AQA GCSE History

Paper 2 – British Depth Study

Norman England c1066 – c1100

Revision Booklet

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Teacher: .......................................................

Classroom: ....................................................

Norman England c1066 – c1100

Level 1 revision tasks Specification content Revision tasks

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1 Anglo-Saxon England before 1066

2 The death of Edward the Confessor and claims to the English throne

3 The Battle of Stamford Bridge and the Battle of Hastings

4 Revolts against the Normans and the Harrying of the North

5 Norman military innovations, including castles

6 William I’s control of England

7 Government in Norman England

8 Norman justice and the legal system

9 Domesday Book

10 Life in Norman England

11 Similarities and differences between life in Anglo-Saxon and Norman England

12 Norman reforms to the English Church

13 Church organisation, reforms made by William Rufus

14 Norman relations with the Papacy

15 Monasteries and monastic life

16 Norman church and education

Task 1 – Anglo-Saxon England before 1066

10 point summary

1. England was a wealthy country with around 2 million people living in it. Most of

these people lived in the south, with fewer in the north and west.

2. Religion was important, everyone followed Catholic Christianity and accepted

what the Church said as absolute fact.

3. Edward the Confessor had ruled since 1042 and his reign had been largely stable

and peaceful. His rule was aided by the Witan.

4. Society was ordered by a hierarchy where people were ordered by their level of

importance. The king was at the top, followed by the Church. Earls and then

peasants at the bottom.

5. There were hardly any castles in England and it was not very well defended.

6. Most of the southern half of England was covered in forest and there were small

villages where the forest had been cleared and land was farmed.

7. The king had earls to help him rule England. Each earl helped rule a different

part of England.

8. The king had earls and housecarls who were professionally trained soldiers – there

were around 2500-3000 housecarls in England.

9. The most powerful earl in England was Earl Godwin who had a close relationship

with King Edward but who had publicly fallen out with him in 1052.

10. England had good trade links with other countries such as Norway and France. It

had a sophisticated minting system – it made its own coins – and had one of the

most advanced economic systems in the known world at this time.

Task: based on the 10 point summary, what were the positives and negatives of

Anglo-Saxon England?

Positives of Anglo-Saxon England Negatives of Anglo-Saxon England

Task 2 – The Death of Edward the Confessor and

Claims to the English Throne

Task: complete the paragraph, using the words in the box below

Edward the ______________ had been king of England since _______. He had

reigned England with the support of the __________ which was a council of English

earls and bishops, such as Earl __________. Edward the Confessor died in January

_______ without leaving any ____________. As a result, it was unclear who would

become king. There were ______ powerful men who put their claim forward for the

throne, however these claimants were from different countries and had different

levels of support.

Task: match up the claimants to the English throne in 1066 with the

information that explains who they were and what their claim was.

The great nephew of Edward which made him the closest blood relative. He was not named as an heir by Edward, even though he had lived with Edward since he was a child and was treated as though he was Edward’s adopted son. He was an Anglo-Saxon and had the support of many earls.

The King of Norway, he was a powerful Viking with a large and successful army. He was related to King Cnut who had ruled England from 1016-1035 and he claimed that as he was a relative of the previous king, that he should now be king of England.

Was a distant cousin of Edward the Confessor. Had grown up with Edward the Confessor and supported him when Earl Godwin had rebelled against him in 1051. Thought that he had been promised the throne by Edward several years before his death and claimed that he had the support of Harold Godwinson.

Was not a blood relation to the king, but was the brother in law of Edward the Confessor. He was the richest man in England and had helped Edward to rule – especially towards the end of his reign. He was a skilful military leader who had beaten a Welsh invasion and therefore had the support of the English lords. Edward’s dying wish was that this person become king of England.

Harold Godwinson

William of Normandy

Harald Hardrada

Edgar Aetheling

Confessor 4 1066 Witan Children Godwin 1042

Task 3a – Preparations for the Battle of Hastings

Task: match up the correct features to each army to show the

preparations that Harold Godwinson and William of Normandy made for

battle in 1066.

Harold Godwinson William of Normandy

Army

Fyrd

Cavalry

Navy

Tactics

Pre-fabricated castles 3,000 housecarls 3,000 horses

Thegns No cavalry Knights

Archers Army of several thousand

7,000 soldiers

Cavalry fyrd No archers

Large Navy Papal Banner 700 ships

Task 3b – January – September 1066

Task: using the content booklet, fill in the gaps in the timeline of events

leading up to the Battle of Hastings.

Edward the Confessor

________ on 5th January

1066. The next day,

__________ _____________

is crowned king of England.

Harold Godwinson begins to

_________ for an

___________ from Normandy.

By May 1066 he has several

thousand ___________.

In ______ 1066, Harold’s

brother ___________ raids

England, attacking the _______

coast and Lincolnshire. He is

fought off by Anglo-Saxon earls

__________ and ____________

and flees to Scotland.

During this time, William’s

preparations meant that he had

an army of _________ soldiers,

________ horses and

_________ ships. His army also

contained archers and cavalry.

At the beginning of September,

Harold sent his army home to

gather in the _________. At the

same time, Tostig and _______

________ started sailing down

the coast from Scotland.

Tostig and Harald Hardrada

landed near ______ and fought

the Battle of __________.

Anglo-Saxon earls Edwin and

Morcar were ___________ but

were not __________. York

surrendered.

Harold regathered his army and

marched _______ - they

covered ______ miles in a

week. Harold caught Tostig and

Hardrada by ________ and

defeated them at the Battle of

_________ _________.

Despite defeating and

_________ Tostig and

Hardrada, 3 days after his

victory at Stamford Bridge,

Harold heard that William had

__________ ___

____________.

Task 3c – The Battle of Hastings

Task: illustrate the storyboard with the events of the Battle of Hastings.

2. The battle starts at 9am.

Norman archers fired at

Anglo – Saxons BUT arrows

flew over their heads.

1. Norman infantry then charged

up hill BUT was blocked by

housecarls using shield wall

formation which remained firm.

3. Feigned retreat – a section of

Norman army pretended to run away.

This was a well-known Norman tactic

which required experienced and well-

trained knights.

4. The fyrd ran after the Norman

soldiers BUT got stuck in marshy

land at bottom of hill where they

were slaughtered by Normans.

5. Fighting paused to let both sides

removed their dead/ injured

William moved his archers behind his

cavalry, so the arrows wouldn’t fly

over the Saxons’ heads – this caught

the Saxons by surprise.

6. William ordered his cavalry to

charge = heavy casualties on both

sides. Normans’ pretended to run

away again

He ordered his knights to get off

their horses and charge at the

Saxons with his infantry

7. Saxon shield wall starting to

disintegrate – Normans were

breaking through

King Harold was killed – the fyrd

broke ranks and fled once they

saw he was dead.

Task 3d - Why did William win the Battle of Hastings?

Task: complete this mind map using the previous two pages and your content booklet to

explain why William won the Battle of Hastings. Annotate around each heading with

evidence to support that each factor helped William to win.

Why did

William win?

Tactics

Preparations

Support from

God Anglo-Saxon

mistakes

Task 4 - Revolts against the Normans 1066 – 1075

Task: Match the rebellion to the

description using the map and your

content booklet.

Which rebellion? Description

William appointed Copsig to rule part of England, which was an odd decision as Copsig had previously worked for Earl Tostig Godwinson. Copsig was soon ambushed by Northumbrians and his head hacked off.

1068 – The South

West

The city of Exeter rebelled against William and was put under siege for 18 days. William then lowered taxes and built a castle to increase his control over the city.

Despite two attempted rebellions from Harold Godwinson’s sons, Exeter remained

loyal thanks to William’s actions.

Eadric the Wild was joined by two Welsh kings and attacked Herefordshire.

Two Anglo-Saxon earls rebelled for a second time, but submitted to William when

he began to build more castles in England.

The final challenge that William faced, but this time from the Earl of Hereford and the Earl of East Anglia – with support from Waltheof. William dealt with

this rebellion relatively easily, and by the time the Danes arrived the rebellion was over.

A difficult to control area of England sought help from King Swein of Denmark, as well as rebelling several times themselves at places such as Durham. Following the rebellion, William laid waste to the land, with mass killings and burnings.

People were angry at how they had been treated by the Normans after the Battle of Hastings. They persuaded the French Eustace of Boulogne to attempt to

seize Dover Castle but when he did, he didn’t attack with enough force and was

soon defeated.

William faced a rebellion from the Danes who had remained in England despite agreeing to leave, and an Anglo-Saxon called Hereward. This was not a

completely serious rebellion as King Swein had given up on the idea of taking England, however Hereward was a nuisance to William.

1067 – The Welsh Borders

1067 – Kent

1067 – Northumbria

1068 – Edwin & Morcar

1068 – The South West

1069 – Harrying of the North

1070-71 – East Anglia

1075 – Norman Earls

Task 5a – Norman military innovations: motte and bailey castles

Task: label the motte and bailey castle diagram using the grid below.

Keep A wooden or stone fortified tower on top of a motte.

Outer Bailey An outer ward that protected

the inner bailey.

Drawbridge A bridge, especially one over a castle's moat, which is hinged

at one end so that it may be

raised to prevent people crossing

Motte A raised mound or earthwork with a stone or wooden keep

(a fortified tower) on top.

Inner Bailey The bailey is a courtyard

enclosed and protected by a

ditch

Palisade A wall made from large

wooden stakes.

Stair The stairs connecting the keep

on the motte with the inner bailey.

Stockade A barrier formed from upright

wooden posts or stakes, especially as a defence against

attack

Gable The triangular end of a house.

Task 5b- how and why were castles built?

Task: complete the paragraphs, using the words in the box below

Castles were ________ to Norman ________ of England. Very few castles had been built by

____________ the _____________ and the defensive fortifications that the Anglo-Saxons

used were called __________. The difference between burhs and castles was that burhs

were built to ___________ the population, whereas castles were built to control the

rebellious English.

The first castles that the Normans built were called ________ and _________ castles. A

motte was an earth mound, and a _______ was built on top of it. The ditches around the

motte made it harder to attack. The bailey was the outer area of the castle which was

defended by a wooden ______________. Norman ___________ were stationed in the bailey

along with their horses. These troops could retreat to the keep if they needed extra

protection, but the keep was also used as a _________________. A motte and bailey castle

could be erected very quickly, but the wooden structure was a weakness because they could

__________.

Castles had two main functions: _____________ and _____________.

Strategic: they housed Norman ____________ who could help to stop any

_____________. Norman soldiers were never more than a __________ march away

from a Norman castle.

Symbolic: castles were a permanent _____________ to the English of who was

now ___________________ the country. The Normans charged the English

__________ to help them maintain the castles.

Edward the Confessor control burhs defend central

troops motte burn keep palisade lookout bailey

symbolic reminder soldiers governing rebellions day’s taxes strategic

Task 6 – Norman control of England

Task: complete this mind map using the previous pages and your content booklet to

explain how the Normans controlled England after 1066.

How did the

Normans

control

England?

Force

Cooperating with English lords

Castles Continuing

the dynasty

Task 7a – Government in Norman England

Task: using the content booklet, annotate each pyramid to explain who

each section of society contained.

Task 7b – The feudal system under the Normans

Task: in the final column of the table, explain what had changed from the Anglo-

Saxons to the Normans.

Feature Anglo-Saxon Norman What changed?

Feudal System

Six major earldoms in 1066

4,000 thegns King owned most of

the land, followed by

the Church.

King owned about 20% of the land, with the Church

owning around 25% of land.

Remaining land shared

between 200 Norman barons and bishops.

By 1086 only 4 thegns owned land.

Royal Forests and Forest Law created.

- More land given to barons and bishops. - Fewer thegns owned land. - More Royal Forests created. - Forest Law created.

Military Control

The main part of the

king’s army would be made up from

housecarls.

For the rest of the army, the Anglo-

Saxons used the fyrd.

Knights made an oath to

their lord – it was a religious duty to provide

service.

Knights always had to carry out military service.

By 1100 the Norman king had 5,000 knights he

could call on.

National government

The king was in charge and the nobility were

involved in the process of decision making

through the Witan.

Anglo-Saxon government issued

orders in writing – these were called

writs. This was a short document which gave

orders to be sent

around the country and he system was known

as government by writ.

Norman kings continued to take the advice of their

lading subjects through the Great Council.

The Normans continued

government by writ but issued far more orders,

which allowed William to create a more centralised

government.

Local government

Under the Anglo-

Saxon, England had been split into 134

shires. A shire-reeve

(the original word for sheriff) was in charge

of each shire and organised justice,

punishment and the collecting of taxes.

Each shire was split

into smaller areas known as hundreds.

The Normans found the

Anglo-Saxon system effective so still used

sheriffs. The sheriff acted

as second to a baron in an area, and was a vital link

between the king and the local area.

Anglo-Saxon sheriffs were replaced with Norman

sheriffs.

Task 8a – Norman legal system

Task: complete the missing words in each bullet point, using your content

booklet.

1. The legal system also kept many features from ____________ - __________

England.

2. This was due to the _____________ element, but it was also _____________ – it

helped to prove that the Normans were ____________ rulers.

3. The one big change that the Normans did make was to _____________ the

system and make it more ______________________.

4. The most important courts remained the ____________ court, the __________ court

and the _____________ court.

5. From 1076, _________________ courts to deal with church matters.

6. There was no ___________ force in Norman England, therefore the law was

enforced by a range of different people.

7. The __________ and _________ _________ still had their own laws in the

early years of Norman rule.

8. In vulnerable areas such as the ____________, the earls effectively had their own

royal powers.

9. However, the Norman trend was for areas to come increasingly under __________

control as it allowed the Normans to gain more ____________ power and to make

____________.

Task: decide whether each statement is either true or false using your content

booklet.

Statement True or False?

Constables were not paid much, but had the power to arrest people, break up fights and put out fires. They also held the keys to the stocks.

Watchmen were paid to do their job. Their role was to ensure that people abided by curfews, prevent crime and catch criminals.

Hue and cry was the system for raising the alarm after a crime had taken place. If anyone witnessed a crime, they had a duty to report it and could be punished if they did not.

A tithing was a group of 10-12 men who all promised to stop the others committing crimes. If one did, it was the duty of the others to reveal the guilty party, or risk the whole group being fined.

If a Norman was killed and their murderer was not found within 5 days, the whole population of the hundred would be fined. This murdrum fine helped to reduce hostile acts against the Normans, but when these hostile acts did occur, the money from fines proved useful for the king.

Task 8b – Trials in Norman England

Task: using your content book, summarise each form of Norman justice in 30

words for each.

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Task 9 – Domesday Book

Task: bullet point information about Domesday under each heading – use your

content booklet to help you.

Task: write a 25 word definition of what Domesday Book was:

.......................................................................................................................................

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Aim of Domesday Book:

How was information collected?

What would Domesday allow William to

do?

Which areas did it not cover?

Task 10a – Life in a Norman village

Task: annotate the image of a Norman village with 5 facts. Hint: think about:

- Who lived there

- What they did

- What their houses were like

- Who had power

- Hygiene and diet

Task 10b – Life in a Norman town

Task: annotate the image of a Norman town with 5 facts. Hint: think about:

- Who lived there

- What they did

- What their houses/businesses were like

- Who had power

- Hygiene and diet

Task 11 – Similarities and differences between Anglo-Saxon and Norman England

Task: Place each bullet point on the spectrum to show how far you think it

changed.

- Feudal system

- Military control

- National government

- Local government

- Legal system and trials

- Life in villages

- Life in towns

Big change from Anglo-Saxon England

Small change from Anglo-Saxon

England

Task 12a – The English Church

Task: complete the paragraphs, using the words in the box below

Religion was very important in Norman England and everybody was a ___________

____________ and believed in God. If you went to church and led a good life, you would go

to ____________, however if you were bad and did not go to church, you would go to

________.

The leaders of the Church were very __________________ – sometimes as powerful as kings.

The __________ – the overall leader of the Church – was probably the most powerful

individual in Europe.

The Church was the largest single ____________________ in Europe – by 1086 it held a

____________ of all land in England. It was given land by rich people who wanted to ensure

that they would go to heaven or they instead left money for ____________ for their ________.

Everyone in England had to pay a tax to the Church called a ________ which was one tenth

of anything that was produced. Additional taxes were also paid at certain times of year such

as ___________ ___________ and surplice fees for ceremonies such as weddings and

funerals.

__________: The main role of the church was to ensure that people showed that they

believed in God by going to church.

__________: The Church was a major landowner in England. Peasants had to work on

Church land for free even though they had their own land to look after. They believed that

God would know if they had not done their work on the Church land and that God would

punish them. The Church also collected taxes called tithes.

___________: The Church heard court cases for crimes carried out on Church lands. If the

Church found somebody guilty of a crime, they would hand down justice in the king’s name.

____________: Leading members of the Church advised the king on important national

issues as members of the Witan.

___________: The Church was the only institution that produced books. In this way, the

Church could control which books were published.

___________: people in the twelfth century did not understand the cause of diseases and

thought that they were a punishment from God. As a result, priests tried to cure the sick by

praying for them or recommend they pay a penance in the form of money, pain or prayer.

Pope heaven powerful Roman Catholic hell

prayers tithe quarter souls landowner Easter Dues

education politics religion health law money

Task 12b – Norman reforms to the Church

Task: match the change to the description in the table.

Change Description

Archbishop Stigand was replaced by Archbishop Lanfranc. By 1080, there was only one Anglo-Saxon bishop, Wulfstan, left.

At first, the Normans stole the treasures of many of the 49 English monasteries and took the Church’s land. However, the Normans soon began rebuilding Anglo-Saxon churches and cathedrals in the Romanesque style (which was already familiar to them and used in France).

The Church was separate from all the rest of society and giving it a special role in the legal system through Church courts. In 1076, the Council of Winchester ordered that only Church courts could try clergy for crimes. This meant that people who worked for the church would only be tried for their crimes in Church courts rather than local courts.

Dioceses (areas of land served by a church or cathedral e.g. Ripon) were divided into archdeaconries, which were further divided into deaneries. Archdeacons became more common, and had the role of enforcing Church discipline in their area, presiding over Church courts.

Anglo-Saxon cathedrals in isolated rural locations were knocked down and moved to more strategic locations such as market towns, so that the bishop was in a more secure location with an overview of his area of control e.g. Thetford was moved to Norwich.

Changes

The Church was used to help the Normans to control areas of England that may

rebel.

The Church was used to help the Normans to control what people thought.

The Church had separate legal powers in Norman England.

The Normans ensured that important people in the Church were loyal.

The structure of the Church was changed to allow the Normans more control in each

diocese.

Task 13a – Changes to Church organisation

Task: rank the changes from ‘biggest change’ to ‘smallest change’ – 1 is the

biggest change, 8 is the smallest change.

What had not changed was the people at the top of the Church hierarchy. The Pope

was still head of the Catholic Church and therefore the most powerful Catholic.

King William was certain that members of the Church in England should not obey the Pope

over the king.

William controlled communication between the leaders of the English Church and the Pope in

Rome. This meant that William could influence the information that Church leaders

had access to.

William was also in control of who was appointed to the English Church.

The Church under the Normans became more centralised – this means that it was

answerable to the Archbishop of Canterbury and in turn the king.

There were also new positions introduced such as archdeacons and deans.

The new Norman structure allowed bishops to have far greater control of their

diocese.

There were more parish priests under the Normans than there had been previously.

Rank Summary of change

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Task 13b – William Rufus and the Church

Task: draw a series of images in each box to describe the conflicts that William

Rufus had with the Church

Conflict with William of Saint-Calais 1088 1. There was a rebellion against Rufus in 1088. The Bishop of Saint-Calais had informed

Rufus about this plot, and promised to bring reinforcements to help him. However, Saint-

Calais then changed his mind and never returned with his troops. Rufus put him on trial for

treason.

2. Saint-Calais argued that as a member of the clergy, he should be tried in a Church court

rather than in a secular court. Rufus refused, arguing that the Bishop had broken his oath of

fealty (loyalty) to the king and should be tried by a king’s court.

3. The Bishop of Saint-Calais did eventually return to England in 1091 and served a Bishop

of Durham until 1095, but the trial was significant. It showed how determined Rufus was to

control the Church rather than be controlled by it.

Conflict between Anselm and Rufus 1093-94

1. When Lanfranc died in 1089, he was not replaced. This was a deliberate move by Rufus

as he wanted to take the income from the Church lands that Lanfranc had held before

his death.

2. In 1093, Rufus suffered a serious illness and thought that God was punishing him. To

please God, he decided to appoint a new Archbishop of Canterbury – Anselm.

3. Relations between Rufus and Anselm were difficult from the beginning and by 1094,

Anselm was preaching about the lack of morals at Rufus’ court.

4. Rufus was not happy with Anselm’s comments; he felt that he owned the abbeys and

that Anselm should not get involved in his affairs.

The Council of Rockingham 1095

1. Rufus had stopped Anselm travelling to Rome to get Papal approval for his appointment

as archbishop; Rufus argued that this would show that Anselm was really giving his

loyalty to the Pope (Rufus wanted to limit the power of the Pope in England). They

could not agree, so the Council of Rockingham was called.

2. There was much debate and little agreement and so a truce was called. Rufus had been

forced to accept Pope Urban II as Pope, but Urban agreed to stay out of English

affairs whilst Rufus was king.

3. Relations did not stay good for long, and Rufus blocked Anselm’s efforts to reform the

Church through Church councils. Anselm also didn’t want to pay Rufus extra taxes or

provide the number of knights the king required.

4. By 1097, Anselm had fled to Rome – this left Rufus able to profit from the money raised

by Anselm’s empty position in the Church.

Simony

1. As well as conflict with different people in the Church, Rufus also brought back the

practice of simony (selling jobs in the Church). This had been outlawed by Lanfranc in

the 1070s. For example, Rufus sold the bishopric of Thetford to Herbert Losinga for

1000 marks.

2. One of Rufus’ key allies, Ranulf Flambard, was very good at raising money from the

Church – this made him popular with Rufus but unpopular with the clergy. Rufus

rewarded him by making him Bishop of Durham – for £1000!

Task 14 – Norman relations with the Papacy

Task: for each Norman king, decide whether or not their relation ship with the

Pope was good or bad.

King What happened? Good or bad relations?

William I Pope Alexander II (1061-1073) gave William the papal banner to fight under at the Battle of Hastings, blessing his invasion. Both Pope Alexander and William wanted to reform the corrupt English Church and bring it into line with Christianity in the rest of Europe.

Pope Alexander also wanted to get rid of any corrupt or incompetent bishops. William supported this, and also promised to abolish the practices of nepotism and simony, as well as to ban clerical marriage. However, William's main aim was to get rid of untrustworthy Englishmen from powerful roles in the Church and to replace them with Normans.

Pope Gregory VII wanted bishops to travel to Rome to report to him, but this did not happen - even Lanfranc did not do this. Whilst William did agree to bring back a tax called Peter's Pence which was paid to Rome, he was clear that he did not want the Pope to interfere with his rights has king.

William Rufus William Rufus had first damaged his relationship with the Papacy after his trial of William of Saint-Calais in 1088-9 after his came into a lot of conflict with the Pope, particularly after his appointment of Archbishop Anselm.

Pope Urban II (1088-1099) also had a bad relationship with Rufus. This was due to Rufus' actions in stopping Anselm from travelling to Rome and blocking Anselm's reforms to the English Church. Eventually, Anselm had been exiled and fled to Rome in 1097, further damaging the relationship between Rufus and the papacy.

Henry I Archbishop Anselm refused to be made bishop by King Henry. He was exiled in 1103. This led the Pope to threaten Henry with excommunication, the worst punishment that the Church could give.

Eventually, in 1107, Henry reached an agreement with the Pope. Henry agreed to give up his right to invest bishops. This meant that they would still have to swear loyalty and provide services when required.

After this, Anselm supported Henry and in return was allowed to bring in Pope Gregory VII’s reforms, for example condemning simony.

Task 15 – Monasteries in Norman England

Task: around the monk, write 10 facts about monasticism in Norman England.

You will also need your class notes to help with this task.

Hint – think about the vows monks too, how the Normans built more monasteries, changes

that Normans such as Lanfranc made to monasteries.

Task 16 – Education in Norman England

Task: complete the paragraphs, using the words in the box below

Before 1066, education in monasteries was conducted in __________ rather than

__________, and the teachers were monks or nuns.

When the Normans arrived in 1066, education moved out of monasteries and convents and

into the _______________. As the size and number of towns increased under the Normans,

so did the need for a better education system. People needed better literacy and numeracy

skills in order to conduct __________. Furthermore, the Norman barons and knights who

lived in England wanted their children educated to the highest possible standards.

Reforms within monasticism meant that children were no longer allowed within monasteries

or convents, therefore schools moved out of monasteries and became separate buildings.

There was an explosion in the number of schools – by 1100 there were ______ schools and

by 1200 there were 75.

In schools, __________ was spoken and began to influence the English language (and vice

versa). However, Latin was still used for writing and was seen as the language of

___________.

At the age of ______, some children moved on to ___________ schools, which were

separate from Church schools. Students stayed at grammar school for at least 4 years,

learning ___________ grammar as well as how to speak and write the language.

The school year lasted from September to June, which enabled peasant families to bring in

the ___________ during the summer months. The school day started as soon as the sun

was up and ended late afternoon. During lessons, the teacher sat in the middle of the room

and children sat on benches around the outside, answering __________ directed at them by

their teachers.

If students were successful at school, they moved on to _____________ where all books

and lectures were in Latin. Students who did not go to university could become merchants,

parish _________ or secretarial clerks. Subjects such as maths, accountancy and law were

not taught in grammar schools and were taught when students started work.

towns & cities Christianity trade 40 Latin French English

harvest university clergy 10 Latin questions grammar