April 1, 2009

Discuss PVA paper and Reviews

Management

• Adaptive Management

Ecosystem management

Ecosystem management ismanagement of whole ecosystems rather

than individual species

Ecosystem management

Manage for ecosystem health: allows for

production of “ecosystem services”

Include human activities

Focus on large spatial and long time scale

Management decisions include multiple stake

holders

Ecosystem management

Manage for ecosystem health: allows for

production of “ecosystem services”

commodities

clean water / flood control

aesthetics

....

Ecosystem management

Manage for ecosystem health: allows for

production of “ecosystem services”

Include human activities

Focus on large spatial and long time scale

Management decisions include multiple stake

holders

Ecosystem management

Manage for ecosystem health: allows for

production of “ecosystem services”

Include human activities

Focus on large spatial and long time scale

Management decisions include multiple stake

holders

Endangered Species

• Butterflies:! Schaus Swallowtail!

• Rodents:! Key Largo Cotton Mouse, Key Largo Wood Rat!

• Mammals:! Florida Panther, West Indian Manatee!

• Birds:! ! Arctic Peregrine Falcon, Cape Sable Sea Side ! ! ! ! Sparrow, Snail (Everglade) Kite, Southern Bald ! ! ! Eagle, Wood Stork!

• Reptiles and Amphibians:! American Crocodile, Atlantic ! ! ! ! ! ! Ridley Turtle, Green ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Turtle, Hawksbill Turtle, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Leatherback Turtle!

Ecosystem management

Manage for ecosystem health: allows for

production of “ecosystem services”

Include human activities

Focus on large spatial and long time scale

Management decisions include multiple stake

holders

Stakeholders

have a real or perceived interest in the resource, its use, its protection.

are dependent on the resource

have a believe that management decisions will directly or indirectly affect them

are located in or near the area

pay for the decision

are in a position of authority to review the decisions

Ecosystem management

Manage for ecosystem health: allows for

production of “ecosystem services”

Include human activities

Focus on large spatial and long time scale

Management decisions include multiple stake

holders

Use adaptive management

Adaptive management

Adaptive management treats management

decisions as experiments. Change

management if data show not getting desired

result.

Adaptive managementAdaptive management treats management

decisions as experiments. Change

management if data show not getting desired

result.

Baseline data

Experimental data

include comparison or/and control

replicate !

Adaptive management

What is the effect grazing on a plant communityin an open field?

We need a control!

We need a control!

Diversity

ungrazed

What is the effect of grazing on the plant

community in open fields?

Diversity

ungrazed grazed

What is the effect of grazing on the plant

community in open fields?

What is the point of reference/control?

Replication?

What is the effect of grazing on the plant

community in open fields?

What is the point of reference/control?

Replication. YES for THIS field, but not for treatment (all fields in general) !"Pseudoreplication

What is the effect of grazing on the plant

community in open fields?

Field 1

Field 2Field 3

Field 4

Diversity

ungrazed grazed

What is the effect of grazing on the plant community in

open fields?

Ecosystem and resilience

Resilience is the magnitude of disturbance that can be absorbed or accommodated by an ecosystem before its structure is fundamentally changed to a different state.Example: Shrubland turns into grassland, grassland turns into desert.

Holling 1973

Adaptive management: Take 2

Adaptive management is a process that combines

democratic principles, scientific analysis, education, and

institutional learning to manage resources sustainably in

an environment of uncertainty. [Lee 1993]

Commitment to improve the outcomes of management over biological time scales.

Awareness of the experimental nature of management.

Willingness to accept the risk of perceived failures.

A common understanding, with stakeholders, of the goals, strategies, and uncertainties of management.

A mandate for action from the stakeholders or other authorities

Use of natural processes to manage ecosystems

Fire

Preservation of an ecosystem was often synonym withkeeping the “status quo”, this resulted very often in damaging

the ecosystem.

Fire regime for different ecosystem types

Hardwood confined to understory

Hardwooddominant

Prescribed fires Fire suppressed

Adaptive management: Learning from errors. Burning of Long-leaved pine forests during

growing (back) and non-growing season (front)

Use of natural processes to manage ecosystems

Fire

Water flow

Preservation of an ecosystem was often synonym withkeeping the “status quo”, this resulted very often in damaging

the ecosystem.

Use of natural processes to manage ecosystems

Fire

Water flow

Herbivory

Preservation of an ecosystem was often synonym withkeeping the “status quo”, this resulted very often in damaging

the ecosystem.

Zonation management

Core protection area

Managed area

Exclusion area

Ecosystem modelling

Spatially explicit (GIS)

Incorporate as many details as possible (Geology, Climate, ...)

Incorporate human interactions/use/development

Incorporate species compositions (diversity: species, genetics)

(Complex and often not enough data)

Ecosystem management

Manage for ecosystem health: allows for

production of “ecosystem services”

Include human activities

Focus on large spatial and long time scale

Management decisions include multiple stake

holders

Use adaptive management