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AP Review Sheets AP Physics Chapter 9: Linear Momentum & Collisions Created by: Chandler Woo Background / Summary Deep into the realm of classical mechanics, we reach a section focusing on the conservation of momentum. This unit covers the concepts of the law of conservation of momentum for an isolated system, impulse for a nonisolated system, elastic, inelastic, and perfectly inelastic collisions, 2D collisions, and center of mass. Key Words: Impulse is the change in momentum, which can be calculated by the area under the curve of a forcetime graph Elastic Collision is when both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. No energy is lost to heat (i.e. billiards) Inelastic Collision is when kinetic energy is not conserved. There is heat lost in the collision, and deformation occurs (i.e. car crash) Perfectly Inelastic Collision is when the objects collide and stick perfectly together. Heat is lost, but both travel at the same velocity (i.e. bullet in block) “Glancing” occurs when object 1 collides with an initially stationary object 2 and both travel off at an angle with respect to the horizontal (i.e. hitting a billiard ball on its side) Center of Mass is the weighted average position of the system’s mass Important Formulae: ! + ! = ! ! + ! ! ! + ! = ! ! + ! ! ! ! + ! ! = ! ! ! + ! ! ! 1 2 ! ! ! + 1 2 ! ! ! = 1 2 ! ! ! ! + 1 2 ! ! ! ! ! ! + ! ! = ( ! + ! ) ! ! = ! ! ! ! = !" = ! ! + ! ! + ! ! ! + ! + ! = ! ! ! !" = 1 Problem types you may encounter:

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Page 1: AP#Review#Sheets# # AP#Physics - Polytechnic Schoolfaculty.polytechnic.org/physics/3 A.P. PHYSICS 2009-2010/AP Review Sheets 2013/ch9...AP#Review#Sheets# # AP#Physics! Chapter(9:(Linear(Momentum&(Collisions(Createdby:’’’’’’’’

AP  Review  Sheets       AP  Physics  

Chapter  9:  Linear  Momentum  &  Collisions  

Created  by:                Chandler  Woo

 Background  /  Summary  Deep  into  the  realm  of  classical  mechanics,  we  reach  a  section  focusing  on  the  conservation  of  momentum.  This  unit  covers  the  concepts  of  the  law  of  conservation  of  momentum  for  an  isolated  system,  impulse  for  a  non-­‐isolated  system,  elastic,  inelastic,  and  perfectly  inelastic  collisions,  2-­‐D  collisions,  and  center  of  mass.                                                                    

Key  Words:  

Impulse  is  the  change  in  momentum,  which  can  be  calculated  by  the  area  under  the  curve  of  a  force-­‐time  graph  

Elastic  Collision  is  when  both  momentum  and  kinetic  energy  are  conserved.  No  energy  is  lost  to  heat  (i.e.  billiards)    

Inelastic  Collision  is  when  kinetic  energy  is  not  conserved.  There  is  heat  lost  in  the  collision,  and  deformation  occurs  (i.e.  car  crash)  

Perfectly  Inelastic  Collision  is  when  the  objects  collide  and  stick  perfectly  together.  Heat  is  lost,  but  both  travel  at  the  same  velocity  (i.e.  bullet  in  block)  

“Glancing”  occurs  when  object  1  collides  with  an  initially  stationary  object  2  and  both  travel  off  at  an  angle  with  respect  to  the  horizontal  (i.e.  hitting  a  billiard  ball  on  its  side)  

Center  of  Mass  is  the  weighted  average  position  of  the  system’s  mass    

Important  Formulae:  

𝐾! +  𝐾! = 𝐾!!  +  𝐾!!    

𝑝! +  𝑝! = 𝑝!!  +  𝑝!!    

𝑚!𝑣! +  𝑚!𝑣! = 𝑚!𝑣!! +  𝑚!𝑣!!  

12𝑚!𝑣!! +  

12𝑚!𝑣!! =

12𝑚!𝑣!!  ! +  

12𝑚!𝑣!!  !    

𝑚!𝑣! +  𝑚!𝑣! = (𝑚! +𝑚!)𝑣!!  

𝐽 =   𝐹  𝑑𝑡!!

!!=  ∆𝑝  

𝑥!" =  𝑚!𝑥! +𝑚!𝑥! +⋯𝑚!𝑥!

𝑚! +𝑚! +⋯𝑚!=  

𝑚!𝑥!𝑚!

 

𝑟!" =1𝑀

𝑟 𝑑𝑚  

 Problem  types  you  may  encounter:  

   

 

Page 2: AP#Review#Sheets# # AP#Physics - Polytechnic Schoolfaculty.polytechnic.org/physics/3 A.P. PHYSICS 2009-2010/AP Review Sheets 2013/ch9...AP#Review#Sheets# # AP#Physics! Chapter(9:(Linear(Momentum&(Collisions(Createdby:’’’’’’’’

AP  Review  Sheets       AP  Physics  

PRACTICE  PROBLEMS:    1.  [Center  of  Mass]  

 A  flat  piece  of  metal  of  uniform  density  has  the  shape  and  dimensions  shown  above.  Find  the  center  of  mass  for  the  piece  of  metal  (both  the  x-­‐  and  y-­‐components).          2.  [Collision]  A  250  gram  rubber  bullet  is  fired  horizontally  at  a  900  gram  block  of  wood  sitting  on  a  flat  surface.  The  coefficient  of  kinetic  friction  between  the  block  of  wood  and  surface  is  .55,  and  the  block  slides  80  cm  before  coming  to  rest.  If  the  bullet  collides  elastically  with  the  block,  what  are  its  initial  and  final  velocities?          3.  [Momentum/Impulse]  A  5.00  kg  gun  with  a  90  cm  long  barrel  fires  a  70-­‐gram  bullet  with  a  velocity  of  550  m/s.  What  is  the:  recoil  velocity  of  the  gun?  Impulse  on  a  bullet?  Time  the  bullet  accelerated?  Average  acceleration  of  the  bullet?  And  force  applied  to  the  gun  by  the  bullet?          

40cm  30cm  20cm  10cm  

10cm  

20cm  

30cm  

40cm  

0  

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AP  Review  Sheets       AP  Physics  

Solutions:    

1. The  center  of  mass,  for  both  the  x-­‐  and  y-­‐directions,  can  be  calculated  using  the  equation:  

𝑥!" = !!!!!!

.  There  are  several  ways  to  think  about  this  problem.  You  can  calculate  the  13  little  

squares  individually  that  comprise  the  piece  of  iron,  but  you  can  simplify  it  down  to  three  symmetric  pieces,  as  seen  below:  

 

𝑥!" =𝑚!𝑥! +𝑚!𝑥! +𝑚!𝑥!

𝑚! +𝑚! +𝑚!=3𝑚 15𝑐𝑚 + 2𝑚 10𝑐𝑚 + 8𝑚 20𝑐𝑚

13𝑚=22513

𝑐𝑚  

𝑦!" =𝑚!𝑦! +𝑚!𝑦! +𝑚!𝑦!

𝑚! +𝑚! +𝑚!=3𝑚 35𝑐𝑚 + 2𝑚 25𝑐𝑚 + 8𝑚 10𝑐𝑚

13𝑚=23513

𝑐𝑚  

 

The  center  of  mass  for  the  piece  of  iron  is:  (!!"!"𝑐𝑚, !"#

!"𝑐𝑚).  

   

2. When  solving  collision  problems,  always  make  sure  you  know  which  type  of  collision  it  is,  and  from  there  choose  the  appropriate  equation.  Because  it  is  elastic,  we  are  going  to  be  using  two  equations:    

𝑚!𝑣! +  𝑚!𝑣! = 𝑚!𝑣!! +  𝑚!𝑣!!  12𝑚!𝑣!! +  

12𝑚!𝑣!! =

12𝑚!𝑣!!  ! +  

12𝑚!𝑣!!  !    

   𝑚!𝑣! +  𝑚!𝑣! = 𝑚!𝑣!! +  𝑚!𝑣!!  12𝑚!𝑣!! +  

12𝑚!𝑣!! =

12𝑚!𝑣!!  ! +  

12𝑚!𝑣!!  !  

𝑚! 𝑣!! − 𝑣!!  ! =  𝑚! 𝑣!! − 𝑣!!  !  𝑚! 𝑣! − 𝑣!!   𝑣! + 𝑣!!   = 𝑚! 𝑣! − 𝑣!!   𝑣! + 𝑣!!    𝑚! 𝑣! − 𝑣!!   = 𝑚! 𝑣! − 𝑣!!      𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏!   = 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐!    

 

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AP  Review  Sheets       AP  Physics  (Solution  on  next  page)  

𝐹!"# = 𝑚𝑎;  𝐹! = 𝑚𝑎  ;  𝜇𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎; 𝑎 = . 55 9.80 =  5.39  m/s2  (of  block)  

𝑣!! = 𝑣!! +  2𝑎∆𝑥;  𝑣! = 2𝑎∆𝑥 = 2 5.39 . 8 = 2.94  m/s  (of  block)  𝑚!𝑣! +  𝑚!𝑣! = 𝑚!𝑣!! +  𝑚!𝑣!!  

. 25 𝑣! +  0 = . 25 𝑣!! +  (.9)(2.94)  à  𝒗𝟏 =  𝒗𝟏! + 𝟏𝟎.𝟓𝟗  

𝑣! + 𝑣!!   = 𝑣! + 𝑣!!    𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏!   = 𝟐.𝟗𝟒 +  𝟎  

 Combine  equations:  𝑣!!   =  −3.825  𝑚/𝑠;  𝑣!   = 6.765  𝑚/𝑠  

 

   3.  a)  Recoil  velocity  of  gun  

𝑚!𝑣! +  𝑚!𝑣! = 𝑚!𝑣!! +  𝑚!𝑣!!  

0 = 5𝑘𝑔 𝑣!! + . 070𝑘𝑔 (550𝑚/𝑠)  

𝑣!! = −7.7  𝑚/𝑠  

b)  Impulse  on  bullet  

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚∆𝑣  

= . 070𝑘𝑔 550 − 0 =  38.5  𝑘𝑔 ∙𝑚/𝑠  

c)  Time  the  bullet  accelerated    

𝑡 =𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

=  . 9𝑚

550𝑚/𝑠=   .00164  𝑠  

d)  Average  acceleration  of  bullet  

𝑎 =𝑣! − 𝑣!

𝑡=550 − 0. 00164

= 3.35𝑒5  𝑚/𝑠!  

e)  Force  applied  to  the  gun  by  the  bullet  

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = . 070𝑘𝑔 3.35𝑒5  𝑚/𝑠!  

𝐹 = 23450  𝑁  

 

 

*Credit  for  these  problems  go  to  Mr.  White.  I  changed  up  the  variables,  but  the  problem  setup  was  his.