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AquaPark Project Final eReport

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AquaPark Project Final eReport

Planning and management of aquaculture parks for

sustainable development of cage farms in the Philippines (AQUAPARK)

Project Partners

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Akvaplan-niva AS, Tromso, Norway

Map and Marine, Scotland

www.aqua-park.asia

Map and

Marine

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Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................5

1.1 Project Rationale and objectives ...........................................................................6

1.2 Case study areas ...................................................................................................7

1.2.1 Existing mariculture park ...................................................................................7

1.2.2 Existing aquaculture to be incorporated into a mariculture park .......................8

1.2.3 New mariculture park area ................................................................................8

1.2.4 Government capacity-building ..........................................................................8

1.3 Mariculture parks concept ....................................................................................8

1.4 Status of Mariculture Parks. ..................................................................................9

2. Project activities ........................................................................................................ 11

2.1 Production analysis of Panabo and Sual Mariculture Parks ................................. 12

2.2 Environmental impact at Panabo and Sual Mariculture Parks ............................. 15

2.3 Farmer issues - Caretaker, owner, science and Institution ................................... 20

2.4 Socio-economic analysis ..................................................................................... 29

2.5 Economics of the Mariculture Parks in selected areas of the Philippines ............. 38

2.5.1 Panabo City Mariculture Park .......................................................................... 38

2.5.2 Sual Mariculture Park (SMP). ........................................................................... 39

2.6 Use of modeling to predict wave height and exposure ........................................ 43

2.7 Mooring design for exposed sites........................................................................ 47

2.8 Use of GIS and wave modeling for site selection (5 pages Rune and Regie) ......... 51

2.9 Use of modelling for carrying capacity estimation, site optimisation and IMTA ... 58

2.9.1 TROPOMOD model validation ......................................................................... 58

2.9.2 AquaPark TROPOMOD modelling .................................................................... 58

2.9.3 TROPOMOD modelling of Sual AquaPark ......................................................... 59

2.9.4 TROPOMOD modelling of Panabo AquaPark ................................................... 60

2.9.5 Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and TROPOMOD modelling ...... 61

2.9.6 TROPOMOD educational software and AquaPark zoning tools ........................ 63

3. Project recommendations .......................................................................................... 64

3.1 Site selection criteria .......................................................................................... 64

3.2 Oil spill response planning .................................................................................. 69

3.2.1 Factors affecting oil spill impacts ..................................................................... 70

3.2.2 Oil spill contingency planning .......................................................................... 72

3.2.3 Developing a contingency plan ........................................................................ 73

3.3 Better Management Practices for Mariculture Parks ........................................... 75

3.4 Development of a framework for Mariculture Park development and operation 78

3.4.1 Recommended Mariculture park Framework and implementation plan .......... 79

4. Conclusions (5 pages)................................................................................................. 86

Annex 1. BMPs in Tagalog ................................................................................................. 87

KABANATA I. GABAY SA PAGTATAYO NG FISH FARM ..............................................................3

Mga Tagubilin sa Pagpili ng Disenyo:...................................................................................3

Mga Tagubilin sa Pagpili ng ng Materyales na Gagamitin ....................................................4

Sustainability ......................................................................................................................4

KABANATA II. GABAY SA PAGPILI AT PAGBILI NG ....................................................................6

FRY AT FINGERLING ................................................................................................................6

Mga Tagubilin sa Pagpili at Pagbili: .....................................................................................6

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Mga Tagubilin sa Pangongolekta: ........................................................................................6

Mga Tagubilin sa Pag-aaklimata: .........................................................................................7

KABANATA III. GABAY SA PAMAMAHALA NG OPERASYON SA NURSERY .................................8

Paglilinis ng Fishpond ..........................................................................................................8

Paglalagay ng Apog .............................................................................................................8

Paglalagay ng Lambat .........................................................................................................9

Paglalagay ng Pataba at Pagtatambak .................................................................................9

Pagdi-disinpekta ............................................................................................................... 10

Paglalagay ng Aerator ....................................................................................................... 11

Mga Dapat Tandaan sa Pag-mentena ng Fishpond ............................................................ 11

Stocking ............................................................................................................................ 11

Mga Gabay Sa Tamang Pakain .......................................................................................... 13

Paraan ng Pangangalaga ng Kaledad ng Tubig ................................................................... 14

KABANATA IV. GABAY SA TAMANG PAGPILI NG KLASE NG FEEDS AT WASTONG PAGPAPAKAIN ...................................................................................................................... 16

Gabay sa pagpili ng kaledad ng feeds ................................................................................ 16

Gabay sa tamang pagpapakain ......................................................................................... 16

Gabay sa paggamit ng trash fish ....................................................................................... 17

Gabay sa tamang pag-iimbak ng feeds .............................................................................. 17

Gabay sa wastong pagmamarka ng feeds ......................................................................... 18

Gabay sa wastong paggamit ng feeds na may halong gamot at iba pang kemikal.............. 18

Mga gabay upang maiwasan ang polusyon sa tubig dulot ng feeds ................................... 18

KABANATA V. GABAY SA PANGANGALAGA NG KALUSUGAN NG ISDA ................................... 19

Mga gabay para maiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng sakit ang isda ......................................... 19

Mga gabay upang maiwasan ang pagkalat ng sakit ........................................................... 20

Mga gabay at hakbang sa panahon ng epidemya .............................................................. 21

Mga gabay at hakbang pagkatapos ng epidemya .............................................................. 21

Mga gabay sa wastong paggamit ng gamot at kemikal para sa kaligtasan ng mga taong kakain nito ........................................................................................................................ 21

Mga gabay sa wastong pagtatapon ng gamot at kemikal .................................................. 22

KABANATA VI. GABAY SA PANGANGALAGA NG MGA ISDANG MAY SAKIT ............................ 23

Mga palatandaan na dapat bantayan: ............................................................................... 23

Mga hakbang na dapat gawin: .......................................................................................... 23

KABANATA VII. GABAY SA TAMANG PAG-MONITOR NG PRODUKSYON ................................ 25

Mga gabay sa paggawa ng talaan ...................................................................................... 25

KABANATA VIII. GABAY SA WASTONG PAGSASAGAWA NG PAG-AANI (HARVESTING) ........... 26

Pagpapalabas ng tubig sa fishpond ................................................................................... 26

Netting ............................................................................................................................. 26

Wastong Pagtatabi at Pagtatapon ng mga Materyales at Kasangkapan ............................ 27

Wastong Paggamit, Pagtatabi at Pagtatapon ng Gamot at Kemikal ................................... 27

Wastong Pagtatapon ng Tubig (effluent) .......................................................................... 27

Mga Gabay sa Pagtatala .................................................................................................... 28

KABANATA IX. GABAY SA WASTONG PAGSASAGAWA NG POST-HARVEST ............................ 29

Mga paghahanda na dapat gawin bago mag-harvest ........................................................ 29

Mga gabay sa wastong pag-harvest .................................................................................. 29

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Mga gabay sa tamang pag-package ng isda ....................................................................... 30

Mga gabay sa pagbiyahe ng isda ....................................................................................... 30

KABANATA X. PATNUBAY UPANG MAIWASAN ANG PAG-ALPAS NG ISDA ............................. 31

KABANATA XI. MGA PATNUBAY SA PANGANGALAGA NG KAPAKANAN NG ISDA (FISH WELFARE) ............................................................................................................................. 32

KABANATA XII. MGA PATNUBAY SA PANGANGALAGA NG KAPALIGIRAN .............................. 33

Mga hakbang bago magtayo ng fish farm ......................................................................... 33

Mga patnubay pagkatapos matayo ang fish farm: ............................................................. 33

BIBLIOGRAPIYA: .................................................................................................................... 34

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1. Introduction The Philippine Government promotes aquaculture to contribute for its food security and poverty alleviation programs. With its expanded fish production program in late 60’s to early mid 80’s, aquaculture’s contribution were mostly coming from brackishwater culture in fishponds where some if not most were former mangrove forests but converted for pond development and fish culture. In big inland water bodies, e.g., Laguna de Bay and Taal Lake, etc., fin fish notably milkfish (locally called bangus) and Tilapia have been reared, and such provide a steady fish supply in the local markets especially in Metro Manila area and neighbouring provinces. Declining trend of marine fishes caught by municipal (small-scale fishers) and commercial fishing boat operators (with over 3 gross tons of boats/vessels) prompted the government in partnership with private sectors to intensify aquaculture and in recent years had formalized it as forefront program for the country’s incremental fisheries production. However, due to inadequate planning, implementation and poor monitoring including weak regulations particularly at the local level, aquaculture practices especially fish cages in some areas encountered environmental degradation and had occurrence of fish kills. Credible coastal environment coupled with widespread socioeconomic welfare of marginalized group still remain a recurring issues. Aquaculture in the Philippines is an important part of rural development, poverty alleviation and source of livelihood in rural areas. However aquaculture activities are not well-planned, managed, monitored nor regulated, leading to “hot spots” of over-development. Consequently, this led to environmental degradation and the occurrence of fish kill incidents. The local government units (LGUs) which have jurisdiction over aquaculture management have not yet realized the importance of ecosystem-based management of a shared water body. At the moment, the government is encouraging the development of aquaculture parks where zones are identified and allocated for aquaculture development. With existing laws, local government units (LGUs) has the administrative jurisdiction over its territorial municipal waters of which aquaculture zone (or sub-zone) if found technically, socially and environmentally feasible would be allocated preferably for the small-scale and poor fishing communities and its legitimacy would be through the passage of LGUs legislation (e.g., approved local ordinance). And considering that the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the Department of Agriculture’s Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) are the primary national government agencies that provides technical assistance to guide and enhance the LGUs and its constituent’s capability, aquaculture practices therefore, would become an industry and expectedly its existence, expansion and transformation into a mariculture park requires harmonization with the coastal environment. In one study area such as Panabo, the DA-BFAR have been pro-actively addressing poverty issues by providing fish cages as livelihood (start-up) to poor fishing families that passed government initiated training-seminar. However, the competency of LGUs, private

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sectors and peoples’ organizations (POs) on ecosystems approach for the establishment and implementation of aquacultural systems in their respective areas, coupled with strict enforcement of environment regulations for aquaculture development until recently has remained a compelling issue; and, such lead to adversely affect the socioeconomic well-being of the poor coastal resource users in these areas. To further strengthen government’s program in promoting the development of mariculture park where clusters of qualified small-scale farmers and private sectors are encouraged to relocate in designated coastal areas, environmental monitoring and modelling towards sustainable AquaPark implementation was found necessary, of which a socioeconomic study is part of it.

1.1 Project Rationale and objectives The project AquaPark “Planning and management of aquaculture parks for sustainable development of cage farms in the Philippines” has provided technical assistance to BFAR for planning and management of Mariculture Parks to ensure responsible and sustainable development. Project rationale The project aimed to enhance the government’s capabilities in identifying new aquaculture zones, calculate sustainable aquaculture carrying-capacity for these zones, and develop guidelines for good aquaculture practice in these zones. This will allow the Government to plan the development of new aquaculture areas in a responsible and sustainable way based on the carrying capacity of the area for aquaculture. The project has selected three case study areas:

existing mariculture park area (Panabo Mariculture Park)

existing aquaculture production area that could be incorporated into a mariculture park (Sual, Pangasinan, Philippines)

new area identified for aquaculture development (Quezon Province, Philippines) The project developed the tools and framework for the identification of potential new areas for aquaculture in areas. It worked with stakeholders in existing mariculture parks to develop better management practices and analyse the different aquaculture business models and the positive and negative socio-economic impacts leading to increased profitability, socio-economic benefits and improved sustainability in relation to the environment. Main objectives

To demonstrate the methodology for selecting new aquaculture zones

To adapt and verify the wave and structural models to Asian conditions

To train Government staff in the use of the models for planning new zones for aquaculture and to calculate carrying capacity and optimal use of the sites

To assess the environmental impact of existing mariculture parks and compare this to existing un-zoned aquaculture development.

To develop guidelines for Local Government Units (LGUs) for the establishment of mariculture zones

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To develop better management practice guidelines for park management councils

To develop better practice guidelines for stakeholders in the park

To develop a sustainable business model that will encourage stakeholders to relocate into the zone and benefit from cooperating with others in the production and marketing of their product.

To use GIS to identify potential areas for zones

To disseminate results to policy makers, farmers, scientific community and other relevant stakeholders

Develop a capacity building program for LGUs for the establishment and management of aquaculture zones within their jurisdiction.

To provide the Government of the Philippines the tools for planning responsible and sustainable cage culture.

1.2 Case study areas

The project selected 3 case study areas.

The project selected three case study areas:– Panabo - existing

mariculture park area

– Sual - existing aquaculture production area that could be incorporated into a mariculture park

– Quezon Provence -new area identified for aquaculture development

1.2.1 Existing mariculture park Case study Panabo Mariculture Park

Conduct a survey to: o determine the hydrodynamic characteristics of the area (currents, dispersion); o determine the present aquaculture impact inside and outside the mariculture

park; o analyse the production data; o analyse the production methodology and performance; and o analyse the management structure for the zone (producers, LGUs, BFAR);

Model the optimal use of the area for production using Tropomod Model

Recommend maximum sustainable carrying capacity

Recommend impact mitigation strategies (integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, use of biological filtration, fallowing, etc.)

Prepare draft Codes of Best Practice for aquaculture

Prepare guidelines for the management of the mariculture park to enhance the individual stakeholder profitability (bulk purchasing, consolidated sales)

Prepare guidelines for management of the mariculture park for sustainability (planning, management, monitoring and control)

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1.2.2 Existing aquaculture to be incorporated into a mariculture park Case study Sual Mariculture Park

Conduct a survey to o determine the hydrodynamic characteristics of the area (currents, dispersion); o determine the present aquaculture impact in the area; o analyse the production data; and o analyse the production methodology and performance

Undertake modelling for o the production in area to identify the most suitable zone for production using

Tropomod Model o wave height and cage construction type to identify how exposed the cages

could be

Identify the most suitable zone for aquaculture

Recommend the optimal sustainable carrying capacity for that zone

Discuss with the farmers how they could relocate their production to that zone

Recommend management strategies for managing and monitoring environmental impact in the zone


1.2.3 New mariculture park area

Case study Quezon Province

Using GIS, identify potential new area for aquaculture based on exposure, wave height, bathymetry and current data

Conduct a survey to o determine the hydrodynamic characteristics of the area (currents, dispersion)

for data to feed into the modelling o baseline survey of sediments and water column (before aquaculture starts)

Model the potential sustainable carrying capacity for the zone using Tropomod model


Discuss with LGUs the licensing, management, monitoring and control of the production in the zone

1.2.4 Government capacity-building

Develop a coherent set of guidelines for the planning, management, monitoring and regulation of aquaculture parks (marine and freshwater)

Train Philippine government staff on baseline survey methodology

Use models for zoning and carrying-capacity

1.3 Mariculture parks concept Initiatives to develop more Mariculture Parks (MPs) are now inexorable thus, there is a need develop control measures to make MPs sustainable. On top of this, determining the economic viability of the different aquacultural systems operating in the MPs and the economic benefits of the MPs while ascertaining the option that will lead sustainable development, is necessary.

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The features of a Mariculture Park, beside the accuracy in site selection, that make its operation efficient, cost-effective and sustainable must be maintained. These are:

it is an integrated business approach in aquaculture in partnership with the private and public sectors;

its concept is patterned after the development of an industrial estate in the sea, wherein aquaculture plots are leased to investors/aquafarmers;

the infrastructure (mooring systems, navigation lanes and docking areas), utilities (support facilities) and technical services are provided by the government;

its development follows a pro-environment outlook;

it is a valuable tool for coastal resources management wherein the government manages and regulate the activities, number and sizes of cages and other structures;

it creates an enabling environment wherein aquaculture farmers can operate their farms securely, cost-effectively and sustainably;

The industry support systems extend throughout the whole supply/value chain;

the management of mariculture parks is ecosystem-based and takes into consideration the ecological, social, economic and institutional aspects of development; and

the major goals are to ensure food security and create livelihood opportunities for coastal communities.

1.4 Status of Mariculture Parks. The total number of cages in forty-six Mariculture Park’s (as of 2009) is 2,137 of which 1,559 are growing milkfish; 578 cages are growing groupers, siganids and seaweeds. The number of Mariculture Park s is continually increasing (50 Mariculture Park s as of April 2010 and 55 as of January 14, 2011). These are strategically located in various points along the East Seaboard and West Seaboard designed to connect the Philippine Mariculture Industry to the international market through a live fish trade network. Of the 46 mariculture parks established in 2009, only seven can be considered operating on commercial scale while the others are at various levels of development, are newly-established and still others need to be rehabilitated. The benefits of MARICULTURE PARKs so far recorded are: increased fish production from marine cage industry (from 321 MT in 1997 to 62,097 MT in 2007); job opportunities and reduced illegal fishing activities. The identified issues and concerns of Mariculture Park operation are summarized as follows:

Inequitable resource use and limited capital of small fisherfolks. This has led to the perception that Mariculture Parks are pro-rich which would further marginalize the poor fisher folks;

Employment of the fisherfolks in Mariculture Parks are short-lived, several of them are not re-hired

In response to these issues, the government launched the “rent-to-own Cage Project” as initial livelihood assistance for the displaced fisherfolks. The critical factors that enhanced or constrained the growth of Mariculture Parks were identified as follows:

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quality of governance of both LGU and the national governments;

involvement of rural communities and other stakeholders throughout the development process;

availability of support systems (ancillary industries, financing, technology, market and infrastructure) and

environmental management.

Panabo Mariculture Park About 1,075 ha of marine water body was designated as the Mariculture Park in 2006 in pursuance to City Ordinance No. 02 – 06, “An Ordinance Establishing the Panabo Mariculture Park (PMP)”. Within this area, about 60 ha were allocated for marine fish cage and 20 ha for seaweed production all adjacent to 3 coastal barangays/ village namely: J.P. Laurel, San Pedro and Cagangohan. As of July 27, 2010 results of monitoring and inventory from Panabo Marine Park Technical Working Group (PMP-TWG) showed that 348 unit operators have already occupied the area and within the year since its establishment in 2006 and expected to expand into 431 cages until the end of 2010. Collective information from PMP-TWG revealed that to have such total number of fish cages, the allocated marine water area could still maintain its carrying capacity. However, said report indicated that about eight (8) units had intentionally ceased operation due to high operating costs, sixteen (16) units were already destroyed (by typhoon), one hundred twenty-two (122) units have no fish stock due to financial constraints, sixteen (16) units are under repair and only one hundred eighty six (186) cage units have fish stocks. This particular situation was confirmed from information collected during the assessment. Sual Mariculture Park Available reports mentioned that there are already 400 units of fish cages placed in the area located in water closed to Cabalatian Island, a barangay with over 200 household and place of more than 200 people working in various fish cages as caretakers, fish feeders, supervisors, security (at night) and net cleaners/repairers. Local government supposedly limit the maximum number of fish cage units to 300 but accordingly some operators had violated this local policy, one reason its number had increased tremendously. Such proliferation of fish cage units in any area(s) strongly manifest that aquacultural farming practices are not yet into the Marine Park system, coupled with inadequate law enforcements and weak monitoring and evaluation system including its corresponding organizational and management system. Approved Municipal Ordinance No. 130 series of 2008 states among others, that fish cages shall be established in municipal waters along Cabalatian Island that composed of 4 Clusters where each Cluster has 4 stations with corresponding technical descriptions (coordinates) with 20 ha per cluster and shall have 20m X 20m distance between cages and shall have a minimum of 100 to a maximum of 300 fish cage units within the said designated area. Further, the said ordinance states that individual operator maybe granted not more than 15 fish cage units; and, a judicial applicant / company operator maybe granted not more than 50 fish cage units.

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As provided in the said Municipal Ordinance, the minimum size of fish cages shall be 12m diameter and maximum size of 19m diameter for circular cages; and for rectangular fish cages it has a minimum size of 12m X 12M and maximum of 18m X 18m of which the distance between rows and columns of fish cages is 20m and 200m between clusters.

2. Project activities Stakeholder issue identification Different types of stakeholders were asked to identify issues about Mariculture Parks.

Care takers and farm owner operators

Science

Institutions The conclusions from the stakeholder’s meeting were that the AquaPark should provide the following technical assistance

Carrying capacity estimation

Site optimisation (layout)

Identifying new areas for mariculture parks

Improve mooring design

Develop an Oil spill contingency plan Environmental survey Environmental surveys were undertaken in the case study areas for

Bathymetry

Current speed, direction and duration

Impact on the sediment by aquaculture Development of oil spill contingency plan A working report was made which attempted to summarise the measures that Mariculture parks can take to be prepared to deal with oil spills. Development of Better Management Practices (BMPs) for cage operators Draft BMPs were developed for cage operators for responsible and sustainable operation of fish cages on Mariculture Parks Socio-economic survey

This socio-economic survey analysed the positive (and negative) impacts either perceived or verifiable impacts of implementing Mariculture Parks for

farmer-beneficiaries,

Upstream and downstream stakeholders and

Local communities and LGUs. Economic survey

Investigate the economics and economic benefits of mariculture parks for the different types of locators and for the local Government/BFAR MP development, technical and infrastructure support in case study areas.

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Assess and compare the economic influence of MPs in the case study locations and the comparative regional differences for input costs and market prices

The key components of this investigation are to assess the economics of:

Different aquacultural farming systems in the MPs;

LGU and BFAR support for setting up and providing support of the MP

Differences in regional input cost comparisons,

Cost/benefit and breakeven analysis for support infrastructure

Local and regional market analysis comparisons. Identification of potential new areas for aquaculture using GIS Site selection methodology was developed using GIS layers and buffers to identify suitable mariculture Park areas.

2.1 Production analysis of Panabo and Sual Mariculture Parks

Production survey were undertaken to determine the link between production and environmental impacts. The result of these surveys can be used by the executive management committee of the mariculture park as basis in proper siting of cages, proper stocking density and feeding management. Together with the result of the environmental survey, carrying-capacity of the area can also be estimated. This will help ensure the sustainability of the mariculture park program in particular and the aquaculture industry in general. This paper will describe and compare the milkfish production at the established mariculture park, the Panabo City Mariculture Park (PCMP) and on the process of being established as a mariculture park, the Sual mariculture, and their relative impact to the environment. Panabo City Mariculture Park The production survey was conducted at PCMP in April 2010. It is located at Barangays San Pedro, Cagangohan and J.P. Laurel, Panabo, Davao Oriental. It was established in 2006, and supported by Ordinance No. 02-06. It has a total area of 1,075 hectares, wherein 33 ha were allocated for marine fish cages and 20 ha for seaweed farming. An expansion of more than 30 ha for marine cages has been proposed. There were a total of 302 fish cages installed. However, not all were operational. Some were recently harvested, while others are in the fallowing stage, e.g. cleaning and repairing of nets, etc. The species cultured in this mariculture park are milkfish, which is the most common, followed by siganids, grouper and pomfret. The sampling size used in this survey was 85 cages, covering those cages culturing milkfish, grouper, siganid, pomfret, and a polyculture of milkfish and siganids. The total biomass is 324,670.60 kg wherein milkfish monoculture has the highest biomass (please see Table 1 for the summary).

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Table 1 Total biomass of species culture at Panabo City Mariculture Park

SPECIES CULTURED BIOMASS (kg) Total Biomass (%)

Milkfish monoculture 275,896.25 84.97

Milkfish-Siganid polyculture 48,470* 14.93

Grouper culture 186.85 0.06

Pomfret (Pampano) Culture 117.5 0.04

TOTAL 324,670.60

*An estimate of the total biomass as some data for siganid weight and length are not available.

During the survey, 76% of the respondents (N=65) are practicing monoculture of milkfish. They are on the different stages of culture, namely, 9.2% are in the starter stage, 66.2% are in the grower stage, while 24.6% are in the finisher stage. The total cage volume occupied by milkfish culture is 26,710 m3, wherein the average cage volume is 400 m3 (N=56). Other cage volume ranges from 200m3 (N=1), 350 m3 (N=1), 480 m3 (N=2), 500 m3 (N=2) and 600m3 (N=3). The average biomass is 3,278.87 kg

Figure 1 A typical 10m x 10m x 4 m fish cage

The production cycle from stocking to harvest range from two to 5 months, while the average is 4.3 months. Those farmers that engaged in shorter culture period start at the grower stage, rather than with fry/fingerlings which is the normal practice. The average stocking is 15,000 fry per cage. Survival rate The survival rate of this production cycle ranges from 53.3% to 100%, wherein the average is 96.9%. The highest mortality occurs during the stocking period, wherein mortalities are as much as 43% of the total fry stocked. The respondents attribute this to the poor quality of fry/fingerling, the source of fry, to stress related to transport, inadequate acclimation period prior to transfer to the cages and changes related to weather conditions. Growth rate The monthly growth rate ranges from 59.3% to 825%, wherein the average is 228.2%. There is no significant difference (F=1.6439; p=0.2012 at 95% C.I.) on the average growth rate of the fish between the when 3 commonly used feeds were considered as a

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factor, i.e Brand X (266.1%), Brand Y (209.1%) and Brand Z (168.9%). Two brands of feeds were not included in the analyses since only 2 of the respondents used them. Feeding ratio On the average, the culture period for starter stage is 30 days, 60 days for grower stage and 30 days for the finisher stage. The feeding rate per day ranges from 0.73% to 20.83%, wherein the average falls to 4.09%. This translates to 20 kg to 107 kg of feeds used per day per cage. There is significant difference on feeding rate among the culture stages (F=34.415; p=0.00 at 95% C.I.). Those in the starter stage are fed more relative to biomass, with an average feeding rate of 11.45%, followed by grower, 3.23% and 2.82% for finisher. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) The feed conversion ratio differs between stages of the culture period. During starter stage the average FCR is 2.2:1, 2.3:1 during the grower stage, and 1.0:1 at the finisher. The average mean throughout the culture period is estimated at 2.17. SUAL MARICULTURE The survey was also conducted in April 2010. There were 30 respondents used for this survey. They are using polar circle, with an average cage volume of 7,433 m3, with an average biomass of 81 mT.

Figure 2 Typical polar cages in Sual mariculture area.

The production cycle from stocking to harvest ranges from 6 to 10 months, with an average of 9 months. The average stocking is 108,000 fry per cage. Survival rate The survival rate is lower than Panabo, with an average of 81.3%. The highest mortality occurs during the stocking period and a few weeks after that. Growth rate, feeding ratio and FCR The average feeding ratio per day is 1.71% and the average monthly growth rate is 77.8%. The average mean FCR throughout the culture period is estimated at 2.17.

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Table 2 Description of production in Panabo and Sual. All figures are given in average.

Mariculture Park

Biomass (mT)

Cage size (m3)

Stocking (pcs)

Survival rate (%)

Culture period (mos.)

Feeding ratio (%)

Monthly growth rate (%)

FCR Ignition Loss

550oC (%)

pH Dark layer (cm)

Panabo 3.28 400 15,000 96.9 4.3 4.09 228.2 2.17 7.82 7.8 10.8

Sual 81.0 7,433 108,000 81.3 9 1.71 77.8 2.3 9.94 7.8 15.09

2.2 Environmental impact at Panabo and Sual Mariculture Parks

The spatial extent and level of local environmental impact caused by a fish farm is determined by natural conditions such as bottom topography, sediments and currents, in combination with the size of fish production and operational practices. A major factor in preserving environmental quality is an optimal location and operation of the farm, conforming to the existing environmental conditions. Organic enrichment in the sediments is one of the most important environmental effects associated with fish farming. The primary causes are wasted food pellets and fish excrements. In areas with water currents insufficient to remove of spread this material over a larger area, organic material may accumulate on sea floor below or in the vicinity of fish farms and there can be a build up of nutrients leading to eutrophication and possibly algal blooms. Bacterial decomposition may lead to anoxic conditions in the sediments and overlying water and to formation of methane and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas. Both low oxygen concentrations the presence of methane and H2S have detrimental effects (eg. Reduced growth rates, increased disease frequencies) on fish in the cages near the impacted areas. Under extreme conditions, anoxic water and the toxic gasses may even cause mortality and algal blooms to develop. Environmental survey

Analysis of the bathymetry of the area

Profiling of temperature, salinity, and oxygen levels through the water

Sediment analysis

Survey of current speed and direction Hydrography The hydrographic data was measured with a electronic CTDO probe (YSI). The probe measures conductivity (salinity), temperature, depth and oxygen every 5 seconds as the probe is lowered from the surface to the bottom. CTDO measurements were collected. This gives hydrographic profiles through the water column, which will reveal any stratification or oxygen depletion at the site.

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Current measurements The currents were measured with electronic current meters (type Aanderaa RCM9lw). The current meters were programmed to measure temperature, current-speed and current-direction every 10 minutes. Sampling and treatment of bottom samples Benthic sampling consists of two main components:

Sediment investigation (sediment chemistry, grain size and field notes of the visual and olfactory sediment characteristics) conducted at all stations.

Semi quantitative benthic fauna analysis. Sampling equipment Sampling was carried out with a 0.05 m2 modified van Veen grab and a gravity corer (See Figure below). The grab had hinged and lockable inspection flaps constructed of 0.5 mm mesh. The upper side of each flap was covered by additional rubber flap allowing water to pass freely through the grab during lowering, yet closing the grab to prevent the sediment surface being disturbed by water currents during hauling.

Grab Gravity Corer Sampling treatment At the semi-quantitative stations, one chemical and one biological grab sample were taken. Sub-samples for analyses of organic carbon (Ignition loss) and sulphate were removed from the chemical samples. Each sample was visually inspected to ensure there was no sediment disturbance. Sediment for the chemical analysis was taken from the upper 2 cm layer. The samples were frozen. The volume of the sediment that contained the biological samples was recorded and gently sieved through a 1mm round hole sieve immersed in sea water. The fauna for the

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semi-quantitative sample were then preserved in 4 % formaldehyde solution stained with rose bengal and neutralized with borax. At the corer stations, one sample were taken. The corer was photographed and the “black” layer was measured, then the top 2-4 cm was taken for chemical analysis. The samples were frozen. Sediment characteristics Each sample was described with respect to sediment type, smell, color, larger living animals and any other obvious features (i.e. visible organic layer, bacteria, feces, fish food etc.). Survey results During the environmental survey, the following data were taken: CTDO, grab, corer, water depth, and water sample. These methodologies will analyse the sediment condition, hydrodynamics and bathymetry. In Sual there were 33 stations sampled, while there were 20 stations taken at PCMP. This paper will discuss the sediment conditions of the two mariculture areas. Sediment Condition In analyzing the sediment condition, it is important to note the organic carbon content, species of flora and fauna present and pH. Black layer of the corer column was also noted to measure the depth of H2S, which will give information on the anaerobic layer.

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Ignition loss is related to the organic carbon content of the sediment. In Sual, the value ranges from 4.48% to 17.85%, with an average of 9.94%. On the other hand, Panabo has the value ranges from 3.04% to 11.42%, with an average of 7.82%. These values are lower when compared to Sual. This is also consistent with the result of the corer, wherein it registered a column of 0-45 cm in Sual, with an average of 15.09 cm, compared with 10.08 cm average in Panabo with a range of 6 to 20 cm. There is no significant difference between the pH values. Both Panabo and Sual has an average of 7.8.

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Production and Sediment Condition Analysis

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Table 2 shows the relationship between stocking, FCR, organic carbon content and black layer of the corer. Results show that the higher the stocking and FCR are, the higher the organic carbon content and the anaerobic layer of the sediments also.

Figure 3. Corer column showing anoxic layer (left picture) and healthy sediment condition (right picture).

Table 3 Description of production in Panabo and Sual. All figures are given in average.

Mariculture Park

Biomass (mT)

Cage size (m3)

Stocking (pcs)

Survival rate (%)

Culture period (mos.)

Feeding ratio (%)

Monthly growth rate (%)

FCR Ignition Loss

550oC (%)

pH Dark layer (cm)

Panabo 3.28 400 15,000 96.9 4.3 4.09 228.2 2.17 7.82 7.8 10.8

Sual 81.0 7,433 108,000 81.3 9 1.71 77.8 2.3 9.94 7.8 15.09

CONCLUSION At present, environmental impacts from aquaculture and monitoring is concentrated on the water quality. Some parameters used in detecting water quality are unstable, e.g. ammonia, and moreover, water quality status just gives a snapshot of the present condition. It cannot provide information on the pollution which has accumulated over the years and on the sediment condition which is essential in aquaculture. It is recommended that sediment monitoring will also be taken as one of the strategies in determining the state of the water and sediment conditions.

2.3 Farmer issues - Caretaker, owner, science and Institution Farmer Issues The different issues and problems stated in this report were the outputs from the stakeholders workshop conducted in Sual, Pangasinan and Panabo, Davao Oriental and Mariculture Park Framework Workshop, wherein major stakeholders composed of farmers, owners, operator/caretakers, academe, research institutions, local government, local, provincial and national government agencies were represented. COMMON ISSUES: A. FARMERS Fish growth

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This refers to longer culture period, slower growth rate and poor food conversion ratio (FCR). Initially in Sual, it will take 150 days to grow milkfish to 500 g. However, at present, they need 200 days to produce 500g milkfish. This has resulted to production cost increase. High FCR is also a common problem. At the moment, they are getting 2.8 to 3.0:1. The farmers would like to at least have 2.5:1. They are looking to get a balance between satiation feeding to attain good growth rate and larger fish but with a high FCR, or underfeeding, slow growth rate with a low FCR. Cage design The farmers are looking for a cage design and appropriate materials that are economical and can withstand strong waves and typhoon. Sual is vulnerable to typhoon, high and strong waves. These conditions have created damage and loss of fish. Fingerling quality This refers to poor survival (ranging from 30-35% and in extreme cases, up to 50%), poor grading, poor sorting and poor growth performance. There is also a need for improved packing and fry conditioning. Fingerling supply There is fluctuation and unpredictability of supply, thus affecting the culture period and production of farmers. Some of the main problems seen are the mismatching between hatchery production and demand from fish farms and seasonality of fry. Feed Quality Poor feed quality often results to high FCR, slow growth rate and high production cost that can actually be avoided. These feeds often has poor digestibility and dissolves fast in water. Fish size-specific feed is also not available. Socio-economic The farmers expressed the need to heighten security inside the mariculture park area. There were incidence of poaching and slashing of nets, especially during harvest time. B. SCIENCE Fingerling quality The same concerns as those of the farmers were raised among the science groups. Feeding Management The most common type of feeding practice is the demand-type of feeding. There are different factors that affect feeding habits of fish which were not considered when the demand-feeding is employed. Moreover, there is also lack of feeding table and proper practices on feed storage. SPECIFIC ISSUES: These issues involve around the problems of farmers in accessing financial support, marketing support, vulnerability against natural calamities, exposure to land-based

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contaminations, inadequate or lack of political support and technical matters and skills needed in fish farming. Market and Marketing Instability of market The farmers have difficulty competing in the market since the ones that were grown at fishponds were cheaper than the ones grown in mariculture parks. This hinders them to raise their prices. Moreover, farmers have problems selling their products after harvesting. There is a lack of information regarding marketable areas. Access of competence on product marketing The market is not big enough to accommodate all the produce. The farmers are forced to sell at a very low price just to dispose their products. Unavailability of marketing support A major concern among financial institutions is the availability of the market, with a selling price which was targeted at the end of culture period for the products produced at MPs. Since it is important that farmers is able to get the revenue that they forecasted in their proposal when they made the loan application to financing institutions. Moreover, there is no market information system established in the Philippines as of the moment, especially for milkfish as well as facilities nor infrastructure that will support marketing, e.g. ice plant, cold storage, etc. Financing Delayed credit assistance for mariculture projects for farmers Due to high cost of investment, marginalized fisherfolk cannot afford to invest on marine fish cage as a form of livelihood. Lack of Integrated Economic Support system It refers to all financial aspects involving aquaculture. For example, the small-scale farmers have problems on accessing financing, acquiring insurance for their fish products, etc. Because of these, farmers are not able to upscale their business. Unavailable financing scheme for MP infrastructure Besides BFAR, no one else, for example private corporations nor Land Bank initiates funding for the development of the MP infrastructure, e.g. cages, mooring, fish landing site, etc. They can offer a “rent-to-own” scheme for small-scale farmers. This is seen as a big obstacle in the full development of Mariculture Park. Inaccessible loan system Small-scale fishermen are only able to run the culture for 2 croppings, after which, they don’t have any capital left for the next croppings. They have difficulty complying with the loan requirements. There is a need to simplify the loan requirements designed for small-scale fishermen to be able for them to comply. Technical Limited know-how on sea farming

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More training are needed for LGUs, small-scale farmers, investors, etc. regarding mariculture/aquaculture as most of them are originally fishermen. Lack of technical capacity on site selection in establishing a MP The LGUs and local communities needed some guidance on the process and scientific methodology during the site selection and establishment of MPs. Lack of standardized site selection criteria Mariculture Parks are established in areas without a scientific basis. Lay-outing of cages and establishment of buffers Spacing between cages, size of cages and sites where to establish cages were the problems cited. There is also lack of buffer zones at the mariculture parks which could have protected the farms from land-based wastes. Aquaculture Practices and Management This refers to poor hygiene practices. Some examples are poor cage cleaning and management. Diseases are also one of the problems. However, most of them were attributed to dirty nets which block the flow of water inside the cage and build-up of epiphytes that may be harmful to the fish being cultured. Social Due to the establishment of mariculture parks, there are small-scale fishers that were displaced from their fishing grounds. This has brought conflict among the fish farmers and fishers. Some common occurrences are poaching and intrusion inside of the mariculture park to fish, which is considered illegal. Moreover, maintaining the security becomes more difficult due to lack of equipment for law enforcement purposes. Another conflict is regarding the usage and area allocated for fish farming. There were some farmers that manage to get bigger area than the others. Political Political problems focus on lack of and/or inadequate LGU's political will and support. This was seen with the slow enactment and non-implementation of ordinances and policies related to MP operations and management. Infrastructure Space allocated for infrastructure e.g. bay for service boats, etc. is lacking. Climate and weather-related vulnerabilities Fishermen are experiencing losses and damages due to natural calamities such as typhoons and strong waves. Moreover, there is no contingency plan that can mitigate or alleviate the consequences. Contamination from land-based wastes

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Mariculture parks should be protected from risks of contamination from land-based wastes such as agricultural, domestic, and in some areas, from mining which are toxic. At present, contingency plans are absent.

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Summary of issues and problems identified during the workshops conducted with different stakeholders located in Sual (S), Panabo (P) and Mariculture Park Framework Workshop (MP).

CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES

FARMERS GROUP

SCIENCE GROUP

INSTITUTIONAL GROUP

AQUAPARK PROJECT

S P MP S P MP S P MP

Market and Marketing

Poor market price X

Instability of market X

Lack of access on competence for product marketing and marketing support

X

Growth Longer culture period, slower growth rate, poor FCR

X X X

High investment and production cost X X

Financing Delayed credit assistance for mariculture projects for farmers

X

Lack of integrated economic support system

X X

Unavailable financing scheme for MP infrastructure

X

Inaccessible loan system X

Technical Limited know-how on sea farming X

Lack of technical capacity on site selection for MP establishment

X Built capacity on the use of survey equipment, GIS and Wave modeling

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Lack of standardized site selection criteria

X Built capacity on the use of survey equipment, GIS and Wave modeling


FARMERS GROUP

SCIENCE GROUP

INSTITUTIONAL GROUP

AQUAPARK PROJECT


Cage design that economical and can withstand storm

X X STWave Modelling Output

Mooring design for appropriate for cages and expansion areas that are economical and sustainable

X Mooring experiment and prototype design

Lay-outing of cages and establishment of buffer zones

X X TROPOMOD Modelling outputs for for Panabo, Sual and Lamon Bay (?)

Fingerling Fluctuation of supply X X

Poor quality (survival, sorting, grading, growth)

X X X X

Feeds Poor feed quality X X X

Lack of fish size-specific feeds X

Aquaculture Practices and Management

Poor practices on feeding management X X X Best Management Practices Guidebook (English and Tagalog version) Poor cage cleaning and management X

Diseases X

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Social Poaching/Security X X X X X

Transboundary and users' conflict X X X X X

Lack of equipment for law enforcement purposes

X


FARMERS GROUP

SCIENCE GROUP

INSTITUTIONAL GROUP

AQUAPARK PROJECT


Displacement of small-scale fishermen X

Monopoly of farm ownership in the area X X

Political Non-implementation of ordinance and policies related to Mariculture Park operations and management

X X X

Lack of LGU political will and support X X

Infrastructure Lack of space allocated for infrastructure e.g. bay for service boats, etc.

X X

Weather-related Lack of contingency plan for climate change consequences

X

Vulnerability to typhoon and storms X

Contamination from environmental wastes

Risk from and lack of a contingency plan for mining and other toxic wastes

X X Follow-on AimSafe proposal

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Lack of a contingency plan for oil spills X Oil spill response and contingency planning with the LGU and BFAR, and Recommendations report

Lack of a contingency plan for agricultural and domestic wastes

X Best Management Practices Guidebook (English and Tagalog version)

Solid waste problems and water pollution X X X X

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2.4 Socio-economic analysis The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the Department of Agriculture’s Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) are the primary national government agencies that provides technical assistance to guide and enhance the LGUs and its constituent’s capability, aquaculture practices therefore, would become an industry and expectedly its existence, expansion and transformation into a mariculture park requires harmonization with the coastal environment. In one study area such as Panabo, the DA-BFAR have been pro-actively addressing poverty issues by providing fish cages as livelihood (start-up) to poor fishing families that passed government initiated training-seminar. However, the competency of LGUs, private sectors and peoples’ organizations (POs) on ecosystems approach for the establishment and implementation of aquacultural systems in their respective areas, coupled with strict enforcement of environment regulations for aquaculture development until recently has remained a compelling issue; and, such lead to adversely affect the socioeconomic well-being of the poor coastal resource users in these areas. To further strengthen government’s program in promoting the development of mariculture park where clusters of qualified small-scale farmers and private sectors are encouraged to relocate in designated coastal areas, environmental monitoring and modelling towards sustainable Mariculture Park implementation was found necessary, of which a socioeconomic study is part of it. Depending on the sizes in aquacultural farming systems, degree of engagement and/or dependency, the socioeconomic assessment initially considers the social side which include social acceptance, education and training, fish protein nutritional sufficiency, public health, resource use conflicts of interest, public awareness, value formation and accessibility to development opportunities and potentials – to determine of any social consequences that are happening and those that are likely to happen from specific projects and that following from government policy and/or regulations. On the economic side, it considers the income from member(s) of the family directly engaged working in aquaculture/MP including priority spending from such income, relative share of income from aquaculture with other household member’s income and the peripheral economic spread for those not directly engaged with such project.

Panabo Mariculture Park Capital Investments Initial data show that beginning 2008, investors have spent no less than PhP 470,000.00 for one (1) unit bamboo fish cage (10m x 10m x 4m) structure with 15,000 fingerlings stocked for grow-out. Recently, the reported cost of materials and labour to finish the same structure and costs of 15,000 fingerlings stocked rose to PhP 573,500.00. With the total of 348 fish cage units inside the 1,075 ha Mariculture Park, the capital investments poured into this area for fish cage alone may already have reached to PhP 199.6M (2010 price). This excludes the operating costs for feeds (600 bags per cropping or every 4 months) that accordingly would cost PhP 480,000.00.

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Permitting and Licensing Qualified beneficiaries / operators that engages into fish cage culture in the designated Mariculture Park area have to pay the annual license fee of PhP1,000.00 per cage to the City Government of Panabo. This is applicable to all fish cage operators including those that belong to the marginalized group. In barangay Cagangohan, every fish cage operator has to pay a Barangay Permit of PhP 350.00 per cage annually; PhP50.00 for fisherman’s identification card. Annual boat registration fee (and renewal) of PhP 100.00 for motorized boat and PhP50.00 for non-motorized are regularly practice. Before payment and issuance of these permits and licenses, one has to get a clearance certification from the Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Committee (BFARMC) whose duty among others is to screen, interview and ensure that all requirements including necessary supporting documents have been orderly submitted by concerned applicant. Revenue to Panabo City LGU and other LGUs Annual payment of license from fish cages in Mariculture Park’s and fishes that enters into the public wet market that paid cash receipts generates additional revenue to the City Government. It is estimated that with the 348 recorded fish cage units already established, the annual revenue that entered into the city’s treasury have reached PhP348,000.00. According to local information, a rough estimate of revenue coming from cash receipts paid by vendors (to market collectors) in the city’s public wet market with fishes exclusively harvested from Mariculture Park’s fish cages had reportedly reached over PhP50,000.00 a week (roughly PhP200,000.00 a month) as additional revenue for the city government. Some fish wholesalers that bought cage-cultured fishes from the Mariculture Park’s and sold in nearby municipalities have paid cash receipts (PhP0.50 per 20 kg of fish) as revenue to that municipality. Effects and impacts of Mariculture Park to Regional, Provincial and City Level Over the past four years (since 2006) the Mariculture Parks in Panabo City creates increasing strategic spread that provides economic benefits up to regional or inter-regional level. Some cage operators regularly purchased their fingerlings for stocking/rearing (i.e., bangus, pomfret/pompano) in hatcheries located in Sarangani Province or General Santos City in Region 12. Feed manufacturers/millers from Davao City are regularly bringing their products to Panabo City based on purchase orders from cage operators for feeding their respective cage fish stocks People in neighbouring municipalities including the working families in large banana plantations (i.e., TADECO) have regular supply of fresh fish bangus brought by fish wholesalers harvested from the Panabo’s Mariculture parks. Some fish wholesalers sold it in adjacent municipality’s public markets within Davao del Norte Province; while others reached as far as Davao City. At the city level particularly in 3 barangays of Cagangohan, J.P. Laurel and San Pedro , the effects and impacts of Mariculture Park’s are considerably high due largely to incremental employment generation from the recorded 135 in the early part of the

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current year (2010) to 214 people during this study (September 2010). A majority of them (150) are employed as caretakers of privately-owned cage operators. Indirect positive effects and impacts also spread peripherally around these communities through increasing volumes and values of purchases from small-medium stores including additional incomes that went to entertainment and leisure (e.g., videoke bars and billard halls) where Mariculture Park workers have periodically visited. One most significant impact also is the reported stable peace and order condition within these coastal communities which accordingly many years’ back was known to be the hiding place of people with bad records and wanted by law. Mixed with migrants and various cultures, most people in the communities have high pride in their living conditions. Despite these milestones, there are few clusters of poor fishing families living in Puroks Durian, Marang and Santol of barangay Cagangohan that expressed deep frustrations to their Purok Leaders who have been consistently inattentive to various invitations of BFAR/RFTC to attend the required trainings in order to qualify under the Mariculture Park’s Program/Projects for the Marginalized Group. Until recently, these group of poor fishing families keep on to their interest to avail BFAR’s livelihood projects. Beneficiaries The recent significant increase of employment for just a year and the strategic spread of beneficiaries are one strong manifestations on the impact of Mariculture Park’s. It is estimated that current total job employment in the Mariculture Park’s either part-time or full-time had already reached over 500 people where over 235 came from fisherfolks / local residence and portions of their income resulted to having additional local revenues generated by LGUs of Panabo City and the revenues generated by other neighbouring municipalities of the province due partly to increasing purchases of market goods and trading activities. Also, due to Mariculture Parks increasing “upstream activities”, e.g., fish fry producers, nursery operators, feed suppliers/agents are likewise increasingly benefitted; and, the same with those in “downstream activities” like processors of fish and other aquatic products, ice sellers and fish traders. Additional beneficiaries come from within the communities’ periphery who engaged themselves into small-medium businesses. Survey results show that most of them have economic and social gains from Mariculture Park’s continuing operations in the area.

Upstream Activity The assessment was not able to get the exact number of organizations or companies that caters partly or fully to the Mariculture Park’s aquacultural activities like those coming from feed suppliers, fry producers, nursery operators including ice sellers. For fry and feed suppliers, besides having income from the goods being purchased, each supplier employs 3-4 people to complete the whole transactions until such goods have been finally delivered at MP’ project site every 3 to 4 months a year. With ongoing project activities in the Mariculture Park, feed suppliers, finfish nursery operators and/or fry producers besides having direct income had been able to create employment to qualified people that supports their activities being a constant suppliers to aquacultural activities in the MP.

Downstream Activity

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Impact of the MP had initially created downstream effects estimated from information gathered where there had been increasing number of fish processors, fish traders (wholesaler and retailer) and ice plant sellers from only 35 three years ago to 130 at present and all of them have incomes from their respective activity In this case, a wholesaler with 1 ton of fish sold in the market have no less than PhP20,000.00 gain for such single transaction; and likewise create a livelihood to various fish retailers/vendors in the local markets who in turn have their own respective gainful income. Benchmark socio-economic status versus other local communities As mentioned earlier, there are 3 adjacent barangays where fish cages in the Mariculture Parks are located, namely J.P. Laurel, Cagangohan and San Pedro. However, most informants interviewed came from barangay Cagangohan with a population of 13,162 estimated to have 2,901 households (2010 National Census). This is also the place where majority of the labour support for MP’s fish cages came from. It is quite apparent during the assessment that most poor families in barangay Cagangohan either engaged part-time or full-time in the MP’s activities have been experiencing incremental income for the last 3 years compared to the other 2 neighbouring baangays. These are mostly manifested with the gradual improvements of their houses from built of light materials to semi-concrete where some are still having on-going construction. I was also revealed that most family members in barangay Cagangohan with full-time job in the MP’s were able to send their children to schools up to high school and college levels. About 28 (77%) of the 37 respondents have indicated that there are 2 to 3 members in a household who are directly engaged with MP’s activities and have direct earnings from it and 22% (8) said that the last 3 years the MP’s is their only main source of occupation. Small stores selling with mixed items of commodities (mostly food items) are likewise increasing in number strategically located in 4 out of 7 Puroks (sub-village) in barangay Cagangohan where workers from the MP’s are periodic buyers. Some stores has to put 2-3 times new stocks per week to cope with the demands of purchasers mostly from MP workers; unlike the in past 2 – 3 years where stocked items stays for almost a month with less purchased.

Socio-economic Indicators Although fish cage culture practices had been partly started in 2006, not until 2008 that the MPs organizational management become operationally functional. Since then, the Mariculture Park through improved understanding of aquacultural practices and strategies has defined the meaning of changes to social and economic characteristics of the different groups of people in Panabo City that gradually keep on spreading from poor families in coastal barangays to the city’s fish vendors, employment and spending in adjacent municipalities towards regional level.

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Although engagements in Mariculture Park’s are varied in terms of people’s work involvement, it continue to provide influencing factors that lead to impact people’s livelihood, income generation, food security, employment and eventually poverty reduction. However, one most compelling concerns that require immediate attention due to rapid expansion of cage structures within the designated Mariculture Park areas would be the adverse ecological impact to coastal ecosystem due to poor assessment and monitoring of its carrying capacity which eventually lead to unsustainable economic growth of the Mariculture Park’s aquacultural practices and continue to marginalize the poor communities.

Sual Mariculture Park Permit and Annual Fees for Fish Cages Information gathered during assessment revealed that fish cage operator has to pay PhP10,000.00 per fish cage every year which is considered a permit to operate and payment for the annual fee; and as the Municipal Ordinance provides, the said fee maybe renewed only upon the discretion of the municipal government. It is presumed that yearly permit renewal become automatic upon payment of such fee and perhaps upon verification that cage operations has not violated any of the penal provision of the ordinance. One among the basis for payment and issuance of permit from the municipality is the favourable endorsement issued by the Barangay Council of Cabalatian and Baquioen where in its adjacent marine fish cages are located. There is also another amount of money that fish cage operators are paying to the municipality every time they have a new fish cage structure placed in the mariculture zone – the so-called Fire Fund Fee of which is equivalent to 10% of the operator’s total investment cost. Information as to whether such locally generated revenue were used to improve the management and policy reforms that benefits the fish cages activities is not available during the assessment. Role of BFAR and LGU It is a common knowledge by people in the area that BFAR is efficient in the monitoring of water quality of Sual particularly in established water sampling stations in the mariculture zone. In coordination with the Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO), extension services rendering technical assistance and technical training have been conducted. About a year ago, the BFAR had provided the municipality with a patrol boat which at the time of assessment was no longer running due to nearly 3-4 months engine breakdown. The BFAR’s technical concern for fish cage operations is always channelled through the municipal LGU. It is the duty of the duly formed municipal Bantay Dagat Task force (seawatch) in coordination with the MAO and the municipal-based Philippine National Police (PNP) do the regular fisheries law enforcement activities. Record keeping about the trend of progress that would supposedly part of the LGUs monitoring and evaluation system of the fish cage industry seems not yet very well in placed. The sudden increased of fish cage units beyond 300 maximum as prescribed in the approved ordinance are perhaps attributes of poor monitoring and irregular fishery law enforcement. Although, there were reports that additional fish cages were

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dismantled by cage operators at the order of municipal officials, yet the increase of 33% (100 units) from the maximum happened; and as such, may have threatened the established carrying capacity of the water area intended for mariculture zone. Official records including updated lists of all operators for the reported 400 fish cage units are not available during this assessment study. Beneficiaries / Workers Information gathered show that a total of 274 people were directly benefitted from fish cages in the area and majority (73%) came from barangay Cabalatian (Cabalatian Island) and the rest may have came from nearby barangay Baquioen or from the town proper. Most of the Caretakers and Fish Feeders who are full-time received a monthly salary ranging from PhP5,000.00 to 8,000.00 with a sack of rice for the family. Some cage operators who have better gains every after harvest gave a yearly bonus of undetermined amount to their caretakers. Other cage operators which just started the business paid their caretakers for PhP150.00 per day. The so-called Supervisor/Checker and the Night Shift Security Guard received a daily/nightly salary of PhP350.00. In the case of the Net Cleaners, the group of 2-3 people received a pre-arranged amount of PhP400.00 per net (depending on the number of nets the operators wanted it cleaned), the groups were able to clean 60 to 70 set of nets in a week time which means a PhP24,000.00 – 28,000.00 income for 60 people. Due to bad experience in past years, cage operators have to bring their own hired Net Menders which individual income was not immediately known.

It is therefore, clear that the presence of fish cages in the area helped the poor coastal families to have livelihood and income which according to them a “blessing and disguise” considering that most of them are marginal fisherman, fish catch have been severely declining 2 years ago until today.

Benchmark socioeconomic status As mentioned earlier the establishment of fish cages in Sual 2-3 years ago had provided livelihoods to local poor people and provided comparatively better income for their family needs. Unlike in the past years where their means of livelihood came from low fish catch being small-scale fishers themselves. Such scenario is very well demonstrated by poor local communities living in barangay Cabalatian which has 200 people already providing labour support to various fish cages and earned approximately a total of over PhP1.0M to PhP1.40M every month from payment of their labour alone – an increase of 75% to 120% compared when they just keep into their daily fishing activity. And, over 82% of them said that they have regular food supply and have sent their children to school (up to high school level). Fish Cage Managers and Supervisors who are not from Sual and directly hired by the Cage Owners/Operators themselves may have better monthly income. Upstream Activity Considering that the Mariculture Park system is not very well established and considering also that there is still an inadequacy about trending records, management information system including system on monitoring and evaluation in the side of LGU and BFAR, information therefore, about upstream activity are not that clear. However,

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initial information from one of the designated manager of the fish cage mentioned that they bought their milkfish fingerlings from nurseries and hatcheries in Sual and within Pangasinan. But there were times that they also purchased fingerlings from Bulacan and from General Santos City which the price was not known because it was the owner who made direct payment. Most cage operators bought their feeds in Metro Manila and brought it to Sual by land upon return of their fish carrier trucks that brought frozen milkfish there. Downstream Activity There is no apparent information that milkfish exclusively harvested from fish cages had impacted to local community’s fish processors and fish traders since most fish harvested from these fish cages were packed and brought by land to Metro Manila through big refrigerated cars owned by the company of cage operators. Fresh/iced milkfish regularly sold in Sual’s wet market came from harvests in fishponds within Sual and neighbouring municipalities. Not too often few kilos were bought from cage harvest for consumption by local people and for vending. Except from weekly/monthly income of fish cage workers, there seems to have no significant impact so far from current cage operations that provides spread downstream fringe benefits to local communities. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT From range of limited information gathered, it can be surmised that both study sites: Panabo and Sual have its own peculiar advantage and limitations relative to socioeconomic effects and impact from various aquacultural practices; may it be a Mariculture Park in the case of Panabo or just a plain operator-driven fish cage culture like in Sual. Noting that socioeconomic can be adapted from a range of methods and techniques with no fixed list of topics, this socioeconomic assessment report simply limit its scope to characterize and learn about the social, economic conditions of individuals, groups, communities and organizations. It includes topics about age, gender, education and training, resource use patterns, stakeholder characteristics and perceptions and attributes to marketing from harvested fish products. Initial results showed that Panabo’s Mariculture Park operations has created a spiralling strategic spread of socioeconomic impact to marginalized families in the local communities considering that other employment and livelihood opportunities are rarely found along these 3 coastal barangays of Cagangohan, J.P. Laurel and San Pedro. The impact of increasing number of people engaged in Mariculture Parks with regular income create fringe benefits in surrounding communities by establishing an activity that likewise generates income such as mini-stores including recreational establishments like billard halls and videoke bars – are somehow strong manifestations of better purchasing power that also are coming from workers incomes. The testimonies from MP workers about having their children proceed in schooling to higher grades and with houses relatively improved are indications of positive effects of which the main source are from the economic gains working in Mariculture Parks aquaculture projects. With no less than 500 local people with relative income from this

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project ranging the age from 25 to 55 including women’s group, it can be presumed that aquacultural practices in the Aqua Park is a great contributing factor to the marginalized groups in the locality. On the other hand, Sual which require a process of transformation towards a Mariculture Park for better collaborative management has contributed a socioeconomic impact to local people with age from 16 to 47 who are directly engaged providing manpower support to production of fish cage culture; and their number in current year has been tremendously increasing due largely to less employment opportunities within the municipality. Initial assessment results showed that most beneficiaries of the project are solely the people who were locally hired or contacted by various cage operators/owners. There is an emerging concern that due to less opportunity for other livelihood activities, cage owners may take chance of exploiting incoming workers by giving them low compensation. All local workers currently engaged in the cage culture are men. There is no indication yet that women’s group can be streamlined into this project activities except occasional individual vending of fish harvest that doesn’t guarantee sustainable income for the family’s need. A local policy worth revisiting is the Municipal Ordinance of Sual which provides that all cage operators are restricted not to sublease the fish cage culture “in whole or in part”. “However, the permitee, licensee or leasee may enter into a joint venture agreement, a management contract, or a profit-sharing agreement with a resident of Sual provided, however, that such agreement be with knowledge from the municipal government”. Such may open an opportunity for local people to learn fast the techniques of aquacultural farming practices for socioeconomic advancement and create eventual spread of fringe benefits. People with the right knowledge, trained and have maintained good track records of experience about fish cage culture and / or Mariculture Park coupled with available financial resources are the ones most likely to succeed. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on initial results drawn from the participatory socioeconomic assessment for both the Panabo Mariculture Park and the Sual Fish Cage study sites, the following are the initial recommendations. For Panabo Mariculture Park

With the BFAR/RFTC and the LGU initiatives, there is a need to continue to improve the education and training of all local manpower support to the Marine Park particularly those coming from Barangay Cagangohan; then expand it to include those that came from barangay J.P. Laurel and San Pedro. Education-training module should start from basic and hands-on to sequential upgrading that may include personnel and financial management with equal consideration to women’s group in the locality.

Better verify the authenticity of some fisherfolk allegedly displaced especially those whose means of living depend solely on fishing-related activities and had completely stopped due to continuing expansion of fish cage units in the Mariculture Park for possible inclusion to participate in the BFAR/RFTC and LGU-initiated education and

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training; and become potential support workers of ongoing Mariculture Park activities.

In addition to the existing monitoring system of the Mariculture Park (e.g., tagging), the Executive Management Council (EMC) shall pass a Resolution that would regularly monitor the socioeconomic welfare of Panabo LGUs constituents especially those local families directly and indirectly involved in the Mariculture Park including the effects and impact of education training they have attended.

Revisit the concepts and/or past studies about the carrying capacity of the area where the Mariculture Park is located with reference to relevant parameters about marine water quality and the changes of surrounding marine habitats including mitigation practices maintaining or improving the health of marine coastal environment.

Proven from (monitoring) records on good practices in working or managing the Mariculture Park, provide incentive system to local workers who diligently are effective in their respective work responsibilities and through collective actions have provided indirect benefits to others including advocacy and practices that resulted to the protection and management of coastal environment including conservation of its habitat and globally endangered marine biodiversity.

Continue to provide the Livelihood Project to identified and trained marginalized fisher families including women’s group and the out of school youth coupled with training on personal value system for maintenance and improvement of peace and order in the family and the whole society.

Integrate all development programs and projects in the city that would address the issue on (terrestrial) upland soil erosion downstream that minimize the destruction of coastal habitat and adversely affect the fishery. Synchronization of these programs and projects including the Mariculture Park could harmonize implementation that improved the socioeconomic conditions of upland-based farm families and the coastal fishing families.

For Sual Fish Cage Culture

Review LGU’s municipal/coastal water management zoning and its Coastal Resource Management Plan to re-determine potential usage of other management zones aside from what has already been designated as the Mariculture Zone. Some development potential areas may be assigned to deserving and qualified marginal fishing families that would become LGUs partner in government-driven Livelihood Project with no prejudice to the carrying capacity and coastal environment health. The Sual Coastal Multi-Purpose Cooperative in Sitio Napo, Barangay Sur has trained officers and members capable to operate fish cages but accordingly was not able to avail any project from the government despite many past requests. Currently they are planting mangroves and operate an abandoned fishpond of over 3 hectares.

With BFAR and LGUs initiatives, start the transformation process from being a mere cage culture status into a Mariculture Park system where collaborative efforts among and between various stakeholders in the community, the municipal and national governments, the fish cage operators/owners is formally set up – leading towards a functional organization with programmatic activities that contribute to food security, human welfare and healthy marine coastal environment.

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A certain amount from the municipal revenue generated yearly from cage culture operations should be allocated for the development of human resources development program preferably to support workers of these fish cages who come from various local communities in the municipality. With regular training program, capacity of these workers are enhanced and become effective and competitive and with better performance, jobs in the fish cages will become stable having regular income.

Both the LGU and the BFAR has to develop a monitoring system that will record updated information and practices of fish cage operators like overstocking of fingerlings in one cage, and as the stocked grows, they will transfer it to other cages for grow-out – but the permit paid was only for one cage, the grow-out cages or so-called expansion cages were not even registered and had no permit.

Formulate a Municipal Ordinance that would prevent proliferation of empty plastic bags (from feeds) thrown everywhere as seen plentiful floating near the cages and washed to the shorelines of Cabalatian Island.

2.5 Economics of the Mariculture Parks in selected areas of the Philippines 2.5.1 Panabo City Mariculture Park

Panabo City Mariculture Park (PCMP) is 1,075 hectares. As of 2006 153 units of cages were built (marginalized groups, 17 cages and private investor group, 136 cages). The average number of cages operated by the marginalized group is 2 to 3 units; while the private investor group averages of 34 cages per locator. Financial analyses are shown in Table 1. Milkfish Culture Table 1. Results of Financial Analysis in PCMP Criteria Less than 10 Cages 10-20 cages More than 20 Cages

Average Fixed Expenses (% of sales) 24% 17% 17%

Average Variable Expenses (% of sales) 50% 26% 29%

Average Other Operating Expenses (% sales) 6% 14% 5%

Recovery from Depreciation (4%) (3%) (2%)

Average Net Profit (% of sales) 24% 46% 51%

Average Net Profit Per cage (Php) 185,741 230,507 287,776

Average Return on Investment 72% 117% 112%

Based on the above, the PCMP operations are economically viable. The cost structures differ as well but the proportion of the costs are much lower in PCMP. Operations with 1-3 cages are the most affected. Operating with more than 20 cages, this time, is very profitable in PCMP. Total expenses stand at 49% of sales leaving a very comfortable net profit margin of 51%, valued at Php 287,776 per cage, corresponding to an ROI of 112% per cycle. On an annual basis, an operator in PCMP can expect a return of 224% per annum.

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The best results, however, is still operating between 10-20 cages or an average of 15 cages. Total expenses stand at 57% of sales resulting to an average net profit return of 46% of sales after depreciation has been adjusted. The corresponding average net profit per cage stands at Php 230,507 but the Return on Investment stands at 117%, 5% higher than investments in more than 20 cages. On an annual basis, the ROI for an investor stands at 234%. Grouper cage culture In the case of grouper, two cases were noted in PCMP using 1 cage per operation. Compared to the other mariculture projects, returns in grouper culture are favorable considering the cost structure given in Table 2 below. The increased share of Other Operating Expenses is noticeable particularly with the additional floaters and nets, as well as transportation costs but the selling price at Php 350 per kilo more than compensates for the increased costs. Overall, average net profit per cage is Php 286,363 (37%) with an average return on investment of 47%. On an annual basis this corresponds to 94% per annum. Table 2. Results of Financial Analysis of Grouper Culture in PCMP

Criteria Less than 10 Cages

Average Fixed Expenses (% of sales) 16%

Average Variable Expenses (% of sales) 35%

Average Other Operating Expenses (% sales) 17%

Recovery from Depreciation (5%)

Average Net Profit (% of sales) 37%

Average Net Profit Per cage (Php) 286,363

Average Return on Investment 47%

2.5.2 Sual Mariculture Park (SMP). There are 300 hectares allotted to Sual Mariculture Park in which 405 cages installed are owned by 9 companies. The samples represent 173 cages or 43% of the owners. The samples shown in Table 3 were obtained from those using 15, 28, 32 and 84 cages. The move to have more cages, stock these at twice the recommended stocking rate and feeding ad libitum, (more than 20 cages category), overload the fixed expenses (cages, moorings and related paraphernalia) at 81% of sales, on the average. While costs of feeds and stocks (variable expenses) and the other operating costs remain manageable, the effective average net profit stands at Php 114,039 per cage (8% of sales). ROI is at a critical 13% which makes it sensitive to fluctuations in prices of both fixed and variable expenses. Operating between 11 to 20 cages, however, proves more profitable with variable expenses at 41% of sales. Table 3. Results of financial analysis in SMP

Criteria Less than 10 Cages 10-20 cages More than 20 Cages

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Average Fixed Expenses (% of sales) None 10% 81%

Average Variable Expenses (% of sales) None 41% 22%

Average Other Operating Expenses (% sales) None 6% 5%

Recovery from Depreciation None (3%) (16%)

Average Net Profit None 46% 8%

Average Net Profit Per cage (Php) None 301,437 114,039

Average Return on Investment None 106% 13%

Production of High-value Multi Species Aquatic Products. At the time of visit, their operations were focused on grouper or lapu-lapu (Epinephelus sp.) and Tiger lobster (Panilurus sp.). Three cases were documented in Sual that involved high-valued and specialty products. Two cases involved (1) a grouper culture operation; and (2) a tiger lobster production, both of which were held in cages (2 units of 20-m Φ; 1 unit of 25-m Φ; and 18 units of 5mx10mx1m cages) at 150 boxes each. The third case is milkfish hatchery operation for fry production. The financial returns of the various operations are favorable as shown in Table 4 which depicts the financial analysis of specialty products at SMP. Fry production operations are very intensive in variable and other operating expenses resulting to a net profit margin of only 18% and a low ROI of 22%. However, the average net profit per harvest is the highest of the three cases. Grouper culture, once again, proves very profitable with total costs corresponding to only 57% of sales. Considering the total investment cost of Php 3,910,763.00, the operation’s end result is a very profitable net profit of Php 3,514,237.00 with depreciation added back, resulting in a net profit margin of 47% in one cycle. The corresponding return on investment is a very substantial 90%. Investing in Tiger Lobsters is also quite beneficial, with variable expenses standing only at 43%. Table 4. Results of financial analysis of specialty products in SMP

CRITERIA OPERATIONS

Milkfish Fry

Grouper

Tiger Lobster

Average Fixed Expenses (% of sales) 18% 21% 14%

Average Variable Expenses (% of sales) 32% 30% 43%

Average Other Operating Expenses (% sales) 34% 6% 4%

Recovery from Depreciation (2%) (4%) (3%)

Average Net Profit 18% 47% 41%

Average Net Profit Per harvest/cage (Php) 46,258 23,428 29,309

Average Return on Investment 22% 90% 69%

Total expenses stand at 62% of sales. With the adjustment for depreciation, the net profit

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margin stands at a strong 41% thus resulting to a net profit per box of Php 29,309.00 corresponding to a return on investment of a substantial 69% per cycle. The table indicates that in SMP investments in specialty products at larger volumes provide considerable results. Sensitivity Analysis Panabo City Mariculture Park Operations. The PCMP includes all operations in the three categories in terms of the number of cages. Operations in PCMP appear more efficient and cost effective. As indicated in Table 3, operations with less than 10 cages can have increases of up to 50% in variable costs and still register a net profit margin of 23%. In fact, all costs can rise up by 40% and the investor can still factor in a net profit margin of 15%. Fish cage farming using 10-20 cages offer the best returns considering the high net profit margin of 73% registered with the computed cost structure. The sensitivity analysis shows that variable costs can rise by 20% and the net profit margin will still be very safe at 70% of sales. Projecting that all cost components will increase by 20%, the resulting net profit margin is still 67% indicating a greater capacity to weather fluctuations in costs. Fish cage operations with more than 20 cages indicate the same strength and capacity to provide favorable returns even with a 20% increase in variable costs. Taking all costs into consideration, the cost structure can increase to 20% and the net profit margin will still stand at 39%. Sual Mariculture Park Operations. All the fish cage farming operations in SMP utilize more than 10 cages. The sensitivity analysis therefore was focused on operations with 10-20 cages and more than 20 cages. The main objective is still to determine the economic viability of the different categories and to validate if having more is really beneficial. In Table 5 are shown the sensitivity analyses of the fish cage farming in SMP. Investments operating with 10-20 cages are profitable with a 43% net profit margin. A sensitivity analysis of a 20% increase in the variable costs indicates that the resulting net profit margin will still be 34%. Taking into account that this is just for one cycle, the annual net profit margin is projected to be 68%. Taking all costs into consideration, an increase in 20% in the cost structure would still result in a 31% net profit margin which indicates the strong resilience of this category of the number of cages. For operations with more than 20 cages, however, the sensitivity analysis shows that the large number of cages and cage materials severely affect net profit margins. An increase of 10% in fixed costs alone will already result to a -4% loss in net profit margins, a clear indicator that having too much may not really be beneficial. For the specialty products, sensitivity analyses are shown in Table 5 for milkfish fry, grouper and tiger lobster in SMP. Variable expenses in milkfish fry production contribute the biggest share of expense and can increase only by 20% and the resulting net profit margin drops to 10%. In fact, if all cost elements increase by 10% the net profit margin stands at a critical 8%. Table 5. Sensitivity of Specialty Products in SMP

Rate of Increase In Variable Cost Only

Decrease in Net Profit (%)

Resulting Net Profit Margin

Base Case for MILKFISH FRY 18 %

10% (5%) 13%

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20% (8%) 10%

Rate of Increase in All Costs

Base Case for MILKFISH FRY 18 %

10% (10%) 8%

Base Case for GROUPER 47 %

10% (7%) 40%

20% (2%) 38%


Base Case for GROUPER 47 %

10% (9%) 38%

20% (15%) 32%

30% (28%) 19%

Base Case for TIGER LOBSTER 41 %

10% (7%) 34%

20% (11%) 30%


Base Case for TIGER LOBSTER 47 %

10% (15%) 32%

20% (21%) 26%

30% (27%) 20%

Grouper production is a more viable venture because total expenses contribute only 57% resulting to a net profit margin of 47% once depreciation figures are added back. Variable costs can increase by 20% and the resulting net profit margin is still 38%. In fact, projecting that all costs will increase by 30% will still result in a safe profit margin of 19%. Tiger lobster production is also worth venturing into. Variable costs can rise by 20% and the resulting net profit margin is still a comfortable 30%. Projecting all costs to rise by 30% will still result in a safe profit margin of 20%. The main contributor to this fine result is the very minimal contribution of other operating expenses to total costs. Financial analysis conclusions and recommendations

The expansion of MP’s seems inevitable as more and more businessmen have seen its viability as a business enterprise. In view of this, there is a need for some control measures to make MP’s sustainable. These control measures shall be based on the necessary features of a mariculture park as elaborated in this report.

The apparent success of the PCMP should not be a reason for immediate expansion. The plan to increase the number of cages/units from 2 to 8 cages per locator must be taken with caution. The LGU and BFAR must be able to resolve the total number of cages in the 60-hectare area allotted for fish cage culture and the number of cages that each locator can operate.

The assumption taken by the fish cage operators in SMP that mortality of the stock is 50% may not be correct. Fish cage operators in SMP assume expected mortality of the stock at 50%, thus, the farmers release twice the recommended stocking density

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(32,500 to 35,000 fingerling/cage). Increase in the number of stocks would increase several factors, feeds, etc. At a stocking density of 65,000 to 70,000 fingerlings/cage and 70% (mimimum) with an average weight of 400 grams/fish, this will be equivalent to 18.2 to 19.6 MT per cage. All three of the four respondents reported 50% recovery; while the other one reported 80% recovery. The former had stocking densities of 65,000 to 70,000/cage while the latter had only 30,000 fingerlings/cage. The culture period of the three respondents with higher stocking densties is 210 days while the one with lower density is only 180 days. The differences in DOC (Days of Culture), feed and fingerling costs reduced the actual income of those with higher densities. On the bases of the results of the interview, however, all the operations of fish cages in the SMP is still profitable but the cost of operation is high which can still be minimized. There is a need for SMP to organize so that the effect of the on-going practices to the environment will be controlled that should lead to a sustainable MP.

The projections that PCMP shall produce different finfishes (milkfish, siganids, grouper, red snapper and others); seaweeds, shellfishes (oyster and mussel) and other high-valued species (mudcrab, lobster, seahorses, and others) need to be pursued. The culture of high-valued species in the MP shall be to the advantage of the locator and the MP management.

2.6 Use of modeling to predict wave height and exposure Three larger bays of the Philippines have been investigated for appropriate locations of aquaculture parks. These locations should have limited wave exposure, so that the aquaculture parks can withstand heavy storms. The STWAVE model has been utilized as a tool to predict the wave height based on historical meteorlogical data in areas where there is no or limited wave data collection. STWAVE CHARACTERISTICS

easy-to-apply, flexible and robust model for nearshore wind-wave growth and propagation

utilizes the user-friendly SMS (Surface-Modeling-System) as graphical interface (www.aquaveo.com), where several other models are incorporated

model code written and maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Smith et al., 2001)

has a large user group worldwide, with active user forums

assumes constant boundary forcings (wind and waves), and estimates a stationary solution (steady state)

finite-difference model

is capable of quantitively describe the change in wave parameters (wave height, period,

direction and spectral shape) between the offshore and the nearshore.

MAIN INPUT DATA:

Bathymetry. (provided from oceanograpic charts and own measurements)

Wind speed in model domain. (long term wind-data extracted from meteorological measurements from the local area)

Wave height at ocean boundary (Long term offshore wave data retrieved from www.buoyweather.com, and are extracted from hindcast data from a global WAM wave model)

http://www.aquaveo.com/

http://www.buoyweather.com/

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Wave energy spectrum. (default by the model/ defined by user)

The STWAVE model have been run for several angles of direction for the combined effect of waves and wind. 3 main areas have been simulated; close to Panabo, Sual and Lamon Bay. The results of the significant wave height, when the ocean wave and wind from the offshore boundary originate from a chosen angle for the 3 areas are illustrated below (Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3).

Figure 1: STWAVE modeling of significant wave height (m) for Panabo when incoming ocean waves and wind are from south-southwest. The blue colour shows the largest wave, and red the smallest . The dark red colour in the model domain is land.

Figure 2: Wave modeling results from the Sual area, illustrating significant wave height (Hs). The incoming wave and wind is from north-northwest. Blue colour illustrates the largest waves, and red the smallest.

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Figure 5: Wave modeling results from the Lamon Bay area, illustrating significant wave height (Hs). The incoming wave and wind is from north-northeast. Blue colour illustrates the largest waves, and red the smallest. RESULTS The STWAVE model may also illustrate the directional spreading and wave speed (Figure 2) or the wave period. The model can be simulated for wave and wind input from various angles (Figure 3). The SMS graphical interface easily reveals sheltered areas, potentially appropriate for aquaculture parks. We see that for the 3 study areas, the optimal places are generally near the coastline and/ or on the lee side of islands.

Figure 2: STWAVE-modeling of the wave direction and speed, corresponding to the simulation in Figure 2. The colours of the arrows denote the wave speed. STWAVE-modeling of the significant wave height (m) for the area of the innermost part of the Panabo. The different illustrations show the results when ocean wave and wind come from.

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Ocean wave and wind from 165 ° 180 °

Ocean wave and wind from 195 ° 210 °. This illustrates that Panabo Mariculture Park is well protected from waves even with strong winds from the South-East. CONCLUSION The STWAVE model relatively easily, given good quality input data, quantifies and illustrates the degree of exposure towards ocean waves and wind waves. All directions might be considered. For Panabo, Sual and Lemon Bay, restricted areas are found that are appropriate for establishing aquaculture farms. These areas might be further investigated regarding other factors such as suitable infrastructure etc. for commercial activity. The wave model data may be exported to for example GIS-format, to be combined with other types of data. RECOMMENDATIONS & OUTLOOK It is recommended that a wave modeling tool like STWAVE is implemented in the planning phase when searching for new areas for aquaculture parks. A specific area may get a classification mark regarding the wave exposure, that may give guidelines on: • Suitability for establishing an aquaculture park at a specific area • Recommended cage technology • Recommended structure • Recommended design • Recommended insurance Recommended classification of wave exposure (modified from the Norwegian Standard, NS 9415.)

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Wave category/ class

Hs [m] Tp [s] Degree of exposure

A 0,0 – 0,5 0,0 – 2,0 Low exposure

B 0,5 – 1,0 1,6 – 3,2 Moderate exposure

C 1,0 – 2,0 2,5 – 5,1 High exposure

D 2,0 – 3.0 4,0 – 6,7 Very high exposure

E >3,0 5,3 – 18,0 Extreme exposure

Hs – significant wave height in meters Tp – wave period in seconds It is recommended that Mariculture Parks are restricted to Category A for metal and bamboo cages and Category B for HDPE cages. Some imported HDPE cages are capable of withstanding Category C. Although cages may be able to withstand higher wave action, it is also necessary that the service boats are also able to withstand similar wave heights to allow unhindered operation. 2.7 Mooring design for exposed sites Aquaculture development is vastly growing due to the increasing demand of fish globally. Advancement in aquaculture technology is also evolving. The net-cage system has the potential to be a primary technology in aquaculture. It is consist mainly of floating collar, netting, sinker and mooring lines. The system of mooring lines use are designed to withstand the expected site conditions such as water depth, winds, waves and current. The three most commonly use designs of mooring system are the single mooring points, multiple mooring points and mooring grid. Single or multiple mooring points is use to individually moored cage. Mooring grid, on the other hand, is usually used to moor group of cages. In the Philippines, near-shore fish cage farming has become a very common approach for culturing fish. Expansion of aquaculture may even drive the industry from the protected near-shore areas to the more exposed or off-shore. Growing fish in more exposed areas have several advantages like better water quality, less salinity and temperature variations; however, it brings new challenges to the fish farming industry. The cage system should withstand higher energy environment like strong winds, current and waves. The design and installation of mooring systems are more critical. The aim of this study is to test the performance of different mooring systems by the use of physical models. The first objective was to determine the length of mooring line in relation to the water depth that could have a better drag. The second was to determine better drag based on the orientation of the mooring blocks relative to one another. The third was focused on determining the effect of the different mooring grid designs on the structure and to compare the different mooring systems in terms of durability and ease of setting and maintenance. Mooring line to water depth ratio Mooring trial was conducted to test the length of mooring line in relation to the water depth that could have a better drag. The test was set-up in the sandy seashore. A poly ethylene

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rope passes through a pulley hanging two (2) meters high. One of the rope ends was connected down to a concrete mooring block weighing 25 kg. The other end of the rope was connected horizontally to a weighing scale (Figure 1). The weighing scale was then pulled to determine the kilograms of pull needed to move the mooring block. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of mooring length test in relation to water depth. n is the ratio of mooring line that correspond to the water depth D.

For the first test, the length of the rope from the pulley to the mooring is twice the height of the pulley. This set-up is like using a mooring line with length twice as that of the water depth (n=2). For the second and third test, the length of the mooring line was three (n=3) and four (n=4) times that of the water depth, respectively. Mooring blocks relative orientation Another mooring trial test conducted was based on the orientation of the mooring blocks relative to one another. Two concrete mooring blocks weighing 25 kg each were used in each test. For the first test, the mooring blocks were connected sideways (Figure 2a). The second test connected the mooring block one after the other (Figure 2b). The third test connected the two mooring blocks one after the other but with a distance of one meter from each other (Figure 2c). Mooring grid test Four units of model cage and ten pieces of mooring blocks were used in each mooring grid set-up. Scale model of circular cage with a diameter of 120 centimeters were used. Square concrete cement with sides measuring 27.5 centimeter were used as mooring blocks. The average air and water weight of the concrete blocks were 45 and 25 kilograms, respectively. Poly ethylene rope was used as mooring line.

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Figure 2. Schematic diagram of mooring blocks relative orientation test. a) connected sideways, b) connected one after the other and c) connected one after the other one meter apart.

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of mooring blocks relative orientation test. a) connected sideways, b) connected one after the other and c) connected one after the other one meter apart. The first set-up was independent block moorings (Figure 3a). The mooring blocks used were not directly connected to each other. The second set-up was interlinked block moorings

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(Figure 3b). Adjacent mooring were connected together by a mooring line. The third set-up was sub-surface mooring grid (Figure 3c). Mooring lines were linked together forming grid. Trials were set-up in a reservoir tank with a water depth of around 1.5 meters. The cage end was then connected to a weighing scale and pulled out to measure the kilograms of pull needed to move the mooring set-up. Figure 3. Schematic diagram showing four net-cages moored on a sub-surface grid. A weighing scale is connected to one of the end cage and pulled-out to measure the amount of load needed to cause the set-up to move. a) Independent block moorings, b) interlinked block moorings, and c) sub-surface mooring grid.

Results and Discussion The length of the mooring line leg in relation to the water depth plays a significant role in strengthening the mooring system. Base on the study conducted, doubling or tripling the length of the mooring line leg with that of the water depth has no significant difference. However, when the length of the mooring line leg is four times the water depth, it has better drag compared to shorter line. This tendency is due to the higher friction acting on between

51

the sediment surface and the concrete blocks when the angle on the mooring line in relation to the sediment surface is smaller. Multiple concrete mooring blocks are usually used instead of a single huge block due to the ease of setting and maintenance. Orientation of mooring blocks also plays an important role in strengthening the mooring system. Based on the study conducted, mooring blocks connected sideways have higher power to resist force. The second orientation with higher tendency to resist force acting on it is when concrete blocks were connected one after the other one meter apart. The least among the orientation tested to resist force was when the blocks where connect just right after the other. The three different orientations of the concrete mooring blocks tested were highly significant from each other. Design of the mooring system is a very critical element for a reliable fish cage production system. Results of the study showed that interlinked mooring blocks and sub-surface mooring grid had more grip power than the independent mooring block design. Sub-surface mooring grid design, however, has the advantage of ease of setting-up compared to interlinked mooring blocks design. Linking mooring blocks in deeper areas is difficult. Interlinked mooring blocks has also its advantage in shallower area (<30 meters). In cases where one mooring line failed, one cage may only be affected since the linked is only on the mooring blocks. On the other hand, failure of even one of the mooring line in the sub-surface mooring grid increases the risk which could results in the loss of more than one cage. Conclusion and Recommendations The physical model and simple test applied in this study gives understanding on how the mooring system may be designed to have greater grip to resist environmental forces generated by the wind, current and waves. Longer mooring leg and sideways geometric orientation of mooring blocks proved to have more significant grip. Mooring set-ups that caused all the weight of the mooring blocks to come together are more reliable. Interlinked mooring blocks could be used in shallow area. Sub-surface mooring grid may be used in areas where diving is impossible. 2.8 Use of GIS for site selection Geographic information system (GIS) is a system that captures, stores, analyses and manages data that are associated with different attributes which are spatially referenced to the earth. A GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation model will be used to identify the suitable sites for aquaculture. This will allow site selection of suitable zones for aquaculture based on optimal environmental criteria. For culture, availability of necessary infrastructure, services and utilities and areas where aquaculture needs to be excluded. Figure xx show the principal of the GIS model.

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Principal of the GIS model. There is a lot of factors to consider for the site selection criteria, The best way of finding the suitable areas for the aquaculture is to use GIS. With the GIS you can put all the criteria for the aquaculture on a map. The quality of the data you put into the system will reflect in the quality of the result from the GIS analysis. In this study we used the following factors as input to our GIS model. Bio-physical • Shore line contour • Depth profile • Maximum wave height Infrastructure • Accessibility to the site – roads, transportation, airport, port, etc. • Infrastructure and utilities - facilities, security, communication, electricity, freshwater The following figures show some of the bio-physical and infrastructure factors we used in our model.

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Figure Basemap used in the Quezon province

Bathymetric map showing depth profile.

Result from the wave modeling, showing wave height with wind from north northeast

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Infrastructure with roads and harbours Important environmental factors. • Proximity to

– sensitive habitats – Sensitive species

Sensitive areas, coral reef in the region. Preferred criteria for cage farming

Suitable depth for cage farming is 15 – 50 meters deep.

Infrastructure o Road preferable less then 1 km away o Harbors preferable less then 5 km away

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Suitable depth for cage farming, 15 – 50 m depth.

Preferred criteria for cage farming, roads and harbors Excluding factors for cage farming • Wave

– More then 1 m height • Rivers

– Large river 3 km, other river 1,5 km • Sensitive areas

– Coral reef 300 m away

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Wave height, result from the STWave model showing where you find wave height less then 1 m.

River outlets with 1,5 and 3 m buffer

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Coral reef areas with 300 m buffer Final results for the GIS analyses All maps combined give the final results for the GIS analyses. Based on the criteria used, four

potential areas were identified (*).These potential areas should be investigated further with

field surveys before deciding which area is best suitable for fish farming.

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2.9 Use of modelling for carrying capacity estimation, site optimisation and IMTA The TROPOMOD model is a particle tracking model which simulates the dispersion of waste feed and waste faecal particles from fish cages. Using depth and current velocity data from environmental surveys and husbandry data such as cage layouts and feed ration from production surveys, TROPOMOD was used to predict flux of waste solids to the sea bed (grams waste feed and faeces m-2 sea bed day-1). This was then related to a level of impact on the sediment benthos. The model was used to examine the existing situation at the Sual and Panabo AquaParks and then test various scenarios for site optimisation and future production of the AquaParks. TROPOMOD was also used to predict flux and nutrient plume from the fish culture to various Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) units. These predictions were used to locate IMTA units in optimum locations relative to the finfish culture and some estimations of IMTA production were made. 2.9.1 TROPOMOD model validation TROPOMOD was validated for the Sual and Panabo AquaParks in the current project, in addition to previous validation undertaken in the PHILMINAQ project for Bolinao, Sual and Laguna. Agreement was found between observed flux measured with sediment traps and modelled flux. In addition, relationships were found between predicted flux and sediment chemistry indicators of impact (see annex for details). TROPOMOD was developed from similar models validated elsewhere for other important aquaculture fish species (DEPOMOD - Cromey et al., 2002; CODMOD – Cromey et al. 2009; MERAMOD – Cromey et al. (In press)) and shellfish species (Shellfish-DEPOMOD - Weise et al., 2009). Some of these models are used for regulation of aquaculture. 2.9.2 AquaPark TROPOMOD modelling Criteria for AquaPark zoning TROPOMOD was used to predict flux of waste feed and faeces to the sea bed from fish cages for different scenarios (g solids m-2 day-1). Using data from the validation studies, the predicted flux was categorised into benthic impact categories of moderate (1 to 15 g m-2 d-1), high (15 to 75 g m-2 d-1) and severe (75+ g m-2 d-1). Different scenarios for each AquaPark were run in TROPOMOD by creating aquaculture zones with different species, cage layouts and husbandry practices. The objective was to optimise each zone in the model to provide a balance between minimising impact and maximising production, as well as follow the criteria shown in Error! Reference source not found. and Error! Reference source not found. (annex). Organisation of the AquaParks into zones resulted in areas between and within zones that were free of cage structures allowing flushing and minimisation of sediment waste flux. These areas of lower flux were created to encourage remediation of sediments. Model input data and definition of scenarios For existing situations, TROPOMOD was set up for Sual and Panabo using cage positions from Google Earth images and bathymetry from site surveys. Measured particle settling

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velocity data for waste feed and faecal particles for Milkfish and Grouper were used across all scenarios. Two different husbandry practices were created using information collected from production surveys. ‘Poor feeding’ scenarios represented high rations of poor quality feed, with high feed wastage (27 %) and poor digestibility (49 %). In contrast, ‘good feeding’ scenarios represented achievable FCR’s via careful feeding with lower rations, waste (10 %) and improved digestibility (56 %). Typical feed ration and cage size were taken from production surveys for two different types of Milkfish production, namely ‘inshore’ and ‘offshore’ (incorporating polar circles) and Grouper culture (see annex). 2.9.3 TROPOMOD modelling of Sual AquaPark TROPOMOD was set up for Sual for a) the existing situation with ‘poor’ feeding and b) optimised scenario with ‘good’ feeding for 3 zones of 15 ha with 84 cages in each ( Figure 1). The scenario with 3 zones had good and regular spacing between cages (overall cage density was reduced) and entrance areas to the north and south were kept clear of cage structures. Hydrodynamic modelling of the Bolinao area in the PHILMINAQ project showed the effect on current of high cage density. Figure 1. TROPOMOD predictions of Sual AquaPark showing a) existing situation and b) three 15 ha areas with 84 cages in each.

1

15

75

Benthic Community

Severe impact(no animals)

High impact

Moderate impact

0 200 400 600 800

Scale (m)

Flux (g m d )-2 -1

a) Existing situation b) three 15 ha areas with 84 cages in each

The TROPOMOD scenario with three distinct 15 ha zones resulted in MODERATE impact (coloured green) areas both within and between zones. SEVERE impact in the three zones was mostly contained underneath the cages, whereas in the existing situation SEVERE impact spans between many cages. Organisation of the AquaPark into three zones much reduces the severity and extent of the deposition footprint (Error! Reference source not found.). Also, larger and highly spaced cages in 15 ha zones were preferable to smaller 10 ha zones, as less of the footprint was defined as SEVERE.

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Table 1. Estimated production data for TROPOMOD scenarios of Sual AquaPark. ‘Poor’ means poor feeding scenario, ‘good’ means good feeding scenario.

Zone arrangement

Husbandry scenario

Total cages in zone

Estimated feed ration

Estimated production

Estimated standing biomass

FCR

Existing Offshore Milkfish ‘poor’

401 54700 – 68400 t yr-1

25700 t yr-

1 6000 – 8700 tonnes

2.1 – 2.7

Scenario - three 15 ha zones (84 per zone)

Offshore Milkfish ‘good’

252

25600 - 43000 t yr

-1

17800 t yr-

1 + IMTA

production

3800 – 5500 tonnes

1.4 – 2.4

2.9.4 TROPOMOD modelling of Panabo AquaPark Two scenarios were undertaken for Panabo AquaPark. Scenario A - Three 10 ha offshore Milkfish zones with similar cage size and production to Sual were added to the existing situation (Figure 2). As these offshore areas are mostly deeper than 30 m, dispersion resulted in large footprint of MODERATE impact, with HIGH impact directly underneath the cages. No areas of SEVERE impact were predicted. Figure 2. TROPOMOD predictions of Panabo showing a) existing situation and b) existing situation with three 10 ha offshore zones added.

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1

15

75

Benthic Community


High impact

Moderate impact

Flux (g m d )-2 -1

0 200 400 600

Scale (m)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600

Scale (m)

a) existing situation b) existing situation with offshore zones

Scenario B - Reorganisation of the AquaPark with 3 inshore Milkfish zones in greater than 15 m depth, 2 offshore Milkfish zones (polar circles), and 9 inshore zones of Grouper (Figure 3). MODERATE impact (green colour) was predicted between groups of cages in each zone, as well as between each zone. No overlap was predicted between the deposition footprints of the inshore Grouper and Milkfish cages. There is MODERATE impact or less predicted between the inshore and offshore Milkfish zones.

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Figure 3. TROPOMOD predictions of Panabo showing a) existing situation and b) 3 inshore zones of Milkfish, 2 offshore zones of Milkfish in large cages, and 9 inshore zones of Grouper.

Benthic Community


High impact

Moderate impact

Flux (g m d )-2 -1

Scale (m)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600

Scale (m)

a) existing situation

b) 3 zones of 6 ha each inshore2 zones offshore larger cages (polar circles)9 Inshore Grouper zones

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

0 200 400 600 800

1

15

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Table 2. Estimated production data for TROPOMOD scenarios of Panabo AquaPark. ‘Poor’ means poor feeding scenario, ‘good’ means good feeding scenario.

Zone arrangement

Species scenario

Total cages in zone

Estimated feed ration


Estimated standing biomass

FCR

Existing Inshore Milkfish ‘poor’

360 8600 – 14100 t yr

-1

4550 t yr-1 970 t 1.9 – 3.1

Existing + Inshore Milkfish ‘poor’

360 8600 – 14100 t yr

-1

4550 t yr-1 970 t 1.9 – 3.1

Three 10 ha offshore zones


168 16950 – 28 700 t yr-1

10800 t yr-

1 2500 t 1.6 – 2.7

Three 6 ha zones Inshore Milkfish ‘good’

288 6850 - 7500 t yr-1

4020 t yr-1

800 t 1.7 – 1.9

Two zones offshore


40 4050 – 6850 t yr-1

2565 t yr-1 600 t 1.6 – 2.7

9 inshore zones Grouper ‘good’

36 165 t yr-1 30 t yr-1 2 – 6 t 5.5 (wet trash fish)

2.9.5 Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and TROPOMOD modelling In TROPOMOD, different IMTA modules were added to determine how much of the waste discharged from the cages intersected the IMTA modules. The percentage of waste feed and faeces intersecting suspended (e.g. oysters on rope/raft) and benthic culture (e.g. sea cucumber pens) was determined, as well as optimum distance and depth. Similarly, a

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dissolved nutrient plume was simulated to determine how much of the plume intersected seaweed culture at different distances from the cages and at what depth. From these results, IMTA zones were created in the model grid and the production of each IMTA zone estimated (see annex for criteria used and production rates). IMTA zones and Sual AquaPark Small IMTA zones of seaweed and oysters were placed within each of the zones, but not between the zones. Large oyster IMTA zones were placed inshore to the east of the cage and seaweed IMTA zones placed to the west. No zones were placed at the far north or south of the finfish culture zone, to allow flushing of the area. IMTA units were not placed on the SW side of the cages, as the predominant current enters the cages from this direction. There is potential for further IMTA zones away from the cages, not shown in the estimates below. Table 3. IMTA zones in the Sual AquaPark and production estimates. These zones are in the model grid near to cage culture and additional space for IMTA zones may be available in the AquaPark away from the cages.

IMTA type No of zones

Zone size (ha)


Seaweed 9 37 1029 wet t yr-1 Suspended Oyster 7 45 545 (rafts) or 363 (longlines) t

yr-1 Benthic sea cucumber

9 - -

Figure 4. IMTA zones for Sual AquaPark close to the finfish cages.

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IMTA zones and Panabo AquaPark Small IMTA zones for seaweed and oysters were placed within each finfish zone (close to cages), where larger sized zones were located between finfish zones. A large seaweed zone was located between the inshore and offshore Milkfish zones,and a large oyster zone was placed inshore of the finfish culture zones. IMTA units were not placed close to the SE side of cages as this is the direction from which current enters the AquaPark. There is additional space to the SE of the finfish culture area but this is in 50 m depth so no IMTA was located there. There is additional space also to the NE and SW of the main finfish culture area outside of the model grid which could be utilised for IMTA, not shown in the estimates below. Table 4. IMTA zones in the Panabo AquaPark and production estimates close to the finfish cages. These zones are in the model grid near to cage culture and additional space for IMTA zones may be available in the AquaPark away from the cages.

IMTA type No of zones Zone size (ha)


Seaweed 20 15 413 wet t yr-1 Oyster 14 35 417 (rafts) or 278 (longlines) t yr-1 Sea cucumber

30 - -

Figure 5. IMTA zones for Panabo AquaPark close to the cages.

2.9.6 TROPOMOD educational software and AquaPark zoning tools Several tools were developed with TROPOMOD to assist with creation of aquaculture zones in the AquaParks in the model grid. Demonstration software was also created to show the

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difference between various scenarios of cage spacing, husbandry practices and IMTA configurations, useful for educational purposes (see annex 2). Videos of the demonstration software are on the TROPOMOD YouTube channel.

3. Project recommendations 3.1 Site selection criteria

Site selection Site selection is probably the single most important factor that determines the commercial viability of an aquaculture operation. An aquaculture operation should be located, designed and operated to provide optimum water quality to the fish and to avoid conditions that may induce stress, reduce growth or predispose the fish to disease. The choice of species should be compatible with the environmental conditions (or the selected site should be suitable for the target species) and if possible should be species that are found naturally in that location. The area should be of a suitable depth, have good current flow with good water quality and ideally sheltered from intense wind and wave action. Guiding Principles

The precautionary approach (production quantity, exotic fry, etc) should be applied.

Production carrying capacity estimation should be undertaken for each identified zone.

A fixed number of License sites should be allocated within the zones based on carrying capacity.

There should be buffers between mariculture zones and sensitive habitats.

Potential conflicts should be assessed and avoided during the process of zone sites identification.

The Precautionary Approach calls for planning to be carried out more carefully and be rigorously evaluated if aquaculture development has uncertain and potentially damaging implications for the environment. Developments may thus have to be delayed or halted under conditions of great uncertainty but its widespread application could slow or halt much development activity. Furthermore, successful development has often been associated with substantial financial and environmental risk and uncertainty. This principle should therefore be applied with care, taking full account of both the magnitude and likelihood of adverse environmental impacts. This implies some form of risk assessment. The precautionary approach should not be used as a reason for postponing or failing to take conservation and management measures to address environmental impacts in the absence of adequate scientific information (CCRF 7.5.1; Ecolabelling Guidelines para. 29.6). Site selection of mariculture zones The growing development of mariculture in the Philippines is resulting in the need to explore exposed open coast sites for cage culture. Therefore there is a need to for Strategic planning for aquaculture development and the identification and creation of mariculture zones.

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Zoning or planning based systems provide a clear cut means of allocating resources across competing uses. By restricting activities to specific areas, these systems can be used to achieve a broad allocation of the rights to use resources in an area between various user groups or combinations of user groups (Geen and Lal 1991). Site selection process The aquaculture zoning process should follow the following sequence Step 1. Data collection for zone identification and selection

Oceanographic data • Bathymetry (marine charts) • Exposure • Winds • Waves • Currents

Infrastructure • Roads • Harbour and other landing facilities • Towns/cities • Electricity supply, potable water, etc • Coastguard stations

Potential conflicts • Marine protected areas • Security/military areas • Harbours, navigation • Sensitive habitats or species (e.g. turtle breeding beaches)

Socio-economic issues • Fishing communities • Tourist areas

Step 2. Digitising data for use in GIS Step 3. Analysis of zone selection criteria Step 4. Identification of potential aquaculture zones and prioritising Step 5. Undertake production carrying capacity estimations on agreed aquaculture

zones and set a maximum level

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Figure X. Suggested zoning process scheme.

Suggested zoning process scheme.

Site selection process A clear and sequential site selection process should be put in place in order to ensure sustainable aquaculture. All the study should be collected in a Site Selection Report and submitted along with the licence application. The type of aquaculture to be developed. Species to be cultured Technology to be used (cage type and mooring (related to exposure) The target production, maximum biomass held and maximum feed fed The site location. Site data collection Identification of potential conflicts Identification of potential environmental impacts Data analysis Site selection report The site location and selection study will need to collect information on: Bathymetry; suitable water depth Coastline; location of corals and shelter Basic infrastructures; jetties, roads, etc Population centres (towns and villages). Site data collection In general, the parameters of greatest interest are the following, grouped by category: Climate (max., min., average) Water temperatures: Wind speed:

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Wind direction: Storm winds and waves Water quality (max., min., average) Oxygen profile (through the water column) Salinity (through the water column) Water temperature (through the water column) Solids in suspension (turbidity) Nutrients concentrations (NH4, NO2, NO3, PO3, etc.) Seabed Sediment type (sand, silt, mud, rock, coral) Organic matter Concentrations (total organic carbon) Biological factors: benthic fauna and flora Oxygen levels in the sediment (Redox potential) Oceanographic conditions Significant wave height, wave period: Waves: prevailing height and direction, storm height and direction Currents: speed and direction and prevailing direction Tides: tidal fluctuation Winds : speed and direction: Winds: prevailing speed and direction, storm speed and direction Physical Water depth in licence area Seabed slope etc Identification of stakeholders Stakeholder analysis seeks to identify, assess and compare their sets of interest; examine inherent conflicts and/or compatibilities, and describe and explore trade-offs. The widest possible range of stakeholders should be considered in the planning process including the following: existing and potential fish farmers local fishermen in the area local communities in the area other industries that are using the same shared water body local municipality Identification of potential conflicts The uses, activities or forms of occupation in the area that could interfere or conflict with aquaculture are then analysed. These parameters will depend directly on the special features of the proposed site. In general terms, the following potential interaction or conflicts may be considered:

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Port areas, offshore mooring areas or sea infrastructures: usually mooring inside a port or nearby the outer harbour entrance is not allowed. This to permit a safe manoeuvring of ship and boats approaching or exiting the port. Port authorities will indicate the buffer zone to be respected according to the ship/boat traffic type of the harbour.

Navigation routes: large boat (oil tanker, cruise ship, cargo ship, etc.) navigation routes must be indicated and the cage site must be positioned at minimum distance of 200m from the possible routes for safety reasons. Different buffer distances can be indicated by the Coast Guard

Protected areas: natural parks, heritage sites: to reduce any kind of threats for protected areas, a minimum distance of 3km from these sites should be respected.

Dumping points and underwater outlets along the coast must be avoided and licence area must be located with a distance of at least 1 km from these points

Areas with underwater cables or conduits must be highlighted on the project map and no moorings or cages will be deployed here.

Areas of interest for tourism: although tourism is not fully developed on the Philippine coastline, and tourist areas are mainly represented by residential districts for seasonal holydays near large urban zones, interactions with aquaculture can generate conflicts and outcry against the farm facilities, both in land and on the sea. The Site selection study must take into consideration this aspect and analyze the tourist sector in the area.

Areas of archaeological interest must be avoided, as ruins or other finds can be damaged by mooring underwater or by constructions on the land.

Traditional fishing areas: conflicts with fishery sector can arise mainly for space competition. There could be areas traditionally exploited by local fisherman communities that should be not used for cage aquaculture. Limiting the access in these areas to fishermen will generate quarrels and clashes between fishery sector and farmers.

Fish nursery or spawning grounds: mangroves, coral reef, underwater meadows are areas proved to be relevant for local fish stock reproduction as used as nursery and spawning grounds by local species. Cages should be not located near these zones as they may negatively interfere with wild fish behaviour or they may represent a threat for juvenile populations in case of massive escapee of predators

Other aquaculture facilities such as cage farms, shrimp farms, hatcheries: in all this case must be respected the buffer zone of 1 km between cage farm licences, and between cage farm licence and inland aquaculture facility outlets

Vessel anchorage areas: these areas are often located in the vicinity of harbours, straits or industrial areas. Are used as stand by anchorage for managing the traffic flow and for the vessels intending to wait at the anchor. Are usually indicated on the marine charts and cannot be occupied by aquaculture cage farms.

Areas of military interest. There could be zone interdicted to navigation or shooting range sea areas where the cage aquaculture activity cannot be developed.

Hazards to aquaculture Factors that should be given consideration when siting any new farm River outlets

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River outlets can Cause changes in water temperature and water turbidity Cause changes in salinity with stratification of the water column bring drifting objects down the river into the water body and then into the nets (trees,

timbers, large manmade floating objects) bring pesticides or other chemicals used in agriculture or industry Therefore fish cage licence should be located respecting an appropriate distance from river outlets (suggest 500 m) Industrial, farm and domestic effluent outlets Sources of water pollution can cause problems for fish survival and growth. Sources of fish farm effluents can be a biosecurity risk for the fish in the cages. Therefore mariculture zones should be located an appropriate distance from effluent outlets (suggest 500 m) Hazards from cage aquaculture Marine Protected areas and conservation areas There are a number of marine protected areas along the Philippine Coast and there should be a buffer zone between aquaculture zones and cage farm licences and these sensitive areas. Therefore fish cages should be located an appropriate distance in order to minimize potential threats to these zone (suggest 1000 m) Buffers Licensed areas should be located considering the following buffer zones:

Distance from shore: The distance between the edge of the licensed area and the shoreline must be not less than 100 m

Distance from the coral reef crest: the distance between the edge of the licensed area and the coral reef crest must be not less than 250m.

Distance between licensed areas: the distance between two mariculture zones sites edges (along the coast) must be not less than 1 km.

3.2 Oil spill response planning

Oil spills can cause damage to fishing equipment and resources and aquaculture facilities and stocks by physical contamination, toxic effects and by disrupting business activity. The nature and extent of the impact of an oil spill on seafood production depends on the characteristics of the spilled oil, the circumstances of the incident and the type of fishing activity or businesses affected. In some cases effective clean-up and protective measures can prevent or minimise damage. The impact of an oil spill on marine life depends largely on the physical and chemical characteristics of the particular oil and the way these change with time, a process known as ‘weathering’. Important physical processes which act on the oil during the course of a spill are evaporation, natural dispersion and, to a lesser extent, dissolution and sedimentation. The prevailing weather and sea currents will determine the movement of spilled oil. Specific gravity, viscosity, chemical composition and toxicity of

70

the pollutant are the main properties which determine the likely impact of oil on seafood organisms. As a generalisation, the toxic effects of oil on marine life depend on the duration of exposure and oil concentration in the environment. The greatest impact is likely to be on facilities on the water surface (buoys, cages, boats) or on shorelines where animals and plants may be physically coated and smothered by oil or exposed directly to toxic components in the oil. The tidal rise and fall exposes a band of the shoreline environment to oil pollution. Seaweeds and shellfish which are grown on the intertidal zone are examples of shoreline species that are especially sensitive to smothering and oil toxicity. In addition to mortality, oil may cause more subtle longer-term damage to behaviour, feeding, growth, or reproductive functions. It is a complex task to isolate such sublethal pollution effects from the influence of numerous other factors. Damage may also result from measures taken to combat an oil spill. Animals and plants which might normally be unaffected by floating oil can become tainted through exposure to oil droplets suspended in the water column if chemical dispersants are used unwisely. For this reason dispersants should not be used close to aquaculture facilities or spawning grounds and nursery areas. Fate of oil When oil is spilled at sea it spreads and moves on the surface while undergoing a number of chemical and physical changes, collectively termed weathering. Oil remains at sea or is washed ashore. Ultimately, the marine environment assimilates spilled oil through the long-term process of biodegradation.

3.2.1 Factors affecting oil spill impacts Most of the processes, such as evaporation, dispersion, dissolution and sedimentation, lead to the disappearance of oil from the surface of the sea, whereas others, particularly the formation of water-in-oil emulsions (“mousse”) and the accompanying increase in viscosity, promote its persistence. The speed and relative importance of the processes depend on factors such as the quantity and type of oil, the prevailing weather and sea conditions, and whether the oil remains. Persistence of Oil. In considering the fate of spilled oil at sea, a distinction is frequently made between non-persistent oils, which tend to disappear rapidly from the sea surface, and persistent oils, which in contrast dissipate more slowly and usually require a clean-up response. Oil type. Oil products differ widely in toxicity. The greatest toxic damage has been caused by spills of lighter oil. Spills of heavy oils can kill organisms through smothering rather than through toxic effects. Toxicity is reduced as oil weathers.

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Oil loading. High oil loading encourages penetration into sediments; if stones and gravel are incorporated in the oil, asphalt pavements may be formed. These can form a physical barrier which restricts recolonization. Heavy loading will take time to disperse and will also penetrate nets and ropes more deeply. Geographic location. In the open sea, oil slicks may disperse naturally. Close to shore, most damage occurs in sheltered bays and inlets, where oil becomes concentrated. This is also true of inland lakes and some rivers. Habitat type. Different habitat types within an area may be impacted quite differently. For example, in the intertidal zone, the lower intertidal usually contains the most diverse group of species. Frequently, however, oil impacts are heaviest in the upper intertidal zone. Oceanographic and meteorological conditions. The physical exposure and weather conditions at a site will determine not only where oil may strand on the shoreline, but will also indicate how quickly oil will weather once stranded on that shoreline. Locations in high energy environments will likely experience much shorter residence time of oil than locations in sheltered, low-energy environments Season. Population concentrations of species that may be present in the impacted area will include those that are not year round residents, but may be present seasonally in large aggregations. These will include migratory birds, and mammals, and fish spawning aggregations. Season and temperature will also determine the behavior of species present in the area that may affect their vulnerability to oil for example vulnerable milkfish fry could be affected. Climate and weather. High temperatures and wind speeds increase evaporation of the volatile part of the oil, which decreases the toxicity of the remaining oil. Temperature also influences the rate of microbial degradation which is the ultimate fate of oil in the environment - higher temperatures resulting in faster metabolism of the oil.

Protecting Mariculture Parks Given the difficulties of cleaning up oil at sea, spilled oil will often threaten mariculture parks and it may be possible to protect them by the strategic deployment of booms. Other measures may also be appropriate, such as closing water intakes to hatcheries, nurseries and ponds. Highest priority should be given to protecting facilities which are particularly sensitive to oil pollution and which can be boomed effectively. These can include fish and shellfish farms, hatchery and nursery water intakes, etc. In some cases aquaculture operators may face the risk of ultimately losing all the stock due to oil spill damage. Harvesting before the stock becomes oiled might be possible, albeit at a lower price, and thereby salvaging some of its value. Conversely, normal harvesting could be delayed to allow contaminated stock to become taint-free by natural metabolic processes, but given that depuration rates are likely to vary somewhat

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depending on local conditions, it may prove difficult to set a reliable timetable for this process to be completed.

3.2.2 Oil spill contingency planning Contingency plans should clearly define the responsibilities of all the different parties likely to be involved in a spill and the organisational structure for effective command and control. There should be an up-to-date list of key contact points. On the technical side, plans should identify sensitive environmental and economic resources, priorities for protection and clean-up, agreed response strategies for different sea and shoreline areas at different times of the year, stocks of clean-up equipment and materials, temporary storage sites and final disposal options. Increasingly there is also a need to plan for managing the legitimate interests of the media in a way that ensures that they receive regular factual updates, without interfering with the control and conduct of the actual response operation. Completed contingency plans may look impressive but, in reality, the final product is less important than the actual process of planning. Thus, the main benefit of developing a plan comes from gathering all the necessary data, consulting and getting to know all potentially interested parties, and resolving potential disputes in a calm atmosphere. For this reason it is important that those who will be required to implement the plan should also be closely involved in its preparation. Contingency plans should be regularly tested and updated. The ultimate test is a major spill when organisational and technical problems will inevitably occur. These problems need to be identified in an objective manner before memories fade and interest wanes so that they can be addressed through amendments to the plan. Because actual spills are rare, regular training of personnel at all levels and the testing of equipment is essential. Spill drills and exercises can be valuable in this regard, so long as they are not too ambitious and include a large element of surprise and realism, with all ‘players’ being willing to recognise problems in the final debrief. A contingency plan should be directly related to the Mariculture Park’s potential spill scenarios and to develop their own laws and procedures to prepare for, and respond to, oil spills. It is crucial that industry works with governments to develop a clear, common interpretation of the national requirements and responsibilities of government agencies, industry and others. The structure, prescriptions and approaches of any operational contingency plan will typically reflect specific cultural traditions and philosophies on how emergencies are best dealt with. It is therefore not possible for this guide to present a ‘blueprint’ of a plan that can simply be copied and used in any local setting, although a suggested structure for contingency planning is included, and some key components described more fully. Detail is also given on key issues in the planning process: plan ownership; selecting responsible officers and personnel; the tiered response concept; funding and compensation. Training, exercises and regular review of the oiled wildlife response plan is essential.

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3.2.3 Developing a contingency plan The development steps covered here are common and may be applied to exercises of different categories, scope and objectives:

establish a contingency planning working group;

establish lines of communication

Undertake a risk assessment of potential oil spills

Develop a contingency plan

select public information objectives.

Undertake a oil spill response exercise

Review the plan

Update the plan regularly Risk assessment The first task that should be undertaken when preparing to conduct oil spill response operations is a comprehensive risk assessment and hazard analysis. When an oil spill occurs, the management team will need to carry out a high-level risk assessment of the overall situation as soon as possible to ensure that oil spill responders or the wider population are not in danger. The initial approach should be to answer such questions as:

Where are the most likely sources for an oil spill

What are the mostly types of oil that could be spilt

Which culture facilities or locations are the most likely to be affected

Which species or culture systems are the most vulnerable The risks posed by particular operations or locations should be assessed on a case by case basis; an example of a typical Site Safety Survey Form is given in the report. The risk assessment should be fully documented and filed. Identify oil spill risks Identify the main risks where oil spills could occur close to the Mariculture park. These can be;

Jetties

Ports

Sea lanes Oil properties The base properties of an oil will determine the physical and chemical changes that occur when it is spilled onto water, and will account for its persistence and toxicity. It is recommended that organizations prepare a list of the properties of oils commonly used or transported in their area. Current direction and wind data Local current data and weather forecasts will assist in determining oil spill response strategies and allow prediction of the movements of a slick. Responding to a spill

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Notification. Make a list of people who should be notified in the case of a spill.

Functional responsibilities. Identify the different tasks and responsibilities for the oil spill contingency

Spill management responsibilities. Identify suitable people to undertake those responsibilities

Equipment and supplies The assessment of risk, data collection and response strategies that have been decided are the cornerstones for determination of equipment requirements. Recovered oil and debris management Processing and final disposal of oil and oily debris in an acceptable manner requires planning. Care must be taken not to create another environmental problem. Planning for response options to minimize damage Ecological, recreational and commercial concerns should be carefully balanced and the consequences of applying or not applying a particular strategy should be understood by all parties. Information flow In major oil spill incidents, handling the media and managing the crisis consumes much time. Contingency planners should assign a trained person to calmly explain the oil spill situation and impacts so as not to cause panic or affect market prices and demand unduly. The cooperation of the local community is essential. Relationships with the community, therefore, should be established at an early stage. Management, training, exercises and plan review In order to react quickly to an oil spill, response staff should be assigned specific roles and responsibilities. It is also vital that staff with an identified response role are given effective training. Spill simulations are an excellent way to exercise and train personnel in their emergency roles and to test plans and procedures. Contingency plans will require periodic review and adjustment.

Testing the plan

Ensure that management from the top down supports the exercise activity.

Set clear, realistic and measurable objectives for an exercise.

The thrust of exercising is to improve—not to impress.

Simpler, more frequent exercises lead to faster improvements initially.

Do not tackle complex exercises until personnel are experienced and competent.

Too many activities, locations and participants can overcomplicate an exercise.

Evaluating the exercise successfully is as important as conducting it successfully.

Planning and conducting a successful exercise is a significant accomplishment.

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3.3 Better Management Practices for Mariculture Parks This Better Management Practices was initially developed in part as an output of the EU-funded project entitled “Mitigating Impacts of Aquaculture in the Philippines”- PHILMINAQ. This has been further developed following the discussions between different stakeholder groups in Panabo, Davao Oriental and Sual, Pangasinan wherein mariculture parks were developed and will be established, respectively. Most of the issues and problems raised during the workshop were included in this guideline. Among them were poor fry and fingerling quality which leads to high mortality, inadequate fry supply, slow growth, diseases, poor feed quality, poor feeding and feed management, need for an appropriate design of cages and mooring systems, lay-out and siting of the cages, etc. This guideline was developed with specific aims to aid the farm owners as well as caretakers maintain a sustainable and profitable aquaculture activity. Overall, it aims to provide food security for the Filipino people in the long term, using mariculture park as a strategy.

Better Management Practices (BMPs) Better Management Practices aim to give farmers sensible and practical guidelines to follow in the planning, management and operation of their farms. These guidelines are based on lessons learned from local and international practice or scientific research. Better Practice Guidelines are useful to improve our ways of working (knowledge, skills, capacity and practices). We do not yet know the best way to produce fish but we can improve the way we do it based on lessons learned, knowledge and research. By describing and sharing this, we hope to provide guidelines toward “better-practice”. These guidelines are being developed as good practice guidelines that if followed, would encourage responsible and sustainable production. It is hoped that these guidelines will be taken up by producer organisations, mariculture parks, clusters of farmers and large farmers. It would be difficult for a farmer to implement all guidelines immediately but it is hoped that the farmers will start to implement some immediately and gradually implement the others as time goes by. This BMP is designed for cage and pen operators with emphasis on mitigating environmental impact. It covers nursery, fish pond, fish cage, fish pens in marine, brackish and freshwaters. The guidelines cover the culture practice from the purchase of fry or fingerlings until the point of sale. Farm design and construction With the increasing intensity and expansion of fish farming operations evident in recent years, suitable design and construction techniques should be used when establishing new farms. Advantage should be taken of improved techniques that take into account not only the requirement of the cultured fish and the management of the farm, but also

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integrate the farm into the local environment while causing the minimum possible disturbance to the surrounding ecosystems. Nursery management Nursery management is a specialised activity dedicated for fry and fingerling rearing. Finding a good broodstock is critical to ensure having a good quality fry. A good quality fry is an important factor in the success of the farm. Proper practices in pond preparation, cleaning, liming, netting, manuring, filling, fertilization, disinfection, aeration, monitoring and pond bottom management, stocking and water quality management were covered in this guideline. Production management Good production management practice will ensure efficient production, avoid disease outbreaks and prevent feed wastage all leading to profitable production. Feed and feed management Utilize feeds and feed management practices that make efficient use of available feed resources, promote efficient growth, minimize production and discharge of wastes. Efficient feeding practices will improve feed conversion efficiency (reduce FCR) and economic returns. Control and rationalization of feeds and feeding in modern fish farming is of critical importance in maintaining a cost-effective and environmentally sound industry. This is due to many factors which include feeds and feeding account for 50-60% of the operational costs, wasted (uneaten and unmetabolized) feed in addition to affecting water quality and predisposing fish to disease is also a major contributor to the discharge of nutrients and organic matter from fish farms leading to eutrophication of the environment, increasing concern is also being expressed regarding the sourcing of fishmeal and fish oil from sustainable fisheries resources and formulation of cost-efficient and high quality, low polluting diets, and proper management of the feeding regime are thus crucial in attempting to optimize the efficient use of feeds in fish farming. Fish health and welfare Disease is a major constraint to fish production globally. It can cause farmers significant losses. However, studies have shown that risk factors that influence fish diseases and outbreaks can be managed and controlled by individual famers by following best management practices. Prompt action is essential to address the problems, reduce losses and minimise impacts to the neighbouring farms. This guideline encourages a pro-active approach wherein prevention of diseases is better than giving treatments. Health management should include reduction of stress, minimize risks of diseases and increase food safety. Good aquatic animal health practices are necessary for the success of any aquaculture production facility. Animals are naturally healthy. For a disease to occur, three criteria must be realized: fish must be susceptible to the disease, the disease must be present, and environmental condition must be conducive for the pathogen. By utilizing clean or vaccinated fish, employing good management practice and maintaining good water quality can diminish the likelihood of a disease event.

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A sound management and sanitation program will greatly minimize pathogens and disease in your facility. Knowing the health status of aquatic animals, followed by early diagnosis or prevention of disease is critical to successful production. Disease prevention is based on good animal husbandry practices, including the reduction of animal stress, minimization of pathogens in the culture environment, and quarantine of unhealthy animals. Successful aquatic animal husbandry demands that animals be held in healthy environments and fed a healthy diet. Farmed fish must be raised under optimal conditions using humane practices. Aquatic animals for slaughter should be quickly prepared for rapid processing. Aquatic animals reared for stocking in public waters should be transported under good environmental conditions if the fish are to survive. Quality and food safety Some antibiotics have negative effects not only to the target species but also to other aquatic organisms that live in the receiving waters where the effluents are being discharged. Some therapeutic agents can also result in residues that are a potential health hazard to humans. Some examples are chloramphenicol and nitrofuran family. Banned antibiotics, drugs, and chemical compounds should never be used. The use of chemicals and drugs should be used in accordance to product labels or as prescribed by the veterinarian and authorities. And lastly, employ effective disinfection, sanitation, modular all-in/all-out facility design and probiotics. Harvest and post-harvest management This step involves the improvement of the freshness and quality of end products for the export market, as well as avoiding the muddy-mouldy smell. Rapid harvesting will reduce the risk of bacterial contamination and the cultured animal will still be fresh when reaching the processor. The harvesting technique should not damage or excessively contaminate the animal with waste. Harvesting can be done either by pond draining or netting. Fish Escapes Farmed fish escapes are caused for concern. For a farmer, it would mean a financial loss. On the conservation and ecological point of view, escaped fish may represent a disease hazard, disruption of natural ecological community (especially if the species cultured is non-native), a potential for inter-breeding with wild fish species leading to dilution of genetic integrity. The focus should be on containment rather than on recapture efforts. Record keeping Farm data and record keeping can help provide better control over the management and efficiency for the farm. Collection of basic production data is an important part of farm management as it allows analysis of the farm performance and notice trends. Collection of environmental data allows the farmer to check if water quality or environmental impacts are getting worse.

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Social aspects (staff training, health and safety) Aquaculture projects/farms shall provide legal wages, a safe working environment and adequate living conditions for the workers. Environmental mitigation Farms in harmony with the environment will remain within the carrying capacity of the area and will not overpower the environment which leads to fish kills. Use biological management rather than chemical solutions as much as possible. CONCLUSION Most of the topics included in this guideline were selected to fit in the need of the fish farmers in the mariculture parks. Selection was based on the issues raised during the stakeholders workshop, interview with farmers and surveys that were conducted during the project. This guideline is also available at the local dialect, Tagalog. Moreover, it is being pilot tested by the selected farmers at the Panabo City Mariculture Park in Davao Oriental. It is aimed that the feed-back from farmers as they put the principles and suggestions written here will improve this guideline, and in the end, aiming towards the goal of attaining a sustainable aquaculture practices. It is hoped that these guidelines will be taken up by mariculture. It would be difficult for a farmer to implement all guidelines immediately but it is hoped that the farmers will start to implement some immediately and gradually implement the others as time goes by. A full copy of the BMPs in Tagalog are given in Annex 1.

3.4 Development of a framework for Mariculture Park development and operation

A framework for Mariculture Park development should cover the policy context and identify goals, principles, key junctures, target stakeholders and desired outcomes. A framework for Mariculture Park development was proposed by Dr. Manuel F. Bonifacio (See Figure below). The Framework is based on development of profitable AGRI-BUSINESS and the management of resources (including social, environmental, economic, technical, and political) for the benefit of the livelihood of the community. This is process-driven, inter-active and complementary.

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This Framework was developed further into development of a step by step approach to identification, setting up, management and re-view based on best available knowledge, participatory consultation following the principles of precautionary approach, integration with other users of the coastline, sustainability and adaptive co-management.

3.4.1 Recommended Mariculture park Framework and implementation plan The Mariculture Park framework and implementation plan seeks to provide guidelines for the establishment and management of Mariculture Parks based on a transparent process in close consultation with stakeholders based on the best available information. By following the guidelines it will help to develop holistic aquaculture planning and management systems that seek the sustainable and equitable use of the Mariculture Park (ecological and human) to best meet the community’s needs and values. The purpose of the process is to develop and implement an integrated set of planning and management arrangements for the mariculture Park to generate more acceptable, sustainable and beneficial community outcomes. The Mariculture Park Framework is a means by which “good governance” in aquaculture is achieved: it is an open, transparent, process that brings all the stakeholders around the table to reach a consensus and to coordinate the identification, setting-up, operation and monitoring of a Mariculture Park. If this Framework is implemented, from conception to implementation and with monitoring and evaluation), better governance of the sector will be achieved. Guiding principles There are a number of overarching principles that should be considered in the identification, setting up and operation of Mariculture Parks.

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The Precautionary Approach calls for planning to be carried out more carefully and be rigorously evaluated if aquaculture development has uncertain and potentially damaging implications for the environment. Developments may thus have to be delayed or halted under conditions of great uncertainty but its widespread application could slow or halt much development activity. Furthermore, successful development has often been associated with substantial financial and environmental risk and uncertainty. This principle should therefore be applied with care, taking full account of both the magnitude and likelihood of adverse environmental impacts. This implies some form of risk assessment. The precautionary approach should not be used as a reason for postponing or failing to take conservation and management measures to address environmental impacts in the absence of adequate scientific information CCRF 7.5.1; Ecolabelling Guidelines para. 29.6). Public consultation and participation Wide ranging public involvement is essential with direct participation of stakeholders in the decision making process, especially in relation to defining overall objectives and associated targets and standards, and in increasing the social acceptance of decisions. Policies should also be generated from a participatory processes at all levels. They should be adaptive, transparent and open to the general public; they must ensure and promote people consciousness of the value of ecosystem approach. They should also reconcile temporal scales facing the fact that aquaculture growth/development and governance capabilities have been moving at two different speeds (FAO, 2008). Box 1. Basic planning and consultation principles. Source: GESAMP, 2001.

Integration with other users of the coastline Integration implies the involvement of a wide range of stakeholders in the decision making process with differing values and concerned with a wide range of development issues. It implies: an holistic analysis and synthesis of complex technical, social, economic and ecological information; correspondence between local initiatives and

sufficient relevant information should be provided in a form that is easily understood by non-experts early in the planning process;

sufficient time should be allowed for stakeholders to read, discuss and consider the information and its implications;

sufficient time should be allowed to enable stakeholders to present their views; the selection of venues and the timing of events should encourage maximum

attendance and a free exchange of views by all stakeholders, including those who may feel less confident about expressing their views; and

responses should be provided to issues or problems raised or comments made by stakeholders so that confidence in public involvement of the planning process can be maintained;

provisions should be made for updating the public and providing feedback on progress with the planning;

more formal planning and management procedures should be integrated with more traditional decision making processes where possible

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regional or national level policies, and vice versa; better co-ordination between different sector policies; and increased cross-links between institutions. Sustainability (Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture) Staying within environmental capacity Developing aquaculture in the context of ecosystem functions and services is a challenge. It involves defining ecosystem boundaries, estimating some environmental capacity and adapting farming according to it so that ecosystem services may be preserved or guaranteed. Environmental capacity is a general term for “a property of the environment and its ability to accommodate a particular activity or rate of an activity...without unacceptable impact” (GESAMP, 1996). Understanding and measuring environmental capacity allows for the determination of the scale of activity (using a specified technology) which can be accommodated without threat to an environmental standard. Environmental capacity measures the resilience of the natural environment in the face of impact from human activities, and must be measured against some established standard of environmental quality. It is essential in setting limits to change that some resilience is retained in terms of service provision. This implies two things: firstly, that acceptable limits include a “safety margin”; and secondly, that those factors which strengthen system resilience – such as biodiversity and enterprise diversity – should be promoted as much as possible. Environmental capacity in the case of aquaculture refers to a specified area such as a bay, estuary, lake or river and usually concerns:

the rate at which nutrients can be added without triggering eutrophication;

the rate of organic flux to the benthos without major disruption to natural benthic processes; or

the rate of dissolved oxygen depletion that can be accommodated without causing mortality of the indigenous biota (GESAMP 1996).

Adaptive co-management Adaptive management has emerged as the most appropriate approach for ecosystem management as it considers that the whole system, with interlinked social and ecological components is constantly changing and presenting surprises. Adaptive management is a learning process approach to development which is characterized by the willingness to embrace error, to learn by doing, and to adapt. It is an iterative process of taking actions, evaluating the consequences of the actions, and adjusting future actions in light of changed conditions. Policies are viewed as hypotheses rather than laws.

Science-based socio-economic framework and implementation plan

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Identify socio economic need and local political will

Site identification and suitability assessment

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Steps for implementation The main steps in the planning, implementation, management and review process are outlined below. The main steps in the planning, implementation, management and review process are outlined below. Step 1- Identify socio economic need and local political will Step 2 - Site identification and suitability assessment Step 3 – Background studies and design Step 4 – Infrastructure development and start-up Step 5 - Co-management and coordination Step 6 - Monitoring and control. Step 7 – Evaluation review and feedback While the main steps of framework and implementation plan can appear to be a linear sequence, starting at step 1 and moving sequentially to the end of step 7, the starting point will depend on the stage of Mariculture Park development and what has already been achieved. Because this is an iterative process, some steps and activities may need to be re-visited as new information or issues arise. Because it is an adaptive process, the plan can include the actions needed to generate any essential improvements that have been identified during the planning stages. Timing The planning and implementation is best done as a participatory process. Therefore, sufficient time will be needed to obtain the political and financial support of policy-makers/government and the cooperation and acceptance by stakeholders to ensure the legitimacy of any plan that is developed. Therefore some steps take longer to implement than others.

Activity 1. Identify socio-economic need and political will This activity should identify the relevant societal/community needs (e.g. livelihoods, employment, and sustainable coastal development) in the proposed area. It should also ensure that there is political will to implement the project. It should ensure that it does not cause major conflict with local communities, stakeholders and other users of the coastline. The first step in undertaking the comprehensive planning process, should begin with the formation of a task force (and election of a leader) and the development of a draft planning schedule. Key actions Discussions with local Government and stakeholders on;

The concept of the Mariculture Parks, the steps to implement and the benefits for sustainable planning and management

Project plan and budget for the preparation of the draft management plan

Assessment of the available resources – institutional capacity

Initial process planning and stakeholder support

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Formation of a local MP taskforce (Central and Local BFAR, LGU, specialists) and elect a team leader,

Identify Government agencies and representatives

Clarify transparency issues

Clarify oversight issues Main outputs

formation of an project team and identifying the team leader.

An action plan that outlines the specific methods and tools to be used during the planning process, that identifies stakeholders, participants, resources, timing, timelines, etc.

a decision to proceed with the Mariculture Park or not at this time. Activity 2. Site identification and site suitability assessment Data collection

Bio-physical data

Hydrological data

Infrastructure (roads, etc)

Utilities (electricity, telephone coverage, etc)

Sensitive habitats and species, MPAs

Hazzards Undertake a rapid environmental baseline survey Identification of Stakeholders Modelling (wave and exposure) Data analysis using GIS against site selection criteria Prioritising sites and zones Ground truthing the identified zones Activities Commissioning and undertaking the background reports Commission baseline study Data collection and synthesis Literature review and synthesis Key actions

Identify and compile any available information on the key target species, culture systems and the ecosystem it operates within including a review of past assessments, studies or management plans.

Collate relevant local and national policies and identify any possible constraints; Summarise the social and economic status and issues of the aquaculture participants,

the relevant communities; Identify any other key activities, stakeholder groups, government agencies, etc. that

need to be included in the planning process (directly or indirectly) to enable its effective and successful implementation.

Clarify management control for the activities and people to be covered in the plan.

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Main outputs

the collection of environmental and social baseline data and report that clarifies what aquaculture activities are to be managed, the community objectives to be achieved, social values to be observed.

Step 3 – Background studies and design - Environmental baseline study and carrying capacity modelling Key Actions

Identify and agree on which aquaculture activities, sectors, communities, target species and culture systems, geographic boundaries of the Mariculture Park?

Identify geographical limits to the zone Identify potential species and potential culture systems Rapid Environmental baseline survey to identify potential environmental issues

Programmatic EIA for or Environmental Compliance Certificate for the proposed zone and production

Undertake wave (and possibly water current) modeling to determine level of exposure and recommended mooring design

Undertake carrying capacity modelling to estimate the maximum sustainable level of production for the zone

Undertake modelling to find the optimal layout of the park in terms of semi-intensive cage farming, intensive cage farming, Mollusc production and seaweed production.

Undertake planning of the mooring systems and cost estimate Step 4 – Implementation - Infrastructure development and start-up Key actions and responsibilities Local Government Unit

Provide land area for shore base

Provide sea area for the Mariculture Park and fish sanctuary and marine reserve

Provide funds for the mooring system, site markets, IAC materials and other essential facilities

Assign staff to the project to participate in meetings, planning, implementation and monitoring

Organise cooperatives and associated livelihood projects

Provide security to the land and sea areas

Issue building permits, licenses, clearances required by the locators and investors

Establish an account for Mariculture Park rentals and other revenues

Take the lead in securing the Environmental Compliance Certificate from DENR

Assure locators and investors on security of tenure for shore-based and sea-based activities (unless there is violation)

upgrade o Roads o Jetties o Shoreline protection o Utilities to the shore base

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BFAR

Identify the potential site and make suitability assessment in consultation with the LGU and FARMC

Act as lead agency in planning, operation, management, monitoring and evaluation of the MP in coordination with LGU, FARMC, NGO and fisherfolk associations and cooperatives.

Provide initial seed funding for maker buoys, training facilities and techno-demo cages

Operate techno-demo cages and provide technical assistance to locators and investors

Supervise and administer the construction and installation activities, procurement of supplies and materials according to plans and specifications

Facilitate hands-on training and provide technical services to the prospective operators, NGO and LGU

Coordinate with other Government agencies and NGO in the formulation of plans and specifications for the construction and installation of moorings, marker buoys, physical facilities, fish cages and nets, seaweed and oyster rafts and longlines

Endeavour to initiate and encourage local and foreign investment

Revise Better Management Practice Guidelines and encourage implementation by operators

Step 5 - Co-management and coordination Key Actions Form the

Executive Management Council

Mariculture Park Management Committee Encourage Private public partnership

Feed supplier outlets Coordinate upstream activities

Hatchery, nursery

Encourage development of support activities

Cage makers Net makers Net cleaners Ice suppliers

Coordinate downstream activities

Processing marketing

BFAR Technical advice and inputs Coordination of stocking, harvesting and disease monitoring and treatment

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Step 6 - Monitoring and control. BFAR monitoring and technical coordination

Provide regular technical monitoring and evaluation of progress and impact together with the LGU

Undertake regular environmental monitoring Document the production performance, marketing and any problems and evaluate and report on the MP performance in delivering acceptable community benefits and outcomes. Regularly report the outcomes to all stakeholders so they can consider whether the performance. Step 7 – Evaluation review and feedback Evaluation and review of performance is a critical step in the adaptive management planning process. It is essential both to ensure adequate performance is being generated against current objectives but also that the fishery is maintaining relevance with community expectations. Undertake periodic reviews of the outcomes to determine whether the activities undertaken are generating an acceptable level of performance. Adjust management if necessary Activities Review of policy and strategy based on MP implementation feedback Key Actions

Regularly review the productivity, livelihood generation and environmental impact Where performance is not acceptable, implement corrective actions or examine what

possible alternative management measures may be appropriate.

4. Conclusions (5 pages)

Modelling Regular spacing of cages and good separation between zones enhances current

flushing through the AquaPark and reduces impact between culture areas Good spacing between inshore zones (min. 200 m) and offshore zones (min. 400 m) Within a zone, good and regular spacing between cage groups (100 m) and between

rows of cages (25 m) Target FCR should be 2.0:1, as with careful feeding of a good quality feed, this allows a

reduction in feed ration IMTA suspended culture (oysters and seaweeds) should be minimum 10 m from cages

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Annex 1. BMPs in Tagalog

Patnubay sa Mas Epektibong Pamamahala, Pagpapalaki at

Pag-aalaga ng Isda

Jocelyn M. Hernandez-Palerud

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PAUNANG SALITA

Ang Patnubay sa Mas Epektibong Pamamahala, Pagpapalaki at Pag-aalaga ng Isda ay lagom

ng mga nailimbag na libro ukol sa "Best Management Practices", na tinipon at itinuring ng

may akda upang umangkop sa operasyon ng fish cage at fish pen sa isang mariculture park.

Itoay isinulat para sa mga may-ari, operator, caretaker, tagapamahala at tagapangasiwa ng

fish cage at fish pen.

Ang bawat paksa ay mga mungkahi na tumatalakay sa mga wastong gawain at gawi na

nakapaloob sa operasyon ng pag-kultyur ng isda. Layunin nito na matulungan ang mga may-

ari na mapataas ang kita sa pamamagitan ng pagbabawas sa mga di kinakailangang gastusin,

mabawasan ang polusyon sa tubig, at masiguro na tatagal at mapanatili ang industriya ng

pag-aalaga at pagpaparami ng isda.

Ang larawan sa pabalat ay kuha sa Panabo City Mariculture Park ni Mr. Rune Palerud.

Disclaimer:

The content of this book does not necessarily state nor reflect the opinion of the Bureau of Fisheries and

Aquatic Resources, Akvaplan-niva at Norad.

i

Talaan ng Nilalaman

KABANATA I. GABAY SA PAGTATAYO NG FISH FARM ..............................................................3

Mga Tagubilin sa Pagpili ng Disenyo:...................................................................................3

Mga Tagubilin sa Pagpili ng ng Materyales na Gagamitin ....................................................4

Sustainability ......................................................................................................................4

KABANATA II. GABAY SA PAGPILI AT PAGBILI NG ....................................................................6

FRY AT FINGERLING ................................................................................................................6

Mga Tagubilin sa Pagpili at Pagbili: .....................................................................................6

Mga Tagubilin sa Pangongolekta: ........................................................................................6

Mga Tagubilin sa Pag-aaklimata: .........................................................................................7

KABANATA III. GABAY SA PAMAMAHALA NG OPERASYON SA NURSERY .................................8

Paglilinis ng Fishpond ..........................................................................................................8

Paglalagay ng Apog .............................................................................................................8

Paglalagay ng Lambat .........................................................................................................9

Paglalagay ng Pataba at Pagtatambak .................................................................................9

Pagdi-disinpekta ...............................................................................................................10

Paglalagay ng Aerator .......................................................................................................11

Mga Dapat Tandaan sa Pag-mentena ng Fishpond ............................................................11

Stocking ............................................................................................................................11

Mga Gabay Sa Tamang Pakain ..........................................................................................13

Paraan ng Pangangalaga ng Kaledad ng Tubig ...................................................................14

KABANATA IV. GABAY SA TAMANG PAGPILI NG KLASE NG FEEDS AT WASTONG PAGPAPAKAIN ......................................................................................................................16

Gabay sa pagpili ng kaledad ng feeds ................................................................................16

Gabay sa tamang pagpapakain .........................................................................................16

Gabay sa paggamit ng trash fish .......................................................................................17

Gabay sa tamang pag-iimbak ng feeds ..............................................................................17

Gabay sa wastong pagmamarka ng feeds .........................................................................18

Gabay sa wastong paggamit ng feeds na may halong gamot at iba pang kemikal..............18

Mga gabay upang maiwasan ang polusyon sa tubig dulot ng feeds ...................................18

KABANATA V. GABAY SA PANGANGALAGA NG KALUSUGAN NG ISDA ...................................19

Mga gabay para maiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng sakit ang isda .........................................19

Mga gabay upang maiwasan ang pagkalat ng sakit ...........................................................20

Mga gabay at hakbang sa panahon ng epidemya ..............................................................21

Mga gabay at hakbang pagkatapos ng epidemya ..............................................................21

Mga gabay sa wastong paggamit ng gamot at kemikal para sa kaligtasan ng mga taong kakain nito ........................................................................................................................21

Mga gabay sa wastong pagtatapon ng gamot at kemikal ..................................................22

KABANATA VI. GABAY SA PANGANGALAGA NG MGA ISDANG MAY SAKIT ............................23

Mga palatandaan na dapat bantayan: ...............................................................................23

Mga hakbang na dapat gawin: ..........................................................................................23

KABANATA VII. GABAY SA TAMANG PAG-MONITOR NG PRODUKSYON ................................25

Mga gabay sa paggawa ng talaan ......................................................................................25

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KABANATA VIII. GABAY SA WASTONG PAGSASAGAWA NG PAG-AANI (HARVESTING) ...........26

Pagpapalabas ng tubig sa fishpond ...................................................................................26

Netting .............................................................................................................................26

Wastong Pagtatabi at Pagtatapon ng mga Materyales at Kasangkapan ............................27

Wastong Paggamit, Pagtatabi at Pagtatapon ng Gamot at Kemikal ...................................27

Wastong Pagtatapon ng Tubig (effluent) ..........................................................................27

Mga Gabay sa Pagtatala ....................................................................................................28

KABANATA IX. GABAY SA WASTONG PAGSASAGAWA NG POST-HARVEST ............................29

Mga paghahanda na dapat gawin bago mag-harvest ........................................................29

Mga gabay sa wastong pag-harvest ..................................................................................29

Mga gabay sa tamang pag-package ng isda .......................................................................30

Mga gabay sa pagbiyahe ng isda .......................................................................................30

KABANATA X. PATNUBAY UPANG MAIWASAN ANG PAG-ALPAS NG ISDA .............................31

KABANATA XI. MGA PATNUBAY SA PANGANGALAGA NG KAPAKANAN NG ISDA (FISH WELFARE) .............................................................................................................................32

KABANATA XII. MGA PATNUBAY SA PANGANGALAGA NG KAPALIGIRAN ..............................33

Mga hakbang bago magtayo ng fish farm .........................................................................33

Mga patnubay pagkatapos matayo ang fish farm: .............................................................33

BIBLIOGRAPIYA: ....................................................................................................................34

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KABANATA I. GABAY SA PAGTATAYO NG FISH FARM Dahil sa mabilis na pagdami ng fish farm, kinakailangang magkaron ng pamantayan ukol sa disensyo, materyales na gagamitin at pamamaraan ng pagtatayo nito. Sa pagdidisenyo, dapat isaalang-alang di lamang ang kapakanan ng isda at istruktura, kundi pati na rin ang epekto nito sa kapaligiran. Ang disenyo ay hindi dapati nakakasira at nakakabulabog sa kalapit na ibang lamang-dagat.

Mga Tagubilin sa Pagpili ng Disenyo:

1. Sa pagdi-disenyo, palaging isaisip na maproteksyunan laban sa maaaring sakit na dala

ng mga isda sa fish farm ang mga lamang-dagat sa paligid.

2. Isaalang-alang ang kalagayan at kaligtasan ng mga manggagawa. 3. Hangga’t maaari, isagawa ang “integrated aquaculture”. Halimbawa, ang sabayang

pagku-kultyur ng isda, seaweed at talaba. 4. Itama ang laki ng fish pen, fish cage, palutang (mooring) sa isdang iku-kultyur. 5. Iposisyon ang cage at pen ayon sa direksyon ng daloy ng tubig. Sa paraang ito,

maiiwasan ang pagtambak ng dumi sa ilalim ng cage o pen. Mapapanatili din na ang tubig ay laging presko.

6. Iwasang itayo ang fish cage at fish pen sa lugar na malakas ang kuryente/daloy ng

tubig. 7. Gumamit ng barrier net upang maiwasan makatakas ang inaalagaang isda at makahalo

sa isdang nasa dagat. 8. Ang laki ng fish cage at net ay dapat naaayon sa uri at laki ng isdang iku-kultyur. 9. Ang lalim ng net dapat ay di lalampas sa 1/3 ng lalim ng tubig. Halimbawa, kung ang

lalim ng tubig ay 3 metro, ang haba ng net ay di dapat lalampas sa 1 metro. Hanggat maaari, maglagay ng hindi kukulangin na 1 metro pagitan mula sa cage at lupa. Dahil dito, malayang makakadaloy ang tubig at maiiwasan ang pagtambak ng mga dumi sa ilalim ng cage.

10. Kung gagamit ng floating feeds, gumamit ng floating ring upang maiwasang masayang

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ang pakain. 11. Iwasang gumamit ng permanenteng palutang/pabigat o mooring. Hangga’t maaari,

gumamit ng mooring na pwedeng mabuhat kung sakaling ang fish cage ay ililipat ng lugar.

Mga Tagubilin sa Pagpili ng ng Materyales na Gagamitin

1. Gumamit ng disenyo na nababagay sa lugar at kapaligiran. Halimbawa, iwasang

gumamit ng kawayan sa lugar na daanan ng bagyo.

2. Gumamit ng matibay na materyales (hindi madaling masira ng bagyo), hindi kakalawangin, biodegradable, madali ang pangangalaga, magtatagal, at mabibili sa lokal na pamilihan (di na kailangan pang lumuwas o i-order pa sa malayo).

3. Ang uri ng net na gagamitin dapat ay depende kung saan ito gagamitin.

4. Gumamit ng net na hindi nakakagasgas sa isda. 5. Gumamit ng tamang sukat ng mata ng net. 6. Piliin ang net na may kaledad upang ito ay matagal na magamit.

Sustainability

Upang mapanatili ang magandang daloy ng tubig, maglagay ng isang metrong pagitan sa bawat cage. Maglagay ng di lalabis sa 10 cage kada cluster.

Maglagay ng 200 metro pagitan sa bawat fish pen.

1

1

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Iwasang makapanira ng ibang lamang-dagat habang itinatayo ang fish farm. Ilagay ang fish cage at fish pen sa lugar na maputik o mabuhangin, malayo sa bahura at sensitibong lugar tulad ng seagraa, atbp. Itapon sa wastong paraan ang lahat na basurang idudulot ng pagtatayo ng fish farm. Isiguro na ang lahat ng istrukturang itatayo ay matibay at matatag laban sa bagyo at malakas na alon at hangin. Iba pa

1. Gumamit ng disenyo na madaling gawin, pangasiwaan at hindi mapanganib.

2. Ang mga net ay hindi dapat nakakasagabal sa daloy ng kuryente/alon.

3. Isaalang-alang ang pagitan o distansya kada fish farm.

4. Isama sa disenyo ang pasilidad para sa pagtatapon ng basura, patay na isda, feeds, atbp.

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KABANATA II. GABAY SA PAGPILI AT PAGBILI NG

FRY AT FINGERLING Tintalakay sa kabanatang ito ang mga gabay na kailangang isaalang-alang sa pagpili at pagbili ng semilya, at mga hakbangin hanggang sa sila ay mailipat sa fish cage o fish pen. Sa pagpapalaki ng isda, kailangang isa-alang-alang ang kaledad ng semilya. Ang mababang kaledad ay maaaring masasakitin, mabagal ang paglaki, at malaki ang porsyento na mamamatay. Dahil dito, mahalaga na maging mapanuri at maingat sa pagbili at pagpili ng semilyang gagamitin.

Mga Tagubilin sa Pagpili at Pagbili:

1. Mas nakabubuti na gumamit ng semilya

na galing sa hatchery kaysa sa dagat. Hangga’t maaari bumili lamang ng semilya sa ahensya ng pamahalaan at aprubadong hatchery.

2. Obserbahan ang galaw ng semilya. Kunin lamang ang malulusog.

Mga Tagubilin sa Pangongolekta:

1. Limitahan ang pangongolekta ng semilya sa dagat.

2. Iwasang mangolekta ng semilya na magsasanhi ng pagkasira sa ibang lamang-dagat.

3. Ipinagbabawal ang pagkuha ng semilya sa loob ng sanktwaryo at mga sensitibong lugar tulad

ng bahura, seagrass at bakawan. Ang pagkasira ng mga lugar na ito na nagsisilbing tirahan ng mga isda ay maghahantong sa pagkonti ng semilya.

4. Gumamit ng uri ng pangolekta na maiiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng by-catch. Ibalik ang by-catch sa dagat.

5. Iwasan ang paggamit ng pinong net sa paghuli ng semilya.

Ang paraan ng pagbubukod sa mga fry

ayon sa laki- R. Palerud, Akvaplan-niva.

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Mga Tagubilin sa Pag-aaklimata:

1. Kailangan ma-aklima muna ang mga bagong biling semilya bago ito isalin sa fishpond o fish

cage. Ito ay upang sanayin ang mga semilya sa bago nitong kapaligiran. Dito rin maihihiwalay ang mababang kalidad at may sakit na semilya na kailangang alisin upang di makahawa sa iba.

2. Disempektahin ang mga bagong huling semilya bago isalin sa fish cage o fish pen.

Mga Tagubilin sa Pagpapalaki:

1. Panatilihing magkakasinglaki ang isda upang maiwasan ang ’cannibalism’ o pagkain sa isa’t isa. Ito ay magagawa sa pamamagitan ng regular na pagsukat sa kanilang laki. Ito ay tinatawag na grading.

2. Palakihin ang mga semilya ayon sa nirekomendang laki para sa fish pen at fish cage.

3. Pakanin ang mga semilya ng feeds (pellet).

Mga Tagubilin sa Paglilipat sa Fish Cage at Fish Pen:

1. Salain ang semilya ayon sa laki bago isalin sa fish cage at fish pen. Kailangan ang bawat isda ay halos magkakasing laki.

2. Ang bilang ng semilya ay hindi dapat lalabis sa nirekomendang dami kada fish cage o fish pen.

3. Ang pagbibiyahe ng semilya mula sa hatchery hanggang sa grow-out ay kailangang hindi lalabis sa 3 oras. Kung ito ay hihigit sa 3 oras, kinakailangang gumamit ng oxygen.

Pagkuha ng semilya

sa hatchery o dagat

I-aklimata

Sukatin ang semilya at pagsama-

samahin ang magkakasinlaki

(”grading”)

Ilipat sa

fishpond/fishcage o fish

pen

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KABANATA III. GABAY SA PAMAMAHALA NG OPERASYON SA NURSERY

Paglilinis ng Fishpond

Pagkatapos magharvest, makikita ang naipong nabulok na pakain at mga dumi ng isda sa ilalim ng net. Ito ay kailangang tanggalin upang ang lupa ay maging mataba muli, at ang kalidad ng tubig ay bumuti. Ang paglilinis ay maaaring gawin sa pamamagitan ng ”dry method” at ”wet method”.

Sa dry method, ang lupa ay magkakabitak-bitak hanggang 25-50 mm ang lalim. Lahat ng maitim na lupa ay dapat tanggalin at itapon malayo sa fishpond hangga’t maaari. Kung ang lupa ay acidic, o ang kulay ng tuboig ay orange, linisin ang fishpond ng 2-3 beses para maalis ang pagiging acidic nito. Huwag bubungkalin ang lupa sa ganitong kalagayan dahil mas lalo lamang itong magiging acidic. Panatilihin lamang itong basa. Gamitin ang wet method kung hindi maaaring mapatuyo ang fishpond ng lubusan. Subalit kailangang maglagay ng sedimentation pond, isang hukay kung saan ititining ang lahat ng dumi na galing sa fishpond bago ito itapon sa kalapit na katubigan.

Paglalagay ng Apog

Kailangang lagyan ng apog ang fishpond kung ang pH ng tubig ay higit sa 7. Ikalat ito sa lupa ng pantay. Kailangang ang bandang itaas ng pilapil ay mamasa-masa. Pagkalagay ng apog, huwag galawin ang fishpond ng 10-15 araw. Damihan ang lagay ng apog sa lugar kung saan nagpapakain at sa pinakamalalim na parte ng fish pond. Iwasan ang sobrang apog dahil malalason ang mga isda.

Paglilinis ng fishpond gamit ang dry method.

Hinango sa www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/vita/fishpond/en /fishpond.htm

http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/vita/fishpond/en

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Talahanayan 1. Dami ng apog na kailangang ilagay upang ang lupa ay magkaron ng pH 7.0.

pH ng lupa

Dami ng apog (tonelada kada ektarya ng fishpond)

Agricultural lime

Dolomite Hydrated lime Quick lime Shell powder

6.5 2.8 2.8 4.2 2.3 3.2

6.0 5.5 5.7 8.5 4.6 6.4

5.5 8.3 8.5 12.7 6.9 9.6

5.0 11.1 11.3 17.0 9.2 12.8

4.5 13.9 14.2 21.2 11.5 16.0

4.0 16.6 17.0 25.5 13.8 19.2

Kung maaari, maglagay ng imbakan ng tubig. Sa bawat dalwang fishpond, maglagay ng isang imbakan ng tubig.

Paglalagay ng Lambat

Pagkatapos na pagkatapos maglagay ng apog, maglagay ng hindi kukulangin sa 2 patong ng lambat (60 mesh per inch) sa lugar kung saan nanggagaling ang tubig (inlet) upang maiwasan ang pagpasok ng ibang lamang dagat o isda na maaaring magdala ng sakit, kumain sa inaalagaang isda o maging kakumpetensya sa mga pakain na ibinibigay sa inaalagaang isda.

Paglalagay ng Pataba at Pagtatambak

Ang fishpond ay kailangang lagyan ng pataba 10 araw bago ilagay ang mga semilya upang maparami ang mga plankton o lumot. Ang mga lumot ay magbibigay ng lilim na hahadlang sa pagtubo ng mga mga halaman na makakasama sa isda. Ang dami ng patabang dapat ilagay ay depende sa taba ng lupa.

Paglalagay ng pataba sa tubig.

Hinango sa: www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/vita/fishpond/en/fishpond.htm

Talahanayan 2. Dami ng pataba na dapat ilagay

http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/vita/fishpond/en/fishpond.htm

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Organikong Karbon sa

Lupa (%)

Dami ng pataba na dapat ilagay (kilo kada

ektarya ng lupa)

Dumi ng baka Dumi ng manok

1.0 500 167

0.5 1,000 333 0.25 2,000 666

Kailangan ding maglagay ng 15-20 kilo kada ektarya ng tea seed cake. Kung ang salinity ng tubig ay higit sa 15 ppt, kailangang maglagay ng 20 g ng tea seed cake kada metro kubiko (g/m3) Magdagdag ng 15 cm na tubig araw-araw hanggang ang lebel ng tubig ay maging 100 cm. Ang dami ng urea, inorganikong pataba o superphosphate na ilalagay sa fishpond ay depende sa lebel ng nitrogeno at phosphorous ng lupa.

Talahanayan 3. Daming patabang ilalagay

Nitroheno sa Lupa (mg/100 g soil)

Urea na kailangang idagdag (kg/ha)

Posporus sa Lupa (mg/100 g soil)

Single Super Phosphate na kailangang idagdag

(kg/ha)

12.5 100 1.5 100

25.0 50 3.0 50

50.0 25 6.0 25

Pagdi-disinpekta

Ang pagdi-disinpekta ay ginagawa kung ang fish pond ay madami ng lumot. Ang kalimitang ginagamit ay formalin (37-40% formaldehyde). Maaari ding gumamit ng quaternary ammonium compounds, e.g. benzalkonium chloride (BKC), buffered iodophores, calcium hypochlorite at bioaugmenters. Gayunman, walang garantiya na mabisa ang paggamit ng mga kemikal na ito.

Ang tubig ay kailangang may linaw (visibility) na aabot sa 40 cm, di pabago-bagong pH, may lumot na kulay brown at luntian. Kung ang tubig ay kulay brown na manila-nilaw na, ito ay handa na para lagyan ng isda.

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Paglalagay ng Aerator

Ang fishpond na may laking kalahati hanggang isang ektarya ay kailangang maglagay ng 4 na aerator- isang aerator kada sulok sa humigit kumulang na 3-5 na metrong lalim ng tubig. Ito ay upang mapalakas ang galaw ng tubig sa loob ng fish pond. Gumamit ng 1 horsepower paddle wheel aerator kung ang fishpond ay may lalim na hindi hihigit sa 1.2 metro, 2 horsepower paddle wheel aerator naman kung ang tubig ay may lalim na hihigit sa 1.2 metro at “Venturi/Aire-O2 naman ang gamitin sa 1.5 metrong lalim. Ang kalimitang nakikitang ginagamit sa mga fishpond ay ang long arm paddle wheel aerator na may 2-10 horsepower gamit ang kuryente o krudo. Kailangang buksan ang aerator 24 oras bago ilagay ang mga semilya upang malinis ang lugar lalo na kung saan nagpapakain.

Mga Dapat Tandaan sa Pag-mentena ng Fishpond

Ang ilalim ng pond, lalo na ang lugar kung saan nagpapakain, sa mga gilid-gilid, sa may labasan ng tubig at sa gitna, ay kailangang tignan lingo-linggo, isang buwan matapos ang pagsasalin ng semilya dito. Pwedeng magtanim ng puno ng niyog o mga damo sa may pilapil upang maiwasan ang pagguho at pagkasira nito kung may baha. Ang mga tubo ay kailangang buksan araw-araw, 5 hanggang 10 minuto upang magdiskarga ang mga dumi galing sa fishpond. Ang mga dumi, tulad ng mga dumi ng isda at mga pakain ay kailangang maalis. Dahan-dahang tanggalin ang maiitim na lupa sa ilalim hanggang sa ito ay mapalabas ng fish pond. Iwasang dumami ang mga lumot. Maaari itong tanggalin sa pamamagitan ng dahan-dahang pagkaladkad ng kadena sa lupa. Ngunit kailangan lamang itong gawin sa di lalabis na 25% parte ng fishpond. Maaari ring kunin ang mga nakalutang na lumot. Kung ang tubig ay magkulay luntian na, kailangan na itong palitan upang maiwasan ang lubusang pagdami ng lumot. Ang mga sumusunod ay kailangang regular na sukatin: pH, organiko, at redox potential.

Stocking

Sa pasimula, mas mabuting maglagay muna ng kakaunting semilya. Kung ang pagku-kultyur ay matagumpay, maaaring magdagdag sa sunod na cropping period. Iwasan ang paglalagay ng labis sa itinakdang dami ng semilya dahil ito ay magre-resulta lamang ng mas madaming problema sa pagku-kultyur at maaaring pagkamatay ng isda.

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Isa sa mga epekto ng "overstocking" ay fish kill.

Hinango sa: International Business Times

Tignan mabuti ang kaledad ng semilya. Kailangang ang mga semilya ay maliksi, walang abnormalidad sa anyo ng isda, at halos magkakasinlaki. Kung medyo magkakaiba man, maaaring salain ito pagkalipas ng isang buwan. Sa unang 2-3 linggo, ang mga semilya ay maaaring ilagay pansamantala sa nursing pond o sa isang maliit na fishpond upang masiguro na sila ay mabubuhay at nakakakain ng tama. Ang laki ng nursing pond ay maaaring mga 5-10% ng laki ng buong fishpond. Sa ganitong paraan, mas magiging madali ang pag-monitor sa mga isda dahil sila ay nakakumpol lamang sa isang maliit na lugar. Kung wala naman ng lugar para magtayo ng nursing pond, maaaring maglagay ng fish pen sa loob ng fishpond na may laki na 1 metro kwadrado kada 100 semilya. Kung walang nursing impoundment, maaaring maglagay ng maliit na survival pen upang makalkula ang survival rate at tamang dami ng pakain na dapat ibigay sa mga semilya sa unang dalawang linggo nito. Ang maliit na survival pen ay may sukat na 100 semilya kada metro kwadrado. Dahil ang fish pen ay maliit, posibleng ma-monitor ang bilang ng mga semilya. Maglagay ng 1 metro kwadrado na lift net sa loob ng fish pen. Dito ilagay ang mga pakain. Pagkalipas ng 3 hanggang 4 na araw ng stocking, bilangin ang mag semilya sa lift net, 2 oras pagkatapos magpakain. Dito malalaman ang survival rate.

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Lift net. Hinango sa: FAO

Kung ang nabuhay ay di umabot sa 50%, kailangang alamin ang dahilan. May mga farmers na diretso mag-stock sa fishpond, dahil dito mahirap matantya ang bilang ng mga nabuhay na semilya pagkatapos ng 2 linggong palugit matapos ang stocking.

Better-practice approaches for culture-based fisheries development in Asia, ACIAR.

Mga Gabay Sa Tamang Pakain

Bumili lamang ng pakain na sapat sa isang buwan upang mapanatiling bago ang pakaing binibigay isda. Nababawasan ang sustansya sa pakain kapag ito ay matagal ng nakaimbak. Amuyin muna ang pakain bago ito bilhin. Ang bagong pakain dapat ay amoy isda at hindi amoy maanta. Laging tignan ang petsa kung kelan ito ginawa (manufacture date).

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Iimbak ang mga pakain sa lugar na medyo malamig, hindi mababasa, at may maayos na sirkulasyon ng hangin. Kapag ang pakain ay nabasa, ito ay magkakaron ng amag na magiging sanhi ng sakit sa isda.

Paraan ng Pangangalaga ng Kaledad ng Tubig

Ang antas ng dissolved oxygen ay maaaring pataasin sa pamamagitan ng pagpapalawak ng fishpond, paglalagay ng paddle wheel sa tamang lugar, pagkakaroon ng tamang dami ng plankton sa tubig, at pagbabawas ng organikong materyal sa tubig.

Mapapadami ang oksiheno sa tubig sa pamamagitan ng paglalagay ng paddle wheel, pag-aalis ng lumot-lumot at pagpapakain ng sakto.

Ang pH sa araw ay di dapat tataas sa 0.5. Ang antas ng pH ay maaaring mabago sa pamamagitan ng paglalagay ng apog. Halimbawa:

a. Sa pasimula ng cropping, maglagay ng 4.8-8.0 kg/ha ng dolomite kada ika-2 or ika-3

araw kung ang pH ng tubig ay nasa 7.5 – 7.8.

b. Kung ang pH ay 7.5 – 7.8, at di tataas sa 0.5 ang diperensya ng pH sa umaga at sa hapon, maglagay ng 4.8-8.0 kg/ha ng dolomite kada ika-2 or ika-3 araw.

c. Kung ang pH sa umaga ay mababa sa 7.5, maglagay ng 4.8 kg/ha ng dolomite araw-

araw hanggang ang pH tuwing umaga ay maging 7.5.

d. Kung ang pH sa umaga ay 8.0 at sa hapon ay 9.0, maglagay ng 4.8-8.0 kg/ha ng dolomite araw-araw hanggang ang diperensya sa pH ay maging mas mababa sa 0.5.

e. Sa second-half ng cropping, maglagay ng 8.0 kg/ha ng dolomite araw-araw o kada ikalawang araw, depende sa kulay ng tubig.

f. Bago magpalit ng tubig, maglagay muna ng 4.88.0 kg/ha ng dolomite.

Ang linaw ng tubig (transparency value) ay dapat 20-35 cm. Dalawang bagay ang dapat isaalang-alang sa pamamahala ng plankton: ang dami at uri nito. Sa unang dalawang buwang ng pagku-kultyur, kailangang maglagay ng patabang organiko (10-30 kg/ha) o inorganiko (1-3 kg/ha) sa fishpond upang masigurong may sapat na pagkain ang mga plankton. Sa mga susunod na buwan di na kailangang maglagay pa ng pataba sapagkat ang mga tirang pagkain at dumi ng isda ay sapat na na maging pagkain ng mga plankton. Ang labis ng pataba ay magdudulot ng "plankton bloom" na makakasama sa mga isdang inaalagaan at pinaparami. Kung dumami ng labis ang mga plankton, maaari itong mabawasan sa pamamagitan ng pagpapasok ng malinis na tubig-dagat sa fishpond. Ngunit sa mga fishpond na di maaaring magpalit ng tubig, pwedeng gumamit ng pamatay ng plankton tulad ng calcium hypochloride o benzalkonium chloride (BKC) 0.1 – 1.1 ppm.

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Kapag ang tubig ay nagkulay pula, na parang "red tide", ito ay nangangahulugang may mga klase ng plankton na nakakasasama sa isda, tulad ng dinoflagellates. Kailangan itong malinis. Pwedeng patayin ang aerator o maglagay ng BKC (0.1 – 1.1 ppm). Tanggalin ang mga lumulutang na lumot. Ang antas ng hydrogen sulphide ay kailangang panatilihin sa di lalabis sa 0.03 ppm. Kung humigit pa dito, palitan agad ng tubig. Ang antas ng ammonia ay kailangang panatilihin sa di lalabis sa 0.1 ppm o <0.1 mg/L. Kung sakaling ito ay tumaas, maglagay ng aerator. Ang lalim ng tubig ay di dapat bababa sa 80 cm. Kung may makitang bula sa tubig, o ang tubig ay biglang luminaw, magpalit ng tubig (5-10 cm) ang lalim, at maglagay ng 100-200 kg ng apog kada ektarya. Kung ang tubig ay lumabo, huwag gumamit ng kemikal upang patayin ang mga plankton. Bagkus, magpalit ng tubig, 10 cm ang lalim. Pwede din namang ihinto muna ang pagpapakain sa mga panahong ito. Palitan ang tubig kung ito ay magkulay dark green o dark brown na. Habang nagpapalabas ng tubig, kayurin ang lupa malapit sa water gate upang lumabas ang mga maitim na lupa o burak na naipon sa ilalim. Hangga’t maaari, kapag nagpapalit ng tubig, huwag dapat hihigit sa 30%, at 10% lamang kada palit. Ngunit kung ang kaledad ng tubig ay maganda at ang mga isda ay lumalaki ng ayos, hindi na kailangan pang magpalit ng tubig. Ang pagpapalit ng tubig ay kailangan lamang upang alisin ang mga duming naipon at sobrang lumot na maaaring makasama sa isda. Maglagay ng agrilime tuwing magpapalit ng tubig o pagkatapos ng malakas na ulan. Maglagay ng quick lime sa bandang pilapil kung ang lupa ay maging acidic o ang tubig ay magkulay orange. Mangyari lamang na gumamit ng tubig galing sa reservoir. Ang tubig sa reservoir ay dapat patiningin ng hindi kukulangin sa 7 araw bago isalin sa grow-out pond. Huwag magpalit ng tubig kung may malapit na kanal sa fishpond na may mga sakit na isda. Gawin ang pagpapalit ng tubig kapag nag-high tide na. Ilagay ang aerator kung saan ang daloy ng tubig ay papunta sa gitna ng fishpond. Ito ay upang maipon ang mga dumi sa gitna at mapanatiling malinis ang lugar kung saan nagpapakain. Huwag gumamit ng anumang materyales o gamit tulad ng net, palutang, na ginamit sa ibang fish pond. Ito ay upang maiwasan ang pagkahawa at paglaganap sakit.

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KABANATA IV. GABAY SA TAMANG PAGPILI NG KLASE NG FEEDS AT WASTONG PAGPAPAKAIN

Gabay sa pagpili ng kaledad ng feeds

Sa pagpili ng feeds, isaalang-alang ang sumusunod:

- porsyento ng amino acid at iba pang masusustansyang sangkap

- mga sangkap at formulation na angkop sa uri, laki at edad ng isda

- lasa (ang lasa ay dapat gusto ng isda) - mataas ang digestibility - di agad-agad natutunaw sa tubig (makakain ito

ng isda at hindi matutunaw lamang sa tubig)

Hangga’t maaari, gumamit ng extruded feeds. Kung ang gamit ay pellets, suriin ang sako sa mga durog o feed dusts. Dapat ay konti lamang ito.

Gabay sa tamang pagpapakain

Gumamit ng feeding table. I-ayon ito sa pangangailangan ng isda. Maglaan ng record book para sa feed ration. Sa resulta nito i-base ang FCR at feeding table.

Gumamit ng feeding tray sa pagtantya ng dami ng feeds na ibibigay. Sa paggamit nito, maaaring malaman kung ang isda ay gutom o busog na. Huwag maghagis ng feeds sa iisang lugar lamang. Ikutin ang fish cage. Siguraduhin na ang lahat ng isda ay nakakakain. Magpakain ng tama. Ang pagkain ng isda ay hindi depende sa dami ng feeds na binibigay. Titigil itong kumain kung busog na. Ang natatapon at nasasayang na feeds ay nakakababa sa kaledad ng tubig. Iwasan o bawasan ang pagpapakain kung sobrang init o sobrang lamig ng panahon, kung mababa ang dissolved oxygen ng tubig, at ang kung neap tide.

Ang laki ng feeds dapat ay depende sa laki ng isda. Hangga’t maaari pagsama-samahin sa isang cage ang mga isdang magkakasinlaki.

Halimbawa ng floater feeds. Hinango sa: www.scoop.it

Halimbawa ng feeding tray.

Hinangao sa: FAO

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Ang tyempo sa pagpapakain ay depende sa laki ng isda. Kalimitan, ang maliliit na isda ay kailangan ng mas marami at mas madalas na pakainin, kumpara sa kung ito ay malapit ng i-harvest. Suriin ang galaw ng isda kapag nagpapakain. May mga isda na ang kain ay sa gabi, meron naman na mas aktibo sa umaga. Ang klase ng feed na gagamitin, halimbawa, floater o sinker, depende sa klase ng isda. Gumamit ng floater feeds kung ang isda ay kumakain sa ibabaw (surface feeder), sinker kung ito ay kumakain sa ilalim (bottom feeder).

Gabay sa paggamit ng trash fish

Iwasan ang paggamit ng trash fish. Kung di maiiwasan ang paggamit nito, siguraduhing di ito makakasira sa populasyon ng isdang pinagkunan.

Gabay sa tamang pag-iimbak ng feeds

I-imbak ang mga feeds sa malamig at tuyong lugar, may maayos na bentilasyon, malilim, at hindi direktang nakalapag sa lupa upang maiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng amag, atbp. na maaaaring makasira sa kaledad nito. “First in, first out” policy. Unahing gamitin ang mga feeds na naunang nai-deliver. Huwag ng gamitin ang expired na feeds. Suriin ang expiration date bago bilhin ang feeds. Itapon agad ang mga feeds na basa, may amag, amoy maanta at kontaminado upang maiwasan ang pagkahawa ng ibang feeds. Ingatan ang pagbubuhat sa mga feeds upang maiwasan ang pagkadurog nito. Salain ang mga nadurog at alikabok (feed dusts) sa feeds.

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Gabay sa wastong pagmamarka ng feeds

Hanapin ang mga sumusunod na impormasyon sa label: listahan at dami ng bawat sangkap na ginamit, feed conversion ratio (FCR), digestibility, growth, atbp. Kailangang nakasaad lalo na kung ang ginamit na sangkap ay galing sa GMO (genetically modified organism). Ito ay mahalaga lalo na kung ang produkto ay pang-export.

Gabay sa wastong paggamit ng feeds na may halong gamot at iba pang kemikal

Gumamit lamang ng aprubadong gamot. Gumamit lamang ng gamot kung kinakailangan, at ito ay subok na epektibo sa pagsugpo ng sakit.

Mga gabay upang maiwasan ang polusyon sa tubig dulot ng feeds

Ang mga feeds na hindi nakain ng isda ay humahalo sa tubig. Ito ay maaaring magdulot ng polusyon sa tubig. Ang mga sumusunod ay mga mungkahi sa pamamahala ng mga dumi na dulot ng feeds: Suriin ang fish meal na nilalaman ng bawat feeds. Di kailangan na mataas ang fish meal. Ang importante ay sapat ito sa pangangailangan ng isdang aalagaan. Kapag lumabis ang fish meal, ito ay magdudulot lamang ng polusyon sa tubig dahil ito ay hindi naman magagamit ng isda. Iwasan ang pagsaboy ng feed dust. Walang pakinabang na makukuha dito ang mga isda, bagkus ito ay magdudulot lamang ng polusyon sa tubig. Ang phosphorous galing sa feeds ay maaaring mabawasan sa pamamagitan ng “integrated aquaculture”. Ito ay ang sama-samang pagku-kultyur ng isda, halamang-dagat, tahong, atbp. Ang phosphorous ay nagsisilbing pagkain ng mga halamang-dagat, tulad ng guso. Piliin ang mga feeds na may mataas na digestibility, lalo na ang mga sangkap na galing sa halaman, halimbawa, soy bean. Kapag ang feeds ay may mataas na digestibility, ito ay nangangahulugan na ang isda ay may kapasidad na tunawin ito, at gamitin ang sustansyang makukuha dito sa paglaki at pagpapataba. Kapag ang feeds ay may mababang digestibility, ito ay kakainin pa rin ng isda, ngunit ang bituka niya ay walang kapasidad na tunawin ito at makakuha ng sustansya, bagkus ito ay ilalabas lamang bilang dumi.

Halimbawa ng feed label kung saan nakasulat ang mga sangkap na ginamit.

- R. Palerud, Akvaplan-niva

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KABANATA V. GABAY SA PANGANGALAGA NG KALUSUGAN NG ISDA

Nakapaloob sa patnubay na ito ang mga patnubay sa pangangasiwa ng isdang may sakit at kung paano mapapanatili ang kaligtasan ng mga taong kumakain ng isdang pinalaki sa fish cage. Kailangang mapagtuunan ng bawat fish farm kung paano makakaiwas sa sakit at hindi lamang kung paano ito mapapagaling. Kailangang maging pro-active. Ang pagbibigay ng wastong nutrisyon, tamang pangangalaga at pamamahala, pagbabawas ng stress sa isda ay ilan lamang sa mga bagay na maaaring gawin upang makaiwas sa sakit.

Ano ang Biosecurity? Ito ay mga pamamaraan na naglalayon na mailigtas ang mga isdang kinukultyur at isdang nasa dagat laban sa kontaminasyon sa sakit, invasive species, atbp. Ang bawat fish farm ay kailangang magkaroon ng plano ukol sa biosecurity. Sa plano ay nakapaloob ang mga hakbang na kailangang gawin upang maiwasan ang stress sa isda, kung paano maiiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng sakit, at kung paano maiiwasan ang pagkalat ng sakit mula sa inahin (broodstock), hatchery at grow-out.

Mga gabay para maiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng sakit ang isda

Bumili ng fry o fingerling sa pinagkakatiwalaang supplier. Ang hatchery ay kailangang napatunayang walang dalang sakit o “disease-free”. Bago bilhin ang semilya, humingi ng health inspection certificate sa supplier bilang patunay na ang pinanggalingan ng fry o fingerling ay hindi kontaminado ng sakit o “disease-free”. Suriin mabuti ang bagong biling semilya. Ilagay sa quarantine tank bago ilipat sa fish cage/fish pen/fish pond. Magkaroon ng regular na pagsusuri sa isda laban sa sakit, simula stocking hanggang sa ito ay ma-harvest. Maging pro-active sa paglaban sa sakit. Halimbawa, pagbabakuna, paggamit ng immune-stimulants, atbp. Suriin ang kaledad ng tubig araw-araw, kung ito ba ay malabo o malinaw (turbidity). Pag-aralan ang mga uri ng lumot na nasa inyong fish farm at ang maaaring epekto nito sa isda.

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Linisin at regular na palitan ng net upang maiwasan ang pagkapal ng dumi. Piliin mabuti ang lugar kung saan itatayo ang fish farm. Maglagay ng footbath at hugasan ng kamay sa entrada ng pasilidad ng fish farm. Gumamit ng malinis at dinis-impektang kagamitan, tulad ng fish net, mga balde, tabo, fish tank, atbp. Siguraduhin ang kalinisan ng buong pasilidad. Iwasang magdala sa pasilidad ng halaman, hayop o anupamang bagay na maaaring makapagdala ng sakit sa isda. Gumawa ng Fish Health Management Plano sa bawat pasilidad. Isama sa plano ang mga hakbang na dapat gawin sa pagkakaroon ng fish kill at kung paano ipaparating ang impormasyon ukol sa fish kill sa karatig fish farm.

Mga gabay upang maiwasan ang pagkalat ng sakit

Itapon ng wasto ang lahat ng may sakit at patay na isda upang hindi na ito makahawa pa sa ibang isda. Iwasan ang paglilipat-lipat ng mga gamit sa mga fish cage, fish pen, atbp. Makilahok sa programa ng BFAR ukol sa wastong pamamahala ng mga sakit sa isda, paraan ng pag-monitor, at pag-report sa kinauukulan. Kailangang magkaroon ng regular na pag-monitor sa isda ang Aquatic Animal Health Officer sa inyong lugar. Kung ang sakit ay di nakakahawa, itama ang mga maling nagawa. Halimbawa, pagkalimot na i-quarantine bago mag-stocking, walang regular na pag-monitor at pagsusuri sa isda, atbp. Kung ang sakit ay hindi malala ngunit maaaring makahawa, i-quarantine ang pond at bigyan ng lunas ang sakit. Kung ang sakit ay nakakahawa, alisin ang mga patay at tanggalin agad ang mga natirang isda sa apektadong pond. I-disinpekta ang fishpond nang hindi tinatapon o pinapakawalan ang tubig. Ito ay upang maiwasan ang pagkahawa ng ibang pond sa pag-diskarga ng tubig. Patuyuin at lagyan ng apog ang mga nursery pond bago ito gamitin uli.

Halimbawa ng isdang may VHS. Hinango sa: www.wikipedia.org

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Mga gabay at hakbang sa panahon ng epidemya

Ihinto o bawasan ang pagpapakain. Suriin ang isda sa mga pagbabago ng pagkilos nito. Tignan ang mga senyales ng pagkabalisa o pagdami ng bilang ng namamatay. Suriin ang lebel ng dissolved oxygen at labnog (turbidity) ng tubig.

Mga gabay at hakbang pagkatapos ng epidemya

Alisin agad ang mga patay na isda. Ipagpatuloy ang pag-monitor sa dissolved oxygen at pagkalabnog ng tubig. Ipanumbalik ang pagpapakain.

Mga gabay sa wastong paggamit ng gamot at kemikal para sa kaligtasan ng mga taong kakain nito

Lagyan ng tamang label ang lahat ng feeds na may halong gamot (medicated feeds) upang huwag itong mapahalo sa mga feeds. Ilayo ang taguan ng mga kemikal sa lugar ng pakain. Humingi sa pamahalaan ng listahan ng aprubadong bakuna, gamot at kemikal, at ang paraan ng paggamit nito. Gamitin lamang ang mga kemikal at gamot na aprubado ng pamahalaan o beterinaryo. Magtabi ng talaan tungkol sa mga gamot na binili at kung kelan at saan ito ginamit. Kung maaari, maglaan ng talaan ukol sa paggamit ng lahat ng kemikal na naaayon sa Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). Bumili lamang sa mga aprubado at subok na supplier. Hangga’t maaari, huwag gumamit ng gamot o kemikal, lalo na ng anti-biotic at therapeutants. Gamitin lamang ito kung kinakailangan at naaayon sa rekomendasyon ng beterinaryo. Hangga’t maaari, gumamit ng bakuna (vaccine) kaysa antibiotic sa pagsugpo ng sakit. Gumamit ng non-foaming at biodegradble na panglinis (detergent). Gumamit lamang ng anti-fouling paint para sa net at bangka na aprubado ng pamahalaan. Sundin ang alituntunin at regulasyon ukol sa paggamit ng gamot, antibiotic at iba pang kemikal. Huwag gumamit ng mga kemikal na ipinagbawal na. Mga halimbawa,

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fluoroquinolones, nitroimidazoles, aminoglycosides, spectinomycin, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin at nitrofurans. Sa pagbibigay ng gamot, pumili muna ng ilang isda na bibigyan bago ibigay sa lahat ng isda sa pond. Ito ay upang masiguro na ang gamot ay ligtas at mabisa. Sa pagbibigay ng gamot, sundin ang rekomendadong dosis. Bago mag-harvest, magkaroon muna ng withdrawal time. Ito ay upang mabawasan ang mga residue at kemikal sa isda. Tuwing magha-harvest, ihanda ang talaan kung saan nakadetalye ang lahat ng gamot at kemikal na ginamit, pati na ang paraan kung paano ito ginamit at kung gaano karami ang ibinigay. Itabi ang mga therapeutant sa malamig na lugar. Maglagay ng mga babala sa mga lugar kung saan nakatago ang mga kemikal. Siguruhin lagi ang kaledad ng isdang inaalagaan.

Mga gabay sa wastong pagtatapon ng gamot at kemikal

Magtabi ng talaan kung paano itinapon ang mga gamot at kemikal na ginamit. Sundin ang tamang pagtapon na nakasaad sa pakete ng kemikal para sa kaligtasan ng tao at kapaligiran. Bago itapon ang mga gamot at kemikal, i-neutralize muna ito. Bago itapon ang tubig sa pond, linisin at i-disinpekta muna ito. Sa pagtatapon, iwasang maka-pollute ng kapaligiran. Sa pagtatapon ng kemikal, maaaring gumamit ng mathematical modelling upang malaman gaano kalayo at kung hanggang saan ang maaaring maapektuhan nito.

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KABANATA VI. GABAY SA PANGANGALAGA NG MGA ISDANG MAY SAKIT Malaking porsyento ng pagkalugi ay dahil sa pagkakasakit ng mga isda. Ngunit ayon sa mga pag-aaral, ang mga sanhi ng pagkakasakit ng isda ay maaaring maiwasan kung ang bawat farmer ay susundin ang mga "Gabay sa Tamang Pangangalaga at Pagpaparami ng Isda". Ang pagiging maagap ay mahalaga upang maiwasan ang pagkalat ng sakit.

Mga palatandaan na dapat bantayan:

1. Pagbabago ng kulay ng tubig 2. Biglaang pag-itim ng pond bottom 3. Pagbabago ng panahon, lalo na ng mahabang pag-uulan at pagiging maulap. 4. Ang pagkakasakit ng isda sa karapit na fish pond.

Mga hakbang na dapat gawin:

1. Tignan kung may kakaibang kondisyon ang tubig at lupa. Kung meron, maging maagap

sa paglutas nito. 2. Tanggalin ang mga patay na hayop at ibaon ito malayo sa fishpond. 3. Kung ang mga isda ay nangamamatay at ayaw kumain, anihin ang mga isda gamit ang

cast netting upang maiwasan ang pagkahawa ng pinagkukuhanan ng tubig. 4. Gamutin ang tubig sa pamamagitan ng paglalagay ng bleaching powder (calcium

hypochlorite) at iwanan ito ng 5-7 araw bago pakawalan sa kanal. Sa mga may maliliit na fishpond, magtayo ng komunal na effluent treatment system sa pagsugpo ng sakit at masiguro na masu-sustena ang pagku-kultyur.

5. Upang maiwasan ang pagkalat ng sakit sa ibang fish pond, ipaalam sa ibang fish farmer sa karatig lugar ang tungkol sa sakit, ang oras at petsa ng pagha-harvest ng isda at pagdiskarga ng tubig na gagawin.

6. Sa panahon ng epidemya, iwasan ang pagpapalit ng tubig at paggamit ng mga kagamitan tulad ng net, tanke, bangka, atbp. na galing sa fishpond na apektado ng sakit. Ito ay upang maiwasan ang pagkahawa ng inyong inaalagaang isda.

Halimbawa ng isdang may sakit.

Photo source: www.topnews.in/

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7. Upang mapanatili ang kaledad ng tubig sa panahon ng epidemya, bawasan ang pagbibigay ng pakain. Dahil dito, maiiwasan ang pangangailangang pagpalit ng tubig. Maaaring mangailangan ng paglalagay ng apog upang ang pH ay mapanatili sa 7.5.

8. Ang grupo ng mga fish farmer ay hinihikayat na magkaroon ng gabay ukol sa mga dapat gawin sa panahon ng epidemya, mga hakbang sa pagsugpo ng sakit at paano maiiwasan ang pagkalat nito sa karatig fishpond.

Wastong pamamaraan ng pag-aalis ng patay na isda

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KABANATA VII. GABAY SA TAMANG PAG-MONITOR NG PRODUKSYON Regular na suriin ang tubig na lumalabas galing sa hatchery at nursery. Regular na suriin ang kaledad ng tubig sa palibot at lupa sa ilalim ng fish cage at fish pen. Tignan kung ang kaledad nito ay nakakaapekto sa kapaligiran at sa isdang kinu-kultyur.

Mga gabay sa paggawa ng talaan

Maglaan ng talaan kada production cycle. Itabi ito sa loob ng 2 taon. Magkaroon ng talaan para sa mga sumusunod:

1. Broodstock. Lagyan ng tag ang bawat broodstock. Itala ang laki, edad, health status, atbp. 2. Bilang ng namatay at nagkasakit. 3. Dalas ng pagpapakain at klase ng pakain na ginamit. 4. Kaledad ng tubig. 5. Listahan ng lahat ng binili. Hal. feeds, fertilizer, pesticide, gamot, kemikal, atbp. 6. Mga ibinigay na gamot at kemikal, gaano karami ang nilagay, pati ang paraan ng pagbibigay

nito. 7. Paraan ng pagpapatakbo ng produksyon. Hal. Rekord ng produksyon, mga insidente ng pag-

alpas ng isda, pagkasira ng net, bagyo, atbp. 8. Benta 9. Mga datos ukol sa environmental quality. Hal. water quality, turbidity, sediment bottom

quality, salinity, effluents, gaano karaming basura ang nanggagaling sa farm kada buwan, atbp.

Ang mga sumusunod ay maaaring gamiting halimbawa ng talaan.

Farm Identification Number: 001

Sukat ng Farm: 4 m x 4 m x 5 m

Stocking date: May 31, 2011

Stocking quantity: 3,000 pcs

Fry/Fingerling Source: Øyvind’s Hatchery, Gen. Santos, Saranggani

Feeds: Hipo-mix

Manufacturer: Gen. Milling Inc.

Lot number: 00123456ABC

Drugs/Chemical/etc: Cephalexin

Date administered: June 25, 2011

Protocol: 10 ml/1,000 fry

Harvest date: September 15, 2011 Quantity: 10 kg (3 pcs/kg)

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KABANATA VIII. GABAY SA WASTONG PAGSASAGAWA NG PAG-AANI (HARVESTING)

Harvesting sa fish pond. Hinango sa: FAO

Ang mga hakbang na nakapaloob dito ay ukol sa pagpapanatiling sariwa ng produkto at kung paano maiiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng amoy burak at maanta, hanggang sa ito ay madala sa merkado. Ang mabilis na pag-aani ay makakabawas sa pagkontamina ng bakterya at mapapanatili itong sariwa hanggang maihatid sa mga processor o merkado. Sa pag-aani, di dapat masira at makontamina ang isda ng dumi. Ang wastong pag-aani ay maaaring gawin sa pamamagitan ng pond draining o netting.

Pagpapalabas ng tubig sa fishpond

Ang fishpond at outlet ng tubig ay nakadisenyo na maaaring mapalabas ang tubig sa fishpond sa loob ng 4-6 na oras. Ang bag net ay nakalagay sa may outlet para makolekta ang mga isda. Ang pag-aani ay mabuting gawin sa umaga at matapos bago magtanghali.

Netting

Gumamit ng malaking seine net sa pag-ani. Bawasan ang tubig sa fishpond hanggang sa ito ay maging 0.5 – 0.75 metro lalim na lamang. Ang mga mag-aani ay lulusong sa fishpond. Ang problema sa ganitong paraan ay ang pagbulabog sa lupa, na maaaring makakontamina sa mga isda. Nangangailangan din ito ng matagal na oras upang maisagawa.

Isang linggo bago mag-ani, siguraduhin na ang lupa ay malinis. Tanggalin lahat ng lumot sa gilid-gilid. Kung magkataon at may algal bloom, magpalit ang tubig ilang araw bago mag-ani.

Bago mag-ani, mag-sample ng ilang pirasong isda, galing sa ibat-ibang lugar sa fishpond upang malaman ang kalimitang timbang (average weight)at kondisyon ng isda.

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Ipagbigay alam sa ibang farmer ang planong pag-aani.

Maglagay ng 100-200 kg ng apog kada hektarya lalo na sa parteng maburak, 3 hanggang 4 na araw bago mag-ani.

Huwag magpalit ng tubig 3 hanggang 4 na araw bago mag-ani.

Ang buong proseso ng pag-aani ay dapat makompleto sa loob ng 6-8 na oras. Kung kinakailangan, gumamit o dagdagan ang pump.

Iwasan ang paggamit ng cast net sa pag-aani.

Kung ang normal na pagpapakawala ng tubig sa fishpond ay magiging mahirap, gumamit ng artipisyal na gate na yari sa kawayan o fish net. Ilagay ito sa may gilid ng fishpond kung saan medyo malalim at dito ikabit ang bag net na gagamitin sa pag-aani.

Wastong Pagtatabi at Pagtatapon ng mga Materyales at Kasangkapan

Lagyan ng etiketa ang lahat ng kemikal, feeds, likido, etc. Itapon sa wastong paraan ang lahat na hindi na gagamitin pa at expired na. Maglaan ng lugar para sa mga kagamitan at materyales. Ang lugar na ito ay dapat madaling puntahan. Sanayin ang lahat ng empleyado sa wastong paggamit ng kasangkapan, paglilinis at pagtatapon ng dumi. Pangasiwaan ng wasto ang basura. Hangga’t maaari, mag-recycle.

Wastong Paggamit, Pagtatabi at Pagtatapon ng Gamot at Kemikal

May mga gamot at kemikal na nakasasama di lamang sa isda kundi sa iba pang lamang-dagat na nasa paligid nito. Ang mga kemikal at gamot ay maaaring magtaglay din ng residue na maaaring makasama sa kalusugan ng tao. Ang ilang halimbawa ay ang chloramphenicol at nitrofuran family. Huwag gumamit ng mga ipinagbabawal na kemikal, gamot at anti-biotic. Ang paggamit ng mga kemikal at gamot ay dapat naaayon sa nirekomenda ng beterinaryo o awtoridad. Ipatupad ng tama ang pagdi-disinpekta at sanitasyon ng lahat ng pasilidad at kagamitan.

Wastong Pagtatapon ng Tubig (effluent)

Upang masiguro na magiging maganda ang kaleded ng fingerling, ang kaledad ng tubig ay dapat maganda rin. Sa ganitong paraan, ang magandang kaledad ng tubig ay hindi rin mag-di-diskarga ng maduming tubig sa dagat. Gumawa ng talaan ng kaledad ng tubig at regular itong kunin. Halimbawa, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, ammonia, atbp.

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Palabnawin at i-neutralize muna ang effluent bago itapon sa dagat. Maghanda ng talaan kung paano mag-neutralize at magpalabnaw (dilute) ng mga kemikal. Biosecurity Bago bilhin at ilagay sa fishcage ang mga isda, suriin muna kung ito ay may dalang sakit at ang lebel ng impeksyon ang naaayon sa panuntunan. Kung sakaling magkaroon ng sakit, ihiwalay agad ang mga fry. Alisin ang may sakit at patay na isda upang maiwasan ang pagkahawa ng ibang isda. Itapon ng wasto ang patay na isda. Siguruhin na walang makakawala na fry at fingerling upang hindi ito mahalo sa mga isda sa dagat, lalo na kung ito ay may sakit o ang klase ng isdang kinu-kultyur ay di native sa lugar. Maglagay ng screen o disinfection device upang maiwasan ang di sinasadyang pagkawala ng isda sa dagat. Gumamit ng klorox sa pagdi-disimpekta ng mga tangke upang maiwasan ang pagkalat ng sakit sa karapit dagat. Huwag magtapon ng anumang basura at dumi sa bakawan, baybayin at dagat.

Mga Gabay sa Pagtatala

Pagkatanggap ng fry o fingerling, itala ang mga sumusunod: lugar ng pinagkunan, pangalan ng kumpanya o pinagbilhan, detalye o impormasyon ukol sa broodstock na pinagkunan. Magtabi ng talaan ukol sa progreso (paglaki) ng fry o fingerling. Mahalaga na ang lahat ng gawain ay maitala upang madaling mahanap ang dahilan kung sakaling magkaproblema man. Maglaan ng record book para sa pangangasiwa ng nursery. Ilagay ang mga sumusunod na impormasyon:

1. Detalye ukol sa paghahanda ng fish pond 2. Pinanggalingan ng fry o fingerling 3. Kaledad at detalye ukol sa stocking 4. Detalye ng mga treatment na ginawa sa tubig 5. Detalye ukol sa pagpapalit ng tubig 6. Mga kemikal na gamit at kung gaano karami 7. Uri at dami ng feeds na binigay 8. Mga water quality parameters 9. Detalye ukol sa estado ng kalusugan ng isda 10. Detalye ukol sa pag-aani

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KABANATA IX. GABAY SA WASTONG PAGSASAGAWA NG POST-HARVEST Sa pag-harvest, panatilihing malinis ang paligid, kasangkapan at kagamitan na gagamitin. Kailangang gawin ito ng mabilisan upang maiwasan ang pagkabilasa ng isda.

Mga paghahanda na dapat gawin bago mag-harvest

Bago simulan ang pag-harvest, kailangang nakahanda na ang storage facilities at sasakyan na gagamitin. Ang mga storage facilities, sasakyan at mga kagamitan at kasangkapan na gagamitin ay kailangang na-disinpekta. Linising mabuti ang bangka na gagamitin sa pag-harvest. Ang langis, gasolina at mga dumi ay makakaapekto sa kaledad at pagkapresko ng isda. Huwag pakainin ang isda bago mag-harvest. Ito ay upang masiguro na walang laman ang kanilang mga tyan.

Mga gabay sa wastong pag-harvest

Gumamit ng naaayon na kasuotan, kasangkapan at kagamitan sa pag-harvest. Huwag payagang mag-harvest o maghawak ng produkto ang mga taong may mga sugat o nakahahawang sakit. Ingatan ang paghawak sa isda. Ang mga butas o sira sa laman ng isda ay magpaparami sa bacteria at mapapabilis ang pagkabilasa nito. Linising mabuti ang mga isda, tanggalan ng putik o lupa o anumang dumi na nakadikit sa katawan nito. Hangga’t maaari, lagyan agad ng yelo ang isda. Kailangang mapanatili ang mga isda sa malamig na temperatura hanggang sa ito ay madala na sa merkado o pabrika.

LamBANGUS Harvest Festival sa Balingasag. Isa sa mga Mariculture Park na inilunsad ng BFAR, sa pakikipagtulungan ng lokal na pamahalaan.

Hinango sa: www.kagay-an.com

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Sa paggawa ng yelo, siguruhin na ang tubig ay hindi kontaminado at walang halong mga pathogen. Huwag iwanang nakabilad sa araw ang yelo o sa mga lugar na malakas ang hangin.

Mga gabay sa tamang pag-package ng isda

Ilayo sa palikuran ang lugar kung saan ginagawa ang packing. Panatilihin itong malinis, maayos at may maayos na bentilasyon. Hangga’t maaari, ilagay ang packing area malapit sa fish farm. Gumamit ng container na tama ang laki sa dami ng isda at yelong ilalagay. Sa paglalagay ng yelo, lagyan ang pinakailalim. Maglagay din ng yelo kada patong (o pagsuson-suson) ng isda. Kung ang byahe ay malayo, hangga’t maaari, sa isang kilong isda, maglagay ng isang kilong yelo. Ipatong ang mga container upang maiwasan ang kontaminasyon galing sa lupa. Ilayo din ito sa lugar kung saan nakatago ang mga gamot at kemikal. Gumamit lamang ng bagong plastik. Huwag gamitin ang nagamit na. Itago din ito sa lugar kung saan ligtas ito sa mga daga, ipis, kemikal at gamot. Ito ay makakaapekto sa

kaledad ng isda, lalo na ang pagka-presko nito. Hugasan muna ang kamay bago ibalot ang mga isda. Ang mga mikrobyong galing sa kamay ay makakaepekto sa pagiging presko ng isda. Pagkatapos ibalot ang mga isda, ilagay agad ito sa refrigerator o cold storage area. Siguruhin na ang temperatura ay di pabago-bago. Ang storage area ay dapat mapanatilihing malinis at walang masamang amoy. Maglagay ng etiketa.

Mga gabay sa pagbiyahe ng isda

Linisin at i-disinpekta muna ang sasakyan na gagamitin bago ikarga ang isda. Huwag gamitin ang mga sasakyan na ginamit sa paghakot ng buhangin, bato, atbp. Ito ay maaaring nagtataglay ng pathogen na maaaring makahawa sa isda. Siguraduhing naka-empake ng mabuti ang mga container bago ito ikarga sa sasakyan.

Maling paraan ng packaging. Siguruhing malinis ang isda at lalagyan.

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Ihinto muna ang pagpapakain sa mga isda kung ito ay nakaplanong i-byahe. Ang mga dumi ng isda ay magpaparumi sa tubig at magpapababa ng oxygen. Dahil dito, ito ay makakadagdag stress sa isda.

KABANATA X. PATNUBAY UPANG MAIWASAN ANG PAG-ALPAS NG ISDA Sa pagdi-disenyo ng fish cage of fish pen, isaalang-alang kung paano maiiwasan ang pag-alpas ng isda. Mas madali itong gawin, kaysa sa paghuli muli sa mga nakaalpas na na isda.

1. Regular na linisin at inspeksyunin ang mga net sa mga sira at butas. Agad kumpuniin ang mga sira.

Sukat ng mata

Petsa ng paglilinis

8 mm

Linggo-linggo

25 mm

Tuwing ika 2- 4 na linggo (1 o 2 beses kada buwan)

38 mm

Tuwing ika 4 – 6 na linggo

2. Isama ang bilang ng mga isdang naka-alpas sa buwanang talaan.

3. Iwasang makawala ang itlog ng isda. Isagawa ang pag-harvest bago ang spawning season.

4. Gumamit ng net na ang sukat ng mata ay naaayon sa laki ng isdang inaalagaan upang

maiwasan ang pag-alpas ng mga isda.

5. Gumawa ng plano kung saan nakasaad ang mga hakbang na dapat isagawa kung sakaling makaalpas ang mga isda. Mag-atas ng mga tao na mamamahala at magde-desisyon ukol sa dito.

6. Mahigpit na ipatupad, hangga’t maaari ay isabatas, ang pagbibigay alam kung sakaling may nagangap na pag-alpas sa karatig fish farm.

7. Maglagay ng karatula na magsisilbing babala sa panahong may naka-alpas na isda.

8. Isama sa business permit o lease agreement na ang mga gastusin kaugnay sa pag-alpas ng isda ay sagot ng may-ari ng cage/fish pen.

9. Maaaring isama sa mga requirements sa pag-aaply ng lisensya, business permit o lease agreement ang disenyo ng istruktura kung paano maiiwasan ang pagka-alpas ng mga isda sa loob ng fish cage/fish pen.

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KABANATA XI. MGA PATNUBAY SA PANGANGALAGA NG KAPAKANAN NG ISDA (FISH WELFARE)

Ang stress sa isda ay kritikal. Ito ay nakakababa ng imunidad ng isda laban sa mga sakit. Dahil dito, kailangan bawasan ang stress sa isda habang pinapalaki ito. Halimbawa, iwasan ang overstocking, sobrang pagpapakain, pagpanatili ng magandang ang kaledad at daloy ng tubig, atbp. Sa pagbiyahe ng isda, mababawasan ang stress sa paggamit ng malinis na tubig, saktong espasyo ng bawat container na kanilang pinaglalagyan at pag-iwas na sila ay mahayag sa hangin.

Sa Europa, maraming pag-aaral ang isinasagawa ngayon upang malaman ang ibat-ibang pamamaraan ng pagkatay sa isda na maiiwasan o mababawasan ang stress nito. Ito ay isinasagawa dahil maraming pag-aaral ang nakatuklas na may epekto sa kalusugan ng tao ang pagkain ng isda na stress.

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KABANATA XII. MGA PATNUBAY SA PANGANGALAGA NG KAPALIGIRAN Mainam na ang bawat fish farm ay isinasaalang-alang ang kalagayan ng kapaligiran. Dahil dito, maiiwasan ang pagkakaroon ng fish kill, algal bloom at mga sakit na may kaugnayan sa kaledad ng tubig. Kung mapapanatili ang kaledad ng kapaligiran, masisiguro rin na ang negosyo ay magtatagal at maiiwasan ang mga pagkalugi dala ng sakit, peste, atbp.

Mga hakbang bago magtayo ng fish farm

1. Magsagawa ng survey sa lugar kung saan itatayo ang fish farm. 2. Hangga’t maaari, isagawa ang “integrated aquaculture”. Ito ay makakabawas polusyon na

manggagaling sa fish farm at makakatulong makalinis sa tubig. 3. Magsagawa ng plano tungkol sa wastong pamamahala ng basura tulad ng net, tali, boya, patay

na isda, atbp.

Mga patnubay pagkatapos matayo ang fish farm:

1. Gawing regular ang pagsusuri sa kaledad ng tubig at sediment 2. Itabi ang lahat ng datos na nakalap 3. Hangga’t maaari, isagawa ang “fallowing” o pagpapahinga ng isang lugar. Ilipat ang fish

cage/fish pen sa ibang lugar matapos ang ilang production cycle. 4. Hangga’t maaari, huwag gumamit ng kemikal o gamot sa pagsugpo sa mga sakit, peste, atbp. 5. Maaaring gumamit ng “mathematical predictive modelling”, isang computer software upang

makita ang magiging epekto ng polusyon, saang lugar aabot ang epekto ng polusyon at aling lugar ang magandang paglagyan ng fish farm.

6. Kolektahin araw-araw ang mga namatay na isda. 7. Huwag itapon ang patay na isda sa dagat. Makakadagdag lamang ito sa polusyon sa tubig. 8. Kung maaari, mag-recycle ng mga basurang makokolekta sa fish farm. 9. Bumili ng mga materyales na bio-degradable (nabubulok) o maaaring i-recycle. 10. Maglagay ng basurahan sa mga tamang lugar at kolektahin ito araw-araw. 11. Ihiwalay ang basurang nabubulok sa di nabubulok. 12. Hangga’t maaari, maglagay ng lugar sa baybayin kung saan pwedeng linisin ang mga net.

Huwag itong gawin sa dagat.

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BIBLIOGRAPIYA: A Code of Good Practice for Scottish Finfish Aquaculture. Aquaculture Committee of the Marine and Coastal Committee. 2005. Best Practice Framework of Regulatory Arrangements for Aquaculture in Australia. Primary Industries Ministerial Council, pp 10. Auburn University and USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. Managing Cage Culture Systems. Alabama Aquaculture Best Management Practice No. 19, pp 3. Best Management Practices for Striped Catfish (tra catfish) Farming Practices in the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam (2nd Draft version). 2009. A document prepared under the AusAID-funded Project “Development of Better Management Practices for Catfish Aquaculture in the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam (001/07VIE) by the project partners, pp 75. Better Management Practices for Shrimp Farming. Bronson, C. 2007. Aquaculture Best Management Practices Rule. Florida Department of Agriculture, pp. 40. Howerton, R. 2001. Best Management Practices for Hawaiian Aquaculture. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture Publication No. 148, pp 37. Guidelines for occupational diving. 2004. Occupational Safety and Health Service, Wellington, New Zealand, pp 43 Macleod, C. And Eriksen, R. 2007. A Review of the Ecological Impacts of Selected Antibiotics and Antifoulants Currently Used in the Tasmanian Salmonid Farming Industry (Marine Farming Phase). FRDC Final Report, pp 155. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands. Finfish Aquaculture Site Inspection List. British Columbia, pp 12. New Zealand Qualifications Authority. 2005. Supervise an Aquaculture Industry Dive Operation on a Marine Farm. pp 5. Northern Ontario Aquaculture Association (NOAA). 2006. Best Management Practices for Sustainable Aquaculture in Ontario (5th Draft), pp 19. Perciasepe, R. 1998. National Strategy for the Development of Regional Nutrient Criteria. United States Environmental Protection Agency, pp. 47 Scottish Quality Salmon, Scottish Executive and Fisheries Research Services. 2000. Code of Practice to Avoid and Minimise the Impact of Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA). Crown Copyright, Edinburgh, Scotland, pp 16.

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Scottish Executive and Fisheries Research Services. 2000. Final report of the Joint Government/Industry Working Group on Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA). Crown Copyright, pp 136.

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