aquatic ecosystems

35
Aquatic Ecosystems Ch 7 & more

Upload: eli

Post on 12-Jan-2016

60 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

Aquatic Ecosystems. Ch 7 & more. Aquatic Ecosystem Food Webs. plankton : tiny organisms that drift with the currents basis of all aquatic ecosystems Phytoplankton Autotrophs Algae Zooplankton Tiny animals or protozoa Heterotrophs Eat phytoplankton. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Aquatic Ecosystems

Aquatic Ecosystems

Ch 7 & more

Page 2: Aquatic Ecosystems

Aquatic Ecosystem Food Webs

• plankton: tiny organisms that drift with the currents

• basis of all aquatic ecosystems– Phytoplankton

• Autotrophs• Algae

– Zooplankton• Tiny animals or protozoa• Heterotrophs• Eat phytoplankton

http://www.lhup.edu/smarvel/Seminar/FALL_2000/Picking/Picking.htm

Page 3: Aquatic Ecosystems

Aquatic Ecosystem Food Webs• Nekton = Free-

swimming organisms– Fish, turtles, etc.

• Benthos = bottom-dwelling organisms– Mussels, worms,

barnacles, etc– Often are attached to

bottom surfaces

• Decomposers

Page 4: Aquatic Ecosystems

Freshwater vs. Saltwater

Salinity = the amount of salt in water•Salt water = marine ecosystems– Coastal ecosystems

• Estuaries• Salt marshes• Mangrove swamps• Barrier islands

– Coral reefs– Open ocean

•Freshwater = no salt – Ponds, lakes & rivers– Marshes and wetlands

Page 5: Aquatic Ecosystems

Ponds and lakes• No current• Levels are divided horizontally • by amount of light • and proximity to shore• LitLittoral zonetoral zone: (think light) – Lots of life– Near shore, rooted plants provide food– Off shore, phytoplankton are base

• BBenthic zoneenthic zone: Bottom– Decomposers (bacteria)– detrivores (eat small bits of organic matter on bottom)– Filter feeders

• Shrimp, clams, sponges, crabs etc.

http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/freshwater-plants-

animals/#/mexican-water-lilly_289_600x450.jpg

Page 6: Aquatic Ecosystems

Threats to Ponds and Lakes

Eutrophication (review)1. Excess nutrients enter

water2. Algae bloom,

overcrowd and die3. Bacteria decompose

algae, using up oxygen4. Other organisms die

for want of oxygen

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/A-Bi/Algal-Blooms-in-Fresh-Water.html

Page 7: Aquatic Ecosystems

Prevention of Eutrophication (review)

Agricultural:• Buffer zones between farms and waterways• Control of runoff in areas of high manure

concentration• High tech fertilizer application (only as-needed)

Page 8: Aquatic Ecosystems

Eutrophication PreventionDomestic• Lawn-free landscaping

Page 9: Aquatic Ecosystems

Eutrophication Prevention

Domestic• Buy phosphate-free products

Page 10: Aquatic Ecosystems

Eutrophication Prevention

Domestic• Repair leaky sewer and septic systems

Page 11: Aquatic Ecosystems

Wastewater vs. StormwaterSources of wastewater:• Dishwasher• Washer• Sink• Shower• bathtub• Toilet• In short, anything that goes down the drainWastewater goes down sewer lines to a

wastewater treatment plant

Page 12: Aquatic Ecosystems

Wastewater vs. StormwaterStormwater• Water that collects outdoors and gets sent

into storm drains• Catch basins are design to collect this runoff

Page 13: Aquatic Ecosystems

RunoffCatch basins take much more than storm

water• Oils from cars• Industrial chemicals• Soil from construction sites• Nonpoint-source pollution – cannot be

traced back to any single source• Point source pollution: can be traced to

a specific source

Page 14: Aquatic Ecosystems

Stormwater runoff• Most stormwater goes directly to a

waterway

Page 15: Aquatic Ecosystems

Combined Sewer• Stormwater and wastewater use same system

of pipes and get run to water treatment plant

http://www.epa.ohio.gov/dsw/cso/csoindex.aspx

Page 16: Aquatic Ecosystems

Combined Sewer Overflow

• It works…until it rains hard• In heavy rains, the combined stormwater and

wastewater overflow and go directly to the waterways, polluting them

• CSO = combined sewer overflow

Page 17: Aquatic Ecosystems

Combined Sewer Overflow Treatment

• Extra waste water treatment plant at point where CSO runoff gets to waterway

• Stop-gapBetter solution:• Separate sewers and stormwater systems

Page 18: Aquatic Ecosystems

Permeability

• The ability to allow substances flow through• A permeable surface allows rain to percolate

(seep) into the ground.– Examples:• Grass or other plants• Gravel• Dirt• Ground cover like pine straw or wood chips

Page 19: Aquatic Ecosystems

Permeability

• Rain washes/flows over an impermeable surface and does not get absorbed into the ground.– Ex:• Rooftops, • roads, • parking lots

Page 20: Aquatic Ecosystems

Permeability

permeable impermeable

The more impermeable surfaces we have, the more runoff goes straight into the waterways and takes pollutants with it.

Page 21: Aquatic Ecosystems

Wetlands• Areas of nearly constant moisture

that contain great biodiversity

• Wetlands are often found in estuaries: “where rivers meet the sea”– Large mostly flat areas – Salinity changes with tides• As tide comes in (gets higher), salinity ↑• As tide goes out (gets lower), salinity ↓

http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch52/aquatic-estuary.html

Page 22: Aquatic Ecosystems

Estuaries

• Nutrient mixing with tides• Salt water is ______ than fresh water• Heavier/denser• Due to tides and salt/fresh water mixing, nutrients

get “trapped” in estuaries.

http://www.wwu.edu/salishsea/estuary.shtml

Page 23: Aquatic Ecosystems

Estuaries in Georgia

Page 24: Aquatic Ecosystems

Estuaries in Gulf of Mexico

Page 25: Aquatic Ecosystems

Freshwater Wetlandstwo main types

Marshes• Mostly non-woody plants

such as grasses, reeds and cattails

Swamps• Dominated by trees and

shrubs

Page 26: Aquatic Ecosystems

swamps

Saltwater swamps are mangroves Freshwater swamp

Trees have “knees” or buttresses, probably for support in mushy ground

http://inchinapinch.com/hab_pgs/marine/mangrove/mangrove.htm

Page 27: Aquatic Ecosystems

Benefits of Wetlands

1. Filter pollutants2. Control flooding– Act as giant sponge, absorbing and slowing water as it

flows through

3. Buffer shorelines against erosion (absorb impact)4. Spawning grounds, migration stop and habitat

for:– commercially important shellfish and fish– Native species (some rare, endangered)

5. Recreation

Page 28: Aquatic Ecosystems

Wetlands: Human Impact • Less than ½ of original US wetlands remain• Causes of destruction include– Ports (remember, wetlands are usually in estuaries)– Development (NYC, Miami, Shanghai, New Orleans…etc)

– Dams, levees, canals, channels– Pollution from runoff and wastewater– Non-native plants and animals– Sanitary landfills– Mosquito control (drainage, channelization, poisoning)

• Channelization: digging channels/canals to drain land

Page 29: Aquatic Ecosystems

Wetlands: Human Impact

• Draining wetlands results in:– Loss of benefits stated earlier– Subsidence: ground sinks due to drying out– Salt water intrusion: as wetlands are drained,

saltwater seeps in from ocean• This is also a cause of further destruction (positive

feedback loop)

Page 30: Aquatic Ecosystems

Wetland Loss Solutions

• Mitigation program:– Creating wetlands in new areas to replace their

destruction for development (1983)– Mitigation bank: sells newly created wetlands to

developers who have to mitigate

• Disallow wetland destruction for agriculture (1985)

Page 31: Aquatic Ecosystems

Barrier Islands

• Protect mainland and coastal wetlands

http://geology.rockbandit.net/2008/09/15/how-barrier-islands-such-as-galveston-work/

Page 32: Aquatic Ecosystems

Barrier islands take the brunt of storms

Tuesday, October 30, 2012Superstorm Sandy: TuesdayA Portion of Harvey Cedars on Long Beach Island, New Jersey is underwater Tuesday, Oct. 30, 2012, a day after Hurricane Sandy blew across the New Jersey barrier islands.http://seattletimes.com/html/photogalleries/nationworld2019559529/

Page 33: Aquatic Ecosystems
Page 34: Aquatic Ecosystems
Page 35: Aquatic Ecosystems