April 7-10 • Online

EditorDenise Schmidt-Crawford

Copyright ©2020 by the Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)

All rights reserved. No part of these proceedings may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans-mitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

AACE is not responsible for papers accidentally omitted from the conference proceedings due to late or errant submission by the author or proxy, or technical electronic anomalies during the time of submission.

The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in this book.

From AACE, the Conference organizer: All submissions are peer-reviewed by at least two reviewers, and usuallythree reviewers, who are members the conference's international Program Committee of experts in fields specificallymatching the conference topics. Papers are subject to a double-blind review. Reviewers are strongly encouraged toprovide the author with comments intended to improve the content, style, or other issues to improve the quality ofthe article.

If the review results are not clear, at least two members of the conference's Program Committee decide whether apaper can be accepted or not, and in which presentation category. A review of all papers receiving high reviewscores is undertaken by all the members of the Board to nominate outstanding papers. The acceptance rate for SITE conferences is 25-39%

See AACE Review Policy: http://www.aace.org/reviewpolicy.htm

Published byAssociation for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)P.O. Box 719, Waynesville, NC 28786 • aace.org

Published in the USA, ISBN: #978-1-939797-48-3

SITE 2020 PREFACE

SITE marked its 31st anuual conference in a truly unique and unprecedented way: online! Due to concerns and limitations presented by the COVID-19 health crisis in the United States and abroad, the SITE 2020 conference originally planned for New Orleans was shifted to a completely online conference.

We attempted something SITE has never done before – deliver and engage participants in a totally online conference. Personally,I want to thank everyone for being understanding, adaptable, and flexible as we engaged with an online environment whereteacher educators and others interested in technology and teacher education reported their research findings, shared innovativepractices, and still “networked” with colleagues from all over the world. These connections and conversations looked a little dif-ferent this year, but they persevered and we still enjoyed the same warm and welcoming sense of community that has made SITErecognized as the “Friendly Society.” As a part of the conference, you helped us make SITE history! We hope our entire SITEcommunity and their families are safe and healthy during this extraordinary time.

We began each day by engaging with great line up of Keynote Speakers who graciously agreed to transition and deliver their messages in an online format. We also held meetings of our 35 Special Interest Groups (SIGs), which you can still join! Networkwith colleagues with similar scholarship interests and learn about the many initiatives and good work being done by these impor-tant groups. Your involvement with our SIGs is key to having a successful SITE conference experience.

An astonishing 564 attendees joined together from 6 continents and 15 different times zones! Twenty-eight countries from aroundthe world and 400 unique universities and institutions were represented by our attendees. SITE 2020 showcased 215 live-streamed sessions including Keynotes, Workshops, Innovators Playgrounds, Paper Presentations, SIG Meetings, and the HappyHour Social. Also welcomed were 235 virtual presentations, presented asynchronously by authors who chose to pre-record theirwork and facilitate discussions on the SITE virtual conference platform.

Thank you for being the innovators and visionaries for making SITE 2020 a reality. A “BIG” thank you to our Executive DirectorGary Marks, Conference Director - Sarah Benson, the SITE/AACE staff, the SITE Executive Board, Council Chairs, SIG Chairs,Journal/Book Editors, and volunteers who brought SITE 2020 to life when it seemed an almost impossible task. Everyone’s hardwork and determination will be appreciated and valued by the individuals who took the time to attend our online conference. Wehope you enjoyed SITE 2020 and you’ll keep others who were unable to be with us connected by using #SITEconf!

Mark your calendars for the 2021 SITE conference in San Diego, California, March 28-April 3. We promise to deliver anothersuccessful conference full of excitement, collaboration, networking, and learning!

Denise Schmidt-CrawfordPresident

Society for Information Technology and Teacher EducationIowa State University

Ricardo Acosta-Diaz

Douglas Agyei

Ahmed Alanazi

Jennifer Albert

Marsha Alibrandi

Adel Althubyani

Cindy Anderson

Kevin Anderson

Leonard Annetta

Brian Arnold

Giovanna Avellis

Orit Avidov-Ungar

Cengiz Hakan Aydin

Evrim Baran

Stephanie Barbee

Michael Barbour

Debra Bauder

Sally Beisser

Muhammad Betz

Kaushal Kumar Bhagat

Madhumita Bhattacharya

Marius Boboc

Matthew Boggan

Raj Boora

Lorraine Boyle

San Juanita Briones

Glen Bull

Qijie Cai

Cory Callahan

Alex Camacho-Martinez

Roger Carlsen

Glendia Cartwright

Lisa Castaneda

Terence Cavanaugh

Kan Kan Chan

Yu-Hui Chang

Karen Chassereau

Amelia Cheney

Stephanie Cheney

Donna Cherveny

Rebecca Coda

Clara Coutinho

Hugh Crumley

Chris Dann

Trina Davis

Nathan Dolenc

Anthony Dove

Karee Dunn

Linda Easley-Tidwell

Kellah Edens

Alison Egan

Judith Enriquez

Mikhail Epshtein

Larry Ferguson

Petra Fisser

Timothy Forde

Teresa Foulger

Ray Francis

Karen French

Paula Furr

Amy Gaimaro

Penny Garcia

Humeyra Genc

SITE 2020 PROGRAM COMMITTEE MEMBERS

SITE 2020 EXECUTIVE BOARD

Council ChairsKevin Graziano - Consultative Council Chair

Nevada State College, USA

Mark Hofer - Consultative Council Associate ChairCollege of William and Mary, USA

Rhonda Christensen- Consultative Council AssistantChairUniversity of North Texas, USA

Jonathan Cohen - Teacher Education Council ChairGeorgia State University, USA

Lee Langub, Teacher Education Council Associate ChairKennesaw State University, USA

Jason Trumble - Consultative Council Assistant ChairUniversity of Central Arkansas, USA

Leanna Archambault - Information Technology Council ChairArizona State University, USA

Jered Borup- Information Technology Council AssociateChairGeorge Mason University, USA

Richard Hartshorne- Information Technology Council Assistant ChairUniversity of Central Florida, USA

Local Program ChairsImmediate Past Program Chairs, SITE 2019

Kevin Graziano, Nevada State College, USA

EditorsRick Ferdig – Journal of Technology & Teacher Education

Kent State University, USA

Chrystalla Mouza – Contemporary Issues in Technology & Teacher Education

University of Delaware, USA

David Gibson & Marilyn Ochoa –Research Highlights in Technology & Teacher Education

Curtin University, Australia & Middlesex County College, USA

Past Presidents, Emeriti, & LiaisonsPeter Albion - Council Chair Emeritus, Univ. of Southern Queensland, Australia

Glen Bull - Past President, University of Virginia, USANiki Davis - Past President, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

Ian Gibson - Past President, Liverpool Hope University, United KingdomAllen Glenn - Past President, University of Washington, USA

Gerald Knezek - Past President, University of North Texas, USAMike Searson - Past President, Kean University, USA

David Slykhuis - Past President, University of Northern Colorado, USAAnn Thompson - Past President, Iowa State University, USA

DeeAnna Willis - Founder, Northwestern State University, retired, USAJerry Willis - Founder, Past President, Louisiana State University

Denise Schmidt-CrawfordPresident

Iowa State University, USA

Gary Marks - Executive DirectorSITE, USA

Elizabeth Langran - SITE President-ElectMarymount University, USA

SITE 2020 PROGRAM COMMITTEE MEMBERSDavid GibsonPerry GillespieMichelle GonzalezJonathon GoodLisa GrableKevin GrazianoKalynn Hall PistorioRandall HansenYungwei HaoJudi HarrisHavaughnia Hayes-WhiteLinda HaynesDanah HenriksenSteve HortonIffat JabeenAlex Jean-CharlesJennifer JilksYi JinNatalie A. Johnson-LeslieChristopher JohnstonMadeline JusticeDavid KanterKathryn KennedyAaron KesslePankaj khazanchiJennifer KiddKioh KimSelma KocKevin KrahenbuhDerya Kulavuz-OnalArnab KunduLee LangubKevin LawantoJohn LeeLida LeeLesia LennexDalit LevyLan LiJung LimJayme LintonLeping LiuCarolyn LoweMaria MadiopeDavid MarcovitzConstantino MartinsShannan McNairSara McNeil

Sarah McPhersonHagit Meishar TalMichael MillsPunya MishraAmanda MohnDaniel MourlamChrystalla MouzaHassan MustafaAzra NaseemMichael NelsonTrang NguyenMarilyn OchoaMatthew OhlsonProfessor OkoloJohn OngitoRobert OwensG. Andrew PageLisa PalmieriBecky Sue PartonSonia PascuaJoshua Patterson,Lori PettyTeresa PettyMichael PhillipsKeryn PrattRobert PrickettDavina Pruitt-MentleJim PtaszynskiGerard RamballyQuasir RazzaqXinyue RenPaul RestaJeremy RielKevin RocapMark A. RodriguezStephen RodriguezDina RosenStephen RubinAnne RudnickiRebecca RutherfoordShilpa SahayHasu SardarRachel SchieraDenise Schmidt-CrawfordTalha SharadgahGregory ShepherdMark Simpson

Kelli Slaten

Jessica Slotwinski

Scott Slough

David Slykhuis

Robin Davidson Smith

Shaunna Smith

AEH Smits

Nusrat Sohail

Stacy Southerland

Jennifer Sparrow

Michael Spaulding

Harriette L. Spiegel

Debra Sprague

Maria Stetter

Sue Stoddart

Shu-Ju Diana Tai

Daniel Tillman

Merryellen Towey Schulz

Kathryn Traxler

Jason Trumble

Janeth Velasquez

Francisco Jose de Caldas

Rohith Venkataraman

Christine Voelker

Joke Voogt

Lawrence Walker

Jade Wallace

Amber Warren

Carrol Warren

Rebecca Watts

Roberta K Weber

Jon Welling

Santoso Wibowo

Sandra Williamson-Leadley

Dee Anna Willis

Jana Willis

Nancy Wood

Harrison Yang

Nursel Yilmaz

Carl Young,

Yining Zhang

Sara Zimmerman

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