rOINTS^T:^D F I L E 3 ^ , / ' ' WlTH NAME3 • " ,A3 ,A3 , " ' AND " ,A3, ' " HAvE E£EN CREATEH^'// )

•430 WRIT£( 1,4?0) 4vO -:RnAT( OZ'- T , - T i,;j A T T, - ».""• j >r:."r; T--.r

i l J 1- W « 1 IvWI : I . / i -

.— •— f- - . T — '-•

b.- l . , - i .u U J3uu.Uírt • , / , 1 - EXI'',/,' 2 - REPEAT RuN WITH SAÊ C HEADER',/?' 3 - REPEAT RUN WITH DÎFFERENT HEADER',/, C' 4 - REVIEW CURRENT DATA FILE',/) RcAik i,3',. ; XV-IN T — / T — T - ' r"-. 1 \ • - r -r-"i •'-'/••1 i r \ X - i •< • C'.'* • X } iju' ! J O^' U

X i \ X •• i i'í • t. d • i. « u I u .i.i.y

F(IFI;U£a*3) GO TG 40 ÎF(IFIN»£Q^4) GO TC 500 WRITE'1,30) GO TO 430

500 WRITE;i'5iO) 5i0 FCR íAT ' SELECT OUTPUT FGRH FROH \' IJÍ' i - . 500 SCREENS

C/,' 2 - PRINTER',/) READ(lí30) lA IF(Í A*EG*1).0R»(IAÊG»2)) GO TO 520 WRITE(1,30) GO TO 500

520 LINE=200/15T1 KI=0

DO 660 13=1,LINE LI=l3*KI+i ' F=LIH4 WRITE( IAf550íENIi=430)í ÎCR( J3 )í-;3^LI»LF ) FCRHAT(1X?15I6) KI=KUÍ CONTINUE

GG T 480 670 C NTINUE

STOP END

550

660

rS |i

92

Proársni Unii L3n=iih=C987 (243?) l-^iai Dslô A^s u5;-BLh=0E3^ (37i^j) B-tss

SubrQut::."5S R5f9rencíd:

$13 $10 *W2 $L1 *Í1B CAMI $DB $EN

FLCAT $ND *£A 'm BLKI16 ' -I C!-;

•t ''=

$11 $INI $R2 $T1 CON $AB $RE $3T

T

M4DA 93

LINES PURPOSE

3 Declares the variables IFIN, and lA,

to be one byte long integers.

5 Declares the variables FILEC and FILEH

to be two byte long real numbers.

4 Declares the variables ICR and ICRS to

be two byte long integers.

6 Declares the variables X and Q to be

logical.

7 Declares the variable RO to be a 3x4

array, the variable ICR to be an array

of 515 elements, and the variables FILEC

and FILEH to be arrays of 2 elements

each.

8 - 1 7 Describes the operation of the program

to the user and waits for a carriage

return signaling that the user has

placed a blank disk in the right-hand

disk drive and is ready to continue. The

dummy variable ICONT is used to halt

execution unt i l the user is ready.

94

^ " ^ Asks the operator to enter the date of

the experiment and checks for the

validity of the reply.

25 " 35 Asks the operator to enter the type of

electrode material and checks for the

validity of the reply.

36 - 42 Asks the operator to enter the gas type

and checks for the validity of the

reply.

43 - 50 Asks the operator to enter the gas

pressure and checks for the validity of

the reply.

51 - 62 Defines the elements of the two

dimensional array RO.

63 Sets RO equal to RO(IGT, IGP).

64 - 71 Asks the operator to enter the gap

spacing and checks for the validity of

the reply.

72 - 89 Asks the operator to check the digitizer

and hex attenuator settings and to press

"RETURN" to continue. If the settings

on the 2008 digitizer are incorrect the

operator is instructed to enter the

number 2008.

90 _ 92 Reads the ICONT variable and calls the

C0N2008 subroutine if IC0NT=2008.

95 53 - 54 Executes CAMAC F(9) and F(26) commands

for the digitizer to put it

into the sampling mode and switch it

to computer readout mode.

55 - 98 Informs the operator that the digitizer

is in the sampling mode.

59 - 100 Executes continuous F(8) commands for

the three digitizers to determine when

they are ready for data readout.

101 Declares the variable NUM to be equal to

513.

102 - 104 Calls the BLKI16 subroutine to read out

NUM words into the array ICR.

105 - 110 Finds the first non-zero point of the

array ICR and from there the point where

time is equal to zero (IPRE).

111 - 114 Displays the value of IPRE on the

screen.

115 - 135 Computes the breakdown voltage, displays

it on the screen, and asks the operator

what to do next and reads the reply.

136 - 139 Asks the operator what to do next and

reads the reply.

140 - 162 Records the data and header onto a

disk.

96

163 - 166 Informs the operator that the run was

successfully completed.

167 - 178 Asks the operator what to do next and

reads the reply.

179 - 185 Asks the operator for the output form

and reads the reply.

186 - 194 Prints the contents of the current file,

15 elements at a time.

195 Returns execution to the statment

labeled 480.

196 - 198 Program termination.

97

SUBROUTINE CON

The CON subroutine enables the user to program the settings

(sampling interval, pre-trigger samples, and record ength) of the

Transiac 2008 digitizers. The settings are read in as a nine bit

binary number. The nine bits of the binary number correspond to the

nine red LED's on the front of the digitizer. A complete list of the

settings and their corresponding binary numbers are given in Table 1 of

the Transiac manual [34].

•' '• . : • • r. .-• ~ • • ~ r . - r ' ••\

.. •• C .... i . ' .-•. _ :.' ' 1 i • < , . _ •-• ^ •>.

_ ', '_ J •_• X ..' n L_ A :* U

z': ::^:.^3:c:-v 1 .1 :0 -V • X r n - j i r • T I •-. T — ^ - ' . •! - • _ • _ W. -. X 1 •• X ? i '-• .' . •

•Z^ • :.-J r - h : •-! i •, „ * ; c . i •.'4 • A.-.••%/••••.•••• A.•••,.••,.-, >f 1

" — ^ r .' •* .-^ " • • ' " . ' T T •, "^ - r — 1 -, \

: : ::• - : R / , ^ ^ , T ( - : : . '^t I I w"i~£( 1 ^ : :

7 NJh:£i\* F : ^ , ' " ^ : i x , / ) • ( ' <•

•f ' - I • X .^ •

. £A: / Í ' S : ) N

• j •

• 1 •'

X •

X - •

i.,- ( ( .'•!» G c •f Í •' • .-^i'-'i' r \ ,'-: • i _ c » c .' ) b i^ I '-' .-^

u Ã r ~ ( 1 ^ 2 3 ) 2 3 F : R . ' ^ - I T ( ' :4r. ..'N'j c..'-. i r. ,' -• í :'. • I-LJAX-••(!' ." / )

'Z'í : : = : ( ! )*2Kf3fi( 2 )*z^^7fx( 3 )*2 :^ Í - - I : 4 );í:*'^3r:'. 5 . Í * : * * 4

17: : : = i r i ( å ; f : ; ^ í 3 f : í 7 ) í . i í A Z t : ( 8 ) * : r î ( ? ) 15î ^ r i L c^^hc:-^:N? 1 6 ' 0 : ' I : - ' I : H )

- • - ! , ' • , " — — • I J, ', •> ; • . W -• j . , • ' ! ' . _ í •+ -• i'

•I r; •

: - . . . : . - 1 • _ • • . . . . ' u ' ' ' X . •

,- _ A , : - ! ', .i. ;. }

l': 1RÆ7.1 .) G : T : C O

./

2 i ' : ' 2 - F : •< ^^:' ? / 5 ^ .X •

T— •• ,r j _ , r -

"' l * .X — * i-itT • . i . w • n / • i.'.D • : . - : I ' 'Z ( Í ' 2 . : )

i->r t

/n - • X . •• •

- 3 h l T - : " •>,' r, _ , . X-

I ;5i5 :-'re L í - t-=^-w^. ^ - i - . ' - = -=r;

.•¥ T r\ — -•

• t v ?

98

C0N2008

l-INES PURPOSE

2 Declares the variables X and Q to be

logical.

3 Declares the variable I to be an array

of 10 elements.

4 Declares the variable IBH to be equal to

zero.

5 - 8 Asks the operator to enter the value of

the control variable W (the nine bit

binary number) and reads the reply.

9 - 1 5 Asks the operator to enter the number of

the slot in which the digitizer to be

reset resides, and checks the validity

of the reply.

16 - 17 Calculates the decimal equivalent of the

binary control varible W.

18 Calls the CAM024 subroutine to transfer

the setting control variables IBH and IB

to the digitizer selected.

19 . 27 Asks the operator if the setting process

is finished and checks for the validity

of the reply. If the reply is

affirmative, control is transferred to

99

the statement labeled 60. If the reply

is negative, control is transferred back

to the statement labeled 5.

28 Returns execution to the caning

program.

100

PROGRAM M4AN

Program M4AN (an acronym for Mark IV analysis) is the main

analysis software for the Mark IV experiment. The program begins by

informing the user of the purpose of the program and asking the user to

load an appropriate data disk into the right-hand disk drive.

Subroutine HDM4 (explained next) is then called. The M4AN program then

asks the user which variable to display and then whether a printout of

the values or a plot of the curve is desired.

101 •« • i •

5: 61

s : ?:

10: 11: •»'-.»

ix. »

13 î 14: •• 'r • i w •

16:

X J •

i?: nr\ • i v j ' •

n -1 • i^ •. • T ^ • X. -^ • n 7 •

"^ i » - •

nir • X. J • ••^ ' • X ^ • T"? • i . ' •

' • ) • • • •

30: 3 : : 32: 33: 3-v: 3er •

3 ^ s : -TT • O.'' •

33: 3? : 40: 4 1 : 42: 43 : 44: 43 :

4 -r • / •

43; 4?: 50:

C' "•'-'<~- •'.• A M :M ,V A •.; r •. 'JvJ . H i • i i - r H ! * .- ••• T -r -r T: «• •* • .' •* - / n \ X. .w' A i '-. - ' •/ .:. i /• X '-J • •,:.• -'•

- • T "• -• ."• •• X ! T -• .-• -. T - r, -. X . • . 'J. a^w ' -- •.. i .r _ ;••; j * xf •••-

w,wiV"r.,^' / i"í \ * / \wA\ 2 ÍW . ' / r?,"V2/ - -X- ' • , i!-.. j ) / ' - ! \ 3 - v r ! i \ I i - ; - . 2". 5 )

L/Art4/ VAi'viiíi 20 j )/ ARw/VAKAÍ 2'VJ )/A?!|'Í/AACU.( 205 ) /A^7 /T Í_DT( 2/5 ) C/AÂ3/ÂRC( 2 5 ) / A K ? / T - ; A K ( 2: 5 ./ AÎO/wlí 2/5 )/ARiÍ/W2( 205 ) C/ARi2/:«3í205)

10 iCRITE(Í,20) 20 F3RÎÍATÍ •• THIS PRGGRA^ IS F S ANALYSIS G^ DATA Fi QH hf RK

C-IV SPARK GAP»'?/f ' Tn£ U3£ fiAY CHCGS£ ANY GF THE PAftA cn TcRS D I 3 P L A Y £ : Í N T H E S / ? ' HA IN HZNU F:R P_ 7 T : ^ G OR

C PRIN'ING* PLEA3£ INSERT A DATA^? /T ' LISÍ ; IN T;^£ RIGHT

C DI3K IiRIV£'f/) L-.-ILL. h Jn4-. viJrt -í i v i í i l i 2 ? i-'-J ? i u 1 Í J..Í 1 ? j . j r f L3.3 )

NUíÍ = 200 GC TO 140

£ -• t 1 - , T T- •"•; •( ™ ; ? • ; - • — • ^•3 _

- r.',., •, - , - ; / - • . \ : ^••í I \

r \c.o:>^ \ "kr'

i - r -. i , • I L..' •• .-

i L K,! i .-•Ki'f i J ! C Gr ' :Î2í'' r \ w.' /

RTADí1»60 ) IPP iO FCRMATai)

: "• I - - .£Q>0 í G TC 1^0 I " \ I - ' P > £ C , i ; GC TG 70 : ' ( I-'P • £ ^ • 2 / GQ TG NT2n4o0j320762 í72:»>:60^9"0av. O^lj-O?

•w i. •_• •;.. / ••' 1. o / J f i. .^•^•J I

URITZa?170) GO TC -iO

• l.y , •. - . T T •— ' •» — -• \

•/• -sií.'.i 1 : l \ i í •:; / - :s50G bUM.!:.iN' f SO FORHATÍ' SZLZCT GUTPJT F :K^ PSGrl : ^ r / r

C/?^ 2 - PRIMTER'*/) READÍIváO) lA I - ( ( IA»£5^1)»0R»(IA*EQ^2)) GG TD 90 u*r.I \ c \ \ f X.' 'J .'

r"' TT; " O 90 G3 TG NTl?(450?5i0?6 i0^7 l0 '3G0?9ô0?i0ô0í l3ô0; l5 i0^ ioô0.

CÍSiO) 100 WRITIÍ 1?30)

R£AD(Í;60) lA I F ( ( : A . £ G ^ Í ) * G R ^ Í I A * E ; 3 * 2 ) ) ^ ^ T^ Í I O

WKITC'. 1 »1/ v)

GO TC 100 110 CALL'^TITL£:iAíIDlyID2?ID3?I£T,:GT?IG??G3,V3R^'

T .* — í

.*;"!-A

1-0 F^RíiAT^////'' S£L CT WHîCH TE.-rí ûU ûuL.i ..Au ,J C_.N.XÍ.UÍ^

c FPCM T;.£ L IST C F ' , / » ^ PT.JNS bci.^* ; _ ; / ^ ^-_ ^:;:^-,^.^T, C ' ' 2 - D I / D - ' , / , ^ 3 - R^^^C^./^' l -_.A,y. , / , • j - . . . ^ - / _ . " _ . , < r. . - , ,- i, •• / / •• "^ ~ • i " ' * ' • • i . L'> ' í / . ' ' O ~ i ? V i_ , - 1 ' " • • • . ' / i ' í

ZJ/I' Û - i^- '^L' i í - í / í / - ' - ' " ' - " • ' - : - . ^ . ; _ : , • . •, - . , - - _ - . . , P.',/ 9 - ÂRCîMfLARC^íG:/J'T:i^GL.-,'^../^-i^'í ^^ ' x : . i - w n u

k III • • -

sss^

102

t r » > •_' _ •

tr'"^ • - •- •

T . • • ^ *

J J •.

54: i j w •

kiO • C T * w • •

vJ'3 •

5 ? : 6 0 : á i : 6 ú •

6 3 : 6^ : 6 5 :

671 6 - : 691 70: 7 Í : -fn * / i . •

T - ; » / j •

• y .; • / •!• (•

T T » /• .: •

7s: 7 ? : 80 : 3 1 : 3 2 : 8 3 : 8 4 : 8 5 : D iî •

S7: 83: s?: ?o: 9 1 : 92: 93: 94: 95: 9s: 97: n c • 7 - : •

99: ! O o :

C; RA.'<C*^2 Jb ' f./ ) • 11 •" I:<! C,.OP.-IL\ L A A L * • - • ' i / :.•.-i-1 ^-J

2 - : N T : : G R A _ ( ?;Ar:G:K:r_T.-^G?i; ••; , 4- *

I A !• - • -unr^.w/ ...•

.A. C. GT ).*-:

Cf/f' 13 ,• i •>/ •' --,• - j . ' • - , - I , • I ú . . i ' - •A- /

w. ' f J " f. .f. f.;fL* l l A X , ^••^-^••-+ » /

: : : i î - ' . . C'V » / .'

C . ' T - <* 5 '.' . •*• ' - .'

1- •. . -! . i i 1 '_ • _ ^ >

160 F 3 R H A T Í I 2 )

I F ( ( I S £ L * 3 £ . 0 ) » A N D * ( I 3 £ L . L £ ^ U ) ) GG T 3 130

WRITE(1,170) 170 F RMA-Í' yî;; NG £NTRY - TRY AGAIM !'./)

GG T J 140 130 I"(I:3£L»£Q^1) G3 TQ 430

- ( I 3 £ L , £ : : Î » 2 ) GO T 4 7 0

i r' ( i •at .L • .1 - • J / W '., ^ •J\j

'-f 1 '~c'• ~~ . '•, r ••' Tr í, "\r\ . i •! i .'!_ i . • J. - • T •' U J 1 'w o ./ V

- — / T —• — • k *. . . . J •— ,— • :— ' T "- ,— • - - —• ". í - •••, T í", .•"• , .'S . . •% j . : > • ; . _ . • c . : » o -• b - I ••-' •.-.• • " w '

U J 1 • J

-i T;- •» •-!=• -J i 'W X •. w •. : - ( :3£L, » £ 3 * 3

- — ,• T .-^ r - i • - T ,". •, .-< - . T • - •! ••' ~ " i..." •. i .3C.i_ > C.-^ • 7 .' u>J f '_' i •.j^':^ T ' T / 'r'ZC C~i < '-, •! '"•••-: T ~ i '-•Ar', .:. . '. J. . j i l u » i_ ..•! • X'J } U w ; J i w W T — . ' T —• - - • — -• •> i 'i '•••• - . T -^ ^ i"^ •'\

:.,': .L j Z. ].. > 'C .t i j . X } tJ u i _- i ' . . w' '\; T — ,' T .-* . 7 • — - • ' - • 'l • - — T .-• -t ~ ' . /•.

i T . . i .:j-w.- • — •.- •• i oi. .' •wij i •_• j . w w \ / ^ ) GJ T G I J O i .• .. .i O _ ,_ • i_ .^ » i •_>

T — ' - - ' - ' • . - : \ - • ;••• T - • 4 -•-.» i- 'i .:, Q -w 4- • i l .1 • J. " / •J •'.' i '_' i 'j'

I-(I3£w^£G»0) GG TG 2JO0

430 A3SIGN 4 50 'G NTl AS3IGN 460 TG N T 2 G : TG ^J

450 CALL P^M-ÍCi^»NUM;IA) GG TG l' O

460 CALL P'-TP(C^yNUfi/ISEL/IA) GC TG 140

- 0 A3SIGM 430 T3 N!"l j . . — • r* T -^ V! i ~i • . • ' * ' - ' :»i T '"1

G 'J T j 4 0

4 8 0 C^LL PPNT>;D:DT.r<jníI .^^) ••* • - • ^ - i • 1-5

•J'J 1 w i - ' -J

4 ? 0 CALL F w T R ( D I D T y N J h f I 3 £ L ' L O

GG T 3 1 4 0

5 0 0 A 5 3 I 3 N 5 i 0 TG NTl

r •-, — -' i .'\ U W i 'J •'^ V

5 1 0 CALL P ? N - ( R A R C ' N G I i ) - I A )

GC TG 1 4 0 520 CALL p;_T í R A R C Í N J M Í I S E L Í I A ;

„_, ..... „ ... IJ "J i J XT -J

6 0 0 A 3 3 I 3 N 6 1 0 "G NTl . \ - » n T . - . ; i •" "i • " " •».'~r' M.:-0^J. ..?;•' •S.w J •' w !•' . iu

GG TG ^O 610 CALL P - N - Í A;-;CL»Njh?IA)

103 101 102 103 1C4 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 j. .1 j

116 117

11? 120 121

•• •-.-»

12i 125 4 f* t

1Í..:Î

127 123 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 • TT •i. - /

13S 139 140 Ul 142 143 144 145 146 147 143 149

T '•' -1 •; r. ) - i T y

, ^ n~'' T •• - i. •_ L. l_ ? i .-! /

7:0

710

720

S40

• - ' • • • ; r . I — r ^ . ' , 1 . - r \ 1 •. • • - j j

^-•'••'w_ 1 _ ! ;•.•. ^ n w u y N w í i - - X ••••. •( : , • - .

w J 1 J j . - \ ) , • , ; n - . - . •, • - ? -i •-., — . - . • . , — •• IT- w-J i'.Ji-T ..' .i. J 1 ,_• )••.; ; X

A3S GN 7 2 0 TG NT2 u'U I U 4'J

CALL P Í < N T : D L D T , N U H Í I A )

G TQ 140

CALL PLTR;DLDTyNUM?IS£LíIA) GC TJ 140 Mw0.i.vJiN O w J î w ',t\ i. A .-• 1"» T ."^ •» 1 !-• ' •-. ^ .- . •. • - , - ,

:;,;-^ ,' •M W luif ' : ' < H

960

770

•• - —.' i j j •

1 n/^|-v j , w • J w

•( "• . -? / • . 1 V / V

1330

i J tJ

1370

1300

CG T j 40 CALL PRN":(VARR>NUH»IA) GG TO V-í)

C^wL P - T R : V:^RR^NJîiyIG£L:'I.^; GG TG l-iQ A G S I G N 9 - ) TG NTl

A33IGi1 970 T NT2 G3 i 'w 40 CAL;_ P^;NT(yARIA?NLÎ1íIA) GG TG 140 L / 1 : _ i_ 1" - 1 '•-. '•. V r\ A Í.S '. •••• j n :' .i. w 1 •_ í 1 ,-1 /

\S-uf i '..- ÍT\J

A • - ••^ • - - • •, • 4 ••' • - . T . - • • . ; — •

r ! . : ' - j . i . j i ' í X u-•:•••.,' I w !•' ; í

. ' . . - • r í T - •» ; * ,", - - '•• T - • >.; T •-• . w •• ^ . . .••* í i ' ' . , , ' I.J t • :-— •w w - . w : -. i •-, í - i 'w ! •% r ^

r:' T~ i.r. GALL P?NT(yAR G?NjM:' A ;

GG TG 140 CALL PLTRí V,^RI3^NUH?IS£L?IA) u J i J J. T •..-A • - • - • - - ^ •»! •« • - il •-* T •"; :*J — ••

; - • n •^ ••^ 'i i •• — - ? .•• T •• -v: T ' " '

.-iooi''j.'' 1 J / \ ; I J ^'•ii. 33 T 40 CALL PRNTíTVAR?Njh. 'IA) T ' ' - - T - • •! .. , - , U í J ! .^ _ • ' ( • • • /

CA:_L P;_TR:TVAR'Njn?I3£LyIA) G3 TG 1-i-AS3IGN ÍíiO TG NTl i SSIGN 1320 TG NT2 ,- .-. 'T -,

ú-j ; 'J T

CAwL. f

G TG 140

40 1310 CAwL PRNT( ;Jlî.\UN'IA )

4 -••^'••^

uzo

IwÛJ

C-LL PLT?: wlíNU i.'I3ELf A) ^C TG 140 A33IGN i,;60 TG NTl ASSIGN 1 70 TG NT2 GG T3 -O CA;_;- PÃNT^ WGíNLNflA)

^'Mi

104

i5i: 4 T~' •' i •_' w >

1670 CALL P-TR( wGíNUh^G QG T j ;;_,:;.;j

lA )

i c j >

1 " / •

•f Sf 7 • 1 J / •> • c o • i w u * •t c n • .'. J 7 • •( • A •

i •:: y f

•» •: 1 * i U i í 1 , i '•> • i UiL •

. . "— ;. . - • w . . - .7 • . . • X •.• : •—• . • l J ,

— • - ' ••J _ - T ' " i . J ^ •^.-' • • « ; 1 • ' : . i .

G- I '3 '"-0 1310 CALL PRNT(;íi3íNJh'IA)

GC T3 I T O

1G20 CALL PLTR(W3»NUHaS£L»IA) GD T J 140

2000 CCNT -^UE

5TCP EN ;

G5r i, U r i i L f n 3 i h = 0 : 4 3 ( 1 3 4 " ) B^-.ê^ Dãi? Are L n5:.h=0^403 ( X . ' j ^ .' . : 3 Í Í S

-• •j L' U _ '.- •'J: t í ;

íIO íNr TÎTLE $ST

• Í Í :N:T

!-iGH" ^ r. .'t

PwTi-

105 M4AN

LINES

4 - 7

PURPOSE

Declares the variables ICONT and IPR to

be one byte long integers.

Declares the array variables RVl, RV2,

CR, DIDT, VARIA, VARIB, VARR, VISH,

VRSH, ARCL, DLDT, RARC, TVAR, Wl, W2, W3

and VMEAS to be common to the M4AN

program and the HDM4 subroutine.

8 - 1 3 Informs the operator of the operation of

the program and asks him to insert a

data disk in the right-hand disk drive.

14 Calls the HDM4 subroutine.

15 Declares the variable NUM to be equal to

200 so the maximum time is 10 M S (200

X 50 ns).


labeled 140.

17 . 28 Asks the operator if he wants a print or

a plot of the selected term (ISEL) and

reads the reply (IPP).

29 . 35 Asks the operator for output form and

checks for the validity of the reply.

106

^ " ^^ Transfers control to the statement label

assigned to NTl.

^ " ^ Asks the operator for output form and

checks for the validity of the reply.

^ Calls the TITLE subroutine to print the

information on the particular shot.

45 - 60 Prints the main menu on the CRT screen,

waits for the operator to choose one of

the terms, and checks for the validitv of

the reply.

61 - 75 Transfers control to the appropriate

statement label, according to the

operator's selection.

76 - 82 Controls the printing or plotting of the

current.

83 - 89 Controls the printing or plotting of

di/dt.


arc resistance.


arc inductance.

104 - 110 Controls the printing or plotting of

dLarc/^^-

111 . 117 Controls the printing or plotting of the

resistive arc voltage.

107


inductive arc voltage (L-di/dt).


arc voltage due to i«dL/dt.


total arc voUage.


resistive arc energy.


inductive arc energy.

153 . 159 Controls the printing or plotting of the

total arc energy.

160 - 162 Terminates the program.

=:Í ^fc^

108

SUBROUTINE HDM4

The HDM4 subroutine performs all of the variable calculations for

the M4AN program. When the subroutine is called by the M4AN program,

the files created by the M4DA program are read into memory, the various

variables are calculated by the HDM4 subroutine, and then they are

transferred to the M4AN program.

109

o » I-

•x\ 4 : e • w •

6: 7 : 8: n • 7 •

10: 11: 12: 13: 14: x u • 1 : » i w >

1?: ')'": • éL'^J • n.» • ^ l • "^n • ^ . i . • n-r* •c J •

' ' i . • <.T • niC •

•ff * * . / •

tm . . . •

'"*0 • A.7 *

T^' • w ••» •

3 1 : 32: 33 : 34: 35 : 36 : 37 : 3 3 : 39: 40: 4 -« •

i •

42: 4 3 : 44: 45: 46: 4-.' •

43 î 49: c •-•, • •J v' •

w jbA-Ju I i P:,Z h*'n- •• V i'-K ? .1Vi .»j. w2 .' IjL' j > _:: 1 í i 'J: : } : G P ' G G ) , : : j i , ^ i - ' i L^.:i.-j.'í^ r . f l

Ti T •yi • - \ ; .• V - •.; T - - .' •- -• T % - :. -Á.. -fc • l iw i 1 0 4. 'w ; ••: i •_• î\ '. i_ 'v j / " 'Z.: •'. ! •'. , i '. i . w W .•• .* '1 '.{ • í. . j i .. -J .' • 1 i' , j . i 'v w .' ' .^. . W .' .•

) - ' r . / T ••. — T • ~ •"•• • '•^ • — — I r" • / - • •, U A \. O .'!'.' i _ C w •• <;: (' ? i" i U w n 1 .w /

R ir A i •V 'D C •"' r- " 1 - 7 1 f" 1! . itti.^fo r Ai-Cw» r ii_ .r! CCM tON /AR1/CR( 205 )/AR2/ I T( 205 )/AR3/VARIA( 205 )

C/AR4/yARIB( 205 )/AR5/VARR( 205 )/ARé/A CL( 205 )/Art7/DLIiT( 205 ) C/AR3/RARC( 205 )/AR9/TVAR( 205 )/AR10/Wl( 205 )/ARi 1/W2Í 205) C/AR12/W3(205) DATA R(l) /1 .94506£-3/»R(2)/13*04576£-3/fR(3)/0^^323£-3/»

CX(l)/43^49779£-9/»X(2)/44>67764£-9/>X:3)/^3^33256E-9/ WRITE(l^lO)

10 F RMATC ENTER rlLENAME : XX/XX (3TRICT)',/) r£A:;(1.20) rIL£C(i)

i. w r 'j f\ f 1 • I \ H w' .'

WÎT£(6.30) F:L.£C( 1 ) ? ^ I L £ C ( 1 ) 30 FCR?ÂT'2X'H3»'CR DAT^/A5»' Z^T' )

R£W ND 6 R£AD: 6^40 ) FÎL£C( 1 )?FÎL£C( 2)»FIL£H( l )?FILc:-i( 2 )

40 FCRMAT(2XíA3íA3íASfA3) ENDF LE 6 NUM=200

• C'-:' Tl'-~-* . w r S . Ú I — X

CnLL Cr-EN(7?F:L£3í2) T 'K . " » Xfi — f

CALL RD;JR( ICRÍI3KI?;IA*NUM?NBCL, ) £NDFIL£ 7 CALL ^'EN(8'F:Í_£H,2) _ ... R£AD(8*50?£RR=70ÆND=70) lOÍ^ ÎD2» iJo» xc . »I JT.-I^r ,OO,NUMÍ.^'>;

50 F3R«AT(2Xí3I2»3Il»F6>3»l4?cÍl*3) URITE:1?60)

60 FCRHAT/' H£AD£R R£AD \'f/> 70 ENDF LE S

^n CALCLLATICNS^ SEGMENT -M DT=50^*10*ÎK*( - 9 )

T=0* i;iNT=0* C=i^3S*lO^*'í?(-6) No«=200 FF=10»**3 ^Fl = 10»**(-6) ZL=273»54?9o*10,í{:«(-9)rX(I£T) . . ZR=0^90675-r(57>3î05i-G3)/36û55*3?024rK^^cT/

DC SO IîíNL^ ICRC=ICR(I^ CR( )=FLGAT( ICRC )il«:0»03

~r-; r'-:\A-r-" i:[-: C .J W w l'l ! i ! - w _

r k ' i C »•"' n — •-; •' ~ V j \ i 1 M '1

110 tT'*. • •J .^ •

t r "í • • J i •

53:

C<r • i j U •

w 0 •

J / •

J 3 • e:g* w 7 •

60: 6 i : 62: áT •

o •

64 : 6 5 : 66: 6^1

— ""i Q '' T _ !-, •, 1 • '

vINT==i^:-NT-'"Sr"í:':•••-; T--Í ?0 CC>'ri-rL£

V Í : ^ , A - _ • / .w-^ítV-.'. i

WRIT£(1,100) M3R 100 F RíiAT( ' v3R = S £ i O » 3 )

D 110 I = l,iVuM I F ( I » L £ * 1 9 6 ) 03 TO 120 DIDT(I)=0 GQ TC 110

120 CR1=CR( I ) r. <-. 1 _ i"l Tr / T • -» •

DIFF=CR2-CR1 DIDT I )=IiIFF^FF/( 3»*:;T )

110 C 3 N T I N ; J £

CALL SnOG'""-KDi:.TîNUH; DC 130 T = l,NL-i

- . ^ • . X ; . ' / ^ ,

69: 70: / i •

T ' • / :. >

t' j >

7-v: T C » / J •

76: 77: 7s: 79: 80: Q ' ' • o x •

a n • <:: >

83: 34: 91? •

J •

S6: 37: 33: 39Î 90: 9 i : 92: 93: 94: n e • 7 J •

96: 97: 93: 99:

100:

140

•! -.•'í

1T0 — w \.'

160

130

170

3 UO

i '•• - r . _ . , - > ' - , ! T •,

V Iw lA — U A 'i X .'

IF(UCS*N£»0*) GC T •'• - ' r- '• ' T '\~. .'•'•

• • • •• w •_ •. ^ . • . . • •

,-• •-« T - 4 -^ , '\ O •• J f J X J 'J

AR;_N=133*1-316 ; ÍCAO^^( 0 .16667 )/vCRíí*( 0»33333)/^*lc( O ARCL( I ) = 0 » 0 0 2 ÍCGS:ÍÍ( ALC (ARLN)^Í-0^70?S3) VARIA'I )=ARCw(I ) íDIDT(I ) sFFl w w i - : IlVUfc.

:AÍRIT£( 1»160) -CR?iA'( ' %•,/) ARCL:NjMti)=0^ r T \ i T -.ri WX1=( ARCL( 141 )-ARCL( I - l ) ) ¥ r F i / ( C^^DT ) yARIB( I )=CR( I );Î£DLDT( I )*FF I - ( C R ( Î /^NE^O.) GG TC 130

; / i -

, A O .- ' T "»— •", , \ i ; - ' • / • \\ .-1 i \ U >

!au ^ TC 170 r. • INT=CINTrD'IFF*(CR(I- l )-CRi I >)/2» Tu=(ZLtr~l*ARCLíI ) )^DIDT( I ) TR=(ZR4DLDT(I;)*CR(I;*FF RARCí I )=( VSR-Í • /C^Í^CINT-TL-TR )/( F-*CR( I )) CCN^INUE

RARCÍ1)=RARC(2) CALL Síi CTHíR^RC.NUM)

! 1 ^. T T ^ , ' 4 •• i '"•• \

VARRí 1 )=0 TVAR( 1 )=0

£NTÍ(1)=0 £ N T 2 ( 1 )=0

^

111

' \ \ \

^ f\A * X ' J X •

4 ."VO •

X • J c >

103; 104: 105: 106: 107: 108 : 109: uo: •« 4 • i XA. •

113: 114: •» 4 e • i X J •

•;. O •>

1 •; •? -. j . X / i. 4 4 0 * X X O •

119 120 121 •• " ^ O '

123 124 •• n .

.^.C. w

X ^ w

'i.i.1

123 129 130 131 132 133: 134 135 136 T T •

í /

133 139 140 141 142: 143: 1441 145:

r=RAR T •• w - - ,• T • ;. - ^

i .'i'-'_;',•, X /••^1 r

190

£NT3( 1 )=0 23 1=0

TVAR( I )=vAÃlA( ;iviîF.:&( I j-VA Rs I ) ENTl(I)=VARR(i:*CR(I)lcFr ENT2( I )=( TVAR( I Í-VARR( Î ) )*CR( î )%7't £NT3( I )=TVAR( I )*CR( I ym CONTÎNUE

WRIT£( 1,160) y i ( l )=0» ia2(i)=o^ W3(l)=0»

DC 200 I=2,NUÍ1 Ui( I )=kiií I - l )tDT*( ENTK I - l )+£NTl( I ) )/2» W2( I )=W2( I - l )4JT*( ENT2( l - i )t£NT2( I ) ) /2 ,

)-fDT:*:í £:';T3( I - l )T£NT3( I ; ) . /2. 2:0

! ' - • • T "i _ : -•Aí . j ; X } — -»^-

'w - . f i ;. • ru- C

••.•'•r:~ ••/ '^•'r-./? 'r

210 WÃÎT£(1,220) 220 FGR^ ATC DC YCU WANT T.-iE HEADER ? ' Í / Í ' 1 - FCR Y£S'»/.»

C' 2 - F3R N C ' , / ) R£AD( 1^230) li-i

230 FwRfiATdl) T T. ' T • ,7 -, ^ \ r.-. T - rí ,; .-

T r i' T '4 c r •-• 'i ,-•""' T ~ — -' •*•» ... r 'i i T • c >.-. • Ji. ; 'w w 1 u w \j ' j

WRIT£(lf250) 250 FCRHATC WRONG ENTRY - TRí ACAIN !'»/)

G3 TO 210 240 yF;lT£(2'2iO) 'y i.''\ ,— •"•1*1;.,. A T . ' 4 •V / T T W,— / • ( . " * i——• •. -' V ••• r ' iri.'". — XjT y f s •. / T v / ^ CJ'-' i- " r ' -• T *

CNCE (CHhS)'^3Xf^ARC ENERGY ( J ) ' , / ^ 1 X , Í Í ( ' - ' )? 3X,12( ' - ' ) . CCXíCÍC- ' ) f3X?14( ' - ' ) . / )

T=0^ DO 270 I=i^NUH T=TKu05 W: IT£( í^SO ) T »C'i( I )»RARC( I )iÅl'\ I '>

230 FCRHAK 3X»F5•^^^X,£i0*3?lOXfEÍO>3TlOX,£10^3; 270 C NTINUE

T .k _ -^ XPÍ —•£.

CALL T :TC£( IA,IDÍ»:D2fIIi3fI£T,IGT:.IG?í&3,vBR; IA=1 URIT£(2f2?0)

290 FORMATÍ////) 300 RETURN

£ND

^

QÍ.T-1-s u n i n s L,-|-., A •• .•j :; '. "^:- *. -

.:• j L - 1 - • : rcrc í

t.I3 A^CQ v-n QF'E''!

$D9

5L1

%m C '-*.:~; '"• •

s:i i - w U

í' iD i-;E . " ' - • • • . (

í£A • Í ; ,^B

fe 2 A t •^":;

Í : j

$:,-4

•5 71

112

• i> ; . : ^ '

i ; - :.•

113 HDM4

LINES PURPOSE

^ • ^ Declares the variables ICR, ENTl, ENT2,

and ENT3 to be arrays of 205 elements

each, X and CR to be arrays of 3

elements each, and FILEC and FILEH to be

arrays of 2 elements each.

5 Declares the variables FILEC and FILEH

to be 8 byte long real numbers.

6 - 9 Declares the array variables CR, 01DT,

VARIA, VARIB, VARR, ARCL, DLDT, RARC,

TVAR, Wl, W2 and W3 to be common to the

M4AN program and the HDM4 subroutine.

10 - 11 Sets the values of R and X.

12 - 22 Asks the operator for the name of the

file to be analyzed.

23 - 29 Reads the current file into memory.

30 - 35 Reads the header file into memory and

informs the operator of the termination

of the read process.

36 - 45 Various constants are entered into

memory.

45 _ 50 Current is converted to kiloamps and

smoothed.

114 5^ " ^ ''"he breakdown voltage is calculated and

displayed on the screen.

57 - 66 di/dt is calculated and smoothed.

67 - 94 Various calculations.

95 The arc resistance is smoothed.

96 - 118 More calculations

119 - 142 Asks if the operator wants a printout

of the header (arrays for the current,

arc resistance, and arc energy and

information about the particular shot),

checks for the validity of the reply,

and provides the printout if the reply

was affirmative.

144 Returns execution to the M4AN program.

-y

115 SUBROUTINE PLTR

The PLTR subroutine provides for the plotting option in the M4AN

program. THE PLTR subroutine can accommodate any of the variables

shown in the main menu of the M4AN program. The maximum and minimum

values for the vertical axes can either be specified by the user, or

set by the subroutine as the maximum and minimum of the particular

curve to be plotted. The horizontal axis limits can be specified by

the user in the form of a time window. If left unspecified, the entire

length of the signal (ten microseconds) is plotted.

i » X '

" • £, •

. . ' •?

4 : c; * w >

6: •?• / •

s: 9:

10: 11 : 12: X J •

14: 15: 16: •1 -? • _ '• •

•í o > X'.J i

19: 20: • i * •cx • n í n * JL.^ •

•C. J •

.Í.-+ >

^ • J •

?A* ^ . • j •

"^-T » 4L/ •

4M-..rf •

' í n + £..r *

30: 3 1 : 32: 33 : 34: 35 : 36: 37: 33 : 39: 40: 4 1 : 42: 4 3 : 44: 45: 46: 47: 4s: 49: 50:

SUBROUTîNc PLTR(FUNC.NUhrIF.,:A) • - ' * - • - ' " • ' •• - ' i . •-• O .' 7 T . 2 ••..• û I ! , - 1- ' ; .'. ? • í T i

•rJ 'Jir.X • Ci i í .j':.: }

^cADíl?6'w') liX 60 FDRflAT(Il)

IF(IY1+EQ»1) GO TO 80 I ^ ( r r i » E Q * 2 ) G TO 110 URITE(1,70)

70 FORHATC WRONG ENTRY - TRY AGAIN",/) GO TQ 40

30 URIT£(1.*90) 90 FCRMATí ' £:' TE:5 Y tA.X

R£ADC ÍrlOO) FHAX

116

A3

(•f /-)X + XXXX£(l / - )XX- ' f / )

4 " r; X -J 'J

< •{ . •i X '

4 '-.•'^ X*. 'J •4 •? . • - ,

1 . A i n~\ 1 '. C X i . - + ,' . - - — - , 1 - , ... '••^ - '• ••f X .Z '•J

t .'••- - • w H'_-', i ^

DO 120 I:=1?NUM I.-(FUNC(I1)*GT*FHAX) FHAX=FUNCí 11) C N-TINUE

x30 WRITcí 1,1-i-0) \ k7\ F " S ' M A ~ / I r-Z' Cr^T -j .\-jTr-- •v(- 'iT \.:;; . 1 j r--,^!i)-ii'i wwi_c.iwi i-nAX3 nx.î.Li'iún i •a i? C • •" f /

C D E 3 I R E D S / , ' 2 - >iIN ÛF FARTICULAR FLCT^,/) R E A r í l ' 6 0 ) :^2 •1. i" í i • 2 5 E •- • 1 .'• b o i .* X .i'w'

1 - 'HO

4 \ * p - » T-: 4 - A • X .' 45 U i .* X . í U

X r \ j . T i . • t L-î • .L .' b u I -J X • V I • - : T " r — ..• 4 •.» .-. .1 »>•• X 1 C . X t .' 'J )

GC TO 130 150 WÎT£(1,160) 160 FGRHATC ENTER YrtlN î (-!•/-)X XXXX£( f/-)XX^ »/)

R£AD( 1.^100) FHIN GO TO 190

170 ,="HIN=FUNC( 1) DO 130 12=1*NUH IF(FUNC(I2)*LT.FHIN) FMIN=FUNC( 12) CCNTINUE i 3-.-'

190 WRIT£(1»200) 2D0 FORîiATí' 3ELECT TIHE WINDCW CN X-AXIS ( HAXIílUíl 10 HICRO

C3ECDNDS ) • ' • / * ' • FORHAT (STRICT) : X*XXX-XX*XXX^ IF EITHER C 0- T;-Í£ TWO £NTRIE3 '? / f ' 13 LcFT UNSP£CIFI£D; T:Í£ F I R S T C CR LAST DATA P Q I N T S R£SF£CTr/£i_Y'f/,^ ARE ASSUHED,' , /)

R£AD(l f2Í0) Xí INfXMAX 210 F0RHAT(F3^3;1X,F6^3)

IF(XHINÊQ»0^0) X:iIN=O-00 I>( XHAXÊ3^0*0 ) X:ÍAX=FLOAT( NU.T )Î!<0»05

r*l=XMIN.ici000^/50^ I - . í. — .-M 1 n A ••* * w'',.' y • ,• •_' 'v' •

D X ^ ( X H A X - X H I N ) / 4 , 5 N=:INT(TW2-T:,Í1)+Í

l l - ' - Í . ! ^

r 4 • w - • C*^ • vf^ •

53: 5^: T.C* U J •

56: 57:

59: 60: 6 Í :

62: 63: 64: 65 î 661

691 70: 7 * » / i •

73: 74 î -»cr • / •J •

/ -3 •

• ? 7 » / / •

79: 80: 0 i. •

on •» OÍ;: •

33: 3-^: 3ir •

86: 87: 33: 89: 90: 9 i : 9n •

•å • 01 * 7 - j •

94: 95: 96: 9^ : 9s : 99:

l o o :

X3TART=X:M:N-O^05 117

X i" 1_ -

-T . .T ' , : - t - ' i i — !.•;* X X •

IF(T^1^GE^Í») K = I N T ( T T )

DQ 230 1=1,N K=Kf l X( I )=X3TART4i-LCAT( l )Jj{0»05 Y Í I ) = - U N C ( K ) YTRY = Y( I )

IFÍYTRY^GT.FHAX) Y ( I )=FHAX IF(YTRY*LT^Ff1IN) Y( i)=pHIN 2£R ( I )=0^

230 CCNTINUE DY=(F?iAX-rHIN)/4.5

235 CALL FLINIT './ H L L !"' C í •> •::) j , 1 -^ .»•- 3 )

CALL A X I 3 ( 0 ' 0 ? ' T : M £ LSCW'?5'-J-o?0 ,OíX''t:N?DA ) b ' j T i j 4i -j 0

240 CALL LIN£(X*YfNfl,XHIN;IiX?FHINíDY) I"((FHAX-FMIN)*GT*FHAX) CALL LIN£( XyZ£R ?N?Í/XnlN .DX,

'"^ C M - •> 1 ^ ' ••.•• \

• T í" f . i ET n •"7 •> P \ •• ' »-• -• r. r • -J r.

•r\i..u. r •_ i wta.CJ •-, A •! T — 1 ' T — ' t r -•' •( r • - "T — ' - • 4 •—• *-•'••;. i: X: :_•£::•..; > i .• b J i J * ; ' T C

wKlTEí i . '242) 242 F C R H H T ( / / / ? ' DC YCU WANT A HARD COFY ?•*/?' 1 - FDR Y£S',/>

C' 2 - F R NG',/) R£AD(1?60) IhC IF( IHC.E:P»2:^ GC T 249

IF(Í:ÍC.E5»1) G3 TO 243

WRIT£(lí70) GC TO 241

243 ÎA=2 IFL=1 r-n -r-\ »-. -f tr

10 í..:\J

2'i3 IA=i 249 CCNTINUE

RETURN 250 IF(I?L*EG^1) CALL AXI3( Of Of' CURRcNT KA'Í-10.'4*5»90^ ,FHINf

CDY) IF(L-'L*£a.2) CALL AXIS( 0»0f'" *! A/SEC ' T-8.4^5f90, ,FMIN,DY ) IFíI?L*EQ^3) CALL AXIS( OrOf' .AARC C ÍÍIS '»-9f 4^5,90^ f FMIN. DY ) IF( -'L^£a^4) CALL AXr3( O.'O; •'LARC UH'f-7f4^5r90^ fFHINfDY ) IF(I?L»EQ*5) CALL AXISÍOfO?'*LARC H/SEC'»-11»4»5Í90,,FHIN,

'-'TiV •)

IF(I?L»£Q^6) CALL AXIS(OfOr R£3I3TIVt VARL V ' , - 1 6 . ^ • ^ f 9 0 ^ , CFMIN.DY)

IF(I^-L»EC;>7) CALL A.a£( 0^0. ' I^ÍDUCTIVE VARC(A) V ' , - 1 9 , Í , 5 ;

C90^íF1IN,DY)

r?^'i'-

118

loi: X w ^ ^

•I / \ ' 7 • Í'JQ •

1 ^.Å, * í\t'y •

105: 106: 107: 103 : 109: uo: ui:

I F ( I " L ^ £ Q » 3 ) C A L L AX 3 ( O T O ? ' I N D U C T I V E VARC(â) V ' f - 1 9 í 4 ^ 5 ' 0 • ? ~ : Í I N fiji) ' • • )

" í î ? ^ » £ : * 9 / , _ i-l •'-: X f-' . A .' I i T ~ T

í 'j ;•' V !-.•-; _• , _• I ; - i u •'/ í ••" - L • -^ • í 7 . ' • ,

CFMINíDY) ÎF(I?L^£Q»10) CALL AXIS( 0,0»' iii RE3I3TIVE ARC J',-17i4^5f

C90»fFHIN»DY) IF(I?L»EQ»11) CALL AA S( .»Oy'W INDUCTIVE ARC J',-17f4.5»

C90»»FHÎNfDY) IF( ?L»EQ»12) CALL AXIS(0,Of'U ARC J',-7,445,90.,FMINrDY) GC TQ 240 END

P r o á r c îí L n i l L'5n5th=06D£ ( 1 7 5 3 ) Bb te s D3iâ Area Len5th=0D?7 ( 3 ^ 7 9 ) B Í Í Í S S

Subr outii"' = R-=f ^."••c'nce'j:

INT $ND -^Tl iîDB 'LOT

SCRDîiF

I-' X J

4»i"l 1

.!• - . n • P i ^ i

•icB

i-t ••• X .J

r' ''•'..

r' r . • r ~'Jr\

%^2 Î L l $!ÍB FLIN - T

X i

LINES

3 - 12

119 PLTR

PURPOSE

Declares the variables FUNC, X, Y, and

ZERO to be arrays of 205 elements

each.

Asks the operator whether the Y-axis

maximum is to be calculated or entered

and checks for the v a l i d i t y of the

reply.

13 - 17 Asks the operator to enter the Y-axis

maximum and transfers control to the

statement labeled 130.

18 - 21 Calculates the Y-axis maximum to be the

maximum value of the array FUNC.

22 - 29 Asks the operator whether the Y-axis

minimum is to be calculated or entered

and checks for the validity of the

reply.

30 - 33 Asks the operator to enter the Y-axis

minimum and transfers control to the


34 . 37 Calculates the Y-axis minimum to be the

minimum value of the array FUNC.

120 ^ " ^ Asks the operator to enter the time

window for the X-axis and reads the

reply.

^ " ^ Defaults for values of XMIN and XMAX not

specified by the user.

^ • Q Calculates the time window limits in

nanoseconds.

49 Calculates the X-axis increment to be

used in the plot .

50 - Calculates the number of points to be

plotted.

51 Sets the starting value of the X

coordinate.

52 Presets the counter K.

53 Sets up a flag (IFL=0) to indicate that

th is is the f i r s t time through the

process.

54 _ 55 Prevents the occurrence of the element

FUNC(O).

56 - 64 efines the arrays to be plotted (X and

Y) and the zero l ine array (ZERO). Oata

that fa l l s outside the defined Y-axis

l imi ts are set to those l im i ts .

65 Calculates the increment for the Y-axis

(DY).

66 - 67 In i t ia l i zes the screen for p lo t t ing .

\ ^

121 68 - 69 Draws the horizontal axis and transfers

execution to the statement labeled

250.

70 Oraws a l i ne through the data points.

71 - 72 Draws a s t ra ight l ine at the Y = 0

locat ion i f the Y spectrum of the data

i s greater than the maximum value in

Y ( I ) .

73 Dumps the plot to the pr in ter i f the

operator so chose before the ca l l to

the subroutine.

7 4 - 7 5 Clears the screen from the p lo t t i ng

mode and transfers control to the

statement labeled 248 i f th is is the

second time through the p lo t t i ng

process (IFL=1).

76 - 83 Asks the operator i f a hard copy of the

p lot is required and checks for the

v a l i d i t y of the rep ly .

84 _ 86 Selects pr in ter output (IA=2), sets the

f l ag IFL=1 (second time through the

process) and returns execution to the


87 _ 89 Resets the output form con t ro l l e r ( lA)

and returns execution to the ca l l i ng

program.

122

90 - 110 This part of the subroutine has the

specifications for the vertical axis

labels of the plots. A specific

vertical axis label is selected

according to the term specified by the

user from the main menu in M4AN.

123 SUBRGUTINE PRNT

The PRNT subroutine prints a particular array in columnar

fashion when called by the M4AN program.

i: '-' •

tr • •j •

- » •

.' i

G: 9: 10: •I •' • X J. • 4 n • Í-Í: * "• "î * ^•j •

14:

• .'• X w'

SUBR UTINc FxNT(FLiNCíNi;íi,lP.) DIHENSI N F:JNC(205) NLIN£=NUn/7-l i '*. 4. "" 'w'

DO 20 I ^ I , N ; _ I N E

NI=7*KIfl NF=NI+6 ij47<l^c.L ÎA,10,£ND=30)(FUNC( J),J=NI?NF) hiJKÍIrt I \ x X í t x O t J) • «•' ^ — !.•* ** 1 •

. Í : J

30 ,%-íi í i i í ^ U í

T V — *í

X - i - x

RETURN E': FND

Proár-Ji Unit Len5th-00A7 (167) Biítss Dsls Are5 Leniíih=0025 (37 ) Bi tes

Subro-Jtin55 R fersn-ce

$11

_ • u •

1iU5

í j y

ÎND

• '' ' í

LINES

124 PRNT

PURPOSE

2 Declares the variable FUNC to be an

array of 205 elements.

3 Calculates the maximum number of 7

element groups that NUM elements may

comprise.

4 Initializes- the group counter KI.

5 - 1 1 Prints the elements of the array FUNC,

in groups of 7 per line, on the output

medium selected by the operator before

the call to the subroutine.

12 Resets the output form controller to

screen output.

13 Returns execution to the calling

program.

l"" ^ V-

i^^mi^

125

SUBROUTINE RDWR

The RDWR subroutine is used to implement reading or writing

operations from or to the data disks.

4 X

6 -T

8 9 10 11 1 ~ X ^

13 14 15 16 17 13 19 20

«70

•C'w

SLDFJUTINE RI:WK( lA RYf I3KI?»IAyNv»N) DIMENSI N IDAT(3i)?IAr;FY(205)

=o r - , ' T - •• r t i C - •' •• •^ "• T -: Q 1 i ,- . X ..•:'•. X 1 • i_ .{ > X /' t J U 1 U 7 J

WRIT£(1?20) FORríATC WRITING i ' » / )

70 I Í= i?N DQ DC 40 T •-• — 4 "•' •*

X ..-X í Ox

:F(K*CT*NV) GG TQ ' 50

40 50 60 / -J

i30

90 95

100

I _íA ! ( I .- )= X 'r\\\A '-. ( K ) CCNTINliE

yRIT£( A?60?£RR=80íENB=30)(IDAT(J2)f ';2=l»3i) FaF^ÍAT(2X*3iI4) CCNTINUE

CCNTINUE RETURN WRITEdf^S) FDRí^ATC READING ! ' * / )

DO 120 13=1»N READ(IA.»áO»£RR=100í£N::=iOO)(IDAT(.J3))'J3=lf31)

D l iO I 4 = l » 3 i

23 î 24: J^W •

iva •

7^»

23: 29:

110 120 130

I - ( K ! G T » N V ) GC T G 130

IARRY(K)=IDAT( 14) CCNTINLE

CONTINUE RETURN END

'ToãriiM Unit Lsnstn=0iA5 ( - 2 1 ; -'• = 1 r s Lên5lh=005F ( l 4 3 ) B i l e s r!5 4 0315 fi

SuÍTTOuti.'eã Refã."e."iCrdt

'^IO íND

5rT 'V'H'J

•T . . - ) •f • • •» .

•ÍF5

126 RDWR

LINES PURPOSE

2 Declares the variables IDAT and lARRY

to be arrays of 31 and 205 elements,

respectively.

^ • ^ Initializes the variable K. Checks the

value of ISKIP to determine if the I/O

operation to be performed on lARRY is a

read or a write.

5 - 6 Informs the operator of the type of I/O

operation.

7 - 1 6 Records the array lARRY onto a file

that has been opened before the call to

the subroutine.


program.

18 - 19 Informs the operator of the type of I/O

operation.

20 - 27 Reads the array lARRY into program

memory from a file that has been opened

before the call to the subroutine.


program.

mjwiimi*' li >/-

127

SUBROUTINE SMOOTH

The SMOOTH subroutine provides smoothing via a five point moving

average.

•• * X • •-. • i. • -7 • J •

4 : RT • •J •

6: •rr • / •

•3 • n • 7 •

• » . ' % •

X -•• •

11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16:

r

3UBRDUTINE 3ii OTH( HATAíNUíl) EDITED : 11/20/8+ BLM DIMENSICN D^TA(205)»CLDv205)

T: . " •! -^ T _ 1 •>) , ' ' ^

l.' •.• X -• j . - i .' :.V !_i I .

CLD( I )=DATA( I ) 10 C NTINUE

N=NLí1-2 DATA( 1 )=C^D( 1 ) DATA( 2 )=( uLD( 1 )IOLD( 2 ;tCLD( 3 ) )/3 •

DD 20 J=3?N DATA( J )=( OLIU J-2 )tOLD( J-1 JtGLD( J )f LD^ J i i )tCLD^ Jr2 ) ; / 5 .

2w •-fU.-t i .. N^-c

IiATA( NLi^i-Í )=CLDí NCM-i ) DATA(NUí1)=0LB(NUM) RETURN £ND

ProSrBm Un i l Lônstl-i^OiSF (351) Bytê'S II3Í3 Ares L2nslh=034B (843) Bytss

Subrout ines Refsrenced:

$L1 $DB

n •tAií

.y

128 SMOOTH

LINES PURPOSE

3 Declares the variables DATA and OLD to

be arrays of 205 elements each.

4 - 6 Defines the OLD array to be equal to the

array to be smoothed.

7 - 1 4 Smoothing routine.


program.

-^^•tå^íÔííÍ^^ÍtJlS:

^n „ y-

-. /

129

SUBROUTINE TITLE

The subroutine TITLE contains the format statements necessary for

printing the specifications (date, electrode type, gas type, gas

pressure, gap spacing, and breakdown voUage) of a particular

experimental shot.

1 ' 3 . 3 • J'-'"^ I ' ; : . TI;^.-:-' '. i.-i J I ..^l ' xl'.:^ .< Ii.i3< 1 c > ? x J T ? I j r '• Uo < v .-'.K )

.:. - L •Z.x. i. ! Z.l\ • X _ / •- ' / C -t-

•^r / T .' •-• •• \ T " • - "l - . T •

: .* X i- •* ••_ J ) i .•-• i ? - 1.1 .i. :' X .

I r i -1 • ( / • / / • ' / < ' _ i-- ; • ! ' ? ^: X.. } ' "' ) f X . . )

T - : , ' • " T - f f- ~_ -I ; ! . " - ~ T ' " - . . - . • ' \ X L Z, \ •• C .'i > X ' 'r* '••... i — ••. X ." ? O . .'

I - ( i . 1 : i Z. J i'^ > W . - ; A : W \ i ^ ^ . ' ^ . ; )

- — / T — — r"— — , i " : — : — / r , ., ~ 'j . ; . - - . xZ. ; r C -t • w- -' iAi r> X ^ 1 \ x r< 1 -^ .^ }

3 : 3" F : R ; " A T ( ' £ - . £ - T R L I > £ T Y F Z t S'r^I^íuEiS 3 :££_ ' ' ) ^O F:Rn-^T( ' E .E I^FCrZ - Y F : Î G^:ArhI~EM •r: - : R : ^ - , T \ ' z ^ i c r : : : : T Y F : : C : - ' F -^ ; I . . N : 3 T C N ' )

/ r

/-1 •

•( •( > -• - • T ^ • - r T " •• •, , : >• - T ' r •"• . r-- •, ••. i X •• j . i .. J. j I - i_ •-; • .ú .• •!# •. i I •_ . X .• > 1.' -j /

i : : IF( I : T . E : • : ' W.-;I 'L; I , -?60 ) . . r » - — . ' - - - - — -^ - • • ' . i - ' — r •' •" '• - ' " ", 'l ^ j > . „ - • , . . . j i ' C . ; ; • \.> / * ". i . -_ 'i ^ -1 f ; •: I

. i • c - . — - . - . . - ^ - r ,• / - -• c f • • • T ' C * _ \ " •; •• l . i . X i _ i -J .•• ,..• l \ i • •-! ! ••• •-3 "1 •-• . • > ! . - • . 1 - • .

1 3 : oO F : R - - " ( ' : - £ T'^-'E Î Ni:r ; : :£N- ' ) . , . - - . , r - - • - : . . - • ' / " . » . ' : - • : • • - • - T : ••' \. X J - •J r - .^ • - 1 ! \ • J - ' - i - • -'• -' •'

17 : F ( i : r ' N 1 »4.' b j T J . 3 I j i Wr,IT£( I . ^ ' 7 : ) 1?: 73 ^ : R ^ : V : ( ' : - S F^.>33ÍJ; (£ : 1/2 nTnG3F-!c^:3 ' ) . . -• r

• c i . '_ í > I--'-- 1 • j •:• J

n •« • o ; . ' I " £ ( l A ' o J ) I^r'

• w . - •

•-.-'•, i j ; \ / i - A I . • 1 I \ s-'n^ • • • J i_ _ »

_ — , . . _ . _ — • •^ it •- - . \ :-

:• ô '••' ^•l'Z':L-\f'7'J ) -'

( ' : . i -( ' : . i - ^ S . - ' A : I M : Í ' ^r6.Zr :•'!' )

^ . , • . . ; - , r - v - A ^ * ; ' b > c - ; \ l . ^ - ^ W i ; VuL . ( r t ; . :C • ^ r :j * j > / . : : . - : . • • s^X;_C , Q L l S'' f//// )

''--y Liir\i'ir.=-:iô9 Í 3 ? 3 ) i - ^ i e s : - ^ ^ O a r -.>•:! U i . l ' . - 1---11

î; = l o Ar-i;. L î - 5 t - = 0 l 7 4 ( : 7 2 ) 3 = t r i

•:.ib-cL;t;Lner F i f rê - iCî- : • i; •^

^ _ X

LINES

3 - 4

23 - 24

25 - 26

27

130

TITLE

PURPOSE

Prints the date of the particular shot

onto the output medium selected by the

operator (lA).

5 , ;L0 ''i"ds the type of electrode material

for the shot and prints it.

^ _ 3g Finds the gas type and prints it.

^7 _ 22 Prints the gas pressure.

Prints the gap spacing.

Prints the breakdown voltage.

Returns execution to the calling

program.

arc current, voltage, and resistance in a high energy, … · statistical and measurement...

Documents