FIDEARBITERSCOMMISSION

GENSUNASUMUS

ARBITERSMANUAL2014

2!

3!

FIDE Presidents welcome Dear friends, Let me congratulate you on the publication of the Arbiters Manual. I am aware of the huge amount of work put into the preparation of this important document, which includes all necessary documents for the Arbiters to be guided by, by a team of excellent and most experienced experts in this field, led by the Arbiters Commissions dynamic and efficient Chairman T. Nikolopoulos, and comprising such renowned personalities, as G. Gijssen, F. Dapiran, W. Stubenvoll, D. De Ridder, A. Vardapetyan inter alia. I am confident that this Manual will be instrumental in each Arbiters work and will facilitate and enrich his/her skills in order to exercise arbiters duties in the best way. Commissions daily work and brilliant organization of seminars, webinars and workshops has substantially increased the number and quality of chess arbiters throughout the world, including new Federations. I support and welcome the work and future plans of the Arbiters Commission and wish all of its members and all the arbiters in the world, success and good guidance to players in the tournaments of FIDE in all our 181 member-Federations!

Gens Una Sumus.

Kirsan Ilyumzhinov

President

Moscow, 7 July 2014

4!

5!

Introduction

Dear friends, The FIDE Arbiters Commission has the pleasure to publish the 2014 Arbiters

Manual. This Manual is a team work, in which some of the most experienced Arbiters, such

as Geurt Gijssen, Werner Stubenvoll, Ashot Vardapetian, Franca Dapiran, Dirk De Ridder and Takis Nikolopoulos, participated, writing its parts.

Many thanks belong to Mario Held for his excellent work for the Dutch Swiss

System that we published in the Manual, as well as to the Arbiters who also contributed to this work with their proposals, such as Stewart Ruben, Rathinam Anatharam and Arild Rimestad.

The Manual includes everything that is necessary for an Arbiter to know. It includes the Laws of Chess, with necessary interpretations, the Tournament Rules,

the Swiss System and the pairings regulations with examples for pairings in a tournament, the title regulations with example of calculating norms, the rating regulations with example of calculating ratings, the Arbiters title regulations, etc.

We hope that this Manual will be a very useful tool for the Arbiters all over the

world and it will offer them a great help in exercising their duties in the best way. The Manual will be updated whenever it is necessary, in order to include all changes

in FIDE Rules and Regulations. You are welcomed to send your comments, opinions, proposals to the FIDE

Arbiters Commission. Your help in our effort will be valuable.

Athens, 30 June 2014

Takis Nikolopoulos

Chairman FIDE Arbiters Commission

6!

CONTENTS:AshorthistoryoftheLawsofChess......................................................................7FIDELawsofChess.................................................................................................9Introduction...........................................................................................................9Preface...................................................................................................................9BasicRulesofPlay..................................................................................................10CompetitionRules..................................................................................................20Rapidplay................................................................................................................36Blitz........................................................................................................................38Algebraicnotation..................................................................................................38Rulesforplaywithblindandvisuallydisabledplayers..........................................41Adjournedgames...................................................................................................43Chess960rules......................................................................................................45Quickplayfinishes..................................................................................................47GlossaryoftermsintheLawsofChess..................................................................49TypesofTournaments...........................................................................................54ExampleofpairingsinaTournamentwithSwissDutchSystem............................65SwissDutchSystemRules..93TiebreakSystems..................................................................................................140FIDETournamentRules..........................................................................................151FIDETitleRegulations............................................................................................165FIDERatingRegulations.........................................................................................193RegulationsfortheTitleofArbiters.......................................................................202TheroleoftheArbitersandtheirduties................................................................208Applicationforms...................................................................................................212

7!

AshorthistoryoftheLawsofChessFIDE was founded in Paris on 20 July 1924 and one of its main programmes was to unify the rules of the game. The first official rules for chess were published in 1929 in French. An update of the rules was published (once more in French) in 1952 with the amendments by the FIDE General Assembly. There was another edition in 1966, with comments to the rules. Finally in 1974 the Permanent Rules Commission published the first English edition with new interpretations and some amendments. In the following years the Permanent Rules Commission made some more changes, based on experience from competitions. The last major change was made in 1997 when the more or less actual Laws of Chess were split into three parts: the Basic Rules of Play, the Competition Rules and Appendices. The first part - Articles 1 to 5 - is important for all people playing chess; while the second part Articles 6 to 14 - mainly applies to chess tournaments. In the third part there are some appendices and the guidelines for adjourned games. Starting from 1997 the FIDE Rules and Tournament Regulation Commission (RTRC) made changes of the Laws of Chess only every four years, coming into force on 1st July of the year following the decision. Letusfinishthehistorywiththeprefacesofthe1958and1974RulesofChess:1958GENERALOBSERVATIONS. The LawsofChess cannot,and shouldnot, regulateallpossiblesituationsthatmayariseduringagame,northeycanregulateallquestionsoforganization. Inmostcasesnotprecisely regulatebyanArticleof theLaws,oneshouldbeable to reacha correct judgmentbyapplyinganalogous stipulations forsituations of a similar character.As to the arbiters tasks, inmost cases onemustpresuppose that arbiters have the competence, sound of judgment, and absoluteobjectivity necessary. A regulation too detailed would deprive the arbiter of hisfreedomof judgmentandmightpreventhim from finding the solutiondictatedbyfairnessandcompatiblewiththecircumstancesofaparticularcase,sinceonecannotforeseeeverypossibility.1974FIDEINTERPRETATIONS.DuringrecentyearstheCommissionhasbeenmoreor lessoverwhelmed by a steadily growing number of proposals and questions. That, ofitself,isagoodthing.However,thereisamarkedtendencyinthosemanyquestionsandproposalstobringmoreandmorerefinementsanddetailsintotheLawsofChess.

8!

Clearlytheintentionistogetmoreandmoredetailedinstructionsconcerninghowtoactinsuchandsuchcase.Thismaybeprofitableforacertaintypeofarbiter,butatthe same timemay be a severe handicap for another, generally the best, type ofarbiter.TheCommission in itsentirelytakesthefirmpositionthatthe lawsofChessshouldbeas shortandas clearaspossible.TheCommission stronglybelieves thatminordetailsshouldbe lefttothediscretionofthearbiter.Eacharbitershouldhavetheopportunity, incaseofaconflict,totake intoaccountallthefactorsofthecaseandshouldbenotboundbytoodetailedsubregulationswhichmaybenotapplicabletothecaseinquestion.AccordingtotheCommission,theLawsofChessmustbeshortandclearandleavesufficientscopetothearbitertodealwithexceptionalorunusualcases.TheCommissionsappealstoallchessfederationstoacceptthisview,whichisin the interest of the hundreds of thousands of chess players, as well as of thearbiters,generallyspeaking.Ifanychessfederationwantstointroducemoredetailedrules,itisperfectlyfreetodoso,provided:a) theydonotinanywayconflictwiththeofficialFIDErulesofplay;b) theyarelimitedtotheterritoryofthefederationinquestion;andc) they are not valid for any FIDE tournament played in the territory of thefederationinquestion.

9!

FIDELAWSofCHESS

INTRODUCTIONTheFIDELawsofChesscoverovertheboardplay.TheLawsofChesshavetwoparts:1.BasicRulesofPlay2.CompetitionRules.TheEnglishtextistheauthenticversionoftheLawsofChess,whichwasadoptedatthe84thFIDECongressatTallinn(Estonia),comingintoforceon1July2014.IntheseLawsthewordshe,himandhisincludesheandher.

PREFACETheLawsofChesscannotcoverallpossiblesituationsthatmayariseduringagame,nor can they regulate all administrative questions.Where cases are not preciselyregulatedbyanArticleoftheLaws,itshouldbepossibletoreachacorrectdecisionbystudyinganalogoussituationswhicharediscussed intheLaws.TheLawsassumethat arbiters have the necessary competence, sound judgement and absoluteobjectivity.Toodetailedarulemightdeprivethearbiterofhisfreedomofjudgementand thuspreventhim from finding the solution toaproblemdictatedby fairness,logicandspecialfactors.FIDEappealstoallchessplayersandfederationstoacceptthisview.A necessary condition for a game to be rated by FIDE is that it shall be playedaccordingtotheFIDELawsofChess.ItisrecommendedthatcompetitivegamesnotratedbyFIDEbeplayedaccordingtotheFIDELawsofChess.MemberfederationsmayaskFIDEtogivearulingonmattersrelatingtotheLawsofChess.The Preface of the Laws is one of themost important parts.Of course, the Lawscannotcoverallpossiblesituationsarisingduringagameofchess.Sometimesonlyasmall part of a situation is changed and only the arbiter knowswhat happened.Thereforeitisnecessarythatanarbiterisfreetomakehisowndecisionsandtosolveanyconflictinhisownway.

10!

BASICRULESOFPLAY

Article1:Thenatureandobjectivesofthegameofchess1.1 Thegameofchessisplayedbetweentwoopponentswhomovetheirpieceson

asquareboardcalleda chessboard.Theplayerwiththe lightcolouredpieces(White)makesthefirstmove,thentheplayersmovealternately,withtheplayerwiththedarkcolouredpieces(Black)makingthenextmove.Aplayerissaidtohavethemovewhenhisopponentsmovehasbeenmade.

1.2 Theobjectiveofeachplayer is toplace theopponents king underattack in

suchawaythattheopponenthasno legalmove.Theplayerwhoachievesthisgoal is said to have checkmated the opponents king and to havewon thegame.Leavingonesownkingunderattack,exposingonesownkingtoattackandalsocapturingtheopponentskingarenotallowed.Theopponentwhosekinghasbeencheckmatedhaslostthegame.

1.3 Ifthepositionissuchthatneitherplayercanpossiblycheckmatetheopponents

king,thegameisdrawn(seeArticle5.2.b).Sometimes,neitherwhitenorblackcancheckmatetheopponent.Insuchacasethegame isdrawn.Thesimplestexample iswhenonthechessboardthereareonlythetwokings.

Article2:Theinitialpositionofthepiecesonthechessboard

2.1 Thechessboardiscomposedofan8x8gridof64equalsquaresalternatelylight

(thewhitesquares)anddark(theblacksquares).Thechessboardisplacedbetweentheplayersinsuchawaythatthenearcornersquaretotherightoftheplayeriswhite.

2.2 At the beginning of the game one player has 16 lightcoloured pieces (the

whitepieces);theotherhas16darkcolouredpieces(theblackpieces).Thesepiecesareasfollows:Awhiteking usuallyindicatedbythesymbol KAwhitequeen usuallyindicatedbythesymbol QTwowhiterooks usuallyindicatedbythesymbol R

11!

Twowhitebishops usuallyindicatedbythesymbol BTwowhiteknights usuallyindicatedbythesymbol NEightwhitepawns usuallyindicatedbythesymbol Ablackking usuallyindicatedbythesymbol KAblackqueen usuallyindicatedbythesymbol QTwoblackrooks usuallyindicatedbythesymbol RTwoblackbishops usuallyindicatedbythesymbol BTwoblackknights usuallyindicatedbythesymbol NEightblackpawns usuallyindicatedbythesymbol StauntonPieces

pQKBNR2.3 Theinitialpositionofthepiecesonthechessboardisasfollows:

2.4 Theeightverticalcolumnsofsquaresarecalledfiles.Theeighthorizontalrows

of squares are called ranks. A straight line of squares of the same colour,runningfromoneedgeoftheboardtoanadjacentedge,iscalledadiagonal.

Achessboardcanbemadeofdifferentmaterial,butthecolourofthesquares(dark=brownorblackandlight=whiteorcream)mustbeclearlydifferent.Itisusefulthatitis not shiny to avoid reflects and disturbance of players. The dimension of thechessboardmustfitwiththedimensionofthepieces.(FormoreinformationseeFIDEHandbookC.05FIDETournamentRules).

12!

Itisveryimportanttochecktheorientationofthechessboardandthecorrectpositionofall thepiecesbefore starting thegame.Doing thisanarbiter canavoida lotofpossibleclaimsaboutreversedKingsandQueensorKnightsandBishops.Sometimesthere isadisagreementbetweenplayershowtoplacetheknights.Eachplayerhashisownhabitregardingthis.Eachplayermayplacehisownknightsashelikesbeforethestartofthegame.Hemayonlydosoduringthegameafterhehasinformedhisopponentthatheisgoingtoadjustthem(SeeArticle4:JadoubeIadjust).

Article3:Themovesofthepieces3.1 Itisnotpermittedtomoveapiecetoasquareoccupiedbyapieceofthesame

colour.Ifapiecemovestoasquareoccupiedbyanopponentspiecethelatteriscapturedandremovedfromthechessboardaspartofthesamemove.Apieceissaidtoattackanopponentspiece ifthepiececouldmakeacaptureonthatsquareaccordingtotheArticles3.2to3.8.Apiece isconsideredtoattackasquare,even ifthispiece isconstrained frommovingtothatsquarebecause itwouldthen leaveorplacethekingof itsowncolourunderattack.

Even ifapiece ispinnedagainst itsownking, itattacksall the squares towhich itwouldbeabletomove,ifitwerenotpinned.3.2 Thebishopmaymovetoanysquarealongadiagonalonwhichitstands.

Initiallyeachplayerhastwobishops,oneofwhichmovesonlightsquares,theotheroneondark squares. Ifaplayerhas twoormorebishopson squaresof the samecolour, itmust be that the second bishop is the result of a promotion (See article3.7.e),oranillegalmovewasplayed.

13!

3.3 Therookmaymovetoanysquarealongthefileortherankonwhichitstands.

3.4 Thequeenmaymove toany squarealong the file, the rankoradiagonalon

whichitstands.

3.5 Whenmakingthesemovesthebishop,rookorqueenmaynotmoveoverany

interveningpieces.3.6 Theknightmaymovetooneofthesquaresnearesttothatonwhich itstands

butnotonthesamerank,fileordiagonal.

14!

3.7 a.Thepawnmaymoveforwardtothesquareimmediatelyinfrontofitonthesamefile,providedthatthissquareisunoccupied,orb.onitsfirstmovethepawnmaymoveasin3.7.a;alternativelyitmayadvancetwosquaresalongthesamefileprovidedbothsquaresareunoccupied,orc.thepawnmaymovetoasquareoccupiedbyanopponentspiece,whichisdiagonallyinfrontofitonanadjacentfile,capturingthatpiece.

d. Apawnoccupyingasquareonthesamerankasandonanadjacent filetoan

opponentspawnwhichhas just advanced two squares inonemove from itsoriginalsquaremaycapturethisopponentspawnasthoughthelatterhadbeenmovedonlyone square.This capture isonly legalon themove following thisadvanceandiscalledanenpassantcapture.

e. When a player, having themove, plays a pawn to the rank furthest from its

startingposition,hemustexchangethatpawnaspartofthesamemove foranewqueen,rook,bishoporknightofthesamecolourontheintendedsquareofarrival.This iscalledthesquareof promotion.Theplayer'schoice isnotrestrictedtopiecesthathavebeencapturedpreviously.Thisexchangeofapawnforanotherpieceiscalledpromotion,andtheeffectofthenewpieceisimmediate.

15!

Whenaplayerplacesan inverted(upsidedown)Rook inthepromotionsquareandcontinues the game, the piece is considered as a Rook, even if he names it as aQueenoranyotherpiece.ToputaninvertedRookonthepromotionsquareisnotconsideredasanillegalmove.TheArbiterhastointerveneandputtheRookinitscorrectpositiononthesquareandhemaypenalizetheplayeraccordingtotheArticle12.9.3.8 a.Therearetwodifferentwaysofmovingtheking,bymovingtoanadjoining

square

orcastling.Thisisamoveofthekingandeitherrookofthesamecolouralongtheplayersfirstrank, counting as a singlemove of the king and executed as follows: the king istransferred from its original square two squares towards the rook on its originalsquare,thenthatrookistransferredtothesquarethekinghasjustcrossed.

Beforewhitekingsidecastling AfterwhitekingsidecastlingBeforeblackqueensidecastling Afterblackqueensidecastling

16!

Beforewhitequeensidecastling AfterwhitequeensidecastlingBeforeblackkingsidecastling Afterblackkingsidecastling

b. (1)Therighttocastlehasbeenlost:

[a]ifthekinghasalreadymoved,or[b]witharookthathasalreadymoved.

(2) Castlingispreventedtemporarily:

[a]ifthesquareonwhichthekingstands,orthesquarewhichitmustcross,orthesquarewhich it istooccupy, isattackedbyoneormoreoftheopponent'spieces;[b]ifthereisanypiecebetweenthekingandtherookwithwhichcastlingistobeeffected.

3.9 Thekingissaidtobe'incheck'ifitisattackedbyoneormoreoftheopponent's

pieces,evenifsuchpiecesareconstrainedfrommovingtothatsquareoccupiedbythekingbecausetheywouldthenleaveorplacetheirownkingincheck.Nopiececanbemovedthatwilleitherexposethekingofthesamecolourtocheckorleavethatkingincheck.

3.10a.Amove is legalwhenalltherelevantrequirementsofArticles3.13.9have

beenfulfilled.b.Amove is illegalwhen it fails tomeet the relevantrequirementsofArticles3.13.9c.Aposition is illegalwhen itcannothavebeenreachedbyanyseriesof legalmoves.

Article4:Theactofmovingthepieces

4.1 Eachmovemustbemadewithonehandonly.4.2 Providedthathefirstexpresseshisintention(forexamplebysayingjadoube

orIadjust),onlytheplayerhavingthemovemayadjustoneormorepiecesontheirsquares.

17!

Article4.2mayonlybeusedtocorrectdisplacedpieces. Inthecasetheopponent isnotpresentat theboardaplayer should inform thearbiter if there isanarbiterpresentbeforehestartstoadjustpiecesonthechessboard.4.3 Exceptasprovided inArticle4.2, iftheplayerhavingthemovetouchesonthe

chessboard,withtheintentionofmovingorcapturing:a. oneormoreofhisownpieces,hemustmovethefirstpiecetouchedthat

canbemoved,orb. one ormore of his opponents pieces, hemust capture the first piece

touchedthatcanbecaptured,orc. onepieceofeachcolour,hemustcapture theopponentspiecewithhis

pieceor,ifthisisillegal,moveorcapturethefirstpiecetouchedwhichcanbemovedorcaptured.Ifitisunclearwhethertheplayersownpieceorhisopponentswastouchedfirst,theplayersownpieceshallbeconsideredtohavebeentouchedbeforehisopponents.

4.4 Ifaplayerhavingthemove

a. toucheshiskingandarookhemustcastleonthatsideifitislegaltodoso,b. deliberatelytouchesarookandthenhiskingheisnotallowedtocastleon

thatsideonthatmoveandthesituationshallbegovernedbyArticle4.3.a,c. intendingtocastle,touchesthekingandthenarook,butcastlingwiththis

rook is illegal, the playermustmake another legalmove with his king(whichmay includecastlingwith theother rook). If thekinghasno legalmove,theplayerisfreetomakeanylegalmove,

d. promotesapawn,thechoiceofthepiece isfinalised,whenthepiecehastouchedthesquareofpromotion.

4.5 IfnoneofthepiecestouchedinaccordancewithArticle4.3orArticle4.4canbe

movedorcaptured,theplayermaymakeanylegalmove.4.6 Theactofpromotionmaybeperformedinvariousways:

a. thepawndoesnothavetobeplacedonthesquareofarrival,b. removingthepawnandputtingthenewpieceonthesquareofpromotion

mayoccurinanyorder.Ifanopponentspiecestandsonthesquareofpromotion,itmustbecaptured.

4.7 When,asa legalmoveorpartofa legalmove,apiecehasbeenreleasedona

square, itcannotbemovedtoanothersquareonthismove.Themove isthenconsideredtohavebeenmadeinthecaseof:

18!

a. a capture, when the captured piece has been removed from thechessboardandtheplayer,havingplacedhisownpieceonitsnewsquare,hasreleasedthiscapturingpiecefromhishand.

b. castling, when the player's hand has released the rook on the squarepreviouslycrossedbytheking.Whentheplayerhasreleasedthekingfromhishand,themoveisnotyetmade,buttheplayernolongerhastherighttomakeanymoveotherthancastlingonthatside,ifthisislegal.Ifcastlingonthisside is illegal,theplayermustmakeanother legalmovewithhisking (whichmay includecastlingwiththeotherrook). Ifthekinghasnolegalmove,theplayerisfreetomakeanylegalmove.

c. promotion,when the player's hand has released the new piece on thesquareofpromotionandthepawnhasbeenremovedfromtheboard.

4.8 Aplayer forfeitshisrighttoaclaimagainsthisopponentsviolationofArticles

4.1 4.7 once the player touches a piece with the intention ofmoving orcapturingit.

4.9 Ifaplayerisunabletomovethepieces,anassistant,whoshallbeacceptableto

thearbiter,maybeprovidedbytheplayertoperformthisoperation.IfanarbiterobservesaviolationofArticle4hemustalways intervene immediately.Heshouldnotwaitforaclaimtobesubmittedbyaplayer.

Article5:Thecompletionofthegame5.1 a.Thegameiswonbytheplayerwhohascheckmatedhisopponentsking.This

immediatelyendsthegame,providedthatthemoveproducingthecheckmatepositionwasinaccordancewithArticle3andArticles4.24.7.b. The game iswon by the playerwhose opponent declares he resigns. Thisimmediatelyendsthegame.

Aplayermayresigninanumberofdifferentways:stoppingtheclockannouncinghisresignationknockingoverthekingreachingouthishandtotheopponentsigningascoresheet,andsoon.Allofthesepossibilitiesarecapableofbeingmisinterpreted.Thereforethesituationhastobeclarified.

19!

Aplayerwhodoesnotwish to continueagameand leaveswithout resigning ornotifyingthearbiterisbeingdiscourteous.Hemaybepenalised,atthediscretionoftheCA,forpoorsportsmanship.5.2 a.Thegameisdrawnwhentheplayertomovehasnolegalmoveandhiskingis

not incheck.Thegame issaidtoend instalemate.This immediatelyendsthegame, provided that the move producing the stalemate position was inaccordancewithArticle3andArticles4.24.7.b. Thegame isdrawnwhenapositionhasarisen inwhichneitherplayercan

checkmatetheopponentskingwithanyseriesoflegalmoves.Thegameissaidtoendinadeadposition.Thisimmediatelyendsthegame,providedthatthemoveproducingthepositionwasinaccordancewithArticle3andArticles4.24.7.

c. Thegame isdrawnuponagreementbetween the twoplayersduring thegame.Thisimmediatelyendsthegame.

d. Thegamemaybedrawn ifan identicalposition isabouttoappearorhasappearedonthechessboardatleastthreetimes(seeArticle9.2).

e. The gamemay be drawn if each player hasmade at least the last 50consecutivemoveswithout themovementofanypawnandwithoutanycapture(seeArticle9.3).

Thebestway toconcludeagame is towritedown the resulton thescoresheet (ifthere isany) (SeeArticle8)and forbothplayers to sign it.This then formsa legaldocument.Eventhenthingscangowrong.Sometimes ithappenedthattwoplayerssignedthescoresheetasadraw. In factWhitehadwon.(SeeArticle8.7 forsuchasituation.)

20!

COMPETITIONRULES

Article6:Thechessclock6.1 Chessclockmeansaclockwithtwotimedisplays,connectedtoeachother in

suchawaythatonlyoneofthemcanrunatonetime.Clock in the Laws of Chess,means one of the two time displays. Each timedisplay has a flag. Flag fallmeans the expiration of the allotted time for aplayer.

Somedigitalclocksshowinsteadofaflag.6.2 a.Duringthegameeachplayer,havingmadehismoveonthechessboard,shall

stophisownclockandstarthisopponentsclock (that istosay,heshallpresshisclock).Thiscompletesthemove.

Amoveisalsocompletedif:(1) themoveends thegame (seeArticles5.1.a,5.2.a,5.2.b,5.2.c,9.6a,9.6band

9.7),or(2) the player has made his next move, in case his previous move was not

completed.Aplayermust be allowed to stophis clock aftermaking hismove, even after theopponent hasmade his nextmove. The time betweenmaking themove on thechessboard and pressing the clock is regarded as part of the time allotted to theplayer.Sometimesthefollowingsituationoccurs:Aplayermakesamoveandbeforehehasstoppedhisclock,theopponentmakesamove. Inthissituationtheplayerhasstilltherighttostophisclockandtostarthisopponentsclock.Agamemayhavemorethanoneperiod.Therequirementsoftheallottednumberofmovesand theadditionalamountof timewitheachmove foreachperiodmustbespecifiedinadvance.Theseparametersshouldnotchangeduringatournament.b. Aplayermustpresshisclockwiththesamehandwithwhichhemadehismove.

Itisforbiddenforaplayertokeephisfingerontheclockortohoveroverit.Aplayerdisplacessomepieces;inthissituationtheopponentkeepshisfingerontheclockbuttontoavoidtheplayerpressinghisclock.ThisisforbiddenaccordingtothisArticle.

21!

c. The playersmust handle the chess clock properly. It is forbidden to press itforcibly, to pick it up, to press the clock beforemoving or to knock it over.ImproperclockhandlingshallbepenalisedinaccordancewithArticle12.9.

d. Onlytheplayerwhoseclockisrunningisallowedtoadjustthepiecese. Ifaplayer isunable touse theclock,anassistant,whomustbeacceptable to

thearbiter,maybeprovidedbytheplayertoperformthisoperation.Hisclockshallbeadjustedbythearbiterinanequitableway.Thisadjustmentoftheclockshallnotapplytotheclockofaplayerwithadisability.

It isusual that10minutesarededucted from the timeof theplayerwhoneedsanassistant.Incaseofadisabledplayernodeductionhastobemade.6.3 a.Whenusingachessclock,eachplayermustcompleteaminimumnumberof

movesorallmoves inanallottedperiodof timeand/ormaybeallocatedanadditional amount of time with each move. All these must be specified inadvance.b.Thetimesavedbyaplayerduringoneperiodisaddedtohistimeavailableforthenextperiod,whereapplicable.In the timedelaymodebothplayers receive an allotted main thinking time.Eachplayeralsoreceivesa fixedextratimewitheverymove.Thecountdownof the main thinking time only commences after the fixed extra time hasexpired.Provided theplayer stopshisclockbefore theexpirationof the fixedtime,themainthinkingtimedoesnotchange,irrespectiveoftheproportionofthefixedextratimeused.

1.Cumulative(Fischer)mode:Inthismodeeachplayerhasamainthinkingtimeand

receivesa fixedextra time (increment) foreachmove.This increment forhis firstmove is added before he starts his game and then immediately after he hascompletedeachofhisfollowingmoves. Ifaplayercompleteshismovebeforetheremainingtimeofthis incrementforthemoveexpires,thisremainingtimewillbeaddedtothemainthinkingtime.

2.Bronsteinmode:ThemaindifferencebetweenFishermodeandBronsteinmode isthehandlingoftheextratime. Iftheplayerdoesnotusethewholeextratime inBronsteinmodetheremainingpartisdeleted.

3.Timedelaymode:Eachplayerreceivesamainthinkingtime.Whenaplayerhasthemove the clockwill not start counting for a fixed period (increment). After thisperiodexpiredtheclockiscountingdownthemainplayingtime.

6.4 Immediatelyafteraflagfalls,therequirementsofarticle6.3a.mustbechecked.

22!

Thismeansthatthearbiter (ortheplayer)hastocheck iftheminimumnumbersofmoveshavebeencompleted.Consideragame90minutesfor40movesand30minutesfortherestofthegame.It isnormal to investigatewhether40moveshavebeenmadebybothplayersonlyafteraflaghasfallen.Ifapushcounter isused inadigitalclockthen it ispossibletoestablishwhether40moveshavebeenmadebeforeaflagfall.Butthis isverydangerousunlesstheclockdisplaysthenumberofpushesasaplayermayhavemadeamistake.Whenadigitalboardisusedthismayalsohelpindeterminingthenumberofmovesplayed.6.5 Before the startof thegame thearbiter shalldecidewhere thechessclock is

placed.In individualtournamentsthechessclock isnormallyplacedontherightsideoftheplayerwhohastheblackpieces.Thechessboardsshallbeplacedinawaysothatthearbiterwillbeabletocheckatonceasmanyclocksaspossible.Incaseofadisabledlefthandedplayerthearbitermightarrangefortheplayerstositontheothersideoftheboard.Inteamcompetitionsthemembersofthesameteamusuallysitinarow.Then thepiecesaresetalternateblackandwhiteand theclocksallpoint thesameway.Becareful!Itquiteoftenhappensinteamcompetitionsthataplayerpressestheclockofhisneighbour.6.6 Atthetimedeterminedforthestartofthegametheclockoftheplayerwhohas

thewhitepiecesisstarted.Insmalltournamentsthearbiterstartsallclocks.Intournamentswithmanyplayersthearbiterannouncesthestartoftheroundandstates thatWhitesclock isstarted.Thearbiter thengoes round the roomcheckingthatWhitesclockhasbeenstartedonallboards.6.7 a.Therulesofacompetitionshallspecifyinadvanceadefaulttime.Anyplayer

whoarrivesatthechessboardafterthedefaulttimeshalllosethegameunlessthearbiterdecidesotherwise.b. If the rulesofacompetitionspecify that thedefault time isnotzeroand ifneitherplayerispresentinitially,Whiteshallloseallthetimethatelapsesuntilhe arrives, unless the rules of the competition specify or the arbiter decidesotherwise.

Thestartofthesession isthemoment,whenthearbiterannounces it.Ifthedefaulttimeis0,thearbiterhastodeclarethegamelostfortheplayerswhoarenotpresent.

23!

Article8.dof the FIDETournamentRules states that foreventswithmore than30participantsalargedigitalcountdowndevicemustbeinstalledintheplayinghall.ForFIDEeventswithfewerthan30playersanappropriateannouncementmustbemadefiveminutesbeforetheroundisduetostartandagainoneminutebeforestartofthegame.Ifthedefaulttimeisnot0,itisadvisablethatthearbiterpubliclyannouncesthetimeofthestartoftheroundandthathewritesdownthestartingtime.Ifthedefaulttimeisforexample30minutesandtheroundwasscheduledtostartat15.00,butactuallystartedat15.15,thenanyplayerwhodoesntcomebefore15.45loses.6.8 A flag isconsideredtohave fallenwhenthearbiterobservesthe factorwhen

eitherplayerhasmadeavalidclaimtothateffect.Aflagisconsideredtohavefallenwhenitisnoticedorclaimed,notwhenitphysicallyhappened.6.9 ExceptwhereArticle5.1.a,5.1.b,5.2.a,5.2.b,and5.2.capplies,ifaplayerdoes

notcompletetheprescribednumberofmovesintheallottedtime,thegameislostbytheplayer.However,thegame isdrawn, iftheposition issuchthattheopponent cannot checkmate the players king by any possible series of legalmoves.

6.10a.Everyindicationgivenbythechessclockisconsideredtobeconclusiveinthe

absence of any evident defect.A chess clockwith an evident defect shall bereplacedbythearbiter,whoshallusehisbestjudgementwhendeterminingthetimestobeshownonthereplacementchessclock.

To have the possibility to determine as accurately as possible the times on thereplacedchessclock,itisadvisabletochecktheclocksduringtheround,forinstanceevery30minutes,andtorecordthetimesandthenumberofmovesmade.Thiscanbeparticularlyvaluablewhenanincrementisused.Ifachessclockmustbereplaceditisessentialtomarkitasdefectiveandtoseparateitfromtheclocksthatworkcorrectly.b. Ifduringagameitisfoundthatthesettingofeitherorbothclocksisincorrect,

eitherplayeror thearbitershallstop thechessclock immediately.Thearbiter

24!

shall install the correct setting and adjust the times and movecounter, ifnecessary.Heshallusehisbestjudgementwhendeterminingtheclocksettings.

Itisadvisabletowritedownalltheknowndetailsofthetwoclocksbeforemakinganadjustment.6.11Ifbothflagshavefallenanditisimpossibletoestablishwhichflagfellfirstthena. thegameshallcontinueifthisoccursinanyperiodofthegameexceptthelast

period,b. thegameisdrawnifthisoccursintheperiodofagame,inwhichallremaining

movesmustbecompleted.Therearetwotypesofchessclocks:analogueanddigitalchessclocks.Ifdigitalclocksareused, itispossibletodefinewhichflaghasfallenfirst.Aproblemmayariseonlywhenanaloguechessclocksareused.Thereforeitisadvisabletouseinatournamentonetypeofchessclocksonly.6.12a.Ifthegameneedstobeinterrupted,thearbitershallstoptheclocks.b. Aplayermaystop theclocksonly inorder toseek thearbitersassistance, for

example when promotion has taken place and the piece required is notavailable.

c. Thearbitershalldecidewhenthegamerestarts.d. If aplayer stops the chess clock inorder to seek the arbiters assistance, the

arbitershalldeterminewhethertheplayerhadanyvalidreasonfordoingso.Ifitisobviousthattheplayerhadnovalidreasonforstoppingthechessclock,theplayershallbepenalisedaccordingtoArticle12.9.

Aplayermaystoptheclocks ifhefeelsdisturbedbyhisopponentorspectatorsorisunwell.Goingtothetoiletisnotnecessarilyavalidreasonforstoppingtheclocks.TheArbitermaydecideotherwise,incasetherearemedicalreasons.6.13Screens,monitors,ordemonstrationboardsshowingthecurrentpositiononthe

chessboard,themovesandthenumberofmovesmade,andclockswhichalsoshowthenumberofmoves,areallowedintheplayinghall.However,theplayermaynotmakeaclaimrelyingsolelyoninformationshowninthismanner.

Anarbitermustrealisethattheinformationdisplayedmaybeincorrect.

25!

Article7:Irregularities7.1 If an irregularity occurs and the pieces have to be restored to a previous

position,thearbitershallusehisbest judgementtodeterminethetimestobeshownonthechessclock.Thisincludestherightnottochangetheclocktimes.Heshallalso,ifnecessary,adjusttheclocksmovecounter.

7.2 a.Ifduringagameitisfoundthattheinitialpositionofthepieceswasincorrect,

thegameshallbecancelledandanewgameshallbeplayed.Beaware that the incorrectnesswas foundduringandnotafter thegame. It isnotmentionedwhoorhowthemistakewasfound. Ifagame isplayedonanelectronicchessboard,itcanhappenthatthecomputerstopstorecordthemoves.Insuchcasestheoperatormayinformthearbiterthatsomethingwentwrongandthearbiterhasthedutytocheckwhathappened.b. Ifduring a game it is found that the chessboardhasbeenplaced contrary to

Article 2.1, the game shall continue but the position reached must betransferredtoacorrectlyplacedchessboard.

7.3 If a game has begunwith colours reversed then it shall continue, unless the

arbiterrulesotherwise.In case the irregularitywas found early enough, for examplewithin the first fiveminutes,andnoexchangesofpawnsorpieceshavebeenmade,thentheArbitermaydecidethegametostartfromthebeginningwiththerightcolours.TheArbitershallnotstartanewgamewhenthereisapossibilitythatthescheduleofthetournamentwillbeindanger.7.4 Ifaplayerdisplacesoneormorepieces,heshallreestablishthecorrectposition

inhisown time. Ifnecessary,either theplayerorhisopponent shall stop thechess clock and ask for the arbiters assistance. The arbitermaypenalise theplayerwhodisplacedthepieces.

TheArbitermustbeverycarefulhere.SupposeplayerAhasthemoveandhisclockisrunning.ThenplayerBdisplacesoneofhisownpieces(byaccident).ItisnotcorrectthatplayerAstartsplayerBsclock.Ofcourse,ifplayerAisreallydisturbed,heshallsummonthearbiter,afterhehasstoppedbothclocks.ThisArticleshouldbeappliedwithflexibility.

26!

7.5 a.If during a game it is found that an illegalmove has been completed, theposition immediatelybefore the irregularityshallbe reinstated. If thepositionimmediately before the irregularity cannot be determined, the game shallcontinuefromthe last identifiablepositionpriortothe irregularity.Articles4.3and 4.7 apply to themove replacing the illegalmove. The game shall thencontinuefromthisreinstatedposition.

Iftheplayerhasmovedapawntothe furthestdistantrank,pressed theclock,butnot replaced the pawnwith a new piece, themove is illegal. The pawn shall bereplacedbyaqueenofthesamecolourasthepawn.Firstofall, it is very important that the irregularitymustbediscoveredduring thegame.Aftertheplayershavesignedthescoresheetsorinanotherwayitisclearthatthegameisover,correctionsarenotpossible.Theresultstands.Furthermoreincasethe irregularity is discovered during the game, it is important, that the gamecontinueswiththepiecethe irregularmovewasplayedorthatthepiecewhichwastakenwillbetakenwithanotherpiece,ifpossible.b. AftertheactiontakenunderArticle7.5.a,forthefirstcompletedillegalmoveby

a player the arbiter shall give twominutes extra time to his opponent; for asecondcompleted illegalmovebythesameplayerthearbitershalldeclarethegamelostbythisplayer.However,thegameisdrawnifthepositionissuchthattheopponentcannotcheckmatetheplayerskingbyanypossibleseriesoflegalmoves.

7.6 Ifduringagame it is foundthatanypiecehasbeendisplaced from itscorrect

square the position before the irregularity shall be reinstated. If the positionimmediately before the irregularity cannot be determined, the game shallcontinue from the last identifiablepositionprior to the irregularity.Thegameshallthencontinuefromthisreinstatedposition.

Itisadvisablethattheinvestigationtodeterminefromwhichpositionthegameshallbecontinued,willtakeplaceundersupervisionofthearbiter.

Article8:Therecordingofthemoves8.1 a.In the courseofplayeachplayer is required to recordhisownmoves and

thoseofhisopponent in thecorrectmanner,moveaftermove,asclearlyandlegiblyaspossible, in thealgebraicnotation (AppendixC),on the score sheetprescribedforthecompetition.

27!

It is forbidden towrite themoves in advance,unless theplayer is claiming adrawaccordingtoArticle9.2or9.3oradjourningagameaccordingtoAppendixE.1.a.

b. The score sheet shallbeusedonly for recording themoves, the timesof theclocks,offersofadraw,mattersrelatingtoaclaimandotherrelevantdata.

c. Aplayermayreplytohisopponentsmovebeforerecordingit,ifhesowishes.Hemustrecordhispreviousmovebeforemakinganother.

d. Bothplayersmustrecordtheofferofadrawonthescoresheetwithasymbol(=).

e. Ifaplayer isunabletokeepscoreanassistant,whomustbeacceptabletothearbiter,maybeprovidedby theplayer towrite themoves.His clock shallbeadjustedby thearbiter inanequitableway.Thisadjustmentof theclockshallnotapplytoaplayerwithadisability.

Noticethatitisforbiddentorecordthemoveinadvance.Onlyincaseofadrawclaim(Article9.2.and9.3)andadjourningitisallowed.Itispermittedtorecordthemovesasapair(hisopponentsmoveandhisownmove),butthescoresheethastobeuptodatebeforemakingthenextmove.8.2 Thescoresheetshallbevisibletothearbiterthroughoutthegame.Nowadays there are generally no problems with this Article. In the past, whenrecording themove beforemaking itwas allowed, some players had the habit tocover thenextmoveby theirpen.Thishappensnowonlywhen theopponent is intime trouble and does not record themoves. But still the arbiter has full right toremovethepenfromthescoresheet.8.3 Thescoresheetsarethepropertyoftheorganisersofthecompetition.Aplayer isnotallowed tokeephisoriginal score sheet.Hehas todeliver it to thearbiterwhenthegameisfinishedandkeepacopy(ifany).8.4 Ifaplayerhas lessthanfiveminutesleftonhisclockatsomestage inaperiod

and does not have additional time of 30 seconds ormore addedwith eachmove, then for the remainder of the period he is not obliged tomeet therequirementsofArticle8.1.

8.5 a.If neither player keeps score under Article 8.4, the arbiter or an assistant

should try tobepresentandkeepscore. In thiscase, immediatelyaftera flag

28!

hasfallenthearbitershallstopthechessclock.Thenbothplayersshallupdatetheirscoresheets,usingthearbitersortheopponentsscoresheet.

Ithappensquiteoftenthatinthistimetroublephasetheplayerasksthearbiterhowmany moves are left until the time control. The arbiter shall never give anyinformationaboutthenumberofmademoves,evennotafteraplayerorbothplayershavecompletedtherequirednumberofmoves.Onlyafteraflagfallthearbitershallcome intoaction:he stopsboth clocksandorders theplayers toupdate the scoresheets.Only after both players have updated their score sheets the arbiter shall start theclockoftheplayerwhohasthemove.b. If only one player has not kept score under Article 8.4, hemust, as soon as

eitherflaghasfallen,updatehisscoresheetcompletelybeforemovingapieceonthechessboard.Provideditisthatplayersmove,hemayusehisopponentsscoresheet,butmustreturnitbeforemakingamove.

Noticethat,inthissituation,afteraflagfall,thearbiterdoesnotstoptheclocks.c. Ifnocompletescoresheet isavailable,theplayersmustreconstructthegame

onasecondchessboardunderthecontrolofthearbiteroranassistant.Heshallfirstrecordtheactualgameposition,clocktimes,whoseclockwasrunningandthenumberofmovesmade/completed, if this information isavailable,beforereconstructiontakesplace.

Thereconstructionshouldtakeplaceafterbothclockshavebeenstoppedandshouldpreferablybedoneaway fromtheplayerschessboards,sothatnottodisturbotherplayers.8.6 If the score sheets cannot be brought up to date showing that a player has

oversteppedtheallottedtime,thenextmovemadeshallbeconsideredasthefirstofthefollowingtimeperiod,unlessthereisevidencethatmoremoveshavebeenmadeorcompleted.

Supposetherequirednumberofmovesuntilthetimecontrol is40.Ifonly37movescanbefound,thenthenextmoveonthescoresheetwillbemove41;ifonly42canbefound and it is sure thatmoremoveswere completed, but not exactly howmanymoves,thenthenextmovewillbecountedasmovenumber43.

29!

8.7 At the conclusion of the game both players shall sign both score sheets,indicatingtheresultofthegame.Evenifincorrect,thisresultshallstand,unlessthearbiterdecidesotherwise.

Atthemomentthearbiterseesthatagamehasbeenfinished,heshouldrushtothatboardandrequesttheplayerstowritetheresultofthegameandtosignthescoresheets. The arbiter should immediately check that both score sheets show theidenticalresults.

Article9:Thedrawngame9.1 a.Therulesofacompetitionmayspecifythatplayerscannotagreetoadraw,

whetherinlessthanaspecifiednumberofmovesoratall,withouttheconsentofthearbiter.

If a competition applies this rule, then thementioned number ofmoves or the noagreementatall, shouldbecommunicatedwith theplayers in the invitation to thetournament. It isadvisablebefore thestartof the tournament to repeat the ruleofthe tournament. It is clear that the rule applies only for a draw agreement. TheArticles9.2,9.3and9.6stillapplyduringthewholegame.b. However, if the rulesof a competition allow adraw agreement the following

shallapply:(1) Aplayerwishing toofferadrawshalldosoafterhavingmadeamoveon the

chessboardandbeforepressinghisclock.AnofferatanyothertimeduringplayisstillvalidbutArticle11.5mustbeconsidered.Noconditionscanbeattachedtotheoffer.Inbothcasestheoffercannotbewithdrawnandremainsvaliduntiltheopponentacceptsit,rejectsitorally,rejectsitbytouchingapiecewiththeintentionofmovingorcapturingit,orthegameisconcludedinsomeotherway.

(2) Theofferofadrawshallbenotedbyeachplayeronhisscoresheetwith thesymbol(=).

(3) AclaimofadrawunderArticle9.2or9.3shallbeconsideredtobeanofferofadraw.

Thecorrectsequenceofadrawofferisclear:1.makingamove2.offeringofadraw3.pressingtheclock.

30!

Ifaplayerdeviatesfromthisorder,theofferstillstandsthoughitisinfactincorrect.Thearbiterinthiscasehastopenalisetheplayer,accordingtotheArticle12.9.No conditions canbeattached. Someexamples:Theplayer forces theopponent toaccepttheofferwithin2minutes.Inateamcompetition:adrawisofferedundertheconditionthatanothergameinthematchshallberesignedorshallbedrawnaswell.Inbothcasestheofferofadrawisvalid,butnottheattachedcondition.Regarding9.1.b. (3): Ifaplayer claimsadraw, theopponenthas thepossibility toagree immediately to thedraw. In thiscase thearbiterdoesnotneed tocheck thecorrectnessoftheclaim.Butbecareful.Ifthereisadrawrestriction(forexample:nodrawoffersareallowedbefore30moveshavebeencompletedbybothplayers)andtheclaimhasbeensubmittedbeforethatmove(i.e.after28moves),thentheclaimhastobecheckedbytheArbiter inanycase,even iftheopponentwouldagreetoadraw.9.2 Thegameisdrawnuponacorrectclaimbyaplayerhavingthemove,whenthe

same position, for at least the third time (not necessarily by a repetition ofmoves)

a. isabouttoappear,ifhefirstwriteshismove,whichcannotbechanged,onhisscoresheetanddeclarestothearbiterhisintentiontomakethismove,or

b. hasjustappeared,andtheplayerclaimingthedrawhasthemove.Positionsareconsideredthesameifandonlyifthesameplayerhasthemove,piecesofthesamekindandcolouroccupythesamesquares,andthepossiblemovesofallthepiecesofbothplayersarethesame.Thuspositionsarenotthesameif:(1) atthestartofthesequenceapawncouldhavebeencapturedenpassant(2) akingorrookhadcastlingrights,butforfeitedtheseaftermoving.Thecastling

rightsarelostonlyafterthekingorrookismoved.Itisadvisabletocheckthecorrectnessofaclaiminthepresenceofbothplayers.Itisalsoadvisabletoreplaythegameandnottodecidebyonlyusingthescoresheets.Ifelectronicboardsareuseditispossibletocheckitonthecomputer.9.3 Thegameisdrawn,uponacorrectclaimbyaplayerhavingthemove,if

a. he writes his move, which cannot be changed, on his score sheet anddeclarestothearbiterhisintentiontomakethismovewhichwillresultinthelast50movesbyeachplayerhavingbeenmadewithout themovementofanypawnandwithoutanycapture,or

31!

b. the last50consecutivemovesbyeachplayerhavebeencompletedwithoutthemovementofanypawnandwithoutanycapture.

Seecommenttoarticle9.2.

9.4 Iftheplayertouchesapieceas inArticle4.3he losestherighttoclaimadrawunderArticle9.2or9.3onthatmove.

The player loses his right to claim a draw only on thatmove.He has always thepossibilitytomakeanewclaiminthegamebasedontheactualposition.

9.5 IfaplayerclaimsadrawunderArticle9.2or9.3heorthearbitershallstopthechess clock (seeArticles 6.12.a or 6.12.b).He is not allowed towithdraw hisclaim.

a. Iftheclaimisfoundtobecorrect,thegameisimmediatelydrawn.b. If the claim is found tobe incorrect, thearbiter shalladd twominutes to the

opponentsremainingthinkingtime.Thenthegameshallcontinue.Iftheclaimwasbasedonan intendedmove,thismovemustbemade inaccordancewithArticles3and4.

It ismentionedthatthe intendedmovemustbeplayed,but ifthe intendedmove isillegal,anothermovewiththispiecemustbemade.AlltheotherdetailsofArticle4arealsovalid.

9.6 Ifoneorbothofthefollowingoccur(s)thenthegameisdrawn:a. the same position has appeared, as in 9.2b, for at least five consecutive

alternatemovesbyeachplayer.b. any consecutive series of 75 moves have been completed by each player

withoutthemovementofanypawnandwithoutanycapture. Ifthe lastmoveresultedincheckmate,thatshalltakeprecedence.

9.7 Thegameisdrawnwhenapositionisreachedfromwhichacheckmatecannotoccurbyanypossible seriesof legalmoves.This immediatelyends thegame,providedthatthemoveproducingthispositionwaslegal.

Inboth9.6and9.7casestheArbiterhastointerveneandstopthegame,declaringitasadraw.

32!

Article10:Points11.1Unlesstherulesofacompetitionspecifyotherwise,aplayerwhowinshisgame

orwinsbyforfeit,scoresonepoint(1),aplayerwholoseshisgameorlosesbyforfeitscoresnopoints(0)andaplayerwhodrawshisgamescoresahalfpoint().

Anotherscoringsystemfromtimetotimeusedisforawin3points,foradraw1pointandforalostgame0points.

Article11:Theconductoftheplayers11.1Theplayersshalltakenoactionthatwillbringthegameofchessintodisrepute.ThisisanArticlewhichcanbeusedforanyinfringementsnotmentionedintheLawsofChess11.2The playing venue is defined as the playing area, rest rooms, toilets,

refreshmentarea,areasetasideforsmokingandotherplacesasdesignatedbythearbiter.

The playing area is defined as the place where the games of a competition areplayed.Onlywiththepermissionofthearbitercana. aplayerleavetheplayingvenueb. theplayerhavingthemovebeallowedtoleavetheplayingareac. apersonwho isneitheraplayernorarbiterbeallowedaccess to theplaying

area.Ifpossible, spectators shouldnotenter theplayingarea. It isadvisable tohaveallotherroomsalwaysundercontrolofassistants.11.3a.Duringplay theplayersare forbidden tomakeuseofanynotes, sourcesof

informationoradvice,oranalyseanygameonanotherchessboard.b. During play, a player is forbidden to have a mobile phone and/or other

electronicmeansofcommunication intheplayingvenue. If it isevidentthataplayerbroughtsuchadeviceintotheplayingvenue,heshalllosethegame.Theopponentshallwin.

Therulesofacompetitionmayspecifyadifferent,lesssevere,penalty.

33!

Thearbitermay require theplayer toallowhis clothes,bagsorother items tobeinspected, inprivate.Thearbiterorapersonauthorisedbythearbitershall inspectthe player and shall be of the same gender as the player. If a player refuses tocooperatewiththeseobligations,thearbitershalltakemeasuresinaccordancewithArticle12.9.The regulations about electronic devices are now very strict. No mobile phone isallowedintheplayingvenueanditmakesnodifferenceifitisswitchedonoroff.Ifamobilephone is foundwithaplayerhis/hergame is immediately lostand theopponentshallwin.Newisthepossibilityforanarbiteroranorganizertospecifyinadvancealessseverepenaltyforaviolationofthisarticle.Supposethefollowingsituationoccurs:There isnozerotolerance.PlayerA is intheplayinghallatthestartoftheround.Hisopponent,PlayerB isabsent. ImmediatelyafterplayerAmadehisfirstmovehismobilerings.ThearbiterdeclaresthegamelostforPlayerA.Someminuteslater,butstillontime,PlayerBarrives.Thescoreis/+,itisnotaplayedgameanditcannotberated.c. Smokingispermittedonlyinthesectionofthevenuedesignatedbythearbiter.Ifpossible,thissmokingareashouldbeclosetotheplayingarea.11.4 Playerswhohavefinishedtheirgamesshallbeconsideredtobespectators.Itmeansthattheplayers,whofinishedtheirgames,haveto leavetheplayingarea.Nevertheless,givethemafewminutestowatchtheotherboards.11.5It is forbidden todistractor annoy theopponent in anymannerwhatsoever.

This includes unreasonable claims, unreasonable offers of a draw or theintroductionofasourceofnoiseintotheplayingarea.

Probablythedrawoffersorclaimsarequitereasonable,butrepeatingthemtoooftencanannoytheopponent.11.6Infraction of any part of Articles 11.1 to 11.5 shall lead to penalties in

accordancewithArticle12.9.11.7Persistent refusal by a player to comply with the Laws of Chess shall be

penalised by loss of the game. The arbiter shall decide the score of theopponent.

34!

It isverydifficult togiveageneralguideline forapplicationof thisArticle,but ifanarbiterforthethirdorfourthtimehastowarntheplayer,there isagoodreasontodeclare thegame lost. It isadvisableto informtheplayer,thatArticle11.7shallbeappliedatthenextinfringement.11.8If both players are found guilty according to Article 11.7, the game shall be

declaredlostbybothplayers.11.9A player shall have the right to request from the arbiter an explanation of

particularpointsintheLawsofChess.11.10Unlesstherulesofthecompetitionspecifyotherwise,aplayermayappeal

againstanydecisionofthearbiter,eveniftheplayerhassignedthescoresheet(seeArticle8.7).

Thedetailsofappealsshouldbepartoftheregulationsoftheevent.

Article12:TheroleoftheArbiter(seePreface)12.1 ThearbitershallseethattheLawsofChessarestrictlyobserved.TheArbitermustbepresentandcontrolthegames.Incasethearbiterobservesaninfringement,hemayinterfere.Hemustnotwaitforaclaimfromtheopponent.Example:Aplayertouchesapieceandmakesamovewithanotherone.Thearbitershallforcetheplayertoplaythetouchedpiece.12.2Thearbitershalla. ensurefairplayb. actinthebestinterestofthecompetitionc. ensurethatagoodplayingenvironmentismaintainedd. ensurethattheplayersarenotdisturbede. supervisetheprogressofthecompetitionf. takespecialmeasures inthe interestsofdisabledplayersandthosewhoneed

medicalattention.TheArbitermusttakecaretoavoidanykindofcheatingbytheplayers.

35!

12.3Thearbiter shallobserve the games,especiallywhen theplayersare shortoftime,enforcedecisionshehasmade, and imposepenaltiesonplayerswhereappropriate.

12.4Thearbitermayappointassistantstoobservegames,forexamplewhenseveral

playersareshortoftime.12.5The arbitermay award eitherorbothplayers additional time in the eventof

externaldisturbanceofthegame.12.6ThearbitermustnotinterveneinagameexceptincasesdescribedbytheLaws

ofChess.Heshallnot indicatethenumberofmovesmade,except inapplyingArticle 8.5, when at least one flag has fallen. The arbiter shall refrain frominformingaplayerthathisopponenthascompletedamoveorthattheplayerhasnotpressedhisclock.

12.7Ifsomeoneobservesan irregularity,hemay informonlythearbiter.Players in

othergamesarenottospeakaboutorotherwiseinterfereinagame.Spectatorsarenotallowedtointerfereinagame.Thearbitermayexpeloffendersfromtheplayingvenue.

ThisArticleincludesalsothecallingofaflagfall.12.8Unless authorisedby the arbiter, it is forbidden for anybody touse amobile

phone or any kind of communication device in the playing venue and anycontiguousareadesignatedbythearbiter.

ThisArticleappliesalsotoofficials,organisersandarbiters.12.9Optionsavailabletothearbiterconcerningpenalties:a. warning,b. increasingtheremainingtimeoftheopponent,c. reducingtheremainingtimeoftheoffendingplayer,d. increasing the points scored in the game by the opponent to themaximum

availableforthatgame,e. reducingthepointsscoredinthegamebytheoffendingperson,d. declaring the game to be lost by the offending player (the arbiter shall also

decidetheopponentsscore),g. afineannouncedinadvanceh. expulsionfromthecompetition.Article12.9.h.maybeappliedincooperationwiththeorganizeroftheevent.

36!

APPENDICESThe main idea for the changes in the new rules for Rapidplay and Blitz was theattempttouseasmuchaspossiblethesamerulesforallkindsofchess.

A.RapidplayA.1 A Rapidplaygame isonewhereeitherall themovesmustbecompleted ina

fixedtimeofmorethan10minutesbutlessthan60minutesforeachplayer;orthetimeallottedplus60timesany increment isofmorethan10minutes,butlessthan60minutesforeachplayer.

Example1:AccordingtotheTournamentRegulationsofanevent,thetimecontrolis30minutesforthewholegameand30secondsincrementforeachmove.Thatis:for60moveswewouldget30'+(30"x60)=30'+30'=60'.SoasaccordingtotheArticleA1"ARapidplay" isagamewhereallmovesmustbecompletedinlessthan60minutesforeachplayer,thensuchagameisconsideredtobestandardchess.Example2:AccordingtotheTournamentRegulationsofanevent,thetimecontrolis10minutesforthewholegameand5secondsincrementforeachmove.That is:for60moveswewouldget10'+(5x60)=10'+5'=15'.SoasaccordingtotheArticleA.1suchagameisconsideredtobeRapidplaychess.A.2 Playersdonotneedtorecordthemoves.Playersareallowedtorecordthemoves,buttheymaystoprecordinganytimetheywish.A.3 TheCompetitionRulesshallapplyifa. onearbitersupervisesatmostthreegames,andb. each game is recorded by the arbiter or his assistant and, if possible, by

electronicmeans.Ifthereareenougharbitersonearbiterforthreegamesandifthereareassistantsto record all the games, the only difference between rapid games and standardgamesisArt.A.2.

37!

A.4 Otherwisethefollowingapply:a. Fromtheinitialposition,oncetenmoveshavebeencompletedbyeachplayer,(1) nochangecanbemade to theclocksetting,unless thescheduleof theevent

wouldbeadverselyaffected.(2) no claim can be made regarding incorrect setup or orientation of the

chessboard.Incaseofincorrectkingplacement,castlingisnotallowed.Incaseofincorrectrookplacement,castlingwiththisrookisnotallowed.

b. Anillegalmoveiscompletedoncetheplayerhaspressedhisclock.Ifthearbiterobserves this he shall declare the game lost by the player, provided theopponenthasnotmadehisnextmove. If thearbiterdoesnot intervene, theopponent isentitled toclaimawin,provided theopponenthasnotmadehisnext move. However, the game is drawn if the position is such that theopponent cannot checkmate the players king by any possible series of legalmoves. Iftheopponentdoesnotclaimandthearbiterdoesnot intervene,theillegalmove shall standand thegame shall continue.Once theopponenthasmadehisnextmove,anillegalmovecannotbecorrectedunlessthisisagreedbytheplayerswithoutinterventionofthearbiter.

c. Toclaimawinon time, theclaimantmuststop thechessclockandnotify thearbiter.Fortheclaimtobesuccessful,theclaimantmusthavetimeremainingonhisownclockafterthechessclockhasbeenstopped.However,thegameisdrawn iftheposition issuchthattheopponentcannotcheckmatetheplayerskingbyanypossibleseriesoflegalmoves.

Ifaplayerclaimsthathisopponentoversteppedtheallottedtimeandhedidnotstoptheclocks,and thenhis flag feltdownbefore thearbiter fixed the result, thegameshallbedeclaredadraw.d. Ifthearbiterobservesbothkingsare incheck,orapawnontherank furthest

fromitsstartingposition,heshallwaituntilthenextmoveiscompleted.Then,iftheillegalpositionisstillontheboard,heshalldeclarethegamedrawn.

InRapidplaythearbiterhasalsotocallaflagfall,ifheobservesit.A.5 TheRulesforacompetitionshallspecifywhetherArticleA.3orArticleA.4shall

applyfortheentireevent.

38!

B.BlitzB.1 Ablitzgameisonewhereallthemovesmustbecompletedinafixedtimeof

10 minutes or less for each player; or the allotted time plus 60 times anyincrementis10minutesorless.

AccordingtotheTournamentRegulationsofaneventthetimecontrolis5minutesforthewholegameand5secondsincrementforeachmove.Thatis:for60moveswewouldget5'+(5'x60)=5'+5'=10'.AccordingtoArt.B.1wehaveaBlitzgame.B.2 Thepenaltiesmentioned inArticles7and9of theCompetitionRulesshallbe

oneminuteinsteadoftwominutes.B.3 TheCompetitionRulesshallapplyifa. onearbitersupervisesonegame,andb. each game is recorded by the arbiter or his assistant and, if possible, by

electronicmeans.B.4 Otherwise,playshallbegovernedbytheRapidplayLawsasinArticleA.4.B.5 TheRulesforacompetitionshallspecifywhetherArticleB.3orArticleB.4shall

applyfortheentireevent.

C.AlgebraicnotationFIDErecognizes for itsowntournamentsandmatchesonlyonesystemofnotation,theAlgebraicSystem,andrecommends theuseof thisuniformchessnotationalsoforchessliteratureandperiodicals.Scoresheetsusinganotationsystemotherthanalgebraicmaynotbeusedasevidenceincaseswherenormallythescoresheetofaplayer is used for that purpose. An arbiterwho observes that a player is using anotation system other than the algebraic should warn the player about of thisrequirement.DescriptionoftheAlgebraicSystemC.1 Inthisdescription,piecemeansapieceotherthanapawn

39!

C.2 Eachpiece is indicatedbyanabbreviation.IntheEnglish language it isthefirstletter, a capital letter, of its name. Example: K=king, Q=queen, R=rook,B=bishop,N=knight.(Nisusedforaknightinordertoavoidambiguity.)

C.3 For theabbreviationof thenameof thepieces,eachplayer is free touse the

firstletterofthenamewhichiscommonlyusedinhiscountry.Examples:F=fou(Frenchforbishop),L=loper(Dutchforbishop).Inprintedperiodicals,theuseoffigurinesforthepiecesisrecommended.

C.4 Pawnsarenot indicatedbytheirfirst letter,butarerecognizedbytheabsence

ofsuchaletter.Examples:themovesarewrittene5,d4,a5,notpe5,Pd4,pa5.C.5 Theeightfiles(fromthe lefttorightforWhiteandfromrightto leftforBlack)

areindicatedbythesmallletters,a,b,c,d,e,f,g,andh,respectively.C.6 The eight ranks (from bottom to top forWhite and from top to bottom for

Black)arenumbered1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,respectively.Consequently,intheinitialpositionthewhitepiecesandpawnsareplacedonthe firstandsecondranks;theblackpiecesandpawnsontheeighthandseventhranks.

C.7 As a consequence of the previous rules, each of the sixtyfour squares is

invariablyindicatedbyauniquecombinationofaletterandanumber.

C.8 Eachmove of a piece is indicated by a) the abbreviation of the name of the

piece inquestionandb) thesquareofarrival.There isnohyphenbetweena)andb).Examples:Be5,Nf3,Rd1.In thecaseofpawns,only thesquareofarrival is indicated.Examples:e5,d4,a5.

C.9 When a piece makes a capture, an x may be inserted between a) the

abbreviationofthenameofthepiece inquestionandb)thesquareofarrival.Examples:Bxe5,Nxf3,Rxd1,seealsoC.10.

40!

Whenapawnmakesacapture, the fileofdeparturemustbe indicated, thenanxmaybeinserted,thenthesquareofarrival.Examples:dxe5,gxf3,axb5.Inthecaseofanenpassantcapture,e.p.maybeappendedtothenotation.Example:exd6e.p.C.10Iftwoidenticalpiecescanmovetothesamesquare,thepiecethatismovedis

indicatedasfollows:1. Ifbothpiecesareon the same rank:bya) the first letterof thenameof the

piece,b)thefileofdeparture,andc)thesquareofarrival.2. Ifbothpiecesareon thesame file:bya) theabbreviationof thenameof the

piece,b)therankofthesquareofdeparture,andc)thesquareofarrival.Ifthepiecesareondifferentranksandfilesmethod1)ispreferred.Inthecaseofcapture,anxmaybeinsertedbetweenb)andc).Examples:a. Therearetwoknights,onthesquaresg1ande1,andoneofthemmovestothe

squaref3:eitherNgf3orNef3,asthecasemaybe.b. Therearetwoknights,onthesquaresg5andg1,andoneofthemmovestothe

squaref3:eitherN5f3orN1f3,asthecasemaybe.c. Therearetwoknights,onthesquaresh2andd4,andoneofthemmovestothe

squaref3:eitherNhf3orNdf3,asthecasemaybe.d. Ifacapturetakesplaceonthesquaref3,thenotationofthepreviousexampleis

still applicable, but an xmay be inserted: 1) eitherNgxf3 orNexf3, 2) eitherN5xf3orN1xf3,3)eitherNhxf3orNdxf3,asthecasemaybe.

C.11 In the caseof thepromotionofapawn, theactualpawnmove is indicated,followedimmediatelybythefirstletterofthenewpiece.Examples:d8Q,exf8N,b1B,g1R.C.12 Theofferofadrawshallbemarkedas(=).C.13 Abbreviations00 =castlingwithrookh1orrookh8(kingsidecastling)000 =castlingwithrooka1orrooka8(queensidecastling)x =captures+ =check++or# =checkmatee.p. =capturesenpassanteThelastfourareoptional.

41!

Samplegame:1.e4e52.Nf3Nf63.d4exd44.e5Ne45.Qxd4d56.exd6e.p.Nxd67.Bg5Nc68.Qe3+Be79.Nbd20010.000Re811.Kb1(=)Or:1.e4e52.Nf3Nf63.d4ed44.e5Ne45.Qd4d56.ed6Nd67.Bg5Nc68.Qe3Be79.Nbd20010.000Re811.Kb1(=).

D.Rulesforplaywithblindandvisuallydisabledplayers

D.1 Theorganiser,after consulting thearbiter, shallhave thepower toadapt the

followingrulesaccordingto localcircumstances. Incompetitivechessbetweensighted and visuallydisabledplayers (legallyblind)eitherplayermaydemandthe use of two boards, the sighted player using a normal board, the visuallydisabled player using one specially constructed. This board must meet thefollowingrequirements:

a. measureatleast20by20centimetres;b. havetheblacksquaresslightlyraised;c. haveasecuringapertureineachsquare;Therequirementsforthepiecesare:a. allareprovidedwithapegthatfitsintothesecuringapertureoftheboard;b. allareofStauntondesign,theblackpiecesbeingspeciallymarked.D.2 Thefollowingregulationsshallgovernplay:1. Themovesshallbeannouncedclearly,repeatedbytheopponentandexecuted

onhischessboard.Whenpromotingapawn, theplayermustannouncewhichpieceischosen.Tomaketheannouncementasclearaspossible,theuseofthefollowingnamesissuggestedinsteadofthecorrespondingletters,algebraic.

AAnnaBBellaCCesarDDavidEEvaFFelixGGustavHHectorUnless thearbiterdecidesotherwise, ranks fromwhite toblack shallbegiven theGermannumbers:1eins2zwei

42!

3drei4vier5fuenf6sechs7sieben8achtCastling is announced Lange Rochade (German for long castling) and KurzeRochade(Germanforshortcastling).Thepiecesbearthenames:Koenig,Dame,Turm,Laeufer,Springer,Bauer.2. Onthevisuallyhandicappedplayer'sboardapieceshallbeconsideredtouched

whenithasbeentakenoutofthesecuringaperture.3. Amoveshallbeconsideredmadewhen:a. inthecaseofacapture,thecapturedpiecehasbeenremovedfromtheboard

oftheplayerwhoseturnitistomove;b. apiecehasbeenplacedintoadifferentsecuringaperture;c. themovehasbeenannounced.Onlythentheopponent'sclockshallbestarted.4. Asfaraspoints2and3areconcernedthenormalrulesarevalidforthesighted

player.5. Aspeciallyconstructedchessclockforthevisuallydisabledshallbeadmissible.

Itshallincorporatethefollowingfeatures:a. Adialfittedwithreinforcedhands,witheveryfiveminutesmarkedbyonedot,

andevery15minutesbytworaiseddots.b. Aflagwhichcanbeeasilyfelt.Careshouldbetakenthattheflagissoarranged

astoallowtheplayertofeeltheminutehandduringthe last5minutesofthefullhour.

c. optionally, ameans of announcing audibly to the visually disabled player thenumberofmoves.

6. ThevisuallydisabledplayermustkeepscoreofthegameinBrailleorlonghand

orrecordthemovesonarecordingdevice.7. A slip of the tongue in the announcement of a move must be corrected

immediatelyandbeforetheclockoftheopponentisstarted.

43!

8. Ifduringagamedifferentpositionsshouldariseonthetwoboards,theymustbecorrectedwiththeassistanceofthearbiterandbyconsultingbothplayers'game scores. If the two game scores correspondwith each other, the playerwhohaswrittenthecorrectmovebutexecutedthewrongonemustadjusthisposition to correspondwith themove on the game scores.When the gamescoresare foundtodiffer,themovesshallberetracedtothepointwherethetwoscoresagree,andthearbitershallreadjusttheclocksaccordingly.

9. Thevisuallydisabledplayershallhavetherighttomakeuseofanassistantwho

shallhaveanyorallofthefollowingduties:a. makingeitherplayer'smoveontheboardoftheopponentb. announcingthemovesofbothplayersc. keeping the game score of the visually disabled player and starting his

opponent'sclock,(keepingpoint3.cinmind)d. informingthevisuallyhandicappedplayeronlyathisrequestofthenumberof

movescompletedandthetimeusedupbybothplayerse. claiming the game in cases where the time limit has been exceeded and

informingthearbiterwhenthesightedplayerhastouchedoneofhispiecesf. carryingoutthenecessaryformalitiesincaseswherethegameisadjourned.10. If the visually disabled player does notmake use of an assistant, the sighted

playermaymakeuseofonewho shall carryout thedutiesmentionedunderpoint9.aand9.b.

E.AdjournedgamesE.1 a.Ifagameisnotfinishedattheendofthetimeprescribedforplay,thearbiter

shall require theplayerhaving themove to seal thatmove.Theplayermustwritehismoveinunambiguousnotationonhisscoresheet,puthisscoresheetandthatofhisopponent inanenvelope,sealtheenvelopeandonlythenstopthechessclock.

Untilhehasstoppedthechessclock,theplayerretainstherighttochangehissealedmove.If,afterbeingtoldbythearbitertosealhismove,theplayermakesamoveonthechessboardhemustwritethatsamemoveonhisscoresheetashissealedmove.b. Aplayerhavingthemove,whoadjournsthegamebeforetheendoftheplaying

session,shallbeconsideredtohavesealedatthenominaltime fortheendofthesession,andhisremainingtimeshallsoberecorded.

44!

E.2 Thefollowingshallbeindicatedupontheenvelope:a. thenamesoftheplayersb. thepositionimmediatelybeforethesealedmovec. thetimeusedbyeachplayerd. thenameoftheplayerwhohassealedthemovee. thenumberofthesealedmovef. theofferofadraw,iftheproposaliscurrentg. thedate,timeandvenueofresumptionofplay.E.3 Thearbitershallchecktheaccuracyofthe informationontheenvelopeand is

responsibleforitssafekeeping.E.4 Ifaplayerproposesadrawafterhisopponenthassealedhismove,theofferis

validuntiltheopponenthasaccepteditorrejecteditasinArticle9.1.E.5 Beforethegame istoberesumed,theposition immediatelybeforethesealed

move shall be set up on the chessboard, and the times used by each playerwhenthegamewasadjournedshallbeindicatedontheclocks.

E.6 Ifprior to the resumption thegame isagreeddrawn,or ifoneof theplayers

notifiesthearbiterthatheresigns,thegameisconcluded.E.7 The envelope shall be opened onlywhen the playerwhomust reply to the

sealedmoveispresent.E.8 ExceptinthecasesmentionedintheArticles5,6.9and9.6,thegameislostbya

playerwhoserecordingofhissealedmovea. isambiguous;orb. isrecordedinsuchawaythatitstruesignificanceisimpossibletoestablish;orc. isillegal.E.9 If,attheagreedresumptiontimea. the player having to reply to the sealed move is present, the envelope is

opened,thesealedmoveismadeonthechessboardandhisclockisstarted.b. theplayerhavingtoreplytothesealedmove isnotpresent,hisclockshallbe

started. On his arrival, hemay stop his clock and summon the arbiter. Theenvelope isthenopenedandthesealedmove ismadeonthechessboard.Hisclockisthenrestarted.

45!

c. theplayerwho sealed themove isnotpresent,hisopponenthas the right torecordhisreplyonthescoresheet,sealhisscoresheetinafreshenvelope,stophisclockandstart theabsentplayersclock insteadofmakinghis reply in thenormal manner. If so, the envelope shall be handed to the arbiter forsafekeepingandopenedontheabsentplayersarrival.

E.10Anyplayerwhoarrivesat thechessboardafter thedefault timeshall lose the

game unless the arbiter decides otherwise. However, if the sealed moveresultedintheconclusionofthegame,thatconclusionshallstillapply.

E.11If the rules of a competition specify that the default time is not zero, the

followingshallapply:Ifneitherplayer ispresent initially,theplayerwhohastoreply to the sealedmove shall lose all the time that elapses until he arrives,unlesstherulesofthecompetitionspecifyorthearbiterdecidesotherwise.

E.12a. If the envelope containing the sealed move is missing, the game shall

continuefromtheadjournedposition,withtheclocktimesrecordedatthetimeofadjournment. If the timeusedbyeachplayer cannotbe reestablished thearbiter shall set the clocks. The playerwho sealed themove shallmake themovehestateshesealedonthechessboard.

b. If it is impossibletoreestablishtheposition,thegameshallbeannulledandanewgameshallbeplayed.

E.13If,uponresumptionofthegame,eitherplayerpointsoutbeforemakinghisfirst

move that the time used has been incorrectly indicated on either clock, theerrormustbecorrected.Iftheerrorisnotthenestablishedthegamecontinueswithout correction unless the arbiter feels that the consequenceswill be toosevere.

E.14The duration of each resumption session shall be controlled by the arbiters

timepiece.Thestartingtimeshallbeannouncedinadvance.

F.Chess960RulesF.1 Before a Chess960 game a starting position is randomly set up, subject tocertain rules.After this, thegame isplayed in the samewayas standard chess. Inparticular,piecesandpawnshavetheirnormalmoves,andeachplayer'sobjectiveistocheckmatetheopponent'sking.

46!

F.2 StartingpositionrequirementsThestartingpositionforChess960mustmeetcertainrules.Whitepawnsareplacedon the second rank as in regular chess. All remaining white pieces are placedrandomlyonthefirstrank,butwiththefollowingrestrictions:a. Thekingisplacedsomewherebetweenthetworooks.b. Thebishopsareplacedonoppositecolouredsquares.c. Theblackpiecesareplacedoppositethewhitepieces.The starting position can be generated before the game either by a computerprogramorusingdice,coin,cards,etc.F.3 Chess960CastlingRulesa. Chess960 allows each player to castle once per game, amove by potentially

both the king and rook in a singlemove. However, a few interpretations ofstandardchessgamesrulesareneededforcastling,becausethestandardrulespresume initial locationsof the rookandking thatareoftennotapplicable inChess960.

b. HowtocastleInChess960,dependingontheprecastlingpositiononthecastlingkingandrook,thecastlingmanoeuvreisperformedbyoneofthesefourmethods:1. doublemove castling: bymaking amovewith the king and amovewith the

rook,or2. transpositioncastling:bytransposingthepositionofthekingandtherook,or3. kingmoveonlycastling:bymakingonlyamovewiththeking,or4. rookmoveonlycastling:bymakingonlyamovewiththerook.Recommendations1. Whencastlingonaphysicalboardwithahumanplayer,itisrecommendedthat

thekingbemovedoutsidetheplayingsurfacenexttohisfinalposition,therookthenbemovedfrom itsstartingpositionto itsfinalposition,andthenthekingbeplacedonhisfinalsquare.

2. After castling, the rook and king's final positions should be exactly the samepositionsastheywouldbeinstandardchess.

ClarificationThus, after cside castling (notated asOOO and known as queenside castling inorthodoxchess),theKing isonthecsquare(c1forWhiteandc8forBlack)andtheRookisonthedsquare(d1forWhiteandd8forBlack).Aftergsidecastling(notatedasOOandknownaskingsidecastlinginorthodoxchess),theKingisonthegsquare

47!

(g1forWhiteandg8forBlack)andtheRook isonthefsquare(f1forWhiteandf8forBlack).Notes1. Toavoidanymisunderstanding,itmaybeusefultostate"Iamabouttocastle"

beforecastling.2. Insomestartingpositions,thekingorrook(butnotboth)donotmoveduring

castling.3. Insomestartingpositions,castlingcantakeplaceasearlyasthefirstmove.4. ll the squares between the king's initial and final squares (including the final

square), and all of the squares between the rook's initial and final squares(includingthefinalsquare),mustbevacantexceptforthekingandcastlingrook.

5. In some starting positions, some squares can stay filled during castling thatwouldhavetobevacantinstandardchess.Forexample,aftercsidecastling(OOO), it'spossiblefortohavea,b,and/orestillfilled,andaftergsidecastling(OO),it'spossibletohaveeand/orhfilled.

G.QuickplayFinishesG.1 A quickplayfinish isthephaseofagamewhenalltheremainingmovesmust

becompletedinafinitetime.G.2 Beforethestartofanevent itshallbeannouncedwhetherthisAppendixshall

applyornot.G.3. ThisAppendixshallonlyapply tostandardplayandRapidplaygameswithout

incrementandnottoblitzgames.G.4 Iftheplayerhavingthemovehaslessthantwominutesleftonhisclock,hemay

request that a time delay or cumulative time of an extra five seconds beintroduced forbothplayers, ifpossible.Thisconstitutes theofferofadraw. Ifrefused,andthearbiteragreestotherequest,theclocksshallthenbesetwiththeextratime;theopponentshallbeawardedtwoextraminutesandthegameshallcontinue.

G.5 IfArticleG.4doesnotapplyandtheplayerhavingthemovehas lessthantwo

minutes left on his clock, hemay claim a draw before his flag falls.He shallsummonthearbiterandmaystopthechessclock(seeArticle6.12b).Hemay

48!

claimonthebasisthathisopponentcannotwinbynormalmeans,and/orthathisopponenthasbeenmakingnoefforttowinbynormalmeans

a. Ifthearbiteragreesthattheopponentcannotwinbynormalmeans,orthattheopponenthasbeenmakingnoefforttowinthegamebynormalmeans,heshalldeclarethegamedrawn.Otherwiseheshallpostponehisdecisionorrejecttheclaim.

b. Ifthearbiterpostponeshisdecision,theopponentmaybeawardedtwoextraminutesandthegameshallcontinue, ifpossible, inthepresenceofanarbiter.Thearbitershalldeclarethefinalresultlaterinthegameorassoonaspossibleaftertheflagofeitherplayerhasfallen.Heshalldeclarethegamedrawn ifheagrees that the opponent of the playerwhose flag has fallen cannotwin bynormalmeans,orthathewasnotmakingsufficientattemptstowinbynormalmeans.

c. Ifthearbiterhasrejectedtheclaim,theopponentshallbeawardedtwoextraminutes.

G.6 Thefollowingshallapplywhenthecompetitionisnotsupervisedbyanarbiter:Aplayermayclaimadrawwhenhehas lessthantwominutes leftonhisclockand

beforehisflagfalls.Thisconcludesthegame.Hemayclaimonthebasis:(1) thathisopponentcannotwinbynormalmeans,and/or(2) thathisopponenthasbeenmakingnoefforttowinbynormalmeans.In(1)theplayermustwritedownthefinalpositionandhisopponentmustverifyit.In(2)theplayermustwritedownthefinalpositionandsubmitanuptodatescoresheet.Theopponentshallverifyboththescoresheetandthefinalposition.Theclaimshallbereferredtothedesignatedarbiter.

49!

GlossaryoftermsintheLawsofChess

ThenumberafterthetermreferstothefirsttimeitappearsintheLaws.adjourn:8.1.Insteadofplayingthegameinonesessionitistemporarilyhaltedandthencontinuedatalatertime.algebraicnotation:8.1.Recordingthemovesusingahand18onthe8x8board.analyse: 11.3. Where one or more players make moves on a board to try todeterminewhatisthebestcontinuation.appeal: 11.10.Normally aplayerhas the right to appeal against adecisionof thearbiterororganiser.arbiter: Preface. The person(s) responsible for ensuring that the rules of acompetitionarefollowed.arbiters discretion: There are approximately 39 instances in the Lawswhere thearbitermustusehisjudgement.assistant: 8.1.A personwhomay help the smooth running of the competition invariousways.attack:3.1.Apiece is said to attack anopponentspiece if theplayerspiece canmakeacaptureonthatsquare.black:2.1.1.Thereare16darkcolouredpiecesand32 squares calledblack.Or2.Whencapitalised,thisalsoreferstotheplayeroftheblackpieces.blitz: Agamewhereeachplayersthinkingtimeis10minutesorless.board:2.4.Shortforchessboard.Bronsteinmode:6.3b.Seedelaymode.capture:3.1.Whereapiece ismoved from its square toa squareoccupiedbyanopponentspiece,thelatterisremovedfromtheboard.Seealso3.7d.Innotationx.castling:3.8b.Amoveof the king towardsa rook. See the article. Innotation00kingsidecastling,000queensidecastling.cellphone: Seemobilephone.check:3.9.Where a king is attackedbyoneormoreof theopponentspieces. Innotation+.checkmate:1.2.Wherethekingisattackedandcannotparrythethreat.Innotation++or#.chessboard:1.1.The8x8gridasin2.1.chessclock:6.1.Aclockwithtwotimedisplaysconnectedtoeachother.chessset: The32piecesonthechessboard.Chess960: Avariantofchesswhere thebackrowpiecesare setup inoneof the960distinguishablepossiblepositionsclaim:6.8.Theplayermaymakeaclaimtothearbiterundervariouscircumstances.

50!

clock:6.1.Oneofthetwotimedisplays.completedmove: 6.2a.Where a player hasmade hismove and then pressed hisclock.contiguousarea:12.8.Anareatouchingbutnotactuallypartoftheplayingvenue.Forexample,theareasetasideforspectators.cumulative(Fischer)mode:Whereaplayerreceivesanextraamountoftime(often30seconds)priortoeachmove.deadposition:5.2b.Whereneitherplayer canmate theopponentskingwithanyseriesoflegalmoves.defaulttime:6.7.Thespecifiedtimeaplayermaybelatewithoutbeingforfeited.delay(Bronstein)mode:6.3b.Bothplayersreceiveanallotted mainthinkingtime.Eachplayeralsoreceivesafixedextratimewitheverymove.Thecountdownofthemainthinkingtimeonlycommencesafterthefixedextratimehasexpired.Providedtheplayerpresseshisclockbefore theexpirationof the fixedextra time, themainthinkingtimedoesnotchange,irrespectiveoftheproportionofthefixedextratimeused.demonstrationboard:6.13.Adisplayofthepositionontheboardwherethepiecesaremovedbyhand.diagonal:2.4.Astraightlineofsquaresofthesamecolour,runningfromoneedgeoftheboardtoanadjacentedge.disability:6.2e.A condition, suchasaphysicalormentalhandicap, that results inpartialorcompletelossofaperson'sabilitytoperformcertainchessactivities.draw:5.2.Wherethegameisconcludedwithneithersidewinning.drawoffer:9.1.b.Whereaplayermayofferadrawtotheopponent.Thisisindicatedonthescoresheetwiththesymbol(=).enpassant:3.7d.Seethatarticleforanexplanation.Innotatione.p.exchange: 1.3.7e.Whereapawnispromoted.Or2.Whereaplayercapturesapieceofthesamevalueashisownandthispieceisrecaptured.Or3.Whereoneplayerhaslostarookandtheotherhaslostabishoporknight.explanation:11.9.AplayerisentitledtohaveaLawexplained.fair play: 12.2a.Whether justice has been done has sometimes to be consideredwhenanarbiterfindsthattheLawsareinadequate.file: 2.4.Averticalcolumnofeightsquaresonthechessboard.Fischermode:Seecumulativemode. flag: 6.1.Thedevicethatdisplayswhenatimeperiodhasexpired.flagfall:6.1.Wheretheallottedtimeofaplayerhasexpired.forfeit:4.8.1.Tolosetherighttomakeaclaimormove.Or2.ToloseagamebecauseofaninfringementoftheLaws.handicap:Seedisability.

51!

Iadjust:Seejadoube.illegal:3.10a.ApositionormovethatisimpossiblebecauseoftheLawsofChess.impairment:Seedisability.increment: 6.1. An amount of time (from 2 to 60 seconds) added from the startbeforeeachmovefortheplayer.Thiscanbeineitherdelayorcumulativemode.intervene: 12.7.Toinvolveoneselfinsomethingthatishappeninginordertoaffecttheoutcome.jadoube:4.2.Givingnotice that theplayerwishes toadjustapiece,butdoesnotnecessarilyintendtomoveit.kingside:3.8a.Theverticalhalfoftheboardonwhichthekingstandsatthestartofthegame.legalmove:SeeArticle3.10a.made:1.1.Amoveissaidtohavebeenmadewhenthepiecehasbeenmovedtoitsnew square, thehandhasquit thepiece,and thecapturedpiece, ifany,hasbeenremovedfromtheboard.mate:Abbreviationofcheckmate.minorpiece.Bishoporknight.mobilephone:11.3b.Cellphone.monitor:6.13.Anelectronicdisplayofthepositionontheboard.move:1.1.1.40movesin90minutes,refersto40movesbyeachplayer.Or2.havingthemovereferstotheplayersrighttoplaynext.Or3.WhitesbestmovereferstothesinglemovebyWhite.movecounter: 6.10b.A device on a chessclockwhichmay be used to record thenumberoftimestheclockhasbeenpressedbyeachplayer.normalmeans:G.5.Playing inapositivemannertotrytowin;or,havingapositionsuchthatthereisarealisticchanceofwinningthegameotherthanjustflagfall.Organiser: 8.3. The person responsible for the venue, dates, prize money,invitations,formatofthecompetitionandsoon.overtheboard: Introduction.TheLawscoveronly this typeofchess,not internet,norcorrespondence,andsoon.penalties: 12.3.Thearbitermayapplypenaltiesaslistedin12.9inascendingorderofseverity.piece:2. 1.One of the 32 figurines on the board.Or 2.A queen, rook, bishop orknight.playingarea:11.2.Theplacewherethegamesofacompetitionareplayed.playingvenue:11.2.Theonlyplacetowhichtheplayershaveaccessduringplay.points:Normallyaplayerscores1pointforawin,pointforadraw,0foraloss.Analternativeis3forawin,1foradraw,0foraloss.presstheclock:6.2a.Theactofpushingthebuttonor leveronachessclockwhichstopstheplayersclockandstartsthatofhisopponent.

52!

promotion:3.7e.Whereapawn reaches theeighth rankand is replacedbyanewqueen,rook,bishoporknightofthesamecolour.queen:Asinqueenapawn,meaningtopromoteapawntoaqueen.queenside:3.8a.Theverticalhalfoftheboardonwhichthequeenstandsatthestartofthegame.quickplay finish: G. The last part of a game where a player must complete anunlimitednumberofmovesinafinitetime.rank: 2.4.Ahorizontalrowofeightsquaresonthechessboard.rapidplay: A.Agamewhereeachplayers thinking time ismore than10minutes,butlessthan60.repetition: 5.2.d. 1.A playermay claim a draw if the same position occurs threetimes.2.Agameisdrawnifthesamepositionoccursfivetimes.resigns:5.1b.Whereaplayergivesup,ratherthanplayonuntilmated.restrooms:11.2.Toilets,alsotheroomsetasideinWorldChampionshipswheretheplayerscanrelax.result:8.7.Usually the result is10,01or. Inexceptionalcircumstancesbothplayersmaylose(Article11.8),oronescoreandtheother0.Forunplayedgamesthescoresareindicatedby+/(Whitewinsbyforfeit),/+(Blackwinsbyforfeit),/(Bothplayerslosebyforfeit).rulesofthecompetition:6.7a.Atvariouspoints intheLawsthereareoptions.Thecompetitionrulesmuststatewhichhavebeenchosen.sealedmove: E.Where a game is adjourned theplayer sealshisnextmove in anenvelope.Scoresheet:8.1.Apapersheetwithspaces forwritingthemoves.Thiscanalsobeelectronic.screen:6.13.Anelectronicdisplayofthepositionontheboard.spectators: 11.4. People other than arbiters or players viewing the games. Thisincludesplayersaftertheirgameshavebeenconcluded.standardplay:G3.Agamewhereeachplayersthinkingtimeisatleast60minutes.stalemate:5.2a.Wheretheplayerhasnolegalmoveandhiskingisnotincheck.squareofpromotion:3.7e.Thesquareapawn landsonwhen itreachedtheeighthrank.supervise:12.2e.Inspectorcontrol.timecontrol:1.Theregulationaboutthetimetheplayerisallotted.Forexample,40movesin90minutes,allthemovesin30minutes,plus30secondscumulativelyfrommove1.Or2.Aplayer issaid tohavereachedthetimecontrol, if,forexamplehehascompletedthe40movesinlessthan90minutes.timeperiod:8.6.Apartofthegamewheretheplayersmustcompleteanumberofmovesorallthemovesinacertaintime.

53!

touchmove:4.3. Ifaplayer touchesapiecewith the intentionofmoving it,he isobligedtomoveit.vertical:2.4.The8thrankisoftenthoughtasthehighestareaonachessboard.Thuseachfileisreferredtoasvertical.white:2.2.1.Thereare16 lightcolouredpiecesand32squarescalledwhite.Or2.Whencapitalised,thisalsoreferstotheplayerofthewhitepieces.zerotolerance:(6.7b).Whereaplayermustarriveatthechessboardbeforethestartofthesession.50move rule: 5.2e. A playermay claim a draw if the last 50moves have beencompleted by each player without themovement of any pawn and without anycapture.75moverule:9.6b.Thegameisdrawnifthelast75moveshavebeencompletedbyeachplayerwithoutthemovementofanypawnandwithoutanycapture.

54!

TYPESofTOURNAMENTS

Toestablishthepairingsforachesstournamentthefollowingsystemsmaybeused:1. RoundRobinSystemInaRoundRobinTournamentalltheplayersplayeachother.Thereforethenumberof rounds is thenumberofparticipantsminusone, in caseof anevennumberofplayers. Ifthere isanoddnumberofparticipants,thenumberofrounds isequaltothenumberofplayers.UsuallytheBergerTablesareusedtoestablishthepairingsandthecoloursofeachround.Ifthenumberofplayersisodd,thentheplayerwhowassupposedtoplayagainstthelastplayerhasafreedayineveryround.34players

1 2 314 43 2423 12 31

56players

1 2 3 4 516 64 26 65 3625 53 31 14 4234 12 45 23 51

78players

1 2 3 4 5 6 718 85 28 86 38 8 7 4 827 64 31 75 42 1 6 5 336 73 47 14 51 2 5 6 245 12 56 23 67 3 4 7 1

910players

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9110 106 210 107 3 10 10 8 4 10 109 51029 75 31 86 4 2 9 7 5 3 18 6438 84 49 95 5 1 1 6 6 2 27 73

55!

47 93 58 14 6 9 2 5 7 1 36 8256 12 67 23 7 8 3 4 8 9 45 91

1112players

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11112 127 212 128 312 129 412 1210 512 1211 6 12211 86 3 1 97 4 2 108 5 3 119 64 110 7 5310 95 411 106 5 1 117 6 2 1 8 73 2 9 8 449 104 510 115 611 16 7 1 2 7 82 3 8 9 358 113 6 9 14 710 2 5 11 3 6 91 4 7 10 267 12 7 8 23 8 9 3 4 910 4 5 1011 5 6 11 1

1314players

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13114 148 214 149 314 1410 414 1411 514 1412 614 1413 714213 97 31 108 42 119 53 1210 64 1311 75 112 86312 106 413 117 51 128 62 139 73 110 84 211 95411 115 512 126 613 137 71 18 82 29 93 310 104510 124 611 135 712 16 813 27 91 38 102 49 11369 133 710 14 811 25 912 3 6 1013 4 7 111 58 12278 12 89 23 910 34 1011 45 1112 56 1213 67 131

1516players1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15116 169 216 1610 316 1611 416 1612 516 1613 616 1614 716 1615 816215 108 31 119 42 1210 53 1311 64 1412 75 1513 86 114 97314 117 415 128 51 139 62 1410 73 1511 84 112 95 213 106413 126 514 137 615 148 71 159 82 110 93 211 104 312 115512 135 613 146 714 157 815 18 91 29 102 310 113 411 124611 144 712 155 813 16 914 27 1015 38 111 49 122 510 133710 153 811 14 912 25 1013 36 1114 47 1215 58 131 69 14289 12 910 23 1011 34 1112 45 1213 56 1314 67 1415 78 151

56!

ThebestsystemforplayersisaDoubleRoundRobinTournament,becauseinsuchasystemallplayershave toplay twogamesagainsteachopponent,onewithwhitepiecesandanotheronewithblackpieces.Butmainlythereisnottimeenoughforitandothersystemshavetobeused.ForTieBreak systems tobeused forRoundRobinTournaments (seechapter TiebreakSystems):2. SwissSystemsInFIDEtherearefivedifferentSwisssystemstobeusedforpairings:a. theDutchSystemIt is the usual swiss system for open tournaments well known by players andorganizers,andwillbedescribedindetailbelow.b. theLimSystemThepairingsaremadefromtotopscoregroupdownbeforethemiddlegroup,thenfromthebottomscoregrouptothemiddlegroupandfinallythemiddlescoregroup;c. theDubovSystemThe white players are sorted according to their performance, the black playersaccordingtotheirrating.Theplayerwiththehighestperformanceinascoregroupispairedagainsttheblackplayerwiththelowestrating;d. theBursteinSystem,It was used for Olympiad before 2006 in a score group the teams are rankedaccording their Buchholz points (or extended Buchholz points) and then the toprankedteamispairedagainstthelastrankedteam,thesecondrankedteamagainstthelastbutone,andsoon;e. theOlympiadPairingSystemusedinOlympiadsince2006ThissystemissimilartotheDutchsystemforindividualtournamentswithonlysmallamendmentsorteampairingsUsingoftheDutchSystem,stepbystep2.1 ScoregroupsTherearetwotypesofscoregroups:Homogeneousscoregroupsallplayershaveequalscores

57!

Heterogeneousscoregroupsoneormoreplayershavehigherscores.Aheterogeneousscoregroupofwhichatleasthalfoftheplayerscomedownfromahigherscoregroupisalsotreatedasthoughitwillbeahomogeneousgroup.Thescoregroupsaresortedaccordinga.scoresb.ratingsc.title:GMIMWGMFMWIMCMWFMWCMnotitled.alphabeticallyThecriteriab,canddcorrespondtothestartingnumbersoftheplayers.2.2 ColourpreferencesThecolourpreferenceofaplayer isthedifferenceofcolourshehashadbeforetheroundtobepaired(numberofplayedgameswithwhitenumberofplayedgameswithblack).Afterthiscalculationwehavethreekindsofcolourpreference:absolutepreference=colourdifferenceisgreaterthan1orlessthan1,oraplayerplayedwiththesamecolourinthetwolastrounds;strongpreference=colourdifference isunequal to0; if it is+1 theplayershouldhaveblack,ifitis1heshouldhavewhite;mild preference = colour difference is 0; the preference being to alternate thecolourwithrespecttothepreviousround.2.3 SubgroupsEachscoregroupthenisdividedintotwosubgroups,calledS1andS2.IncaseofaheterogeneousscoregroupallplayerscomingfromhigherscoregroupsareinS1alltheotherplayersareinS2.After pairings are made for all players in S1, then the pairing of the remaininghomogeneousgroupisrestarted.Incaseofahomogeneousscoregroupthehigherhalfofthescoregroup,roundeddownwards,isinS1allotherplayersofthescoregroupareinS2.2.4 PairingPrinciplesanddefinitionsTherearesomepairingcriteriatobefollowed:Absolute pairing criteria thesemay not be violated, if necessary playerswill bemoveddowntoalowerscoregroup.1a. twoplayersshallnotmeetmorethanonce

58!

1b. aplayerwhohasreceivedapointwithoutplaying,eitherthroughabyeorduetoanopponentnotappearingintime,shallnotreceiveabye

2a. Noplayer'scolourdifferencewillbecome>+2or

59!

The goal is to have a pairing which has themaximum possible number of pairsfulfillingthecolourpreferenceofallplayers,whileadditionallyallrelativecriteriaaremet.Ifthisgoalisachievedthepairingofthescoregroupisperfect.As longasthepairing isnotperfectt