aragtida-qaybaha-kala-duwan-ee-bulshada-iyo-noocyada

Aragtida Qaybaha kala duwan ee Bulshada

iyo Noocyada Musuqmaasuq ee ka jira Puntland

Warbixin Cilmi-baaris ay Samaysay Jaamacadda PSU

Garoowe, July 25 2016

Noocyada Musuqmaasuq ee ka jira Puntland iyo Aragtida Dadweynaha

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Cilmi Baarayaasha

Dr. Abdalla Ali Duh (Hoggaamiyaha & La-taliyaha Cilmi-baarista)

Deeq Abdirahman Warsame (Cilmi-baare)

Abdikadir Ahmed Warsame (Cilmi-baare)


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Tusmada Buugga

1. Araar ......................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Puntland: Arimaha Siyaasada iyo Bulshadda ....................................................................... 3

3. Qaybaha kaladuwan ee Bulshadda eey Muhiimka tahay ka Qaybqaadashadoodu sidii loo

yareeynlahaa Musuqmaasuqa ................................................................................................ 7

3.1. Hay’adda Dhaqanka (Isimadda, Nabadoonadda) ................................................... 7

3.2. Hay’addaha Dowladda ............................................................................................... 9

3.3. Hay’addaha Bulshadda rayidka ah .......................................................................... 16

3.4. Hay’addaha waxbarashadda .................................................................................... 25

3.5. Ganacsiga iyo shirkadaha gaarka loo leeyahay ....................................................... 30

4. Aragtidda Qaybaha Bulshaddu kaqabto Musuqmaasuqaiyo sida ay uga qaybqaadan karaan

yarayntiisa.............................................................................................................................. 31

4.1. Aragtida Culimadda iyo sida ay uga qayb qaadan karaan yareeynta Musuqmaasuqa

.................................................................................................................................... 31

4.2. Madax Dhaqameedka:Aragtidooda iyo Qaybta ay ka qaadan karaan yareeynta

Musuqmaasuqa ......................................................................................................... 38

4.3. Dowladda: Aragtideeda iyo Qaybta ay ka qaadan karto yaraynta Musuqmaasuqa39

4.4. Aragtida Bulshadda rayidka ah iyo Qaybta ay ka qaadan karaan yareeynta

Musuqmaasuqa ......................................................................................................... 44

4.5. Hay’adaha Waxbarashada: Aragtidooda iyo Qaybta ay ka qaadan karaan Yareeynta

Musuqmaasuqa ......................................................................................................... 45

4.6. Hay’adaha Caalamiga ah iyo Deeq Bixiyayaasha: Aragtidooda iyo Qaybta ay ka

qaadan karaan Yareeynta Musuqmaasuqa .............................................................. 47

5. Noocyada loo qaybiyo Musuqmaasuqa .............................................................................. 49

6. Noocyada musuqmaasuq ee Puntland kajira ..................................................................... 53

6.1. Hay’addaha dowladda .............................................................................................. 53

6.2. Hay’addaha Dhaqanka ............................................................................................. 61

6.3. Hay’addaha Bulshada rayidka ah ............................................................................ 64

6.4. Hay’addaha Caalamiga ah ........................................................................................ 67

6.5. Ganacsiga iyo shirkadaha gaarka loo leeyahay ...................................................... 69

7. Waxyaabaha sababaya Musuqmaasuqa baahsan ee kajira Puntland ............................... 71

Raadraaca ........................................................................................................................................ 0


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1. Araar

Cilmi-baarsitan waxaa la sameeyay inta u dhaxeeysay December, 2015-April,

2016. Ujeedooyinka ugu waaweeyn ee Cilmi-baarista waxaa ka mid ah in la

uruuriyo figradaha ay bulshadda qaybaheeda kaladuwan ka qabto noocyadda

Musuqmaasuq ee wadankeena kajira. Sidoo kale Cilmi-baaristu waxay uruurisay

qaybaha kaladuwan ee bulshadu sida ay uga qaby qaadan karaan yareynta

Musuqmaasuqa ka dhaxjira Puntland. Xogta waxaa laga soo uruuriyay dad kala

matalaya bulshadda qaybaheedda kaladuwan: Dowladda, madax dhaqameedka,

culimada, bulshada rayidka ah, deeq bixiyayaasha iyo ururadda caalamiga ah ee

ka howlgala Puntland. Dadka aan xogta ka soo uruurinay waxay dhamaantood

walaac ka muujinayaan heerka uu marayo musuqmaasuqa guud ahaan

Soomaaliya iyo gaar ahaan Puntland.

Waxay dadku aad uga hadleen inay muhiim tahay in wax laga qabto waxyaabaha

sababaya inuu musuqmaasuqu ku baaho bulshadeena sida: siyaasadda qabiilka

ku salaysan; mushahaarka shaqaalaha Dowladda ee aan kufilayn; saboolnimadda

baahsan; waxyeelada dhabta ah ee musuqmaasuqa oon bulshadu fahansanayn

iyo maqnaanshaha qaab ay bulshadu ku ciqaabto qofkii uu ku cadaato

musuqmaasuq. Cilmi-baarista ujeedadeedu waa qaabkii wax loo sixilahaa in la

raadiyo iyo in la ogaado sida qaybaha muhiimka ah ee bulshaddu uga

qaybqaadan karaan yareynta musuqmaasuqa.

2. Puntland: Arimaha Siyaasadda iyo Bulshada

Puntland waxaa ladhisay sanadkii 1998, kadib markii muddo kabadan sadex

bilood uu wadatashi iyo shirar uga socday magaalada Garoowe waxgarad, Isimo,

cuqaal, aqoonyahano iyo siyaasiyiin. Siyaasiyiinta iyo dadka reer Puntland waxay


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aaminsanyihiin midnimada Soomaaliya, Puntland inay tahay qayb kamid ah

Dowladda Federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya. Puntland waxay ka koobantahay 9

gobol oo kuyaala Waqooyi-Bari Soomaaliya: Bari, Nugaal, Mudug, Cayn,

Karkaar, Haylaan, Sanaag Bari, Sool iyo Gardafuu. Muran ayaa ka taagan

maamulka qayba kamid ah Sool, Sanaag, kuwaas oo Puntland iyo Somaliland

midwalba sheegto inuu kataliyo.1

Xigasho: W.W.W.puntlandgov.net

Markii uu dhamaaday wakhtigii Dowladii Madaxweeyne Cabdullahi Yuusuf

2001, waxaa Puntland soo wajahay xasiloonidarro siyaasadeed, markii

madaxweeyne Cabdullahi Yuusuf iskudayey inuu wakhtiga kordhisto, Waxaa

arinkaas ka horyimid mucaarad xoogan, khilaafkaas siyaasadeed oo sababay inay

Puntland gasho muddo xasiloonidarro, barakac iyo dagaalo. Nasiib wanaag

1 Wareeysi, GI, December, 2016


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sanadkii 2003 waxay qayb kamid ah waxgaradka iyo ganacsatada reer Puntland

ku guuleeysteen inay heshiis dhaxdhigaan labadii garab ee siyaasadda Puntland

iskuhaystay.2

Sanadkii 2004, markii madaxweeyne Cabdullahi Yuusuf noqday madaxweeynaha

Dowladda Federaalka ee Soomaaliya, waxaa xukunka si kumeelgaar ah

madaxweeynaha Puntland u noqday Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi, kaas oo markii

danbe xukunka uu kala wareegay madaxweeyne Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi(Cadde).

Sanadihii 2005-2009, Puntland waxaa soo wajahay dhibaatooyin farabadan sida

xaaladdii siyaasadeed ee Muqdisho ka taagnayd (Maxaakimtii 2006); qabsashadii

Somaliland ee Laascaanood 2007; afduubyo iyo weeraro loo gaysanayay

shaqaalaha ajaanibka ah iyo dhibaatooyinkii ka dhashay budhcad badeedii.

Xukunkii madaxweeyne Cadde Muuse waxaa badalay kii madaxweeyne

Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Maxamuud (Faroole), kaas oo maamulka hayay ilaa

Janaayo, 2014. Wakhtigii dowladii madaxwayne Faroole waxaa Puntland Soo

wajahay dhibaatooyinkii Al Shabaab iyo fashilkii hirgalinta xisbiyada siyaasadeed

ee Puntland.

Markii uu dhamaaday wakhtii madaxweeyne Faroole, Puntland waxaa ka

qabsoontay doorasho taariikhi lagu tilmaami karo, taas oo madaxweeynaha

hadda xilka haya, Cabdiwali Maxamed Cali Gaas uu xukunka kulawareegay hal

cod oo kali ah. Waxay ahayd arin dadbadan oo caalamka ah soo dhaweeyeen in

Puntland doorasho hal cod lagu kala adkaaday si nabadgaliyo ahna xilka lagu

wareejiyey.3

2 Wareeysi, SI, February, 2016

3 Wareeysi, CS, March, 2016


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Xogta ay cilmi-baaristan ka uruurisay dad kaladuwan oo reer Puntland ah

(bulshadda rayidka ah, culimadda, Dowladda, ururadda haweenka iyo

dhalinyarada) waxay cadaynaysaa inay jiraan arimo farabadan oo sahlaya inuu

musuqmaasuqu ku baaho Puntland. Arimaha la aaminsanyahay inay xoojinayaan

musuqmaasuqa baahsan ee kajira Puntland waxaa ka mid ah: Siyaasadda qabiilka

lagu salaynayo sida xulista xildhibaanadda 66; shaqaalaha Dowladda oon lasiinin

mushaar kufilan; saboolnimada baahsan ee ka jirta wadanka; xisaabtamid xumo

ayna shacabku intiisa badan fahansanayn dhibaatadda uu leeyahay

musuqmaasuqu; maqanaanshaha hab dadweeynuhu uu kula xisaabtamo kuna

ciqaabo kuwa musuqmaasuqa ku lugyeesha iyo xog uruurin la‟aan ku saabsan

musuqmaasuqa noocyadiisa kaladuwan ee kadhaca wadanka.

Puntland waxay hormuud katahay dadaalada lagu soocelinhayo dhismaha

Dowlad dhexe oo Somaaliya yeelato. Waxaa Garowe lagu qabtay shirarkii lagu

dhisay nidaamka hadda ka jira Soomaaliya (Garoowe 1,2).

Qaybaha bulshadda kaladuwan ooy Cilmi-baaristaan wareeysatay waxay ku

nuuxnuuxsadeen oo kale in arimaha sahlaya in uu musuqmaasuqu xoogaysto

inay ka midyihiin: amniga oon xoogbadan ku taagnayn; hubka oo shacabka

gacantiisa ku jira; deeqaha caalamiga ah oo dadka bartay dhaqan xun oo ah in

lagu tiirsanaado mucaawino dibadda iyo awoodda hay‟adaha Dowladda oo aad u

tabaryar.4

Bulshada rayidka ah iyo waxgaradka reer Puntland waxay isku raacsanyihiin in si

musuqmaasuqa loo yareeyo, in la dardargaliyo qaababkii loo xoojin lahaa

awooda shacabku u leeyahay laxisaabtanka Dowladda; xoojinta Dowladdaha

hoose si ay ugutaan fulinta adeega asaasiga ah ee ay bulshadu u baahantahay iyo

4 Wareeysi, SI, March, 2016


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in laga gudbo nidaamka qabiilka ee ay kusalaysantahay xulista 66 xildhibaan ee

madaxweeynaha soo doorta. Sidoo kale, bulshada qeeybaheeda kaladuwan oo

aan waraysanay waxay aad ugu nuuxnuuxsadeen muhiimada uu amnigu

uleeyahay in Puntland ka hirgasho Dowlad maamul wanaag ku dhaqanta. Waxaa

lagama maarmaan u ah maamul wanaaga in laxoojiyo awoodda iyo laxisaabtanka

laamaha amaanka ee Dowladda Puntland. Amaanku waxuu lafdhabar uyahay

maamul wanaaga iyo noolasha inteeda kaleba. Laamaha amaanka oo mushaar

kufilan oo joogta ah lasiiyo waxay qaybweyn ka qaadan kartaa inuu yaraado

musuqmaasuqa baahsan ee ka dhexjira lamahaas. Musuqmaasuqa lama

yareeynkaro iyadoon marka hore lasameeynin nidaam cadaaladeed oo hufan oo

leh awoodii uu kufulinlahaa cadaalad shacabku usimanyahay. Waxay dadku

carabka ku adkeeyeen inay muhiim tahay in Puntland ay dib u eegis kusamayso

hay‟adheeda cadaaladda iyo qawaaniinta marmar iska soo horjeeda ee wax lagu

xukumo Shareecada Islaamka, Qawaaniinta Wadciga ah iyo Xeer

Dhaqameeedka Soomaalida, xoojisana awooda xirfadeed iyo dhaqan ee dadka ka

shaqeeya cadaaladda, lanasahlo in muwaadiniintu si siman awood ugu yeeshaan

inay helaan adeega cadaaladda.5

3. Qaybaha kaladuwan ee Bulshadda eey Muhiimka tahay ka

Qaybqaadashadoodu sidii loo yareeynlahaa Musuqmaasuqa

3.1. Hay’adda Dhaqanka (Isimadda, Nabadoonadda)

Badiba dadka dega puntland waxay kasoo jeedan beesha Daarood (Harti,

Tanade, Awrtable iyo kuwa kale), Meheri, Dir, Madhibaan iyo kuwa kale.

Shaxda 1aad: Shaxdan hoose waxay kutusinaysaa Isimadii dhaqanka

ee ka qaybqaatay asaaskii Puntland

5 Wareeysi, CS,SI, February, 2016


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Waqooyiga Mudug

# Magaca

1. Islaan Bashiir Islaan Cabdulle

2. Garaad Maxamed Cilmi Shirwa

3. Suldaan Mohamud Cilmi Alas

4. Cali Ugaas Maxamed

5. Suldaan Cabdulqaadir Cumar Shabele

Nugaal

# Magaca

1. Islaan Maxamed Islaan Muuse

2. Suldaan Siciid M. Garaase

3. Suldaan Cabdullaahi Xaaji Nuur

4. Ugaas Cumar Geele Maxamed

Bari

# Magaca

1. Cabdullaahi Boqor Muuse (Wakiil)

2. Beeldaaje Yaasiin Cali

3. Beeldaaje Cali Faarax

4. Beeldaaje Axmed Beeldaaje Maxamed

5. Suldaan Siciid Irbad

6. Ismaaciil Beeldaaje Cabdullaahi

7. Xasan Ugaas Yaasiin

8. Beeldaaje Cali Bin Jacayl

Sool iyo Buuhoodle

# Magaca

1. Garaad Cabdiqani Garaad Jaamac

2. Garaad Salebaan Garaad Maxamed

3. Garaad Cabdullaahi Garaad Soofe

4. Suldaan Siciid Cismaan Cali

5. Garaad Abshir Saalax Maxamed

6. Ugaas Cabdullaahi Ciise Nuur

Sanaag

# Magaca

1. Ismaaciil Suldaan Mohamud Cali Shire


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2. Islaan Xuseen Cabdisalaan Diif

3. Cabdullaahi Gurxan Geedi

Tixraaca: The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State Building, PDRC

and Inter-peace.

Isimadda Puntland waxay door weyn ka qaataan nidaamka maamul ee ka

jira Puntland. Waxay soo xulaan xubnaha Golaha wakiilada u matalaya

beelaha ay isimadda u yahiin iyagoo la tashanhaya caaqiladda/nabadoonada.

Golaha wakiiladda ayaa intaas ka dib waxay iska dhex doortaan

Gudomiyaha Golaha wakiilada iyo labadiisa ku xigeen, sidoo kale waxay

Golaha wakiiladu doortaan madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka

Puntland.

3.2. Hay’addaha Dowladda

Hay’adda astaynta maamul wanaaga iyo ladagaalanka

musuqmaasuqa (The Puntland Good Governance and Anti-Corruption

Bureau): Xafiiskaan waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 2005, xiligii madaxweyne

Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi (Cadde). Xafiisku wuxuu si toos ah u hoos tagaa

xafiiska madaxweynaha. Xafiisku wuxuu ka madax banaanyahay laamaha

kale ee Dowladda, waxayna shaqadiisu tahay maamul wanaagga iyo la

dagaalanka musuqmaasuqa - gaar ahaan dib u habaynta dhaqaalaha iyo

saraynta sharciga. Sanadii 2006 dii, xafiiskaan waxaa loo wakiishay 24 khabiir

inay so baaraan qaybaha kala duwan ee maamul ee ka jira Puntland:

Maamulka Dowladda, Hay‟adda shaqaalaha rayidka ah, laamaha amniga,

Garsoorka iyo maaliyadda guud ee dowladda. Waxay soo saareen 4

warbixinood oo wata talooyin.

Xafiisku wuxuu leeyahay guddi la taliya oo ka kooban 11 qof, oo laga soo

xulay shaqsiyaadka hormuudka u ah bulshadda Puntland. Qayba ka mid ah


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xubnahaani waxay ka yimaadaan ururadda bulshada, hay‟addaha dowladda

iyo ganacsiyadda gaarka loo leeyahay. Xubnuhu inta badan waxay

deganyihiin Garoowe, waxay u kulmaan si asbuucle ah, waxayna sheegeen

inay diyaar uyahiin yaraynta iyo la dagaalanka musuqmaasuqa ka jira

Puntland. Hay‟addu waxay ka koobantahay sadex waaxood: waaxda maamul

wanaaga, waaxda la dagaalanka musuqmaasuqa iyo waaxda maamulka.

Shaqooyinka hay‟addu ay qabato waxaa ka mid ah: inay kormeerto

hay‟addaha dowladda sida wasaaradaha iyo waaxyaha kale; in ay qiimayso

hawlgalada wasaaradaha; inay warbixin ka diyaarso natiijooyinka ay ka

heleen warbixinihii ay ka soo ururiyeen wasaaradaha iyo waaxyaha kale una

gudbiyaan Madaxweynaha Dowlada Puntland. Halkudhagyada uu xafiisku

isticmaalo waxaan ka mid ah: BAAHIN; ISLA QAADASHO;

DHAQANGALIN; ILAALIN iyo QIIMEEYN. Sawirka hoose oo laga

qaaday xafiiska guud ee Garowe ee hay‟adda wuxuu muujinayaa

talaabooyinka ay tahay in la qaado si loo yareeyo ku dhaqanka

musuqmaasuqa Puntland. Haddaad eegto musawirka waxaad arkaysaa inay

tahay in la qaado 7 talaabo si loo ciribtiro dhaqamada sharci darrada ah:

CADAALAD (reforming Justice), NABAD (security), ISKAASHI

(cooperation), WADATASHI (consultation), DALDHIS (nation building),

DADDHIS (human resource) iyo MAAMULWANAAG (good

governance).


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Sawir 1 - Waxaa qaaday Cabdalla Cali, December, 2015

Xafiiska Hanti Dhawrka guud (The office of the Auditor General

AOG)

Xafiiska hanti dhawrka guud waxaa loo wakiishay la socoshadda iyo dabagalka

ururinta dakhliga Dowladda, kharash garaynta maaliyadda Dowladda, iyo

xoojinta nidaamka maareynta maaliyadda guud ee Puntland. Mas'uuliyadaha

OAG iyo hawlaha ay qabtaan waxay ku caddahay Dastuurka Puntland oo ku

qeexaya qodobkiisa 109:

1. “Xafiiska Hanti Dhawrka Guud waa hay‟ad madaxbannaan wuxuuna u

hoggaansamaa sharciga oo keliya.

2. Xarunta Hanti Dhawrka Guud waa caasimadda Puntland, wuxuuna

leeyahay awood ku baahsan Puntland oo dhan.

3. Madaxa xafiiska Hantidhawrka Guud Golaha Xukuumadda ayaa

magacaaba mudda shan sano (5) ah waxaana xilka lagaga qaadi karaa

sababo sharciga ku cad, magacaabidda iyo xil ka qaadistiisuna waxay meel

mar ku noqonayaan oggolaanshaha Golaha Wakiillada.

4. Qofka noqonaya Madaxa Xafiiska Hanti Dhawrka Guud waa inuu yahay

muwaadin Puntland ah oo aan da‟diisu ka yarayn afartan sano (40) isla


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markaasna aqoon u leh xisaabaadka Dowladda iyo guud ahaanba

Xisaabaadka, waana inay u weheliso waaya aragnimo la xariirta isla

hawshaas oo aan ka yarayn shan (5) sano.

5. Marka laga reebo Madaxa Xafiiska Hanti Dhawrka Guud, dhammaan

shaqaalaha kale ee xafiiska waxaa lagu qaadanayaa si waafaqsan sharciga

shaqaalaha dawladda ee Puntland.

6. Qaab dhismeedka iyo habraacyada Xafiiska Hantidhawrka Guud Sharci

gaar ah ayaa qeexaya”.

Dastuurku wuxuu siinayaa xafiiska Hantidhawrka Guud sharciyadda in ay

awood uleeyihiin in ay baaraan xisaabaadka iyo diiwaannada maaliyadeed ee

dhammaan hay'adaha Dowladda, sidoo kale wuxuu xoogga saarayaa

madaxabannaanida xafiiska Hanti dhawrka.

Xafiisyadda bartilmaameedka u ah shaqadda xafiiska Hanti dhawrka guud

waxaa ka mid ah wasaaradahaha Dowladda, xafiiska madaxweynaha, xafiiska

golaha wakiilada iyadoo diiradda si gaar ah loo saarayo si xeeldheerna loola

soconayo sida loo karashgaraynayo dakhliga Dowladda. Lana soo saaro xog

sida hantida dadweynaha puntland loo isticmaalo, islamarkaasna lala wadaago

arimaha sharci jabinta ah ee ka dhex dhaca dowladda sida: lunsasho hanti ama

maamul xumo dhaqaalaha shacabka Puntland, loona gudbiyo xildhibaannada

iyo xafiiska madaxweynaha.

Awoodaha iyo xilalka hanti dhawrka guud waxaa qeexaya qodobka 110 ee

Dastuurka Dowladda Puntland: “ La dagaallanka musuqmaasuqa heer kasta oo

maamulka Dowladda dhaxdeeda ka jira; hubinta in dhamaan kharashyada xisaabaadka

dowladda ee ay galaan dhamaan hay‟adaha dowladdu ay ku baxaan si sharci ah oo

waafaqsan miisaaniyadda Dowladda; dabagalka munaabsibnimada waxqabadyada

Dowladda ee kalifa kharash bixin ka soo jeedda xisaabaadka Dowladda; baaritaanka


13

hay‟adaha Dowladda, dowladaha hoose, wakaalada madaxa banaan, shirkadaha wadaagga

ah ee Dowladdu qayb ka tahay iyo meelkasta oo lagu maamulo hanti Dowladeed, si

waafaqsan habraacyada shuruucda maaliyadeed iyo xisaabaadka Dowladda; go‟aan ka

gaarida masuul kasta oo si khaldan u maamula maaliyad Dowladeed iyo go‟aaminta ganaax

u dhigma heerka takrifalka masuulkaasi galay; inuu hay‟adwalba oo Dowladeed waydiisto

ama kala wareego dukumentiyada uu u baahanyahay marka uu baaritaan ku samaynayo inay

jirto xatooyo ama kutagrifal hanti dadwweyne; inuu sanadwalba u gudbiyo golaha wakiilada

warbixin ku aadan xisaab xirka miisaaniyadda Dowladda ee sanadkii la soo dhaafay;

xafiiska hanti dhawrka guud waxuu awood u leeyahay soo saaridda awaamir iyo habraacyo

ku aadan gudashada xilalka hanti dhawrka guud”.

Dadka aan wareysanay waxay ka dhawaajiyeen in hadii xafiiska hanti dhawrka

guud la xoojiyo, loona madax banaaneeyo howlahiisa, inuu waxbadan ka

qaban karo musuqmaasuqa baahsan ee Puntland ka jira.

Xafiiska Xeer illaaliyaha Guud (The Attorney General's office (AGO)

Xafiiska xeer illaaliyaha guud ee Puntland wuxuu leeyahay awood

sharciyadeed oo uu kusoo dacwayn karo shaqaalaha iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee

dowladda markii ay sameeyaan musuqmaasuq ama ku xadgudub sharci.

Xafiiska xeer illaalintu waa hay'ad dowladeed oo mas'uul ka ah baaritaan iyo

oogista danbiyada, kormeerka xaaladaha xabsiyada iyo xarumaha dhaqan

celinta iyo ilaalinta xuquuqda dhammaan dadka ku nool Puntland, kuwaas oo

u baahan gargaar sharci.

Hanti dhawrka guud ee Puntland ayaa waxay u soo gudbiyaan xafiiska xeer

illaalinta dhacdooyinka la xiriira musuqmaasuqa iyo xadgudubyadda sharcigga

oo ay galeen shaqaalaha Dowladdu iyo sidoo kale muwaadiniinta kale ee

Puntland. Laakiin in yar oo ka mid ah dhacdooyinkaan baa waxaa loo helaa

caddayn lana dacweeyaa. Sababo kala duwan ayaa la sheegay inay sababaan


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farqiga u dhaxeeya tirada musuqmaasuqyada dhaca iyo dacwaynta kuwa ku

lug leh: shaqaalaha xeer illaaliyuhu u magacaabay ee 51 degmo ee Puntland oo

aan qaarkood lahayn xirfad ay danbi ku baari karaan; mushaarka ay shaqaalaha

Dowladdu qaataan oo aad u hooseeya (oo ay ka midyihiin shaqaalaha xeer

illaalintu); shaqaalaha oo aan haysin gaadiid ay ku tagaan goobaha ka durugsan

shaqooyinka iyo meeshii kale ee looga soo sheego in uu musuqmaasuq ka jiro.

Sidoo kale waxaa meesha ka maqan nidaamkii uu xafiiska xeer illaalintu kula

xisaabtami lahaa golaha wasiiradda iyo xildhibaanada haddii lagu eedeeyo

musuqmaasuq.

Golaha Wakiilada

Aqalka golaha wakiiladu waa laanta sharci dejinta, wuxuuna la xisaabtamaa

qaybaha fulinta ee Dowladda, wuxuuna ka koobanyahay 66 xildhibaan oo laga

soo xulo beelaha degan Puntland. waxaa soo magacaaba oday

dhaqameedyadda Puntland. Golaha wakiiladu waxay awood u leyihiin inay la

xisaabtamaan Dowladda si loo gaaro hufnaan, isla xisaabtan iyo in

dadweynuhu la xisaabtami karo Dowladda. Xildhibaanadu waxay wajahaan

caqabado si ay u gutaan waajibaadkooda ay ku mataalaan degmooyinka laga

soo doorto: degmooyinka laga soo doorto xildhibaanada oo aan lahayn xafiis

doorasho. Xiriirka u dhexeeya bulshadda iyo xildhibaanada oo aad u kooban,

khayraadka dhaqaale oo uu dalku haysto oo kooban, kormeerada ay golaha

wakiiladu sameeyaan oo aad u yar, qoondada haweenka oo aad u yar.

Si wax looga qabto arrimaha musuqmaasuqa ee Puntland, golaha wakiiladu

wuxuu u baahanyahay in la horumariyo aqoonta guddiyada si ay ugu

sameeyaan kormeer taabba gal ah degmooyinka iyo tuuloyinka ay matalaan;

in lagala tashado daneeyayaasha iyo dadweynaha sidii musuqa loo yarayn


15

lahaa, in la hagaajiyo xiriirka laamaha Dowladda sida laanta fulinta iyo tan

sharci dejinta; in la hagaajiyo iskaashiga ka dhexeeya laamaha kormeerka ee

madaxabanaan sida Hanti dhawrka iyo Xeer illaalinta; in lagu sameeyo

dabagalo lagu qiimeynayo fulinta sharciyada u degan Puntland iyo illaalinta

dhaqaalaha dadweynaha. Xildhibaanada qaarkood ayaa aaminsan in la

kordhiyo kalfadhiyada loo dhan yahay ee golaha wakiilada si ay u awoodaan

inay habsami u gutaan shaqooyinkooda kormeereed. Sida laga soo xigtay cilmi

baarisyo oo heleen kooxda cilmi barista samaynaysay qoraaladaas oo aan wali

la daabicin waxaa jira afar mudnaanood oo ay leeyihiin Xildhibaanada in ay

diiradda saaraan: in la xoojiyo awoodda hay'adda sharci dejinta, in la hagaajiyo

dabagal xeel dheer oo lagu sameeyo dowladda iyo tayada sharciga, in kor loo

qaado awoodda golaha wakiilada si ay u sameeyaan kormeero wax ku ool ah

iyo in la kordhiyo shaqada safarrada ay Xildhibaanadu ku tagayaan

bulshooyinka ay matalaan.

Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Tacliinta Sare

Dadweeyne badan oo aan waraysanay ayaa xooga saaray muhiimadda ay u

leedahay waxbarashadu dhismaha qaranka, dib u dhiska bulshada iyo

horumarinta arrimaha isla xisaabtanka Puntland. Sidaa darteed wasaaradda

waxbarashadu waxay kobcin kartaa arrimaha isla xisaabtanka iyadoo loo

marayo wacyi gelin ay ka samayso dhinacyada siyaasada iyo mid dhaqan

intaba. Ahmiyadda wasaaradda waxbarashada iyo tacliinta sare waa in ay

kobciso maskaxaha iyo midnimada da‟yarta ku jira waxbarashadoodii hoose

iyo sareba iyadoo la siinayo dareen wadaninimo, iyo cilmi keenaya inay

yeeshaan xirfado wax ku ool ah si ay uga qayb qaataan kobaca dhaqaale ee

bulshada.


16

Nidaamka waxbarasho ee Puntland ka jiraa waa mid ku dhisan 2-8-4-4 (2

sano oo waxbarasho xadaano ah, 8 sano oo dugsi hoose ah, 4 sano oo dugsi

sare ah iyo 4 sano oo Jaamacad ah). Wasaaradda waxbarashadu waxay

leedahay xafiisyo, guddiyo waxbarasho oo heer gobol ah, mid heer degmo ah

iyo guddiyo waxbarasho oo matala bulshadda, waxaana dhamaan gudiyadaas

iyo xafiisyadaas loo adeegsan karaa wacyigalinta bulshada.6

3.3. Hay’addaha Bulshadda rayidka ah

Bulshada rayidka ah waxaa lagu qeexaa inay yahiin hay‟adaha aan Dowliga

ahayn kana shaqeeya arimaha bulshada faa‟iido doona aan ahayn. Fahankan

iyo sharaxada guud ee laga qaadanayo erayga „ Bulshada rayidka ah‟ ayaa

waxaa qeexidiisa so hoos galaya kooxo, ururo, dhaqdhaqaaqyo iyo dallado

badan oo kala duwan.

Bangiga aduunku wuxu isticmala qeexida ururada Rayidka ah taas oo ay

tixraacaan Xarumaha Cilmi-baarista Caalamiga ah: “Erayga Bulshada Rayidka ah

wuxu ka turjumayaa dhamaan ururrada aan dawliga ahayn isla markana aan faa‟iido

doonka ahayn kuwaas oo ka dhex muuqda nolosha shacabka, iyagoo ka shaqaynaya

danaha iyo aragtiyaha xubnahooda. Hadaba ururada bulshada ee rayidka ah waxay

utaganyihiin dhamaan ururrada baahsan sida kooxaha bulshada, ururrada aan dowliga

ahayn, midowga shaqaalaha, ururrada ku midoobay fikir diimeedyo iyo isutagyada

xirfadlayasha”7.

Daladda ururrada aan dowliga ahayn ee Puntland (Puntland non-

state actors association) oo marka laso gaabiyo loo qoro (PUNSAA) ayaa

matasha kuwa ugu waaweyn ururada bulshada rayidka ah ee kajira Puntland.

PUNSAA waxay isku qeexdaa in ay tahay gole isku xira xirfadlayasha (

6 Wareeysi, GI, February, 2016

7World bank


17

matalayaasha saxaafada, garyaqaanada, macalimiinta, xarumaha

waxbarashada); ururada maxaliga ah ( kuwa haweenka iyo dhalinyarada);

matalayasha ganacsiga sida gaarka ah loo leeyahay iyo hay‟adaha bulshada

sida nabadoonada iyo culimadda. PUNSAA waxa la asaasay 14 May 2008dii,

iyadoo ay gacan ka geysatey Midowga Yurub, iyagoo si wadajir ah

ukaashanayey „Saferworld‟. PUNSAA waxay leedahay gudi guud oo ka

kooban 73 xubnood oo ka kala socda ururada rayidka ah ee bulshada iyo

xafiis ay Garoowe kuleedahay oo ay ka shaqeyan 17 xubnood si tabarucad

ah.8

Midka mid ah ujeedoyinka ugu waa weyn ee loo asaasay PUNSAA aya

ahayd in la xoojiyo codka bulshada rayyidka ah; wadaagista warbixinaha iyo

dood wadaagista udhaxeysa xubnaha ka tirsan PUNSAA; kor uqaadista

Dowlad wanaaga iyo inlaga qayb galiyo bulshada; ka qaybqaadashada

horumarka iyo wacyigalinta bulshada. PUNSAA waxay ka heshay maalgalin

iyo taageris uga imaneysay qaybo kala duwan oo ay ka mid EU, DFID iyo

Saferworld.

PUNSAA waxay siisaa xubnaheeda tababaro hadba sida ay u soo codsadaan

iyagu oo ku saabsan; hogaanka, maamulida maaliyada, horumarinta

siyaasada, maamulida ururada iyo kheyradka dalka. Sido kale PUNSAA

waxay mararka qaar so saarta warbixino, war saxaafadeedyo, waxay ka qayb

qaataan xalinta khilafadka iyo inay ka qayb galaan shirarka caalamiga ah oo

looga hadlayo arimaha Soomaaliya.

Xubnaha ka tirsan PUNSAA waxaa so wajaha caqabado kala duwan oo ay

ka mid tahay ku tiirsananta deeqaha caalamiga ah, muranka ka dhaxdhaca

8 Wareeysi, CSO, December, 2015


18

mararka qaarkood Puntland iyo Dawladda Federalka, qabyaaladda

siyaasadaysan iyo maqnaashaha qaab fiican oo ay ku shaqayn karto bulshada

rayid ah.9

Xarunta Cilmi baarista Hormarka (PDRC) waa urur maxali ah oo la

asaasay 30 kii October 1999. PDRC waxay muhimadda saarta labo arimood:

qabashada dood cilmiyeedyo iyo kor u qaadista aqoonta cilmi-baarayaasha

Soomalida. PDRC waxay xooga saartaa dhiirigalinta nabadda, Dowlad

wanaaga, caqabadaha la xiriira sinaan la‟aanta jinsiga, xuquuqda bini

aadamka iyo dib uheshisiinta.

Iyadoo kaashanaysa ururada Horumarinta caalamiga ah, PDRC waxay

fulisey mashruuc horumarineed oo afar sanadle ah oo ku saabsan dood

nabadeed wakhtigii udhaxeyey 2004 ilaa 2008, kaas oo muhiimadisu ahayd

1) Dimuqraadiyaynta qaab siyaasadeedka Puntland, 2) Maamulida hantida

qaran, 3) Meel marinta heshiis nabadeedki Mudug 1993 4) Dib u heshisiin

qaran.10

Xaruntu waxay marti galisaa shirar farabadan: la kulmida diblomasiyinta

caalamiga ah, Dowladda Puntland, ururrada bulshada rayidka ah iyo

nabadoonada qabaaillada dagan Puntland. Inta lagu jiro 2009 ilaa 2016,

PDRC waxay fulinaysaa mashruuc ay maalgalinayaan deeq bixiyayaal oo

loogu magacaabo “ Tiirarka Nabadda”, kaas oo looga gol leeyahay dhisid

qaran, dhiiri galinta nabadda iyo xoojinta awoodda xarumaha Dowlada.

Barnaamijku wuxuu leeyahay saddex dhinac oo waaweyn oo ay kujirto

Dowladdaha hoose, nabadgalyada, kala danbeynta iyo dib u heshisiinta

bulshaada.

9 Wareeysi, CSO, December, 2015

10 PDRC profile


19

Barnaamijka maqal iyo muqaalka ee PDRC ayaa looga faa‟iidaysan karaa in

loo isticmaalo wacyigalinta bulshada kuwaas oo la xiriira isla xisaabtanka iyo

ciribtirka Musuqmaasuqa. Xaruntu waxay aad uga faa‟iidaysatey adeega

maqalka iyo muqaalka si ay ugu xoojiso horumarka, dib u heshisiinta,

nabadda, nabadgalyada, dimuqradiyadda, dhaqanka iyo waxbarashada.

Waxaa agabkooda kamid ah gaari khaas ah oo inta badan ku safra wadooyin

aan wanaagsaneyn, kaas oo loo adeegsan karo wacyigalinta bulshada

Somali Family Services oo loo soo gaabiyo (SFS) waxa lagu asaasay 2003

dii magaalada Minneapolis ee gobolka Minnesota, USA si ay u caawiso

qurba joogta Soomalida ee ku nool dalka America. Gudaha Puntland SFS

waxay ka diiwaan gashantahay wasaarada qorshaynta iyo Dowladda hoose

ee Garoowe. SFS waxay diiradda saarta sidii loo xoojinlahaa Horumarinta;

maamulida khilaafadka iyo nabada; wacyigalinta; tababarada cilmi-baarista,

kor uqaadista xirfadaha iyo aqoonta dadweeynaha.11

Maamulaha Sare ee SFS waxaa soo doorta xubnaha bulshada ku sugan

Puntland iyo golaha sare ee ururka oo ku sugan America. Ilaa iyo intii la

aasaasay SFS waxay fulisey mashaariic badan oo lagu horumarinayo

bulshada dhanka dimuqraadiyadda iyo Dowlad wanaaga, dhisida nabadda,

caafimaadka, waxbarashada iyo caawinta dadka dalka gudihiisa ku soo

barakacay. SFS waxay so qaban qaabisaa tababaro, seminaro iyo si loo

xoojiyo xirfadaha xarumaha Dowladda iyadoo la isku keenayo saraakiisha

iyo matalayaasha Dowladda oo ka kala socda xarumaha kala duwan ee

Dowladda si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dhibatooyinka markaas ka jira

Puntland.

11

Wareeysi, CSO, March, 2016


20

SFS ayaa caawinaad ka helayshay ururada horumarinta ee caalamiga ah oo ay

ku jirto hay‟adda horumarinta qaramada midoobay ee UNDP, Diakonia

Sweden, UNFPA , National Endowment for Democracy ( NED) Books

for Africa.12

KAALO Aid and Development (KAD) waxaa la asaasay sanadkii 1991

kadib marki ay dhacday Dowladii dhexe ee Soomaliya; waxayna kamid tahay

kuwa ugu firficoon uguna waxqabadka badan bulshada dhexdeda. Waa urur

maxali ah oo ka shaqeeya gargaarka bini aadanimada iyo horumarinta oo an

faa‟iido doon ahayn. KAALO inta badan waxay ka shaqeysaa gudaha

gobolada Puntland iyo marmar ay ka halwgasho Somaliland iyo koonfurta

Soomaaliya. Kaalo waxay ka shaqaysa gargaarka deg dega ah, dhaqancelinta

iyo mashaariicda horumarinta ee dhinacyada kala duwan ee bulshada sida

waxbarashada, caafimaadka, horumarinta reermiyiga, beeraha iyo Dowlad

wanaaga( nabada, xuquuqda bani aadanka, horumarinta sinaanta xuquuqda

Jinsiga, ciribtirka musuqmaasuqa iyo dimuqraadiyada).13

KAALO waxay leedahay Mashaariic la xiriira Dowlad Wanaaga kuwaas oo

ay maal galiyaan ururada horumarinta ee caalamiga ah oo ay ku jiran

UNHCR, OXFAM, EU, UNHABITAT, DIAKONIA Sweden iyo NED.

Hawlaha ugu waaweyn ee ay qabato KAALO waxay muhiimada ku saaran

difaacista qaxootiga; nabadgalada; ka qaybgalinta haweenka maamulka;

cadaalad helista; kor uqaadista xirfad nololeedka iyo tababarista dhalinyada;

kor uqaadista dimuqradiyada iyo xuquuqda aadanaha. KAALO waxay

12

SFS profile 13

Kaalo profile


21

khibrad uleedahay waxbarasha, tababarada, kor uqaadista wacyigalinada

bulshada iyo mashariicda horumarinta bulshada.14

Puntland Youth peer Network (PYPN) waa urur dhalinyaro oo ay

dhibida utaagtey UNFPA. Waxa la asaasay dalladdan September 2009 kii

kadib marki ay 28 dhalinyaro ah ay qaateen tababaro. PYPN wuxu ka diiwan

gashanyahay Dowlada Puntland, waa dallad dhalinyaro aan faa‟iido iyo

siyaasi midna ahayn, waxayna sidoo kale xubin firfircoon ka yahay Global

Youth Peer Education Network. PYPN waxay ka shaqeeysaa xal uhelista

caqabadaha dhalinyaradda dhinacyadan so socda: caafimadka oo inta badan

muhimada ay ku saaran in ay bulshada u gudbiyan sidii looga hortagi laha

cudurada STIs,HIV/AIDs; badbaadinta hooyda iyo dhalaanka;

waxbarashada asaaasiga ah, dimuqraadiyada iyo dhisida nabada, xuquuqda

aadanaha; ciribtirka gudniinka fircooniga ah ; Dowlad wanaaga iyo dhiiri

galinta xuquuqda dumarka iyo ilaalinta dhalaanka; taagerista horumarka iyo

ilaalinta deegaanka.15

Ula jeedada ugu wayn ee PYPN waxa weeye ilaalinta degaanka; dadka so

baro kacay; shaqo abuurista, ciyaaraha; fanka iyo madadaalada; wacyigalinta

iyo waxbarashada. Deeq bixiyayasha caalamiga ah ee caawiya dalladda ayaa

waxa kamid ah ururka socdaalka aduunka (IOM); UNICEF; UNDP iyo

DIA/TIS. PYPN waxay ku leedahay gudaha Puntland 126 barayaal, 3

tababare oo caalami ah kuwaas oo si tabarucaad ah ugu shaqeeya iyo

maamulayaal guud.16

14

Wareeysi, CSO, February, 2016 15

Wareeysi, CSO, January, 2016 16

Wareeysi, CSO,January, 2016


22

MUDAN waa Dallad ay ku mideysanyihin ururro dhalinyaro kuwaas oo ka

hawl gala Gobolka Nugal ee Puntland. Qaab dhismeedka MUDAN waxay

ka koobantahay golle sare oo laso doorto, Xubno iyo Gudiga sare. Waxay ka

diiwan gashantahay maamulka gobolka Nugaal, wasaaradaha Dowladda

Puntland. Waxay la shaqeeyaan ururada caalamiga ah, waxbarashada,

dhalinyarada iyo ciyaraha. Ururku wuxu ka shaqeeya wacyigalinta si joogto

ah. Waxuu xooga saaraa in dhalinyaradu ka qayb qaadato dib udhiska,

maamulka, horumarka iyo xalinta khilaafaadka. MUDAN waxay ledahay

gole sare, xildhibano iyo shaqaale, sido kale waxay leedahay shuruuc iyada

udagsan oo ay ku dhaqanto, waxana xubnaheeda ka mid ah Timely

Integrated Development for Somalia (TIDES), Somali Youth Social Forum

(SYSF) iyo Toyo foundation. Hada hawlgadooda ugu wayn waxa weeye

sidi loo bararujin laha ciribtirka Burcad badeeda iyo mashruuca

Horumarinta dhalinyarada Somaaliya.17

Hayaan Institute for Research and Policy waxa la asaasay sanadii 2013

kii, waa urur aan siyaasi iyo faa‟iido doon midna aanan ahayn wuxuuna ka

shaqeyaa cilmi baarista dhinacyada maamulka, waxbarshada, caafimaadka,

tababarka iyo degaanka. Machadku wuxuu hirgaliyey hawgalkiisi ugu waynaa

oo ku saabsanaa caqabadaha la xiriira isla xisaabtanka bishii Auguest 2015

kii, iyado so qaban qaabisey dood lagu falaanqaynayo isla xisaabtanka oo

lagu qabtay magaalada Galkacyo, Puntland. Dooda waxa kasoo qaybgaley

dhinacyo badan oo ay ku jiraan xarumaha Dowladda kala duwan,

ganacsatada, ururada maxaliga ah iyo saxaafada. Muhimada loo qabtay ayaa

ahayd in looga hadlo baaxada u le‟egyahay musuqmaasuqa ka jira

masuuliyiinta Dowladda iyo qaabki loga hortagi lahaa waxkasta oo sharci

daro ah.

17

Wareeysi, CSO, January,2016


23

Hayaan waxaa ay muhiida saarta sidii loo xoojin lahaa nidaamka

dowladnimo ee kajira Puntland iyadoo dhiirri galineysa hawlaha lagu

hormarinayo sidii ay uga qayb qaadan lahayeen dhinacyo badan, hufnaanta

dowladda iyo isla xisaabtanka iyo in loo ogolaado bulshada la socodka

howgallada Dowlada. Sidoo kale Hayaan waxay ka shaqeeysaa in ay cilmi-

baaris ku sameeyso arimaha dhaqaalaha oo ay ka mid yihiin xoolaha,

kaluumeysiga iyo warshadaha, waxa kaloo ay Dowladda Puntland ka

caawisaa kor u qaadida nidaamka waxbarashada ee Puntland.18

Ururka Saxafiyiinta (The Media Association of Puntland)

MAP waa dallad ay ku midoobeen ururo badan oo ay leeyihin suxufiyiinta

iyo saxaafada ka hawl gasha Puntland, waxaana la asaasay Janaayo sanadkii

2009 kii, si ay uga shaqeyso danaha iyo xuquuqda saxaafada iyo in ay kor

uqaado awoodda ururada saxaafada. Hawlgallada ugu waaweyn ee ay MAP-

ka shaqeyso ayaa waxa ka kamid ah in ay xoojiso xoriyadda saxaafada, in ay

ilaaliso suxufiyiinta xuquuqdooda iyo in ay uso qabanqaabiso tababaro heer

sare ah suxufiyiinta. Ururku wuxuu isticmaala qaabab kala duwan si loo

gaaro ula jeedooyinkiisa: dhiri galinta xuquuqda suxufiyiinta iyadoo la

baahinayo warbixinnada; waxbarashada iyo iskaashiga ururada suxuufiyinta

maxaliga ah iyo kuwa caalamiga ahba.19

Qurba joogta Puntland (PD)

18

Wareeysi, CSO, March, 2016 19

Wareeysi, CSO, December, 2015


24

Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in ka badan 1.5 milyan oo Soomaali ah in ay ku

noolyihiin dibada Soomaaliya. Lacagaha ay qurba joogto soodirto ayaa lagu

qiyaasa 1.3 Bilyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah sanadkiiba. In badan oo

qurba joogta ka mid ah ayaa dib ugu so laabanaya Puntland si ay uga hawl

galaan shaqooyinka Dowladda iyago kaga qayb qaadanaya xirfadahooda,

talooyinkooda iyo maalkoodaba. Baaritaan ay sameysay UNDP oo laga

sameeyey lix magaalo oo qurbaha ah ( Dubay, London, Miniyabolis,

Nayrobi, Oslo iyo Toronto), waxaa lagu ogaaday cilmi-baaristaas in qurbo

joogtu ay aad uga dhex muuqdaan siyaasadda Soomaaliya, adeega bulshada,

kaabayasha dhaqaalaha iyo ganacsiga goonida loo leeyahay.20

Qurba joogta reer Puntland waxay kukala firirsanyahiin daafaha caalamka:

Galbeedka Yurub, Waqooyiga Amerika, Australia, wadamada Khaliijka,

Bariga Afrika iyo Yemen. Kuwooda ugu firfircoon waxay kaso noqdeen

Waqooyiga Amerika iyo Galbeedka Yurub. Inta ugu badan qurba joogta

Puntland waxay ku suganyihin Kenya, Yemen, America iyo Europe. Marka

Yurub laga eego inta ugu badan waxay ku noolyihiin boqortooyada

Ingiriiska, Holand, Iskaandaneefiyaanka iyo Talyaaniga. Canada iyo USA na

qurba joogtu waxay aad ugu badan yihin Miniyabolis, Ohiyo iyo Toronto.

Guud ahan qurba joogta reer Puntland waxay ukala baxaan saddex nooc oo

kala ah: Jiilka kowaad, Jiilka labaad oo meesha ku dhashay iyo kuwo

dhawaan tagay qurbaha.21

20

Cash and Compassion: The Role of the Somali Diaspora in Relief, Development and Peace-building, January 2011, UNDP 21

Wareeysi, CSO, January, 2016


25

Machadka SIDRA

SIDRA waa machad cilmi-baaris oo aan faa‟iido doon ahayn oo falanqeeya

siyaasadaha, kaas oo muhiimada saara lix dhinac oo waaweyn:

dimuqraadiyadda iyo maamulka; nabadgalyada, kala danbeynta; horumarinta

ganacsiga; maamulida degaanka iyo khayraadka dabiiciga ah; waxbarashada

iyo awoodsiinta haweenka. Machadku wuxuu kaloo diirada saara muhiimada

ay leedahay cilmi-baarista, horumarka dhaqaale ee bulshada. Isagoo

sharaxaya Hawlahooda ugu waaweyn wuxuu yiri maamulaha machadka:

“SIDRA waxay isku hawshaa qaab isbadalka maamulka; doodaha

siyaasadaha Dowladda, horumarinta xarumaha Dowladda; dhanka amniga.

Cilmi-baaristayadu waxay ku saleysan tahay falanqaynta siyaasadaha;

shuruucda iyo xoojinta qaab dhismeedka lagu dhimayo musuqmaasuqa

Puntland ka jira”22. Waxay SIDRA u aragtaa abuurista ganacsiga fursad lagu

dhimi karo faqriga, sidoo kale wuxuu machadku diiradda saaraa horumarinta

maamulka ganacsiga iyo taageerista isu tagyada ganacsatada. Ilaa iyo intii la

asaasay SIDRA July 2015 kii, waxay daabacday qoraalo ku saabsan

siyaasadaha doorashooyinka Somalia 2016 ka oo kooban iyo

dimuqraadiyadda Puntland ka jirta. Waxaa jira shan qof oo joogto ah oo ka

shaqeeya xafiiska SIDRA.23

3.4. Hay’addaha waxbarashadda

Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya wuxuu gebi ahaanba bedelay qaab

nololeedkii dadka soomaaliyeed, gaar ahaan dhinaca waxbarashadda. Jiil

dhan ayaa waxbarashoodii luntay oo aan xaadirin iskuulo kuwo dawli ah iyo

kuwa gaarka loo leeyahay midna. Sidoo kale waxaa meesha ka baxay in la

22

Wareeysi, CSO, March, 2016 23

SIDRA profile


26

dhigo manhaj midaysan. Dhalinyaro badan oo soomaaliyeed ayaa

maskaxiyyan waxaa u waxyeeleyey dagaalka sokeeye. Intii lagu jiray dood

cilmiyeedkii ay soo qabanqaabisay Jaamacadda PSU, ka soo qaybgalayaal

badan ayaa tilmaamay in goobaha waxbarashadda sare ee Puntland ay tahay

inay door hoggaamineed ka qaataan dhiirigelinta, kobcinta maskaxda

da‟ayarta, wanaagga bulshada, isla xisaabtanka iyo dimuqraadiyadda. Waxaa

Puntland xilligaan ka jira 12 Jaamacadood oo ay badankoodu u

samaysanyihiin kuwa gaar loo leeyahay, maadaama aysan wax taageero

maaliyeed ah ka helin Dowladda. Cilmi-baaristu waxay tusaale usoo

qaadatay sadex ka mid ah jaamacadaha Puntland.

Puntland State University (PSU)

PSU waxaa Garowe laga aasaasay sanadii 1998, iyadoo xiligaas lagu

magacaabi jiray iskuulka maamulka Puntland (Garowe School of

management, GMC), waxaa lagu asaasay dareen bulsho oo ay bilowday

hay‟adda maxalliga ah ee Kaalo, iyadoo caawimaad dhaqaale ka helaysa

hay‟adda Diakonia – Sweden, si ay bulshadda uga haqabtirto baahida

waxbarasho. Waxayna ku biloowday bixinta shahaadooyin koorasyo

soconaya 6 billood ilaa sanad. GMC waxaa loo badalay machad bulsho

sanadii 2001, Machadkaas waxaa loo bixiyay Machadka Bulshadda Puntland

(Puntland Community College, PCC), wuxuuna bixin jiray shahaadooyin

labo sano ah iyo tababaro la siinayay shaqaalaha Dowladda si ay u gutaan

waajibaadkooda.24

Iyadoo taageero laga helayo Hay‟adda UNDP iyo Jaamacadda caalimga ah

ee Maraykanka (United States International University-USIU) ee ku taala

24

PSU profile


27

Nairobi- Kenya, waxaa loo badalay machadkii jaamacad sanadkii 2004.

Qorshaha istaraatiijiyadeed ee jaamacadda loo dejiyay wuxuu xooga saaray

in la dhiso jaamacad xoogan oo bixisa shahaadooyin ku salaysan afar sano

(bachelor degree). PSU waxay ku talaabsatay horumar lixaad leh illaa iyo

intay jirtay, iyadoo taageero ka helaysa shaqsiyaad iyo hay‟addaha sida

Diakonia, UNDP, EC, Kaalo, qurba joogta Puntland, Dowladda Puntland

iyo bulsha weynta reer Puntland. Xilligaan hadda lagu jiro, jaamacaddu

waxay kaalimaha hore kaga jirtaa jaamacaddaha ka jira Soomaaliya, waxayna

bixisaa waxbarasho tayo leh oo ay awoodi karaan muwaadiniintu.25

PSU waxay xiriir dhaw la leedahay hay‟addo horumarineed oo ay ka mid

yihiin Kaalo aid & development (KAD); UNDP; UNESCO; UNICEF;

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA); World Bank (WB); European

Union (EU/EC); International Labour Organization (ILO); National

Endowment for Democracy (NED) – USA; Swedish International

Development Cooperation (SIDA); Danish People‟s Aid (DPA); Relief

International (RI); Diakonia; DFID iyo kuwa kale oo fara badan. Sidoo kale

waxay jaamacaddu la macaamisha jaamacaddaha ku yaala gudaha dalka sida

jaamacadaha ku mudoobay SomaliREN iyo kuwa caalamiga ah sid: United

States International University Africa (USIU Africa); University of Nairobi

(UoN); Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology (JKUAT);

Kenyatta University (KU); Kampala International University (KIU); African

Virtual University (AVU); Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) – Sweden;

Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP) iyo kuwa kale.26

PSU waxay ka midtahay xubnihii aasaasay ururka jaamacadaha Somalia oo

loo yaqaan SomaliREN (Somali Research and Education Network), sidoo 25

Wareeysi, CSO, December, 2015 26

PSU profile


28

kale jaamacaddu waxay xubin buuxda ka tahay ururka jaamacadaha Africa

(Association of African Universities-AAU). Jaamacadda PSU hadda waxay

bixisaa barnaamijyo waxbarasho oo kala duwan oo ay ka midyihiin

barashadda cilmiga ganacsiga (Business Administration), barashadda

maamulka dowliga ah (Public Administration); shareecadda islamka iyo

qaanuunka (Sharia and Law), barashada dhaqaalaha (Economics);

barashadda horumarka (Development Studies); cilmiga kumbuyuutarada

(Computer Science), Injineeriyada dhismaha (Civil Engineering), tabarka

macalimiinta iyo caafimaadka. Sidoo kale jaamacaddu waxay bixisaa

shahaadada labaad ee jaamacadeed (master degree).27

University of Bosaso (UOB)

Jaamacada Bosaasso markii ugu horaysay waxaa la aasaasay sanadii 2006 dii,

waxaana la oran jiray machadka tababarada iyo kumbuyuutaradda ee

Boosaso, kadibna waxaa loo badalay jaamacad 2011kii. Bilowgii Jaamacadda

Bosaso waxaa taageeray hay‟adda Muslim Aid UK, oo ah hay‟ad caalami ah

oo ka hawlgasha 70 dal oo Africa, Asia iyo Yurub ah. Mararka qaar

jamacaddu waxay fulisaa tababaro iyadoo ay caawinayaan hay‟adaha

caalamiga sida Save the Children iyo World Vision. Xiligaan Jaamacada

Bosaaso waxay bixisaa shahaadada heerka kowaad ee waxbarashada sare

sida: cilmiga bulshada , cilmiga luuqadaha iyo taariikhda, ganacsiga,

caafimaadka iyo shareecada, cilmiga barashada kumbuyuutarada. Jaamacadu

waxay kaloo bixisaa tababaro lagu baranayo shareecadda Islaamka sida:

barashada cilmiga fiqhiga (Islamic Jurisprudence), faafinta Dacwada,

waxayna fududaysaa waxbarashada fog (distance learning programs) iyadoo

kaashaynaysa hay‟ado waxbarasho oo caalami ah sida: machadka caalamiga

27

Wareeysi, February, 2016, CSO


29

ah ee Cambridge (Cambridge international college), Jamacada Brigham

(Brigham international university) iyo Jamacadda Suudaan (Sudan Open

University).28

Jaamacadda Bariga Africa (East Africa University - EAU)

Jaamacadda Bariga Africa (EAU) waxaa laga asaasay magaaladda Bosaso

sanaddii 1999, waxayna hadda leedahay 7 farac oo ku yaala 6 gobol (Nugaal,

Mudug, Sool, Karkaar, Cayn iyo Bari). Waxay jaamacaddu bixasaa

shahaadada heerka kowaad (bachelor degree) sida shareecadda islaamka iyo

qaanuunka (Sharia and Law); cilmiga kumbuyuutarada (computer science);

cilmiga ganacsiga (Business administration); cilmiga dhaqaalaha

(Economics); cilmiga barashada caafimaadka dadka (Medicine); cilmiga

barashada caafimaadka xoolaha (Veterinary); caafimaadka guud (Health

Science); barashada cilmiga dhismaha (Civil Engineering); barashada cilmiga

maamulka dawliga ah (Public Administration); barashada cilmigga

macallinnimada (Education); barashada cilmiga hormarinta bulshada

(community development) iyo barashada cilmiga dhulka (Geology).29

28

Wareeysi, CSO, February, 2016 29

Wareeysi, SCO, March, 2016


30

3.5. Ganacsiga iyo shirkadaha gaarka loo leeyahay

Rugta gancasiga iyo warshadaha dowladda Puntland (Puntland

Chamber of Commerce and Industries-PCCI)30

PCCI Waxaaa la asaasay sanadkii 2000, waxaana ansixiyey golaha wakiillada

Puntland. Ujeedada ugu wayn ee loo asaasay waxaa ay tahay in ay

ganacsatada ka caawiso kobcinta iyo kor uqaadista ganacsiga, in ay xal u

raadiso kor u qaadista aqooneed iyo meelaha ay doonayaan in laga taageero

gancasatada. Waxaa kale oo intaas dheer waxaa laga rabaa rugta ganacsiga

iyo warshaduhu in ay gancasatada u raadiso maalgalin caalimi ah iyo fursado.

In ay u fududayso ganacasatada helitaanka waraaqaha la xiriira ganacsiga iyo

habsami u socodkiisa. Sidoo kale PCCI waxay u fududaysaa waraaqda

amaahashada daymaha (Letter of Credit L/C), waraaqda damaanadaha

qandaraaslayda ganacsiga (letter of Guarantee GL) iyo wixii la halmaal ee ay

ganacsatadu u baahan yihiin in laga taageero. Shaqo maalmeedka rugta

ganacsiga waxaa maamula gudoomiyaha iyo xoghayaha rugta ganacsiga,

sidoo kale waxaa maamulka ka qaybqaata gudoomiyayaasha gobolada oo

iyaguna shaqooyin muhiim ah wada.31

Dahabshiil waa shirkad ka shaqaysa xawilaada lagacaha waxaana ay xafiisyo

ku leedahay dhamaan gobolada iyo dagmooyinka Puntland. Waxaa la

asaasay shirkadan 1970 kii si ay uga shaqeeyso adeega xawilaadda lacagta.

Maanta Dahabshiil waa mid ka mid ah xawaaladaha ugu waawayn

Soomaaliya oo ka shaqeeya 126 wadan oo caalamka daafihiisa ku yaal, 40

xarumood oo ka mid ah waxaa ay ku yaalaan qaaradda Africa. Adeegyada ay

bixiso Dahabshiil waxaa ka mid ah adeega xawaaladda iyo adeega bangiyada,

31

PCCI profile


31

dhamaan adeegyadaan waxaa isticmaala hay‟adaha ka shaqeeya wadanka oo

ay ka mid yihiin hay‟adaha qaramada midoobay (United Nations), Bangiga

Aduunka (World Bank) iyo hay‟ado kale oo ay ka mid yihiin: Oxfam, IOM

iyo Save the Children.32

Shirkada Amal waxaa ay ka mid tahay shirkadaha adeega xawaalada bixiya

ee ka shaqeeya deegaanada Soomaalida. Waxaa la asaasay shirkadan 1990 kii

waxaana asaasay 7 ganacsato Soomaali ah oo ku maalgaliyey hantidooda

inay kaga shaqaystaan xawaaladda. Xaruntooda ugu wayn waxa ay ku taalaa

Ras al- Khaimah, United Arab Emirates (UAE), waxaana ay xarumo badan

ku leeyihiin dhamaan daafaha aduunka oo dhan. Shirkadu waxaa ay bixisaa

adeegyo kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin: adeega xawaaladda iyo adeega

bangiyada. Waxaa macmiil la ah shirkada hay‟ado badan oo ka shaqeeya

hormarinta bulshada iyo qurba joogta Soomaaliyeed ee ku dhaqan wadanka

dibaddiisa.33

4. Aragtida Qaybaha kala duwan ee Bulshadu kaqabto

Musuqmaasuqa iyo sida ay uga qaybqaadan karaan yarayntiisa

4.1. Aragtida Culimadda iyo sida ay uga qayb qaadan karaan

yareeynta Musuqmaasuqa

Cilmibaaristu waxay wareeysiyo dhaadheer layeelatay culimadda Puntland

qaybaheeda kala duwan34. Guud ahaan culimadu waxay isku raacsanyihiin

in musuqmaasuqu ka dhashay dadka oo ka fogaaday Allah inay ka baqaan

(as moral decay of society). Sidaas darteed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah bay

32

Dahabshiil profile 33

Amal profile 34

Salafiyiinta, Islaax, Tabliiq iyo Suufiyadda


32

qabaan culimaddu in hadii larabo musuqmaasuqa baahsan ee Puntland in

layareeyo, in marka hore dadku diintooda Islaamka u laabtaan ku

dhaqankeeda. Qofka Muslim ka ah waxa uu musuqmaasuq kaga fogaan

karaa inuu marwalba xasuusnaado mabaadii‟da Islaamka ee „al-Xisaab‟, iyo

„al-Amaanah‟, kuwaas oo qofka udiyaariya inuu noqdo qof isagu isla

xisaabtama iskana ilaaliya ku xadgudubka hantida dadka ka dhaxaysa.

Dhamaan culimadda qaybaheeda kalauwan ee aan wareeysanay waxay

aaminsanyihiin in qof walba oo maamul loo dhiibayo uu marka hore soo

buuxiyo labo shuruudood: inuu yahay qof horta gudanaya Allah wajibaadka

uu saaray35, kadibna yahay qof yaqaana kana soo bixikara masuuliyadda loo

dhiibayo.36

Culimaddu waxay aad ugu nuuxnuuxsadeen muhimadda quraanku siiyay in

qofka Muslimka ah ilaaliyo masuuliyadda loo dhiibo, xusuusnaadana

xisaabta aakhiro ee danbeysa: “Ruuxiise wax yar oo khayr ah fala wuu arki.

Kiise waxyar oo shar ah fala wuu arki.”37. Aayad kale Allah waxuu

kuleeyahay “Idiin ma qabanayo Eebe dhaar qasad la‟aaneed, wuxuuse idiin

qaban waxay kasbatay quluubtiinnu. Eebena waa danbi dhaafe naxariista.”38

Aayad kale Allah waxuu kuleeyahay “Nafna naf kale dambigeed ma qaado,

hadii loogu yeedho naf culusoo danbaabtay inay xambaarto (danbi naf kale)

lagama xambaaro waxba haba noqoto qaraabee, waxaad uun u digi kuwa ka

cabsada Eebe, oo tukadda Salaadda, ruuxii isdaahiriyaa wuxuu uun isu

daahiriyay naftiisa. Xaga Eebe uun baana loo ahaan geerida dabadeeda.”39

Sidoo kale Eebe waxuu Quraanka kariimka ah kuyiri” Hana ku cunina

35

Xaaraanta ka fog, layimaada dhamaan wajibaadka Allah saaray: Salaadda, Zakada, Soowmka, Xajka haduu kuwaajibay, ku dhaqma dhaqanka Islaamka ee Runta, Daacadnimadda, Naxariista iyo ka fogaanshaha dulmiga iyo qabyaaladda. 36

Wareeysi, RI, February, 2016 37

Al-Quran 99:7-8 38

Al-Quran 2:225 39

Al-Quran 35:18


33

xoolihiinna dhexdiinna si xaq dari ah idinkoo u dhiibi (Laaluush) xukaamta

si aad ugu cuntaan qayb ka mid ah xoolaha dadka idinkoo og inay danbi

tahay.”40

Aayadahaas Quraan ka ah eey culimadu soo daliishadeen dhamaan waxay

culimadu u arkaan in dhibaatada musuqmaasuq ee ka jirta Puntland ay salka

kuhayso dadka oo ka fogaaday dhaqanka Islaamka, aayadahaasna

xusuusinayaan dadka in xisaab Aakhiro danbayso, muhiimna tahay in

masuuliyadda shacabka loo dhiibo qof Allah ka cabsan oo isagu isla

xisaabtama inta aan dadweeynuhu laxisaabtamin.41

Culimadda aan wareeysanay dhamaan way isku raacsanyihiin mabaadiida

waaweeyn ee Islaamka sida Tiirarka shanta ah ee Islaamka: Tawxiidka;

Salaadda; Zakadda; Soonka; Xajka; iyo Tiirarka Imaanka ee lixda ah:

Rumeeynta Allah; Malaaigta; Kitaabta Allah soodajiyay; Rususha; maalinta

Akhiro iyo Qadarka Allah. Laakiin culimaddu waxay kukala aragti

duwanaayeen qabka loo wajihi musuqmaasuqa, iyadoo figradahoodu ku

kala salaysanyihiin fahanadooda kaladuwan ee Islaamka. Aragtiyada

culimada aan wareeysanay waxay kala matalayeen aragtiyada Salafiyada,

Islaax, Tabliiqa iyo Suufiyada.

Culimadda dariiqada suufiyada ee aan waraysanay waxay ku

nuuxnuuxsadeen muhimadda ay leedahay in qofka Muslimka ah badiyo

Dikriga Allah sida uu yiri mid ka mid ah: “Musuqmaasuq waxaa sameeya

qof Allah ka fogaaday. Hadaad dariiqda suufiyada dhabta ah ee Islaamka ku

dhaqanto, waxaad noqon qof carrabkiisa marwalba ka qoyanyahay 99

magac ee Eebe; ku mashquulsan muraaqabada Allah, siyaarada awliyadiisa,

40

Al-Quran 2:188 41

Wareeysi, RI, March 2016


34

xuska Nabigga (SCW). Waxaan ku tarbiyaynaa xertayada suhdiga in

aduunyada aan la israacin ee Aakhiro la xusuusnaado marwalba”.42

Mar aan waydiinay aragtidda dhariiqada Suufiyada ee musuqmaasuqa

Puntland, mid ka mid ah waxa uu ku jawaabay sidan: “Allah waxa uu Xadiis

al-Qudsi ku leeyahay „Adoonkaygu waxa uu iigu soo dhawaado waxaa ugu

fiican markuu guto waxaan ku waajib yeelay, marka uu adoonkaygu

cibaadada iigu soo dhawaadana waan jeclaadaa, markaan jeclaado waxaan

noqdaa dhagaha uu wax ku kumaqlo, indhaha uu wax ku arko iyo lugaha

uu ku socdo‟. Si musuqmaasuq looga fogaado, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah

in qofka Muslimka ah dunuubta iska ilaaliyo. Musuqmaasuq waa danbi.

Dhaqankeena Suufiyadu wuxuu xerta ku tarbiyeeyaa in dunuubta oo dhan

laga fogaado, aan aduunyada la israacinin, dulmiga iyo dhaqamada

sheeydaanka sida musuqmaasuqa oo laga fogaado.”43

Culimadda Salafiyada sidoo kale waxay isku raaceen in waxyaalaha keenaya

musuqmaasuqa uu asal uyahay dadka oo ka fogaaday dhaqankii Salafkii

saalixa ahaa. Isaga oo soo koobaya aragtidooda musuqmaasuqa waxa

dhaliyay iyo sida looga bixi karo, mid kamid ah culimadda Salafiyiinta ayaa

sidan ku jawaabay: “Anaga fahankanaga Islaamku waxa uu ku

salaysanyahay Quraanka iyo Sunnada Nabigga (SCW) oo aan waxba lagu

darin, waxna laga reebin; in Islaamka loogu dhaqmo sidii Salafku ugu

dhaqmi jiray44. Eebe Quraanka waxuu ku leeyahay “Ruuxii khilaafa

Rasuulka kadib intuu u cadaaday Hanuunku oo raaca jidka Mu‟miniinta

midaan ahayn, waxaa qofkaas uga wali yeelaynaa waxuu yeeshay, waxaana

42

Wareeysi, RL, February, 2016 43

Wareeysi, RL, January, 2016 44

Sheikhu isagoo sii fasiraya waxa uu ula jeedo Salaf, waxa uu yiri ‘ Salaf waxaan kawadaa in Islaamka loogu dhaqmo sidii ay ugu dhaqmi jireen Muslimiintu sadexdii qarni ee taariikhda Islaamka ugu horeeysay.


35

galinaynaa Jahannamo, iyadaana u xun meel loo ahaado”.45 Manhajka

Salafigu waa manhaj fahamkiisa Islaamku ku qotomo Sunnada Nabigga

(SCW), musuqmaasuqa iyo dunuubta kale ee lamidka ah, ma aha dhaqankii

Islaamka saxda ah ee Salafka. Musuqmaasuqa kajira Puntland waxyaabaha

keenaya waxaa kamid ah ka fogaanshaha ay bulshadeenu ka fogaatay

dhaqankii Salafka, khuraafaadka iyo bidcada farabadan ee Diinta lagu

badhxay. Anagu xalka waxaan u aragnaa in musuqmaasuqa lagaga bixi karo

oo kali ah in dadku toobad keenaan oo Allah u noqdaan, dareemaan inay

xisaab Aakhiro kadanbeeyso, musuqmaasuquna yahay Dulmi”.46

Culimadda fikirka Ikhwaanka (Islaax) da aaminsan waxay sidoo kale u

arkaan dhibaatada musuqmaasuqa ee Puntland ka jirta inay sababta ugu

wayntahay bulshada oo aan qaadanin kana dhiganin Islaamka qaanuunka

noolashooda. Waxay u arkaan hadii bulshada Islaamku dastuur ka

dhiganlahayd in dadka hadalkooda iyo ficilkoodu iswaafaqi lahaa. Mid

kamid ah culimada Islaaxa oo sharxaya arinkaas waxa uu yiri: “Si loo xaliyo

dhibaatadda musuqmaasuqa Puntland, bulshadu waxay horta u

baahantahay inay ku dhaqanto dareenka „Ukhuwa al-Islaamiya‟,

walaaltinimada ku salaysan Islaamka. Waxaan u aragnaa dhibaatooyinka

musuqmaasuq inay sababeen „Ikhlaas la‟aan‟47 qofku uusan lahayn ku

dhaqan diimeed oo xoogbadan, ku dhaqan la‟aan mabaadii‟da Islaamka

sida „al-Tadhiyya‟48. Waxaan u aragnaa inuusan qof masuul umadda ka

noqon karin haduusan marka hore gudanin masuuliyaddii Allah isaga

45

Al-Quran 4:115 46


Daacadnimo la’aan 48

Al-Tadhiyya waa qofku inuu ka door biddo inuu Muslimiinta kale wax taro intuusan asagu wax istarin


36

saaray. Qofwalba oo masuul noqonaya waa lagama maarmaan inuu yahay

qof ay ka muuqato ku dhaqanka Akhlaaqda Islaamka”49.

Culimadda Tabliiqa ee aan waraysanay ayaguna sidoo kale waxay carrabka

ku adkeeyeen in musuqmaasuqa sida looga gudbi karo ay tahay in

Muslimiinta ay soo nooleeyeen manhajkii Rasuulka (SCW) ee ahaa “Al-

amru bil macruuf, wa nahyu canil munkar‟50, oo lagu dhaqmo macnaha ay

xanbaarsanyihiin labadan aayadood ee Quraan kariimka ah: “Yaa ka fiican

hadal ruux ugu yeedhay (Dadka) Eebe xagiisa, oo camal fiican sameeyay,

oo dhaha anigu waxaan ka mid ahay Muslimiinta”51; iyo aayadda kale ee

Eebe kuleeyahay “Ha laydinka helo Ummad u yeedha Khayrka oo fari

wanaagga, oo ka reebi xumaanta, kuwaasna waa uun kuwa liibaanay”52.

Sida ay uga qaybqaadan karaan Culimadu yaraynta Musuqmaasuqa

Qaybaha kaladuwan ee bulshada ee aan wareeysanay waxay ku nuux-

nuuxsadeen in Culimadu ay marwalba door muhiim ah kulahaan jirtay

bulshada. Mid kamid ah dadkaan wareeysanay oo soo koobaya doorka

culimada Soomaaliyeed waxa uu yiri: “Intuusan isticmaarkii reer galbeedku

aysan ina qaybin, culimadu waxay ahaayeen qayb muhiim ah oo bulshada

ka mid ah, waxayna qayb libaax ka qaadan jireen baridda Diinta Islaamka,

xalinta khilaafaadka, dhaxalka, guurka iyo halgankii gobannima doonka.

Markii labadii qaybood ee Somaaliya (Waqooyi iyo Koonfur) ay ka

xoroobeen isticmaarkii, nasiib darro Dowladdihii Somaaliyeed ee ka

danbeeyay mayna xoojinin doorka culimada. Dagaalkii sokeeye ee

biloowday 1991, waxa uu isagu sababay inayba soo baxaan figrado diimeed

49


In la Is faro waxa wanaagsan, la iska reebo waxa xun oo uu ka mid yahay Mususqmaasuqu 51

Al-Quran 41:33 52

Al-Quran 3:104


37

cusub oo ku lugyeeshay dagaalada kala duwan ee wadanka ka socda. Si

kastaba ha ahaatee, culimadu wali door muhiim ah ayay ka ciyaari karaan

horumarka bulshada sida yaraynta musuqmaasuqa. Culimada Puntland

qayb muhiim ah ayay ku leeyihiin arimaha dhaqaalaha, siyaasada iyo

bulshada.53

Mar aan waydiinay sida ay uga qaybqaadan karaan culimada Suufiyadu

yaraynta musuqmaasuqa, waxay ku nuuxnuusadeen inay leeyihiin dad

farabadan oo dariiqooyinkooda raacsan, una adeegsan karaan majaalistooda

iyo meelaha jamaacaadkoodu ku kulmaan inay kaga wacyigaliyaan dadka

dhibaatooyinka uu leeyahay musuqmaasuqu. Sidoo kale waxay ka

dhawaajiyeen inay digriga Allah oo labadiyo iyo Suufiyada dhabta ah oo

lagu dhaqmo ay qab weeyn ka qaadan karto yaraynta musuqmaasuqa

qaybihiisa kaladuwan. Nafta oo la daahiriyo oo lagu daahiriyo digriga Allah

waxa ay asaas u noqon in laga fogaado waxwalba oo xaaraan ah.54

Culimada Salafiyiinta waxay aad ugu xoog badanyihiin, oo ay qayb libaax ku

leeyihiin arimaha dhaqaalaha, waxbarashada, siyaasadda ee Puntland.

Dadbadan oo aan waraysanay waxay aaminsanyihiin in qayba badan oo

kamid ah ilaha dhaqaale iyo waxbarasho ee Puntland ay si uun ugu

xiranyihiin culimada Salafiyiinta. Culimada oo aan naftooda waydiinay

doorkooda ay ku leeyihiin dhaqaalaha, waxbarashada iyo siyaasadda, mayna

inkirin inay qayb muhiim ah kayihiin arimahaas. Waxay culimadu carrabka

ku adkeeysay inay lagama maar maan tahay si musuqmaasuqa loo yareeyo

in bulshada qaybaheeda kaladuwan lagu tarbiyeeyo, wacyigaliyo Akhlaaqda

Islaamka ee al-Cadaalah, al-Sidqi55 iyo al-Amaanah. Culimada Salafiyiintu

53

Wareeysi, RL, February, 2016 54

Wareeysi, March, 2016 55

Runta


38

waxay hormuud ka yihiin maamulidda in badan oo ka mid ah hay‟adaha

waxbarasho iyo kaabayaasha dhaqaale ee Puntland.56

Sidoo kale culimada Islaaxda (Ikhwaan) waxay qayb lixaad leh ka qaataan

arimaha waxbarashada iyo dhaqaalaha. Waxay saameeyn wayn ku leeyihiin

bulshada qaybaheeda kaladuwan. Hay‟ado waaweeyn oo waxbarasho iyo ilo

dhaqaale ayaa la sheegaa inay hoos tagaan culimada Islaaxda. Mar aan

waydiinay doorka ay ka qaadan karaan yaraynta musuqmaasuqa, waxay

culimadu sheegeen inay diyaar u yihiin wax walba oo bulshada

hormarkeeda ah, ayna u adeegsan doonaa awoodahooda iyo

saameeyntooda sidii loo yarayn lahaa musuqmaasuqa baahsan. Isagoo

sharxaya siday uga qayb qaadan karaa yaraynta musuqmaasuqa, mid ka mid

ah culimada Islaaxda waxa uu yiri: “Waxaan goobaha waxbarasho uga

faa‟iidaysan karnaa wacyigalinta dadweeynaha ee ku aadan dhibaatooyinka

uu leeyahay musuqmaasuqu; waxaan dib u eegis ku samayn karnaa

manaahijteena waxbarasho si ilmaheena loogu tarbiyeeyo dhaqanka

Ikhlaaska, Cadaaladda, Xalaasha iyo Xaraamta”57

4.2. Madax Dhaqameedka: Aragtidooda iyo Qaybta ay ka qaadan

karaan yareeynta Musuqmaasuqa

Madax dhaqameedku (ISIM, CAAQIL, NABADOON, GARAAD,

ISLAAN, BOQOR, UGAAS, IWM) waxay u arkaan musuqmaasuqu inuu

yahay dhaqan xun oo ka soo horjeedda dhaqamada fiican ee Soomaalida

lagu yaqiinay sida xishoodka iyo qofku inuu daacad u ahaado bulshadiisa.

Way ku raacsanyihiin qaybaha kale ee bulshada ee aan waraysanay in

musuqmaasuqu uu gaaray heer uu dadka qaar u noqday dhaqan aan laga

56

Wareeysi, CS, January ,2016 57

Wareeysi, RL, February, 2016


39

xishoonin, waxayna u arkaan in sababaha musuqmaasuqa dhaliyay ugu

xoog badanyihiin Dhaqan xumo (moral decay), Cadaalad daro ( injustice),

Faqri ( poverty), Wadaninimo xumo (lack of patriotism-nationalism).58

Dadka aan waraysanay waxay isku raacsanyihiin in madax dhaqameedka

Puntland ay qayb libaax ka qaataan arimaha Siyaasada, Dhaqaalaha iyo

Bulshada. Nabadda ay Puntland haysato waxaa mahadda ugu weeyn loo

celiyaa Eebe kadib Isimadda iyo madax dhaqameedka kala duwan ee reer

Puntland.59

Dad badan oo aan waraysanay waxay qabaan in madax dhaqameedyadu

qayb libaax ka qaadan karaan wacyi galinta bulshada iyo yaraynta

musuqmaasuqa baahsan ee kajira bulshada qeeybaheeda kala duwan.

Madax dhaqameedyada naftoodu waxay cilmibaarayaasha u cadeeyeen inay

diyaar u yahiin ka qayb qaadashada dadaalada lagu yareeynayo

musuqmaasuqa. Waxay madax dhaqameedku saamayn wayn kuleeyihiin

qabaa‟ilka ay matalaan iyo Dowladda labadaba. Waxaa hadalkooda tixgaliya

in badan oo kamid ah bulshada. Dadaalada lagu yaraynayo musuqmaasuqa

waa lagama maarmaan inay ka qayb qaataan dhamaan bulshada qaybaheeda

kala duwan.60

4.3. Dowladda: Aragtideeda iyo Qaybta ay ka qaadan karto yaraynta

Musuqmaasuqa

Hay‟adaha Dowlada ee ay cilmibaaristu waraysatay waxay qirayaan inuu jiro

musuqmaasuq ka dhaxjiraha hay‟adaha Dowladda dhaxdeeda. Laakiin

dowladdu waxay sheegtay inay inta karaankeeda ah dadaal ugu jirto sidii ay

58

Wareeysi,TL, February, 2016 59

Wareeysi, GI, December, 2016 60

Wareeysi, TL, February, 2016


40

u yarayn lahayd musuqmaasuqa qaybihiisa kaladuwan ee kajira Puntland.

Hay‟adaha Dowladda ee aan waraysanay waxay qirayaan inuusan jirin

diiwaan galin dhab ah oo lagu sameeyo dhacdooyinka musuqmaasuq ee ka

dhaca wadanka. Sidaas darted xogta aan Dowladda kahelnay waxay ku

salaysantahay inta badan waxa ay afka nooga sheegeen shaqaalaha laamaha

kala duwan ee Dowladda. Waxay hay‟adaha Dowladdu isku raacsanyihiin

inay jiraan arimo farabadan oo dhalinaya inuu musuqmaasuqu ku baaho

bulshada dhaxdeeda: Siyaasadaynta qabiilka; mushaaraadka shaqaalaha

Dowladda oo aan kufilayn; faqriga baahsan ee bulshada dhaxdeeda jira;

awooda dhaqaale ee Dowladda oo aad u yar iyo awooda aqooneed ee

shaqaalaha Dowladda oo aan gaarsiisnayn meeshii larabay.61

Dowladdu waxay aaminsantahay inay dadaal wayn ugu jirto sidii ay wax uga

qabanlahayd musuqmaasuqa ka dhaxjira hay‟adaha Dowladda.

Talaabooyinka ay dowladdu aaminsantahay in la qaado si loo yareeyo

musuqmaasuqa waxaa ka mid ah: in la helo cadaalad dadku u simanyahay;

iskaashi ka dhax dhaca dhamaan qaybaha kala duwan ee bulshada;

wadatashi joogta ah Dowladda iyo shacabka; daldhisid laga wada

qaybqaato; wacyigalin bulshada iyo maamulwanaag ka dhex dhaca dhamaan

bulshada qaybaheeda kala duwan. maamulwanaag waxa uu bulshada u

horseedayaa horumar dhinacwalba ah: Siyaasadda, Bulshadda iyo

Dhaqaalahaba.62

Hay‟adaha Dowladda waxay sheegeen in musuqmaasuqu kajiro qaybaha

kaladuwan ee bulshada, uusan ku koobnayn laamaha Dowladda.Waxay

Dowladdu ku doodaysaa inay nooc horumar ah laga sameeyay la

dagaalanka musumaasuqa intii ay jirtay dowladda hada xilka haysa. Laakiin 61

Wareeysi, GI, February, 2016 62

Wareeysi, GI, December, 2015


41

dowladdu way qirsantahay in wali loo baahanyahay in la xoojiyo la

dagaalanka musuqmaasuqa baahsan ee ka dhexjira hay‟adaha dowladda.

Laamaha dowladdu waxay aad ugu nuuxnuuxsadeen inay lagama maarmaan

tahay in la xoojiyo awoodda hay‟adaha Dowladda ee dhinaca maamulka,

maareeynta iyo aqoonta shaqaalaha.63

Hay‟adaha Dowladda ee ay cilmibaaristu waraysatay waxaa ka mid ah

hay‟adda maamulwanaaga iyo ladagaalanka musuqmaasuqa (The Puntland

Good Governance and Anti-Corruption Bureau); Xafiiska hanti dhawrka

guud (The office of the Auditor General AOG); Xafiiska Xeer illaaliyaha

Guud (The Attorney General's office (AGO); Aqalka baarlmaanka (The

House of Representative); Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Tacliinta Sare

(Ministry of Education& Higher Education). Dad badan oon waraysanay

waxay aaminsanyihiin in hay‟adahan Dowladda ee kor kuxusan ay qayb

muhiim ah ka qaadan karaan yaraynta musuqmaasuqa. Dowladda Puntland

waxay u astaysay August 2015 - July 2016 sanadkii ladagaalanka

musuqmaasuqa. 64

Xafiiska Hay’adda Maamul wanaaga iyo ladagaalanka

Musuqmaasuqa (PGGACB) waxaa uu sheegay inuu leeyahay guddi

lataliyaal ah (Advisory Committee) kuwaas oo ah dad aqoon iyo waayo

aragnimo lagu xushay. Xafiisku waxuu leeyahay qaybaha cabashada, ka

hortagga, baarista iyo danbi ku soo oogista arimaha laxiriira

musuqmaasuqa. Xafiisku waxa uu diyaar u yahay inuu qayb libaax ka qaato

dadaalada lagu yaraynayo musuqmaasuqa. Xafiisku waxa uu baahi wayn u

63

Wareeysi, December, 2015 64



42

qabaa in laga xoojiyo dhinacyadda dhaqaalaha uu ku hawlgalayo iyo

kobcinta aqoonta shaqaalaha xafiiska.65

Xafiiska Hanti dhawrka guud (The office of the Auditor General -

AOG) waxa uu isagu ku nuuxnuuxsaday in xafiiskani yahay qaybta ugu

wayn ee ay tahay inuu ka qayb qaato la dagaalanka arimaha musuqmaasuqa

ee ka jira Puntland, gaar ahaan la socodka hantida guud iyo ilaalinta waxa

soo gala ama kabaxa khasnadda dowladda. Waxuu xafiisku qayb weeyn ka

qaadan karaa la xisaabtan dhab ah oo lala xisaabtamo laamaha kala duwan

ee dowladda. Sidoo kale xafiiska AOG waxa uu diyaar u yahay inuu door

muhiim ah ka qaato wacyigalinta, ladagaalanka dhammaan noocyadda

musuqmaasuqa ee kajira Puntlad. Sidoo kale xafiisku waxa uu baahi wayn

u qabaa in laga xoojiyo dhinacyada dhaqaalaha uu ku hawlgalayo iyo

kobcinta aqoonta shaqaalaha Xafiiska.66.

Xafiiska Xeer illaaliyaha Guud (The Attorney General's office -AGO)

waxa uu awood u leeyay inuu dacwad ku soo oogo cid walba oo dowladda

u shaqeeysa oo lagu tuhmo inuu ku lug yeeshay arin musuqmaasuq.

Dastuurka Puntland ayaa AGO awood u siinaya inuu baaro fal

danbiyeedyada oo dhan, ilaaliyo xuquuqda qaanuuniga ah ee dhammaan

dadka ku nool Puntland. Xafiiskani qayb muhiim ah ayuu ka qaadan karaa

yaraynta musuqmaasuqa hadii la xoojiyo awoodiisa dhaqaale, shaqaale iyo

madax banaani uu ka madax banaanaado faragalin siyaasadeed. Xafiisku

waxa uu cilmibaarayaasha u sheegay in awooddiisa shaqaale iyo dhaqaale ay

aad u yartahay marka loo fiiriyo shaqada laga sugayo. Waxa uu xafiisku

(AGO) haystaa 11 shaqaale joogta ah oo kali ah, kuwaas oo aan

65


Wareeysi, GI, March, 2016


43

dhamaantood haysanin qalabkii iyo dhaqaalihii ay hawshooda ku gudan

lahaayeen.67

Aqalka Baarlmaanka (The House of Representative) waxa uu haystaa

awoodo farabadan oo uu kaga qayb qaadan karo xoojinta maamulwanaaga

Puntland. Dastuurka Puntland ayaa awood u siinaya xildhibaanada aqalka

Baarlamaanka inay la socdaan hawlaha ay qabanayso dowladdu, inay su‟aalo

waydiiyaan hay‟adaha fulinta ee Dowladda, kalana noqdaan kalsoonidda

cidii gudan wayda hawshii loo xilsaaray. Xildhibaanada ay cilmibaaristu

waraysatay waxay sheegeen in xildhibaanadu ay qayb weeyn ka qaadan

karaan yaraynta musuqmaasuqa iyagoo adeegsanaya awoodaha Dastuurku

siinayo sida inay dajiyaan shuruuc adag oo lagaga hortagayo musuqmaasuqa

iyo inay xilka ka tuuraan hay‟adaha fulinta ee lagu tuhmo musuqmaasuq.68

Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Tacliinta Sare (Ministry of

Education& Higher Education) Dad badan waxay ku celceliyeen in ay

muhiim tahay inay qayb wayn ka qaadato wacyigalinta bulshada.

Wasaaraddu waxay adeegsan kartaa laamaheeda kaladuwan inay bulshada

ka wacyigaliso dhibaatooyinka uu leeyahay musuqmaasuqu. Wasaaraddu

waxay sheegtay inay inta awoodeeda ah ay diyaar utahay ka qaybqaadashada

wacyigalinta qaybaha kaladuwan ee bulshada.69

Qaybaha kaladuwan ee aan Dowladda ka waraysanay waxay ka hadleen

inay jiraan arimo farabadan oo hortaagan in ay dhaqangasho siyaasadda

Dowladdu qaadatay ee ku salaysan maamulwanaaga. Arimahaas waxaa ka

mid ah awoodda hay‟adaha dowladda oo aan xoog badnayn; qabiilka la

67


Wareeysi, GI, March, 2016 69

Wareeysi, Gi, February, 2016


44

siyaasadaynayo mararka qaar; ku tiirsanaanta deeqaha caalamiga ah; ilaha

dhaqaale ee Dowladda oo aad u yar; shaqo la‟aanta iyo saboolnimda

baahsan ee wadanka kajirta; awoodda laamaha ammaanka iyo garsoorka oo

aan gaarsiisanayn meeshii loo baahnaa.70

4.4. Aragtida Bulshadda rayidka ah iyo Qaybta ay ka qaadan karaan

yareeynta Musuqmaasuqa

Puntland waxay leedahay bulsho rayid ah oo firfircoon. Ururadda ugu

firfircoon bulshadda rayidka ah waxay xubin kayihiin dalladda ururrada aan

Dowliga ahayn ee marka lasoo gaabiyo loo yaqaano PUNSAA. Waxay

sheegaan ururadaan inay bulshada u hayaan adeegyo farabadan oo ka mid

yihiin Waxbarashadda, Caafimaadka, kor u qaadista xuquuqda dadka,

wacyigalinta iyo ka qayb qaadashada ilaalinta nabadgaliyada ay Puntland

haysato. Qaybaha kaladuwan ee bulshada rayidka ah ee ay cilmibaaristu

wareeysatay waxay u arkaan sababaha musuqmaasuqa xoojinaya inay ugu

wayn yahiin Jahligga; awoodda Dowladda oo daciif ah; maqnaanshaha

adeeggii asaasiga ahaa ee ay bulshadu uga baahnayd Dowladda; ku

tiirsanaanshaha bulshada rayidka ah ay ku tiirsantahay deeqaha caalamigga

ah; caddaalad darridda ka jirta bulshada dhaxdeeda; saboolnimadda

baahsan iyo siyaasadaynta qabiilka.71

Cilmibaaristu waxay waraysatay ururrada bulshada rayidka ah ee kala

duwan. Waxaan waydiinay urur walba inuu qeexo waxa uu ka shaqeeyo,

ujeedooyinkiisa, meesha uu ka shaqeeyo iyo sida uu uga qayb qaadan karo

yaraynta musuqmaasuqa kajira Puntland. Ururradda bulshada Puntland

waxaa loo qaybin karaa ilaa afar qaybood: ururro dalladdo ah sida

70


Wareeysi, February, 2016


45

(PUNSAA, MUDAN, MAP); ururo ka shaqeeya meelo gaar ah (magaalo,

gobol); ururro waxbarasho, cilmibaariseed, wacyigalin (PDRC) iyo ururo

shaqadoodu ku koobantahay baahi ama dad gaar ah sida haweenka iyo

dadka laga tirada badanyahay.72

Ururradda bulshada eey cilmibaaristu waraysatay waxay sheegeen in

ururradda ugu firfircoon ee arimaha bulshada ka shaqeeya ay yihiin kuwa

xubinta ka ah PUNSAA, kuwaas oo tiradoodu gaarayso in kabadan 73

urur oo ka kala shaqeeya dhamaan goboladda sagaalka ah ee Puntland.

Ururradda bulshada waxay sheegeen in musuqmaasuqu uu ka dhax jiro

dhaxdooda oo uusan ku koobnayn hay‟adaha Dowladda. Waxay sheegeen

in ku tiirsanaanta ay ku tiirsanyihiin ururradda bulshadu deeqaha caalamiga

ah, ilaha dhaqaale ee ururadan oo aad uyar ay qayb wayn ka tahay

sababaha uu uga dhaxjiro Musuqmaasuq baahsan ururadan dhaxdooda.

Ururadda bulshada waxay ku nuuxnuuxsadeen in hadii ay helaan dhaqaale

ku filan iyo tababaro shaqaalahooda inay qayb wayn ka qaadan karaan

xoojinta maamulwanaaga Puntland.73

4.5. Hay’adaha Waxbarashada: Aragtidooda iyo Qaybta ay ka

qaadan karaan Yareeynta Musuqmaasuqa

Hay‟adaha waxbarashadda ee ay cilmibaaristu waraysatay waxay carrabka ku

adkeeyeen muhimadda ay leedahay in uu isbeddel ku yimaado qaabka ay

bulshadu u fikirayso iyo aragtideeda ku aadan musuqmaasuqa. Waxaa

isbeddel u baahan manaahijteena waxbarasho, dhaqamada xunxun oo

bulshada laga wacyigaliyo iyadoo la adeegsanayo hay‟adaha waxbarashada.

Waa in dadka lagu barbaariyaa hab dhaqameed Siyaasadeed, dhaqaale iyo

72




46

bulsho ku dhisan maamulwanaag iyo wadaninimo. Hay‟adaha

waxbarashadu waxay u arkaan in musuqmaasuqa waxyaabaha keenaya ay ka

mid yihiin barbaarinta oo marka horeba xumaata oo aan bulashadu

xubneheeda ku barbaarinin runta, wadaninimadda iyo dhaqanka wanaagsan

ee Islaamka. Arrimaha ay hay‟adaha waxbarashadu u arkaan inay muhiim

tahay in wax laga qabto si loo yarayo musuqmaasuqa waxaa ka mid ah ku

dhaqanka baahsan ee qabyaaladda; mushaarka aan kufileeyn ee lasiinayo

shaqaalaha Dowladda; yaraynta saboolnimdda bulshada; maqnaanshaha

qaab bulshadu kula xisaabtanto-ciqaabto kuwa ku lugyeesha

musuqmaasuqa iyo in lasameeyo diiwaangalin rasmi ah oo ku saabsan

dhacdooyinka musuqmaasuq ee ka dhaca Puntland.74

Hay‟daha waxbarashadu waxay sheegeen inay diyaar u yihiin ka

qaybqaadashada dadaalada lagu yareeynayo musuqmaasuqa. Waxay

adeegsan karaan goobahooda waxbarasho iyagoo bulshada gaarsiinaya

aqoon, dhaqan wanaagsan iyo wacyigalin ku saabsan xumaanta iyo

dhibaatooyinka musuqmaasuqa.

Waxay sheegeen dad katirsan hay‟adaha waxbarashada oo ay cilmibaaristu

waraysatay inay jiraan dhibaatooyin badan oo laxidhiidha maamulwanaaga,

kuwaas oo ka dhaxjira qaar kamid ah hay‟adaha gaarka loo leeyahay ee

waxbarasho. Dhibaatooyinkaas waxaa ugu waawayn: lahaanshaha

hay‟adahan; tayada waxbarashada ay bulshada siinhayaan; isku xidhnaan

la‟aantooda; dhaqaale yaraan iyo tayada shaqaalaha ee hay‟adahan u

shaqeeya. Waxayse sheegeen goobaha waxbarashada ee Puntland ee gaarka

loo leeyahay inay Dowladdu waddo dadaal farabadan oo lagu doonayo in

74



47

lagu ilaaliyo tayada waxbarahsda jaamacadaha Puntland iyo maamulkooda

(the proposed higher education regulatory body-Puntland).75

4.6. Hay’adaha Caalamiga ah iyo Deeq Bixiyayaasha: Aragtidooda

iyo Qaybta ay ka qaadan karaan Yareeynta Musuqmaasuqa

Deeq bixiyayaasha iyo hay‟adaha caalamiga ah waxay ku nuuxnuuxsadeen

in si musuqmaasuqa baahsan loo yarayo ay muhiim tahay wacyigalin

balaaran oo shacabka laga siiyo dhibaatooyinka uu musuqmaasuqu u

leeyahay arimaha bulshada, siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha dalka. Waxaa

yaraynta musuqmaasuqa qayb wayn ka qaadan kara waxbarashada oo la

tayeeyo; adeega asaasiga oo ay bulshadu hesho; cadaalad loo simanyahay;

xuquuqda asaasiga ah ee muwaadinka oo la ilaaliyo; sinnaan la‟aanta

fursadaha ee ragga iyo dumarka oo la yareeyo; iyo in la xoojiyo waxqabadka

hay‟adaha Dowladda iyo ururradda bulshada rayidka ah. hay‟adaha

caalamiga ah iyo deeq bixiyayaashu waxay sheegeen inay qayb libaax ka

qaadan karaan yaraynta musuqmaasuqa. Waxaa jirta 5 hay‟adood oo

Qaramadda midoobay (UN) hoos yimaadda (UNDP, UN-HABITAT,

UNCDF, ILO, UNICEF), kuwaas oo sheegay inay haddaba fuliyaan

mashaariic waawayn oo ku saabsan waxbarashada, caafimaadka iyo arimaha

bulshadda. Hay‟adahaan waxay maamulaan dhaqaale farabadan oo deeq

bixiyayaashu ugu deeqaan Puntland. Mashruuca JPLG (the UN Joint

Programme for Local Governance and Decentralised Service Delivery)

waxuu intuu jiray maamulayay dhaqaale farabadan, wuxuuna mashaariic ka

fuliyay magaalooyinka: Garowe, Bosaso, Eyl, Jariiban, Benderbeyla,

Galkacayo iyo Qardo. JPLG waxaa lacagtiisa bixiya Dowladdo iyo ururro

75



48

caalami ah: DFID, SIDA, DANIDA, Italian cooperation, USAID,

Norway, EU, UKaid, Denmark, EU, Sweden iyo Switzerland.76

Waxay sheegeen Deeq bixiyayaashu in barnaamijka Horumarinta iyo dib u

dhiska ee soomaaliya (the Somalia Development and Reconstruction

Facility SDRF) uu qayb wayn ka qaadan karo xoojinta maamul wanaaga.

SDRF waa barnaamij la aas-aasay sanadkii 2013, waxaana lacag dhan 106

milyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ugu yaboohay wadamo iyo ururro caalami

ah oo kala duwan: European Union, UK-DFID, Sweden, Norway,

Denmark, iyo Italy. Deeq bixiyayaashu waxay sheegeen in SDRF

ujeedooyinkiisa ay ka mid tahay in la xoojiyo wax qabadka hay‟adaha

dowladda; ururrada bulshada; cadaalada; shaqo abuuris loo sameeyo

dhalinyarada iyo in laga caawiyo Soomaaliya inay ka dhacaan doorashooyin

„Dimoqraadi ah‟.77

Deeq bixiyayaashu iyo hay‟adaha caalamiga ah waxay kaloo ku nuux

nuuxsadeen in barnaamijka World Bank wado ee la yiraahdo Somalia

Capacity Injection Project (SCIP) uu qayb weeyn ka qaadan karo xoojinta

maamul wanaaga Puntland. SCIP waxuu tageero ufidiyaa wasaaradaha

muhiim ka ah ee Dowladda si uu uga caawiyo maamulka, siyaasadaha,

dhaqaalaha iyo xoojinta tayadda shaqaalaha Dowladda. Afarta qaybood ee

uu SCIP ka koobanyahay waxaa loo adeegsan karaa xoojinta maamul

wanaaga Puntland.78

76

Wareeysi, DPs, February, 2016 77

https://unsom.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?ctl=Details&tabid=6254&mid=9770&ItemID=35902

accessed 18.12.2015 78

Wareeysi, DPs, February, 2016

https://unsom.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?ctl=Details&tabid=6254&mid=9770&ItemID=35902


49

Inkastoo hay‟adaha caalamiga ah iyo deeq bixiyayaashu ay awood dhaqaale

oo badan haystaan taas oo loo adeegsan karo in wax lagaga qabto arimaha

musuqmaasuqa, hadana dad fara badan oo aan waraysanay waxay ka

digayaan in ku tiirsanaanta lagu tiirsanyahay kaalmooyinka dibeda ay iyada

nafteedu qayb weeyn ka tahay faafida musuqmaasuqa. Waxay tusaale u soo

qaateen in hay‟adaha caalamiga naftooda uu musuqmaasuqu si baahsan uga

dhaxjiro.79

5. Noocyada loo qaybiyo Musuqmaasuqa

Khubarada arimaha bulshadda, buugaagta „Academic‟ ga ah iyo dadka wax ka qoray

musuqmaasuqa dunidda kajira, waxay u qaybiyaan noocyada musuqmaasuqa ilaa

sadex nooc oo waawayn, kuwaas oo nooc walba uu qaybo sii yeelanayo. Tusaale,

hay‟adda Transparency International (TI)80 waxay u qaybisaa Musuqmaasuqa

maanta dunida kajira:

I. Grand corruption: musuqmaasuqa ka dhaxdhaca hogaanka sare ee

Dowladda, sida in madaxda sare ee laamaha Dowladda ay awooddooda u

adeegsadaan inay iyagu si shakhsi ah uga faa‟iidaystaan hantida Dadwaynaha

ee ay masuulka ka yahiin.

II. Petty corruption: Musuqmaasuq ka dhaxdhaca shaqaalaha hoose/dhexe ee

dowladda marka ay u adeegayaan dadwaynaha. Kani waa musuqmaasuqa sida

marka muwaadin uu adeeg u soo doonto Isbitaal, Iskuul, laamaha dowladda,

ee arintiisa uu xaqa u leeyahay in loo dhameeyo lagu xiro laaluush inuu

bixiyo.

79

Wareeysi, CSI, January, 2016 80

Warbixinttii Transparency International ee 2015, wadankeena Somaliya waxay ku tilmaantay inuu yahay wadan aduunka ugu Musuqmaasuq badan: dhamaan sadexda nooc ee ay TI u qaybiso Musuqmaasuqa.


50

III. Political corruption: waa in kuwa siyaasada umadda go‟aankeeda haya, ee

awooda loo siiyey inay masiirka umadda hagaan, inay u adeegsadaan

siyaasadii umadda loo dajiyay, hantideedii iyo awooddii dowladnimo

arimahooda shakhsiga ah, iyagoo ku xadgudbaya siyaasadii wadanka si ay

xukunka iyo awooda dhaqaale gacantooda ugu sii jirto. Qodobkan sadexaad

wuxuu kaga duwanyahay kan koobaad: kan sadexaad qawaaniintii iyo

siyaasadii ayaa loo adeegsanayaa in xukunka iyo awooda la sii haysto

(manipulation of policies, institutions and rules of procedure by political

decision makers).81

Cilmibaarayaal badan oo wax ka qoray noocyada musuqmaasuq ee ka dhaca dunida

waxay isku raacsanyihiin in uu xiriir wayn ka dhaxeeyo musuqmaasuqa iyo

daganaansho la‟aanta; Saboolnimada; Qabyaaladda; Cadaalad la‟aanta iyo Sinaan

la‟aanta bulshada.82

Xarumaha cilmibaaristu (Jaamacadaha) iyo cilmibaarayaasha arimaha bulshadu

waxay musuqmaasuqa u sii qaybiyaan noocya farabadan oo ka sii farcama sadexda

nooc ee waawayn ee Transparency International ay u qaybisay:

I. Cilmibaarayaasha qaar waxay aad uga hadlaan nooca ay ugu yeeraan ‘systemic

corruption83’. Noocani waa musuqmaasuq ku milmay qaab dhismeedka,

dhaqanka siyaasadeed ee bulshada. Cilmibaarayaasha „Systemic corruption-

ka‟ aad u baaray waxay ku doodayaan inay si loo yarayo musuqmaasuq ay

muhim tahay in la fahmo marka hore „sytems-ka‟ ka qaybqaadanaya faafida

81Uneke, O, 2010, “Corruption in Africa South of the Sahara: Bureaucratic Facilitator or Handicap to Development?” The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.3, no.6, March 2010 82Andvig 2007, O’Donell M, 2006, World Bank 2011, Cheng C and Zaum D 2011, Poskitt A, Dufranc M 2011, Smillie, I, 2010, Le Billion, 2008. 83Sida 2006, Dahl-Ostergaard et al 2005, Leftwitch 2006, Erdman, Gero, Ulf Engel, 2006, Cooksey, Brian, 2007, 2003


51

musuqmaasuqa sida waxyaabaha u sahlaya kooxda awooda haysata inay

awoodeeda u isticmaasho inay danahooda khaaska ah ku hormariyaan.

Tusaale ahaan: muxuu yahay „system‟ ama qaab dhismeedka bulsho

(siyaasadeed, dhaqaale) ee u suurta galinaysa hogaamiyaasha inay hantida iyo

khayraadka bulshada ka dhaxeeya u adeegsadaan danahooda khaaska ah.

Cilmibaarayaasha „systemic cooruption‟, waxay ku doodayaan si

musuqmaasuqa loo yarayo waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in marka hore wax

laga beddelo qaab dhismeedka bulshada (siyaasadeed, dhaqaale) ee

suurtagalinaysa baahsanaanta musuqmaasuqa.84

II. Qaar kale cilmibaarayaashu waxay u arkaan in si musuqmaasuqa loo yareeyo

in ay marka hore muhiim tahay in la xoojiyo ku dhaqanka qaanuunka,

ciqaabista danbiilayaasha ku lugyeesha musuqmaasuqa iyo in la xakameeyo

dhaqmada xun oo dhan.(Rule of Law-Prosecution and Control of illicit practices).

Cilmibaarayaashani waxay u arkaan in muhimadda koowaad lasiiyo xoojinta

hay‟adaha caddaaladda ku shaqa leh sida maxkamadaha, booliska,

xirfadlayaasha cadaalada (Lawyers) iyo danbi oogayaasha (Prosecutors)85.

III. Qaybta sadexaad oo cilmibaarayaasha ka mid ah waxay u arkaan inay ugu

muhiimsantay in marka hore xooga la saaro xoojinta maamulka hay‟adaha

Dowladda iyo qaabka ay u shaqeeynayaan oo wax laga beddelo (Public

Administration, Systems Reforms, public sector reform (PSR), public finance

management-PFM). In la daadajiyo maamulka Dowladda heer gobol, dagmo,

xaafad (Decentralization) iyo in isbeddel wayn lagu sameeyo qaabka loo

84

Tusaale: Hantiilayaasha iyo Siyaasiyiintu inay Hantidooda, awoodooda siyaasadeed u adeegsadaan in marwalba Siyaasadda Dowladdu u janjeedho dhinaca danahooda khaaska ah. 85Carothers 2003; Pelizzo and Stapenhurst 2004; OSI Justice Initiative 2005; Stapenhurst,

Johnston and Pelizzo 2006


52

maamulo laamaha Dowladda ayaa waxay saldhig u tahay maamulwanaag ka

hirgala bulshada dhaxdeeda-ayey ku doodayaan cilmibaarayaashaan.86

IV. Qaybta afraad oo cilmibaarayaasha ka mid ah waxay xooga saaraan ka

hadalka musuqmaasuqa sida soo saarista qandaraasyada la xiriira soo saarista

Kheeyraadka dabiiciga ah iyo adeega bulshada (Extractive Industries and Service

Delivery). musuqmaasuqa ka dhacaa qandaraas bixinta iyo soo saarista

Kheeyraadka dabiiciga ah ayey ku tilmaamaan inuu yahay „grand corruption‟,

maadaamo oo inta badan qandaraasyadaas waawayn ay bixiyaan madaxda

sare ee Dowladda. Qaybtan cilmibaarayaasha ah waxay aad uga hadlaan

xidhiidhka ka dhaxeeya marwalba madaxda sare ee Dowladda iyo

musuqmaasuqa ka dhaca soo saarista kheeyraadka dabiiciga ah (Nexus

between natural resource extraction and grand corruption). Waxay ku

doodayaan in ay sidoo kale muhiim tahay in marka wax laga qabto

musuqmaasuqa ka dhaxjira soo saarka kheeyraadka dabiiciga ah, in ay lagama

maarmaan tahay wax ka qabashada musuqmaasuqyada baahsan ee kajira

laamaha adeega bulshada ee Dowladda (Service delivery institutions).87

V. Qaybta shanaad ee cilmibaarayaasha baara musuqmaasuqa waxay aad uga

hadlaan noocyada musuqmaasuq ee ka dhaxjira bulshada rayidka (Corruption

in Civil society groups). Waxaa muhiim ah bay leeyihiin in aan la abaarin

musuqmaasuqa Dowladda ka dhaxjira kali ah, ee wax laga qabto noocyada

badan ee musuqmaasuq ee ka dhax jira „Non-State Actors’.88

VI. Qaybta lixaad ee cilmibaarayaasha musuqmaasuqa waxay u arkaan inay si

musuqmaasuqa loo yareeyo ay muhiim tahay in marka hore la xoojiyo

awooda hay‟adaha ladagaalama musuqmaasuqa (Capacity enhancement for

86World Bank, 2008, Swamy et al 2001, Shah 2007a, Kolstad and Fjeldstad 2006, Shah 2007b 87

Kolstad, Wiig, Williams 2008, TI June 2008, Plummer and Cross 2007 88Woodhouse 2005; Olken 2005; Bjõrkman and Svensson 2007; UNDP, 2008; AfroBarometer

2006; Swamy et al 2001; World Bank 2000; Peters 2003; Hubbard 2007


53

anti-corruption institutions). Doodda qaybtan waxay xooga saaraysaa inay

muhimtahay in la xoojiyo qaababka ka hortagista, ciqaabta la xiriirta falalka

musuqmaasuqa.89

Cilmibaarayaashan iyo dhamaan qoraallada kala duwan ee ay jaamacadaha adduunka

ugu sareeya xaga cilmibaarista ay soo saaraan „Academic literature‟, waxay

dhamaantood xooga saaraan 6 qaybood ee ay urkaan inay tahay in loo wajaho sidii

loo yarayn lahaa musuqmaasuqa.90

6. Noocyada Musuqmaasuq ee Puntland ka jira

6.1. Hay’addaha Dowladda

Intii lagu dhex jiray dood kooxeedyadii iyo kulamadii xog uruurinta ee lagu

baarayey noocyada musuqmaasuq ee ka dhex dhaca hay‟adaha dowladda,

waxaa la waydiiyey ka qayb galayaasha matalayey hay‟addaha dowladda in

ay cadeeyaan noocayada musuqmaasuq ee ka dhex dhaca hay‟addah

dowladda.

Xubnaha matalayey hay‟addaha dowladda waxaa loo caddeeyey ama laga

kafaalo qaaday in aanan qofna tix raac laga dhigan doonin magaciisa/

magaceeda aanan lagu xusi doonin warbixinta. Ka qayb galayaashu waxaa

ay ahaayeen dad xogogaal ah hay‟adaha dowladda muddo ka so

shaqaynayey waxaa ay lahaayeen waaya aragnimo ay ku xuseen noocyo iyo

qaababka kala duwan ee musuqmaasuq Puntland . Waxaa kale oo ay

89Fritz, Verena 2007, Galtung, Fredrik 2007, Johnston, Michael and Kpundeh, Sahr J. 2002,

OECD 2007 90

Lixda qaybood ee ay ‘Academic books’ aad uga hadlaan waa: 1)systemic corruption; 2)control and

prosecutionof corruption; 3) enhancing preventive mechanism; 4) public sector corruption; 5)

institutional development to strengthen ability to combat illicit practices; 6) corruption in non-

state actors.


54

cadeeyeen waxyaabaha sababa, astaamaha iyo weliba sida nooc kasta lagu

yarayn karo. Noocyada ugu waawayn ee musuqmaasuq ka dhex dhaca

hay‟adaha dowladda ee ay cadeeyeen ka qayb galayaashu waa sidatan hoos

ku xusan:

Musuqmaasuqa Qandaraasyada Dowladdu bixiso (corruption in

public procurement): ka qayb galayaashu waxaa ay isku raaceen in

qandaraas bixinta dowladdu ay tahay mid uu ragaadiyey musuqmaasuq

aad u balaaran. Waxaa ay bixiyeen tusaaleyaal la xiriira siyaabaha uu ku

dhaco masuqmaasuqu bixinta qandaraasyada. Xubnaha dowladda

wakiilka uga ah qandaraasyada waxaa ay la wadaagan xogta

qandaraasyada kaliya xubanaha ay isku qabiilka yihiin ama ay saaxiibada

yihiin taasi oo meesha ka saaraysa in la helo hay‟ado badan oo awood u

leh fulinta iyo taaba galinta qandaraaska, waxaana ay ka qaataan

hay‟adaha iyo xubnaha ay siiyaan qandaraasyada laaluush (bribes). Sida

ay xubnuhu sheegeen waxaa uu qandaraas qaatuhu bixiyaa marka la

saxiixo qandaraaska lacag ku salaysan wadarta guud ee ku baxaysa

qandaraaska. Waxaa jira sadex marxaladood oo musuqmaasuqa

qandaraasyada la xiriira uu u dhaco waxaana ka mid: baahiinta

qandaraasa, qiimaynta iyo kala saarka dadka/hay‟adaha ugu haboon ee

fulin kara qandaraaska (advertisement, shortlisting, checking eligibility),

kormeerka iyo la socoshada hab fulinta shaqada iyo inay waafaqsan

tahay heshiiska (monitoring and evaluating the work). Dowladda

Puntland waxaa ay leedahay hab iyo qabab wanaagsan ee la xiriir

qandaraasyada hadii sidooda loogu dhaqmi lahaana waxbadan oo

qandaraasyada la xiriira ay hagaagi lahaayeen laakiin, sidaas badalkeeda

nidaamka qandaraayada sida uu yahay looma raaco, taasina waxaa ay


55

sababtay in shaqo kasta oo qandaraas lagu bixiyo in ay noqoto mid

aanan tayo fiican lahayn91.

Musuqmaasuqa Deeqaha Caalamiga ah (Misuse of Development

Aid) dowladda Puntland waxa ay si xoog ah ugu tiirsan tahay gargaarka

caalamiga ah, laakiin waxaa jira cabashooyin badan oo la xiriira qaabka

loo maamulo deeqaha caalamiga ah ee soo gaara dowladda Puntland.

Waraysiga lala yeeshay ka soo qayb galayaal xogogaal ah (Wasiiro hore

iyo masuuliyiin dowladda ah) waxaa ay muujiyeen in guud ahaan

Soomaaliya iyo gaar ahaan Puntland sanad weliba loo qorsheeyo

dhaqaale aad u badan laakin iyadoo aanan tix galin la siinayn baahida

taalla dhulka, iyadoo aysan jirin lahaansho iyo kalsooni bulshadu ku

qabto deeqaha caalamiga ah iyo iyadoo aysan jirin nidaam lagu

maamulayo laguna ilaalinayo deeqaha caalamiga ah ayaa waxaa ay

suurta gal ka dhigtay in deeqaha caalamiga ahi ay noqdaan kuwa

musuqmaasu si baahsan u hareeyey. Hay‟adaha ugu badan ee ay ka

yimaadaan deeqaha caalamiga ahi waxaa ka mid ah (UN, EU, DFID,

INGOs iyo USAID). Sida ay isku raaceen ka qaybgalayaashu hadi la

samayn lahaa nidaam lagula xisaabtamo dhamaan hay‟adaha fulinaya

mashaariicda la xiriirta deeqaha caalamiga ah waxaa ay wax badan ku so

kordhin lahayd horumarka ka socda wadanka92.

Musuqmaasuqa Shaqaalaysinta shaqaalaha Dawladda (Public

sector‟s recruitment/employment corruption): masuuliyiintii ka socday

hay‟addaha dowlada ee ka soo qayb gashay kulanka waxaa ay isku

raaceen in aysan ku salaysnayn shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha dowladu kala

saraynta aqoonta, xirfadaha, uusana jirin nidaam hufan oo shaqaalaha

91




56

lagu qaato. Inta badan waxaa uu ku salaysan yahay nidaamka

shaqalaysiinta shaqaalaha isku dheelitirki miisanka qabaa‟ilka (balancing

clan interests). Arimaha la xiriira aqoonta shaqada, xirfadaha,

takhasuska gaarka ah ee uu qofku u leeyahay shaqada iyo waaya

aragnimdaba lama siiyo ahmiyad gaar ah sida ay sheegeen qaar ka mid

ah wasiiro hore iyo hay‟addo kale oo dowladda ugu xilsaaran

shaqaalaysiinta. Tani waxaa ay sii ragaadinaysaa ka hortaga iyo la

dagaalanka musuqmaasuqa ka jira shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha dowladda,

waxaana musuqmaasuqaas sal u ah nidaamka ku salaysan isku dheeli

tirka qabiilka (clan quotas). Sida aynu la wada socono isla markaasna ay

cadeeyen ka so qayb galayaashu waxaa lagu soo xulaa xubnaha aqalka

wakiilada dowladda Puntland nidaam ku salaysan qabiil. Siyaasada ku

salaysan isku dheelitirka qabiilka waxaa ay meesha ka saaraysa la

xisaabtanka hay‟adaha dowlada, helitaanka hufnaan iyo nidaam lagu

kalsoon yahay oo shaqaalaha lagu qaato. Ka soo qaybgalayaasha la

waraystay waxaa ay si wayn ugu doodeen in dowladda hada jirta in ay

ku bixisay dadaal la dagaalanka musuqmaasuqa isla markaasna

madaxwaynahu u aqoonsaday sandka 2015- 2016, sanadii cirib tirka

musuqmaasuqa isla markaasna in kor loo qaado habka shaqaalaysiinta

lana tayeeyo hay‟ada ugu xilsaaran shaqalaysiinta shaqaalaha dowlada.

Laakiin waxaa jira caqabado badan oo haysta hay‟adaha dowladda oo

ay ka mid yihiin aqoonta shaqaalaha ka shaqeeya wasaaradaha oo

kooban, una baahan in kor loo qaado si ay u noqdaan kuwa la jaan

qaada go‟aamada ka dhanka ah musuqmaasuqa, lana helo siyaasad cad

oo shaqaynaysa oo ay ku jirto qorshayn, kormeer iyo qiimayn lagu

qiimaynayo wasaarad kasta iyo waxqabdkeeda. Sidaas si la mid ah

waxaa looga fadhiyaa dowlada in ay kobciso korna u qaado nidaamka

shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha dowlada, ayna la timaado nidaam dadku u


57

wada siman yihiin kuna kalsoon yihiin ahmiyada koowaadna lagu

siinayo qofka aqoontiisa, waaya aragnimadiisa iyo xirfadaha gaarka ah

ee uu qofku shaqada u leeyahay.

Musuqmaasuqa canshuuraha Dekedda, Garoomada, xuduudaha

Puntland (corruption in Customs authority): Canshuuraha ugu badan

waxaa ay ka so galaan dowladda dekadda Bosaso iyo xuduudaha ay

Puntland la wadaagto qaybaha kale ee Soomaliya, 80% dakhliga so gala

dowladda waxaa uu ka soo galaa dakhliyada aan kor ku so sheegnay oo

kala ah dekada Boosaaso iyo xuduudaha, waxaa kale oo iyana jira

dakhli ka soo gala dowladda baraha kantroolada. Dhamaan dakhliga

soo gala dowladda waxaa gacanta ku haya oo maamula wasaaradda

maaliyadda. Si kasta ha ahaatee waxaa ay ka qayb galayaashu si wayn

uga doodeen nidaamka soo uruurinta canshuuraha ee dekadda

Boosaaso, xuduudaha, kantroolada, garoomada diyaardaha, iyo

meelaha kalaba in ay aad u saamaysay masuqmaasuq baahsan,

islamarkaasna dakhliga laga soo uruuriyo goobaha canshuuraha qaar

badan oo ka mid ahi aysan galin khasnadda dowladda. Tusaale ahaan

Boosaaso waa isha ugu wayn ee uu dakhligu ka soo xaroodo, waxaa ay

nala wadaageen ka qayb galayaashu noocyada musuqmaasuqa ee ugu

caansan ee ka dhaca dekadda Boosaaso. Dadka intiisa badan waxaa ay

si fiican u garanayaan sida: Qorax jog, waa mid ka mid ah magacyada

loo yaqaano laaluushka ay bixiyaan ganacsatada alaabada kala so dagta

dekadda Boosaaso oo ay siiyaan shakhsiyaadka canshuuraha u

uruurinaya dowladda. Waxaa kale oo jira, Hawl fududeeyn, jeebka

gacanta geli iyo magacyo kale. Noocyadaan musuqmaasuqa ah waxaa


58

uga baaqda dowladda dakhli badan oo gali lahaa khasnada dowladda

Puntalnd93.

Magacaabista xildhibaanada (Appointment of MPs): Golaha wakiiladu

waxaa ay matalaan shacab waynaha Puntland, waxaana ka mid ah

waajibaadkood in ay la xisaabtamaan xukuumada. Laakin sida ay

cadeeyeen ka qayb galayaashu waxaa lagu eedeeyaa in ay qayb ka yihiim

musuqmaasuqa iyo in ay markasta dantooda khaaska ah ay xooga

saaran. Sida ay caddeeyeen ka qayb galayaashu waxaa magacaaba

xubnaha barlamaanka odayaal dhaqameedka xubnaha baarlamaankuna

waxaa ay doortaan madaxwaynaha dawlada Puntland. Waxaa ay ka

qayb galayaashu isku raaceen in aysan jirin awood kala soocan oo u

dhaxaysa golaaha fulinta (xukuumada) iyo golaha wakiilada. Labada

gole waa ay isku dhex milmeen, tanina waxaa ay meesha ka saaraysaa la

xisaabtankii golaha fulinta iyo isku dheeli tirka sadexda gole ee kala ah:

golaha wakiilada, fulinta iyo garsoorka gaar ahaan la dirirka

musuqmaasuqa. Tusaale ahaan waxaa ay ka qayb galayaashu nala

wadaageen in xubnaha barlamaanku ay ka helaan taageero dhaqaale

marka la soo dooranayo xubnaha fulinta iyo ganacsiyada gaarka loo

leeyahay si ay iyana hadhaw marka ay ka mid noqdaan xubnaha

baarlamaanka ay taageero uga helaan, sidaas si la mid ah waxaad

arkaysaa in marka la soo magacaabayo golaha wakiilada in xubnaha ka

mid noqonaya aqalka wakiiladu ay bixiyaan lacago badan, lacagtaasi

waxaa lagu magacaabaa Sooryo. Sidoo kale waxaa ka qayb galayaashu

noo sheegeen in xildhibaannadu ay lacago laaluush ah ka qaataan

musharrixiinta madaxweynaha, madaxweyne ku xigeenka iyo

guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka xilliyada doorashada, waxaa kale oo ka

93

Wareeysi, GI, January, 2016


59

qayb galayaashu noo sheegeen wakhtiyada mooshinka iyo

doorashoooyinka kale inay xildhibaannadu helaan lacago laaluush ah.

lacagahani waxa ay noqdeen kuwo caadi ka ah deegaanada Puntland oo

ay bixiyaan/qaataanna xubnaha baarlamaanka94.

Musuqmaasuqa Dawladaha Hoose (corruption in local

municipalities): Sida ay ku warbixiyeen ka soo qayb galayaashu waxaa

jira noocya badan oo musuqmaasuq kana dhaca dowladaha hoose, sida

aynu la socono dawladda hoose waxaa ay u adeegtaa dadka degmada,

markaas ka hawl gasho. Waxaa jira canshuura laga soo uruuriyo

guryaha, goobaha ganacsiga waxaa kale oo jira karaar aqoonsi oo ay

dowladda hoose bixiso. Waxaa jira masuqmaasuq ka dhasha adeegyada

ay qabato dowladda hoose loona yaqaano magacyo kala duwan oo ay

ka mid yihiin: fududayn (facilitation fee) oo macnaheedu yahay in

qofka loo qabanayo adeegu uu bixiyo lacag dheeri ah oo loogu dadajiyo

adeega loo qabanayo, hadii uusan qofku bixin adeega fududaynta

waxaa uu la kulmayaa dib u dhac ku yimaada adeega loo qabanayo.

Sidaas darteed qofku waxaa uu ku khasban yahay in uu bixiyo lacagta

fududaynta si uu u helo adeeg hufan wakhti koobana qaata. Lacagta

lagu magacaabo fududaynta waxaa ay si toos ah ugu dhacdaa jeebab

gaar ah mana ahan mid ay ka warhayso dowladdu. Waxaa kale oo jira

noocyo kale oo ay ka mid yihiin laaluush (bribery) iyo Eex (nepotism).

Eexdu waxaa ay ku timaadaa noocyo kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin

Eex ku salaysan qabiil, mid ku salaysan saaxiibtinimo. Masuulka adeega

u qabanaya bulshada ayaa waxaa uu ugu adeega dadka markaasi uu

adeega u qabanayo si ku salaysan qof jeclaysi iyo eex, waxayna sii

curyaamisaa adeegyada dowladda hoose ay u qabato shacabka.

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60

Musuqmaasuqa Shaqaalaha Dawlada (Caaglayaal). (Government

ghost workers): Ka soo qayb galayaashu waxaa ay xuseen in ay

wasaaradaha iyo hay‟adaha kale ee dowladdu ay buun buuniyaan

shaqaalah, waxaana musuqmaasuqan ku badan yahay ciidamada

dawladda waxana loo yaqaanaa Caaglayaal oo macnaheedu yahay dad

aanan jirin oo ku jira diiwanka shaqaalaha bilkastana dadkaasi

magacyadooda lagu lacag qaato. Sida ay cadeeyeen ka qayb galayaashu

ma jirto tiro koob dhab ah oo laga sameeyey wasaaradaha iyo

hay‟adaha dowladda, sido kale ma jirto daba gal uu ku sameeyo

hantidhawrka guud. Dhawaan waxaa uu Madaxwaynuhu ku dhawaaqay

in lagu samaynayo dib u eegis, kala saarid shaqaalaha rasmiga ah iyo

Caaglayaasha hawshaasina meel fiican ayey maraysaa, hadii ay hirgasho

waxaa ay yaraynaysaa musuqmaasuqa ka dhex jira hay‟ada dowladda

waxayna kobcinaysaa nidaam shaqo oo hufan.95

Musuqmaasuqa laamaha Cadaaladda (corruption in the Justice

system): Waxaa jira noocyo musuqmaasuq kala duwan oo ka dhaca

laamaha cadaaladda sida ay cadeeyeen ka qayb galayaashu. Waxaa ay ka

qayb galayaashu cadeeyeen in aysan jirin kalsooni shacabku ku qabo

nidaamka cadaaladeed ee dowladda Puntland, sababta ugu wayn ee loo

tiiranaya waxaa lagu sheegay in aysan jirin daacadnimo iyo hufnaan

cadaaladeed. Sida ay sheegeen ka qayb galayaashu waxaa ay u xaglisaa

qof ama qabiil jeclaysi, eex iyo hantida qofku haysto ama awoodda

markaas uu gacanta ku hayo. Sababta sidaas ay u samaynayaan qaar ka

mid ah shaqaalaha ka shaqeeeya cadaaladda waxaa ugu wacan si ay uga

95

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61

helaan lacag laaluush ah. Cadaaladdu waxaa ay ka mid tahay meelaha

hadi la hagaajiyo ay hagaagayso hay‟adaha kale ee dowladda.96

6.2. Hay’addaha Dhaqanka

Odayaasha dhaqanka iyo hogaamiyayaasha diintuba waxaa ay door wayn

ka ciyaaraan dawladnimo ay Puntland ku dhaqanto, odayaashu waxaa ay

soo xulaan xubnaha baarlamaanka oo ka kooban 66 xubnood oo laga soo

xulo beelaha kala duwan ee ay ka kooban tahay Puntland, kadib waxaa ay

iska dhex doortaan gudoomiyaha baarlamaanka iyo labadiisa ku xigeen,

kadibna xubnaha baarlamaanku waxaa ay doortaan madaxwanaha iyo ku

xigeenkiisa. Odayaasha dhaqanka iyo culimaa‟udiinkuba waxaa ay saamayn

wayn ku leeyihiin dhamaan bulshada qaybaheed kala duwan. Laga soo

bilaabo markii ay dhacday dowladdii dhexe ee Soomaaliya odayaasha

dhaqanku iyo culimaduba doorkoodu waa isbedelayey. Si kasta ha ahaate

waxaa ay cadeeyeen ka qayb galayaashu in ay jiraan musuqmaasuqyo kala

duwan oo ka dhaca odayaasha dhaqanka iyo culimaa‟udiinkaba, waxaana

ka mid ah sida soo socota:97

Eex ama qof jeclaysi (Nepotism in the activities of Religious

Leaders). Sida ay ka qayb galayaashu caddeeyeen waxaa ay culimadu ka

ciyaaraan door aad u wayn ganacsiga, arimaha bulshada, siyaasada,

dhaqanka, culimadu waxaa ay hogaamiyaan ganacsiyada ugu waawayn

ee Puntland ku yaala iyo xarumo waxbarasho waxaa kale oo jira

hay‟ado samafal oo aad ugu dhaw ama ay maamulaan, hay‟adaha

culimaa‟udiinka waa ay noocyo badan yihiin laakiin waxaa ugu saamayn

wayn sida: Salafi-ga, Ikhwan-ka, Suufiyada iyo jameecada Tabliiqa.

96


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62

Culimadu waxaa ay ku leeyihiin bulshada dhexdeed saamayn wayn

waxana ay haystaan ilo dakhli oo kala gadisan ayna ka mid yihiin (dad,

maaliyad iyo hanti ma guurto ah) culimadu waxaa ay bulshada

dhexdeeda ku leeyihiin sumcad wayn waxayna ka haystan bulshada

kalsooni wayn waxaa lagu aaminaa hanti fara badan si ay u maamulaan

ama ay wax uga qabtaan hagaajinta bulshada. Sida ay ku warbixiyeen ka

qayb galayaasha odayaasha dhaqanka iyo culimaduba waxaa jira, Eex

ama qof jeclaysi ku salaysan shaqaalaysiinta, u qaybinta dhaqaalaha

dadka iyagu oo u xagliya shakhsiyaadka xiriirka la leh koox diimeedka

ama qabiilka ay ka tirsan yihiin, sidoo kale dadka ka ag dhaw ama

taabacsan ayaa hela fursadaha shaqada iyo dhaqaalaha ama

kaalmooyinka ay dadka siinayaan98.

Eex ama qof jeclaysi ay la yimaadaan odayaasha dhaqanku

(Nepotism in the activities of traditional leaders): Inkasto ay

Isimada iyo Nabadoonadu ay leeyihiin awood sharci misana waxaa ay

ka qayb galayaashu soo jeediyeen kana digeen in nidaamka ku salaysan

qabiilka uusan la jaanqaadi karin nidaamka dawladnimo uuna yahay

nidaam ku salaysan Eex iyo isku dheeli tirka qabaa‟ilka uuna meesha ka

saarayo arimo badan oo la xiriira maamul wanaaga. Odayaasha

dhaqanku waxaa ay sumcad wayn ku dhex leeyihiin bulshada

dhexdeeda shaqooyinka ay bulshada dhexdeeda ka hayaan waxaa ugu

waawayn xalinta khilaafaadka, curinta iyo kobcinta nabadda, waxa jira

xeer dhaqameed ay odayaasha dhaqanku ku dhaqmaan oo ay ku kala

qaataan magta (compensation) nabadoonnadu waxaa ay matalaaan

qabiilka ay ka so jeedaan waxaana ay u doodaan danaha gaarka ah ee

qabiilkaasi leeyahay. Ka qayb galayaashu waxaa ay caddeeyeen in

98

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63

nabadoonadu inta badan ay u xagliyaan ama u iishaan qabiilada ay ka

soo jeedaan taasina waxaa ay sababtaa sadbursi iyo eex uu u galo

nabadoonku qabiilkiisa.

kalsoonida shacabka ay ku qabaan culimadda iyo hoganka

dhaqanka oo Luma (Breach of trust by religious leader and

traditional leader):

Dad badan oo ku dhaqan Puntland ayaa aaminsan isku xukunka

shareecadda Islaamka iyo xeerka Soomaalida si ay ugu maamulaan

arrimo badan sida xalinta khalaafaadka iyo matalaad danaha shacabka

Puntland. Si kasta ha ahaate ka qayb galayaashu waxaa ay bixiyeen

tusaalayaal la xiriira qaar ka mid ah hogaamiyayaasha dhaqanka iyo

diintu in ay taageeraan shakhsiyaad ama kooxo lagu eedeenayo in ay ku

lug leeyihiin sharci darro ama musuqmaasuq.

Fadlan: Waaa lacag ay bixiso dawladdu gaar ahaan xafiiska

madaxwaynaha waxaana la siiyo odayaal dhaqameedka iyo dadka

saamaynta wayn ku leh golaha xukuumadda. Fadlan waxaa loo

adeegsadaa in lagu curyaamiyo qofka iyo go‟aankiisa ama

daacadnimadiisa iyo dhexdhexaadnimadiisa.

Laaluush qaadasho wakhtiga doorashooyinka (bribery during

nominations to key government positions and appointment of MPs):

Qaarka mid ah odyaasha dhaqanku waxaa ay qaataan laaluush lagu

magacaabo Sooryo si ay odayaashu u ansixiyaan xubnaha baarlamaanka

ama xubnaha gollaha deeganka iyo gollaha wasiirada. Laaluushku


64

waxaa uu noqon karaa lacag, dhul, guryo, gawaari ama shaqaalaysiin

xubno ay soo magacaaban odayaashu.99

6.3. Hay’adaha Bulshada rayidka ah

Doodihii iyo waraaysiyadii kulamadiii lala qaatahay hay‟adaha bulshad

waxaa la waydiiyey in ay sharaxan doorkooda ku aadan kor u qaadida

hufnaan isla xisaabtan ka dhaqan gala wadanka. Waxaay sidoo kale

codsadeen cilmi baaristan ay jaamcaddu waddo in lala wadaago maxsuulka

ka soo baxa. Ereyga Bulshada Rayidka ah waa eray balaaran oo kulminayaa

ururo badan oo ka shaqeeya arimaha bulshada kana hawl gala deegaanada

Puntland lana asaasay wixii ka danbeeyey dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya

ka dhacay, intada badan ku salaysan yihiin ama ay ka turjumayaan dano

shakhsiyeed, mid kooxeed ama mid qabiileed. Marmarka qaar waxaa aad u

hareeya shaqooyinka ay u qabanayaan bulshada afkaarta ku salaysan

qabiilka iyo dano shakhsiyaad. Qaar ka mid ah hay‟addaha bulshada waxaa

lagu eedeeyaa in ay la yimaadeen noocyo musuqmaasuq aanan horay uga

jirin wadanka iyo in ay sal u yihiin musuqmaasuqa ka jira dalka. Ka qayb

galayaashu waxaa ay aad uga doodeen noocyada musuqmaasuq ee ay

hay‟adaha bulshadu la yimaadaan inkasto ka qayb galayaasha ka socday

hay‟adaha bulshadu aysan doonayn in ay si qoto dheer uga hadlaan

musuqmaasuqa iyo noocyadiisa iyaga oo ka baqayey in ay saamayn ku

yeelato hay‟adaha ay maamulaan ama ay la kulmaan caqabado dhinaca

maalgalinta ah.

Musuqmaasuqa Deeqaha caalamiga ah (misuse of humanitarian,

development funds): Inta badan hay‟adaha maxaliga ahi waxaa ay ku

tiirsan yihiin maalgalin ay ka helaan deeq bixiyayaasha. Ka qayb

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65

galayaashu waxaa ay bixiyeen tusaaleyaal, waxaa ay sheegeen in ay

helaan hay‟aduhu maalgalin (lacag badan) loogu talagalay in wax lagaga

qabto arin markaas taagan oo la xiriirta hormarinta bulshada laakiin

nasiib daro waxaa inta badan lacagahaas ay ku dhacaan jeebab gaar ah

oo shakhsiyaad leeyihiin ma ay gaarto dadkii loogu tala galay iyo

ujeedooyinkii laga lahaa ama ay deeq bixiyayaashu ugu tala galeen.

Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo la xiriira musuqmaasuqa deeqaha

caalamiga sida ay ka qayb galayaaashu cadeeyeen, waxaana ka mid ah

sida socota: marka la samaynayo qiimaynta shaqooyinka waxaa la

buunbuuniyaa kharashaadka ku baxaya shaqada markaas la qabanayo,

waxaa isku xiran oo wada shaqeeya hay‟ado caalami ah iyo kuwo maxali

ah si ay ugu suurta gasho in ay gacanta ku dhigaan maal galinta kadibna

ay u suurtowdo in loo isticmaalo dano gaar ah, samaynta hay‟ado aan

dawli ahayn oo ka shaqeeya arimaha bini aadantimada laakiin aanan

jirin ama magic-cuyaal ahaan u jira si ay ugu guulaystaan maalgalin ayna

u buuxiyaan maalgaliyaha shuruudihiisa. Qaar ka mid ah shaqaalalaha

bulshada ayaa codsaday in aanan lala wadaagin cilmi baarayaasha

dhacdooyinka kala gadisan waxaa ay sheegeen in ay saamayn ku

yeelanayso shaqooyinka ay hayaan iyo maalgalinta ay ka helayaan

hay‟adaha kale ee maalgalinta bixinaya. Waxaa ay ka qayb galayaashu

caddeeyeen marka maalgalinta so gasho gacanta hay‟ada wax fulinaysa

in laga weeciyo ujeedooyinkii loogu tala galay ayna si toos ah ugu

dhacdo jeebab iyo khasnado gaar loo leeyahay.100

Qaraabakiil ururada bulshada (Nepotism in the CSOs): Qaar ka mid

ah ururada bulshada ee ka hawl gala deegaanada Puntland waxaa ay ku

salaysan yihiin qabiil waxaana ay u xagliyaan qabaa‟ilka ay ka so

100

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66

jeedaan, dadka ugu badan ee ka faa‟iida ururada waa dadka gacanta ku

haya dadka ay qabiilka wadaagan hadii ay noqon lahayd adeegyada ay

bixiyaan iyo dadka ka shaqeeya ururrada, waxaad arkaysaa ururka dadka

ka shaqeeya in ay yihiin qaraabo dhaw ama ay isku qabiil yihiin qofka

masuulka ah ururka.

Lahaanshaha ururada bulshada (Ownership of CSOs): ka qayb

galayaashu waxaa ay aad uga doodeen in inta uga badan ururada

bulshadu ay yihiin ururo si gaar ah loo yeelahay ayna inta badan keento

in lagu murmo ama laysku qabqabsado hantida ururka ama maaumulka

ururka. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ururadaasi ma lahan nidaam maamul

oo wanaagsan ama hufan iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay maqnaanshaha

shaqaalahe aqoon iyo karti u leh maamulka ururrada iyo iyada oo uusan

jirin nidaam cad oo lagu maamulo ururrada. Waxaa ay gorgortan ka

galaan maamulka, qaybinta hantida iyo isla xisaabtanka. Inta badan .

Inta badan ururadan waxaa iska maamula ama gacanta ku haya dad

aanan ku imaan doorasho iska jooga mudooyin badan,

maalgaliyayaasha ururadu waxaa ay ururka maalgaliyaan mudo badan

iyaga oo aanan samayn wax qiimayn ah ama kala doorasho ah101.

Ururo magacuyaal ah (Suit case NGOs): Waxaa jira ururro aanan

dawli ahayn oo jira deeganada Puntland ururradaasi qaarkood waxaa ay

u jiraan magic ahaan, ma lahan dhismayaal ama xafiisyo lagu yaqaano

oo loogu soo hagaagi karo, sidoo kale ma jiraan shaqooyin ay u

qabtaan bulshada, inta badan ururradan waxaana ay ka diiwan gashan

yihiin wadanka si ay u helaan maalgalin ay uga faa‟iidaystaan danahooda

gaarka ah. Ururrada magac uyaalka u jira waxaa ku jira ururro caalami

101

Inta badan cases waxaa ay ka salaysan yihiin taageero diineed ama qabiil


67

ah ama waxaa ku lug leh shakhsiyaad xiriir dhaw la leh shakhsiyaad ama

ururro caalimi ah.

6.4. Hay’adaha Caalamiga ah

Bulshada ku dhaqan wadanka waxaa ay aaminsan yihiin in ay jiraan

noocyo badan oo musuqmaasuq ah, kaasi oo hareeyey hoosna u dhigay

hormarka hay‟adaha caalamiga ah, meeshana ka saaray hufnaanta iyo la

xisaabtanka hay‟adahan. Musuqmasuqa ka dhex jira hay‟adaha hormarinta

ee Soomaaliya waa mid si wayn u baahsan sida ay ku warbixiyeen hay‟ado

caalami ah oo ay ka mid yihiin Bangiga aduunka (world Bank report in

2009- 21010) sida uu ku daabacay warbixintaas ka soo baxday bangiga

aduunka dawladda federalka Soomaaliya waxaa soo gaara sanad weliba

deeq lacageed badan laakiin lacagahaasi ay yihiin kuwo aanan la xisaabin

ama meesha ay maraan la ogayn. Sida qaybaha kale ee Soomaaliya, waxaa

ay Puntland aad uga muujisaa dareen wayn in lacagaha magaca Soomaaliya

lagu helo ay yihiin kuwo aan laga gaarin dantii laga lahaa ama ayna gaarin

dadkii loogu tala galay. Shan hay‟adood oo ka mid ah kuwa qaramada

midoobay (UNDP, UN-HABITAT, UNCDF, ILO, UNICE), SDRF,

JPLG, SCIP iyo hay‟ado kale oo caalimi ah (international Develoment

Organizations) waxaa ay maamulaan mashaariic aad u balaaran oo lagu

hormarinayo arimaha bulshada/bini‟aadantimada. Ka qayb galayaashu

waxaa ay hoosta ka xariiqeen in ay hay‟adahaan noocyo kala duwan oo

musuqmaasuq ah ay sameeyaan. Inkastoo ka so qayb galayaasha ka socday

hay‟adaha dowladda, hay‟adaha bulshada rayidka ah, ganacsatada iyo

shirkaadka gaarka loo leeyahay iyo hay‟adaha hormarinta aysan bixin wax

caddayn ah oo la xiriirta musuqmaasuqa ay sheegeen laakiin waxaa ay isku

raaceen in musuqmaasuqyo kala duwan ay ka dhex jiran hay‟adahan, waxaa

ka mid ah meelaha uu musuqmaasu hareeyey, soo bandhigidda


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qandaraaska, xaysiiskiisa, xulashada hay‟adaha iyo shakhsiyaadka ka qayb

galayaa qandaraaska, kormeeka iyo qiimaynta qandaraaska iyo fulintiisa.102

Lahaanshaha mashaariicda caalamiga ah (ownership of development

projects): Hay‟adaha caalamiga ah iyo kuwa qaramada midoobay (UN

iyo INGOs) waxaa ay markasta sheegtaan in barnaamijyadoodu yihiin

kuwo ay si buuxda uga qayb galaan dhamaan cid kasta oo ay qusayso

isla markaasna dadka maxaliga ahi ay ku lugleeyihiin si ujeedooyinka

laga leeyahay mashaariicdu ay u noqoto mid waarta guulana ku

dhamaata. Si kasta ha ahaate waxaa ay sheegan dadka deeganku in ay

yihiin mashaariicda wadanka la keeno kuwo ku salaysan doonista iyo

rabitaanka hay‟adaha mashaariicda fulinaya ee aysan ahayn kuwo ka

turjumaya baahida taalada dhulka. Sida ay caddeeyeen ka qayb

galayaashu hay‟adaha caalamiga ahi waxa ay inta badan ku lug leeyihiin

fulinta mashaariicda waana xiliga mashaariicdu ay la kulmaan la

xisaabtan la‟aan, hufnaan la‟aan iyo mashaariicda oo fashil ku danbeeya.

Maamulka, Shaqaalaynta Mashaariicda deeqaha caalamiga ah

(governance, staff recruitment process of development projects): ka

qayb galayaashu waxaa ay caddeeyeen in ay ka soo ifbaxaan caqabado

dhinaca maamulka iyo dhaqaalaha hay‟adaha ah waxaana ka mid ah:

eex ama qof jeclaysi ku salaysan shaqaalaha khibrada leh, bahdilaad iyo

hoos u dhig shaqaalaha maxaliga ah, buunbuuninta kharashaadka ku

baxaya shaqaalaha caalamiga ah (International staff).103 Ka qayb

galayaashu waxa ay isku raaceen in dhamaan go‟aanada la xiriira

102

Wareeysi, DP, December, 2016 103

Tusaalayaal ay bixiyeen ka qayb galayaashu waxaa ay ku sheegeen dadka maxaliga ahi iyaga oo leh waaya aragnimo gaaraysa 10 sano haystana aqoon jaamacadeed ilaa herka labaad (Master) aya ku mushaar ahaan u qaataan lacag gaaraysa $300. Meesha qofku ajnabiga ah ee haysta shahaadada heerka koowaad (bachelor) aqaana aanan u lahayn deeganka laga shaqaynayo iyo luqadiisa ay qaatan lacag gaaraysa $6000 bil kasta.


69

mashaariicda in lagu gaaro magaalada Nairobi ayna gaaran dadka

ajaanibta ah ee halkaasi jooga. Shaqaalaha maxalliga ah oo sumcad iyo

saamayn ku leh dadka deeganka ayaa waxaa ay leeyihiin oo kaliya

fulinta go‟aamada lagu gaaro wadanka dibadiisa

Ka faaiidaystayaasha Mashaariicda deeqaha caalamiga ah

(Beneficiaries of development projects): ka qaygalayaashu waxaa ay

isku raaceen in shirar, tababaro iyo kulamo aanan ka turjumayn baahida

dad waynaha lagu kharashgareeyo dhaqaale badan waxaana laga

wareejiyaa ujeedooyinkii loogu tala galay ama madashii loogu talagalay

iyo dadkii ka faa‟iidaysan lahaa mashruuca.

6.5. Ganacsiga iyo shirkadaha gaarka loo leeyahay

Puntland waxaa ay leedahay Ganacsiga iyo shirkado gaarka loo leeyahay

awood badan ku leh bulshada dhexdeeda. Hay‟adahan iyo xarumahan

ganacsi waxaa ka mid ah: Xawaaladaha (remittance companies), dhoofinta

xoolaha (livestock trade), ganacsiga qalabka dhismayaasha, ganacsiga

alaabta warshadaysan, ganacsiga cuntada iyo shidaalka iyo ganacsiyo kale.

Ganacsiga iyo shirkadaha gaarka loo leeyahay waxaa ay qandaraas ay ka

qaataan hay‟adaha caalamiga ah iyo gargaarka si ay u fududeeyeen

keenitaanka qalab ama wixii kale ee loo baahan yahay markaasi, adeega

xawaaladaha iyo isgaarsiinta waxa uu fududeeyo hawlaha ay ka wadaan

deeganada Puntland hay‟adaha caalamiga ah iyo kuwa maxaliga ah.

Hay‟ada adeegyadaan isticmaala waxaa ka mid ah hay‟adaha qaramada

midoobay (United Nations), Bankgiga aduunka (world bank), Oxfam,

IOM and Save the Children iyo hay‟adaha kale ee wadanka ka shaqeeya.

Iibinta Badeecada dhacday (Sales of expired goods): Iyadoo ay ugu

wacan tahay maqnaanshaha qaybta kormeerka iyo xaqiijinta tayada iyo


70

taariikhda badeecada ayaa jira ganacsato ka faa‟iida in ay wadanka so

galiyaan badeeco dhacday ama wakhti dhaw u harsan yahay amaba

aanan lahayn tayadii laga rabay. Waxaa ay ka qayb galayaashu

caddeeyeen in qaar badan oo ganacsatada ka mid ahi ay si xooggan ugu

lug leeyihiin soo dajinta badeecada dhacday ama wakhtigeedi la so

dhaafay. Qaadashada badeeco dhacday waxaa ay si xun u saamaynaysaa

caafimaadka qofka.

Canshuurta oo aanan la bixinin (avoiding paying taxes): ganasatada

shirkadaha gaarka loo leeyahay waxaa ay si xun u musuqmaasuqaan

canshuuraha ku waajibay, waxaa ay laaluushaan masuuliyiinta gacanta

ku haya canshuuraha si looga qaado canshuurta ku waajibtay in ka yar

ama waxaa ay qariyaan hantida iyo faa‟iida ka so gasha ganacsiga ii ay

ugu waajibto canshuur yar. Qaar ka mid ah ganacsatada waxaa ay

muran galiyaan bixinta canshuuraha iyaga oo marmarsiyo ka dhiganaya

in aysan dowladdu bixin adeegyo looga baahanaa.

Shaqaalaynta (employment of workers): ganacsatada ka hawlgasha

deegaanada waxaa ay gacanta ku hayaan hanti badan oo ay bulshadu

leedahay, laakiin sida ay sheegeen ka soo qaybgalayaasha kulanku

waxaa ay shageen in shaqaalaysiinta gancasatadu ay ku salaysan tahay

qaraabo, saaxiibtinimo, qof jeclaysi iyo eex. Ma jiro nidaam iyo

siyaasad ay raacan marka ay shaqaalaha qoranayaan. Ka qayb

galayaashu waxaa ay isku raaceen in shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ka

shaqaynaya xarumaha ganacsiga iyo shirkadaha sida gaar ah loo

leeyahay in aysan ku salaysnayn aqoon, waya aragnimo, xirfad gaar ah

ee uu qofku leeyahay. Tani waxaa ay kordhisaa musuqmaasuqa ka

dhex jira shaqaalaysiinta shirkadaha ganacsiga.


71

7. Waxyaabaha sababaya Musuqmaasuqa baahsan ee kajira

Puntland

Dadka ay cilmibaaristani wareeysatay waxay isugu jireen dad kala matalaya

qaybaha kala duwan ee bulshada Puntland: hay‟daha Dowladda (GI); hay‟adaha

dhaqanka (TL); Culimadda (RL); Ganacsatadda (BPS) iyo Deeq bixiyayaasha

caalamiga ah (DP)104. Dhamaantood dadka aan xogta ka uruurinay waxay ku

nuuxnuuxsadeen inay adagtahay in Musuqmaasuqa la yareeyo inta ay dadka reer

Puntland isticmaalayaan siyaasada qabiilka ku salaysan. Waxay tusaale u soo

qaateen habka lagu soo xulo 66 xildhibaan, kuwaas oo ku salaysan sida ay

sheegeen nidaam beeleed. Qodobada ay dadku isku raacsanaayeen inay sababaha

waaweeyn ee musuqmaasuqa dhalinaya ka mid yahiin waa sidatan:

Qabiilka wax lagu qaybsanayo ee aan barnaamij iyo aragti wax lagu

dooranaynin

Bulshada oo dhaqan guurtay: Xumaan badan oo Somaalidu ka

xishoon jirtay oo dhaqan noqday (Beenta, Baryadda, tuugnimadka)

Wadaniyadnimadii oo dadka ku yaraatay: qabiil, arimo shakhsiyeed

uun qofku u shaqeeyn

Ku tiirsanaanta deeqaha caalamiga ah

Xog uruurin la‟aanta ku saabsan musuqmaasuqa Puntland (majiro

kayd xifdinaya dhacdooyinka musuqmaasuq ee Puntland ka dhaca)

Wacyi galin la‟aan ku saabsan dhibaatooyinka uu sababo

musuqmaasuqa105

104

GI; government institutions; TL: traditional leaders; RL: religious leaders; BPS: business and private sector; DP: development partners. 105

Tusaale: Xiriir weeyn ayaa ka dhaxeeya Musuqmaasuqa oo baaha iyo dagaalada, Saboolnimada iyo Cadaalad la’aanta.


72

Hogaamiyayaasha oon aragti siyaasadeed oo wadaninimo ku salaysan

lahayn

Mushaaraadka lasiiyo shaqaalaha Dowladda oon ku filayn

noolashooda asaasiga ah (Caafimaad, Waxbarasho, Cunto)

Awoodda hay‟adaha cadaalada oo aad u yar

Maqnaanshaha qaab ay bulshadu ku ciqaabi karto qofkii ku lug yeesha

musuqmaasuq

Dhaqanka Soomaalida qaarkii oo fududaynaya musuqmaasuqa: Qofka

qabiilkaaga ah oo mar walba lala safto, haduu danbiile yahay iyo hadii

kale ba!

Ku dhaqanka qawaaniin iska soo horjeeda mararka qaarkood:

Islaamka, Cilmaaniga, Dhaqan Soomaaliga (customary, Islamic and

secular)

Awooda hay‟adaha Dowladda oon siday Dastuurka ku qoran loogu

dhaqmin: Hay‟adaha sharci dajinta, Fulinta iyo Cadaaladda.

Dadka aan xogta ka aruurinay waxay sheegeen in arimahan kor kuxusan ay

dhamaantood qayb weeyn ka yahiin sababaha uu musuqmaasuq baahsan uga jiro

Somaaliya guud ahaan.

Sawirkan waxuu soo koobayaa sababaha ay dadku noo sheegeen inay dhaliyeen

musuqmaasuqa


0

Sawir: Waxyaabaha Sababaya Musuqmaasuqa baahsan ee ka jira Puntland

Qaab

dhismeedkeena

Bulshada,

Dhaqaalaha &

Siyaasada

Dadkii wax ka

qaban lahaa

musuqmaasuqa

Sharcigii oon lagu dhaqmaynin

Awooda hay’adaha fulinta oo daciif ah

Aqoondarro badan oo ka dhaxjirta bulshada dhaxdeeda

Iyada oon jirin xog qoran oo rasmi ah oo ku saabsan hantida la dhunsado sannad walba

Qabiilka wax lagu qaybsanayo

Dhaqanguur ku dhacay bulshada

Dareenka waddaninimadda oo yaraaday


Shacabka & madaxda oo aan daacad ka ahayn yareynta musuq-maasuqa

Saboolnimo baahsan


0

Raadraaca

1. Wareeysiyada:

TL: traditional leaders (Madax dhaqameed)

GI: government institution (hay‟adaha Dowladda)

RL: religious leaders (Culimadda)

SCO: civil society organizations (Ururadda bulshada)

DP: development partners ( Deeq bixiyayaasha)

PD: Puntland diaspora( qurba joogta Puntland)

Magacyadda dadka la wareeystay, taariikhaha la wareeystay iyo meesha

lagu wareeystay waxuu kujiraa diiwaanka gaarka ah ee Cilmi-baarista.

Waxaa dadka la wareeystay qaarkood codsadeen inaan magacyadooda

toos loo xusin.

1. Books

Amundsen, Inge (2000), “Analysis and definition of corruption and its

common forms,” Published by the Utstein Anti-Corruption Resource Centre.

Anderson, H. James and Cheryl W. Gray (2007), “Policies and Corruption

Outcomes” in Anticorruption in Transition 3. Who is Succeeding…and Why?,

The World Bank, pp. 43-77.

Adele Poskitt & Mathilde Dufranc (2011) CIVICUS website: www.civicus.org

accessed 15.1.2016

http://www.civicus.org/


1

Bjõrkman, Martina and Jakob Svensson (2007), “Power to the People.

Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment of a Community-based

Monitoring Project in Uganda”. Centre for Economic Policy Research,

Discussion Paper 6344, London.

Carothers, Th. (2003), “Promoting the Rule of Law Abroad: The Problem of

Knowledge,” Carnegie Working Papers Number 34, January.

Cooksey, Brian, (2007) “ Trends in corruption control in Tanzania: Why

perceptions matter”, Paper presented at the Annual Research Workshop of the

Norwegian Development Research Association. CMI, Bergen, November 5-7,

2007

Cooksey, Brian, (2003), “Aid and Corruption: A worm‟s eye view of donor

policies and practices”, Paper presented to the 11th International Anti-

Corruption Conference, Seoul, May 25-29

Cheng, C. and Zaum, D. (2011) Selling the peace? Corruption and post-

conflict peacebuilding. In: Cheng, C. and Zaum, D. (eds.) Corruption and

Post-conflict Peacebuilding: Selling the peace? Cass Series on Peacekeeping.

Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 1-25. ISBN 9780415620482 Available at

http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/23482/

Dahl-Ostergaard, R.I Jensen (2005) “Lessons learned on the use of Power and

Drivers of Change Analyses in development cooperation. Review

commissioned by the OECD DAC Network on Governance (GOVNET).

Final Report”, GOVNET, Paris.

http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/23482/


2

Erdman, Gero, Ulf Engel, (2006) “Neo-patrimonialism Revisited-Beyond a

Catch-All Concept”, GIGA Research Programme: Legitimacy and Efficiency

of Political Systems, Humburg.

Gashaw Ayferam, Endalcachew Bayeh and Zelalem Muchie: (2015). Causes

and Consequences of Corruption in Ethiopia; the case of Ambo Town. Ambo

University

Galtung, Fredrik (2007), “Anti-Corruption and Integrity in the „New Nepal‟ “.

Mission reportfor the Norwegian Embassy, Kathmandu. TIRI, March.

Jens Christopher Andvig (2007) Corruption and Armed Conflicts: Some

Stirring Around in the Governance Soup. The Norwegian Institute of

International Affairs.

Hubbard, Paul (2007), Putting the Power of Transparency in Context:

Information‟s Role in Reducing Corruption in Uganda‟s Education Sector,

Center for Global Development, Working Paper Number 136, December.

Fritz, Verena (2007), “Good enough? The evolving governance and anti-

corruption agenda,” in The Advisory Board for Irish Aid, Research Findings

Volume !: Governanc, Trade and Aid Effectiveness, Irish Aid, Dublin, pp. 49-

67.

Johnston, Michael and Kpundeh, Sahr J. (2002), “Building a Clean Machine:

Anti-Corruption Coalitions and Sustainable Reform.” World Bank Institute

Working Paper 28639.


3

Kolstad, Ivar and Odd-Helge Fjeldstad (2006), “Fiscal Decentralization and

Corruption: A brief overview of the issues”. U4 Issue 3:2006, CMI, Bergen.

Kolstad, Ivar, Arne Wiig and Aled Williams (2008), “Mission Improbable.

Does petroleumrelated aid address corruption in resource-rich countries?” U4

Issue, 3:2008, CMI, Bergen.

Ian Smillie (2010)Blood on the Stone: Greed, Corruption and War in the

Global Diamond Trade. Anthem Press.

Leftwich, A. (2006), „Drivers of Change: Refining the Analytical Framework.

Part 1: Conceptual and Theoretical issues”, Paper prepared for DFID, York,

University of York.

Le Billion P (2008) Corrupting Peace? Peacebuilding and Post-conflict

Corruption. International Peacekeeping Vol 15

Madalene O‟Donnell (2006) Post-conflict Corruption: A Rule of Law Agenda.

International Peace Academy.

Michael, Bryane and Mariya Polner (2008), “Fighting Corruption on the

Transdnistrian Border: Lessons from Failed and New Successful Anti-

Corruption Programmes,” Transition Studies Review 15:3, Springer, pp.524-

541.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland. Department of Development Policy:

(2012). Anti-Corruption Handbook for Development Practitioners; Erwoko

OY.


4

OECD (2007), “An Agenda for Collective Action for Improving Governance

to Fight Corruption”. Discussion Paper. Paris: OECD-DAC.

Olken, Benjamin A. (2005), “Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field

Experiment in Indonesia.” NBER Working Paper 11753.

Obayelu, Abiodun Elijah. 2007. Effects of Corruption and Economic Reforms

on Economic Growth and Development: Lessons from Nigeria. Available:

http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Knowledge/2506

8317-EN-OBAYELUS-PAPER-ON-CORRUPTION-MODIFIED- .PDF

OSI Justice Initiative (2005), “Legal Remedies for the Resource Curse – A

digest of experience in using law to combat natural resource corruption”,

Open Society Institute.

Pelizzo R., and Stapenhurst R. (eds) (2004), Legislatures and Oversight, World

Bank Institute.

Plummer, Janelle and Piers Cross (2007), “Tackling Corruption in the Water

and Sanitation Sector in Africa. Starting the dialogue”. Draft chapter.

Pope, Jeremy (2000), Confronting Corruption: The Elements of a National

Integrity System (TI Source Book), Berlin: TI.

Peters, Bettina (2003), “The Media‟s Role: Covering or Covering Up

Corruption?”, in TI Global Corruption Report 2003. Berlin: TI.

Shah, Anwar (editor) (2007b), “Local Public Financial Management”. Public

Sector Governance and Accountability Series, The World Bank, Washington

DC.

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http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Knowledge/25068317-EN-OBAYELUS-PAPER-ON-CORRUPTION-MODIFIED-%20.PDF


5

Shah, Anwar, and Schacter, Mark (2004), “Combating Corruption: Look

before You Leap.” Finance and Development 41, 4 (December): 40-43.

Sida (2006), Power Analysis-Experiences and Challenges, Concept Note,

Department for Democracy and Social Development, Sida, June 2006.

Stapenhurst, R., Johnston, N., & Pelizzo, R. (Eds.) (2006), “The Role of

Parliaments inCurbing Corruption,” World Bank, Washington DC.

Swamy, Anand; Stephen Knack, Young Lee, Omar Azfar (2001), “Gender and

Corruption.” Journal of Development Economics 64, 1 (February): 25-55.

Transparency International, Kenya: (2013). The fight against corruption in

Kenya: Status and way forward, Nairobi

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Corruption in the Water Sector.” Berlin.

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Paper No. 60. Cape Town: Afrobarometer Network.

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World Bank/Independent Evaluation Group (2008b), ”Doing Business: An

Independent Evaluation. Taking the Measure of the World Bank-IFC ‟Doing

Business‟ Indicators”. Washington DC.

World Bank/Independent Evaluation Group (2006), Governance and Anti-

Corruption – How to Improve the World Bank‟s Impact? Washington DC.


6

Woodhouse, Andrea (2005), “Village Corruption in Indonesia‟s Kecamatan

Development Program.” World Bank Working Paper Series: Indonesia Social

Development Paper 6.

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Corruption, Transforming Lives”, Report on corruption in Asia-Pacific region.

Uneke, O, 2010, “Corruption in Africa South of the Sahara: Bureaucratic

Facilitator or Handicap to Development?” The Journal of Pan African Studies,

vol.3, no.6, March 2010


7

Dood ku saabsan noocyadda musuqmaasuq ee ka jira Puntland ooy Cilmi-baaristu qabatay


0

Website: www.puntlandstateuniversity.com

Referral Hospital Street, Garowe, Somalia

Email: [email protected],

[email protected]

Tel: +252 5846238, +25290794076

http://www.puntlandstateuniversity.com/

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


0

Sawir: Waxyaabaha Sababaya Musuqmaasuqa baahsan ee ka jira Puntland

Qaab

dhismeedkeena

Bulshada,

Dhaqaalaha &

Siyaasada

Dadkii wax ka

qaban lahaa

musuqmaasuqa

Sharcigii oon lagu dhaqmaynin

Awooda hay’adaha fulinta oo daciif ah

Aqoondarro badan oo ka dhaxjirta bulshada dhaxdeeda

Iyada oon jirin xog qoran oo rasmi ah oo ku saabsan hantida la dhunsado sannad walba

Qabiilka wax lagu qaybsanayo

Dhaqanguur ku dhacay bulshada

Dareenka waddaninimadda oo yaraaday


Shacabka & madaxda oo aan daacad ka ahayn yareynta musuq-maasuqa

Saboolnimo baahsan