aquatic biotechnology
DESCRIPTION
All the detailed information on Aquatic Biotechnology. Aquaculture - definition, economics, advantages,etcTRANSCRIPT
Topics AquacultureEnvironmental applications of Aquatic
Biotechnology
Introduction to Aquatic Biotechnology
Aquatic biotechnology find out to use living organisms (such as bacteria) or parts of living organisms (such as DNA) from a marine environment To create or improve a wide
variety of productsFrom pharmaceuticals to
materials that fight pollution
Aquatic biotechnology scientists might develop and test drugs Made from marine organisms Develop non-toxic coatings that prevent
the accumulation of barnacles (one type of bird)
On hulls of ships or on underwater parts of power plants
Introduction to Aquatic BiotechnologyGiven that water, especially marine water,
covers nearly 75 % of the earth's surfaceIt should not surprise you to learn that aquatic
environments are a Rich source of biotechnology applications Potential solution to a range of problems
Aquatic organisms exist in a range of extreme conditions such as Frigid polar seasExtraordinarily high pressure at great depthsHigh salinityExceedingly high temperatures Low light conditions
Introduction to Aquatic BiotechnologyAs a result, aquatic organisms have evolved
a fascinating number of Metabolic pathwaysReproductive mechanismsSensory adaptations
They harbor a wealth of unique genetic information and potential applications
We will consider many fascinating aspects of aquatic biotechnology By exploring how both marine and freshwater
organisms can be used for biotechnology applications
Introduction to Aquatic BiotechnologyIn the United States
Less than $50 million is spent annually for research and development in aquatic biotechnology
In contrast Japan spends between $900
million and $1 billion annually
The successful research of Asian countries that have invested in basic science research on aquatic biotechnology and the financial success of their products have encouraged other countries to invest a significant amount of time and resources in aquatic biotechnology
Introduction to Aquatic BiotechnologySeveral research priorities have been identified
to explore the seemingly endless possibilities of utilizing aquatic organisms:
Increasing the world's food supply
Restoring and protecting marine ecosystems
Identifying novel compounds for the benefit of human health and medical treatments
Improving seafood safety and quality
Discovering and developing new products with applications in the chemical industry
Seeking new approaches to monitor and treat disease
Increasing knowledge of biological and geochemical processes in the world's oceans
AquacultureThe cultivation of aquatic animals, such
as finfish and shellfish, and aquatic plants for recreational or commercial purposes is known as aquaculture
Specifically, marine aquaculture is called mariculture
Although aquaculture can be considered a type of agricultural biotechnology It is typically considered a form of aquatic
biotechnology
In this section, we will primarily discuss farming of both marine and freshwater species of finfish and shellfish
shrimp
catfish
shellfish
The Economics of AquacultureWorldwide demand for
aquaculture products is expected to grow by 70% during the next 30 years
If demand continues to rise and wild catches continue to declineWe will see a deficit of
consumable fish and shellfish
Aquaculture together with better resource management practices will in part overcome this problem
The Economics of AquacultureAquaculture in the United States is big business
It is a greater than $36 billion industry providing nearly 19% of the world's seafood supply
Aquaculture production in the United States has nearly
doubled over the last 10 years This increase is expected to continue while similar increases in
aquaculture are occurring globally
Some aspects of raising fish are economically cheaper than animal farming or commercial fishing
Ex. It takes approximately 7 pounds of grain to raise one pound of beef, but less than 2 pounds of fish meal are needed to raise approximately 1 pound of most fish
Fish species that are fed genetically engineered food cost around 10 cents/pound But the return is often 70 to 80 cents/pound on the raised fish Yielding a good return on an investment
The Economics of Aquaculture
Aquaculture in the United States became a major industry in the 1950s When catfish farming was established in the Southeast
Aquaculture facilities now exist in every state
Farm-raised catfish grow nearly 20% faster in fish-farms compared to catfish in the wild And are ready for market sale in approximately 2 years
Some of the most successful examples of
the business potential of aquaculture in the United States includeAlabama and Mississippi Delta catfish industrySalmon farming in Maine and WashingtonTrout farming in Idaho and West VirginiaCrawfish farming in Louisiana
Similarly, Florida, Massachusetts, and
other states have established successful shellfish farms That have benefited struggling commercial
fishermen
Aquaculture Abroad Many other countries are actively engaged in aquaculture
practices.
Chile is the second largest exporter worldwide.
Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru have rapidly growing industries.
Greek farms are the leading producers of farmed sea bass in the world.
Norway is a leading producer of salmon.
Canada produces over 70,000 tons of Atlantic and Pacific salmon The largest production province in Canada is British Columbia with over 100
salmon farms.
Expanding markets are underway in Argentina, Algeria, Puerto Rico, Scotland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Ireland, Russia, Indonesia, New Zealand, Thailand, the Philippines, India and many other nations
Many of the countries most actively engaged in developing aquaculture industries are doing so
Because local waters have been overfished to the point where natural stocks of finfish and shellfish have been severely depleted
Aquaculture AbroadA shrimp farm is an aquaculture
business for the cultivation of marine shrimp for human consumption
Commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970sProduction grew steeplyParticularly to match the market
demands of the U.S., Japan and Western Europe
About 75% of farmed shrimp is produced in Asia In particular in China and ThailandThe largest exporting nation is
Thailand
Aquaculture AbroadFrom Research to Reality:
Biotechnology solutions to the Shrimp Industry
The Shrimp Biotechnology Business Unit (SBBU) was established by the Thailand National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) in Bangkok, Thailand
SSBU has been working since 1999 to commercialize solutions developed by the Thai research to help the shrimp industry
http://www.usm.my/7AFF2004/7th%20Asian%20Fisheries%20Forum_files/MainExhibition.htm
Aquaculture AbroadSBBU develops
diagnostic kits PCR kits and test strips
And also provides expertise in shrimp health managementWhich ranges from
diagnostic analysis, to contract research for the shrimp industry, training and consulting.
http://www.usm.my/7AFF2004/7th%20Asian%20Fisheries%20Forum_files/MainExhibition.htm
Local Aquaculture The HBOI Aquaculture Division's
mission is to develop economically feasible and environmentally sustainable methods to farm aquatic organisms for
Food Sport Stock enhancement Aquarium markets Pharmaceuticals
The Aquaculture Division is a leader in the research and development of culture technologies for
Molluscs Crustaceans Marine ornamentals Food fish Seaweed Biomedical species
http://www.hboi.edu/index_04.html
Environmental Applications of Aquatic BiotechnologyUnfortunately the world's oceans have long served as
dumping grounds for the wastes of humanity and industrialization
Little thought has been given to the effect of pollution on Fish stocks Marine organisms and the environment
Clearly oceans do not have an infinite ability to accept waste products without consequences
Critical wetlands and other estuarine habitats important for the spawning of many marine species and the growth of young marine organisms are showing signs of severe decline due to pollution and human impact
Environmental Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology
The variety of environmental applications of marine biotechnology is quite astounding
From developing new ways of dealing with biofouling on engineered materials in the ocean environment
Bioremediation and restoration of damaged marine habitatsMonitoring for disease outbreak and management of
natural resourceshttp://www.marinebiotech.org/biorem.html
Environmental Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology
Biofilming, also called biofouling, refers to the attachment of organisms to surfaces
These surfaces could be manmade surfaces such as Hulls of ships Inner lining of pipes Cement walls, and pilings used
around piers Bridges Buildings
Biofilming also occurs on the surface of marine organisms, especially shellfish
http://www.marinebiotech.org/biorem.html
Environmental Applications of Aquatic BiotechnologyBiofilming occurs
In the plumbing of your homeOn contact lenses, and In your mouth
Bacteria that coat your teeth and bacteria that adhere to implanted surgical devices and prostheses are examples of biofilming
Environmental Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology
As a result, researchers are investigating the natural mechanisms that many organisms use to prevent biofouling on their own surface
If biofilming is a problem for both manmade surfaces and the surfaces of marine organisms
How do clams, mussels, and even turtles minimize biofilming and thus prevent their shells from being completely closed by biofilming organisms?
Some organisms are thought to produce repelling substances while other organisms appear to produce molecules that block adhesion of biofilming organisms (Figure 10.15)
Environmental RemediationNative microorganisms or genetically engineered strains
have been used to degrade chemicals
In much the same way, marine organisms possess unique mechanisms for breaking down substances Including toxic organic chemicals such as phenols and toluene Oil products found in harbors and adjacent to oil rigs, and Toxic metals
One of the earliest techniques used in marine remediation involved increasing the quantity of shellfish in polluted areas
Because these organisms strain the water during feeding They act as a form of estuarine filters to remove wastes such as
nitrogen compounds and organic chemicals
Environmental RemediationMicrobiologists at the
USDA have experimented with growing nitrogen metabolizing algae on large mats called scrubbers So that they can be used as
natural filters
Scrubbers work like charcoal filters in an aquarium In that they bind nitrogenous
wastes
Water contaminated with
farm animal wastes is passed over the scrubbers The algae absorb and
metabolize the wastes