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TAOS Review

Shipboard-Vessel Data

1st TAOS Review WorkshopPortland, USA, 8-9 Feb. 2018

- PIRATA: PIRATA SSG and Contributors- MOVE: Uwe Send and Matthias Lankhorst- TMA-RACE: Peter Brandt and Rebecca Hummels- GO-SHIP: Rik Wanninkhof- SOOP-CO2: Rik Wanninkhof (courtesy Nathalie Lefevre)- GOSUD: Bernard Bourles (courtesy G. Alory, CORIOLIS)- XBT: Gustavo Goni- ARGO: ARGO (Fr & USA, courtesy Noe Poffa)- DBCP: DBCP (Fr & USA, courtesy AOML & Meteo-France)

TAOS Review

Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic – PIRATA´sContributions to:

Shipboard/Vessel Data

PIRATA SSG and Contributors


TAOS ReviewShipboard/Vessel Data

ARGO

ARGO Profilers deployed in the tropical Atlantic (25oS-25oN): 1276 profilers up to now

Courtesy: N. Poffa (IFREMER)

ARGO Profilers deployed during PIRATA cruises: 192 Argo profilers deployed up to now


Data Buoy Cooperation Panel - DBCP

Courtesy: G. Emzivat (CMM/MF)

150 drifting buoys (SVP, SVP-B, Marisondes) deployed by France (Meteo-France) from 1998 in the tropical Atlantic (20oS-20oN)

and the Gulf of Guinea, including 59 deployed during PIRATA-FR cruises (green dots).

152 drifting buoys deployed by US during PNE cruisesfrom 2005 in the tropical Atlantic


ARGO/SVP

Argo Profilers and SVP Drifters deployed during PIRATA (BR+FR+US) cruises192 Argo Profilers and 302 SVP Drifters up to now

ARGO SVP


CTD-CTDO2/XBT

DATA TRANSMITTED IN quasi REAL TIME TO GDACs FOR OPERATIONAL SERVICES

CTD: Repeated Sections at 38°W (BR), 23°W (US) & 10°W (FR)

38°W section: Brazilian cruises 23°W section: US cruises 10°W section: French cruises


CTD-CTDO2/XBT

CTD Section Example: 0-250m-2000m vertical sections of T, S, O2 along 10°W in March 2016:


CTD-CTDO2/XBT

CTD-CTDO2 and XBT profiles collected during PIRATA (BR+FR+US) cruises1683 CTD-CTDO2 profiles and 3861 XBTs up to now

CTD-CTDO2 XBTs


S-ADCP

Along 38oW

Jul 2010

Oct 2015

Along 10oW

Sep 2010

Feb. 2015


S-ADCP

Along 23oWMar 2017


S-ADCP/L-ADCP (TMA-RACE 11oS)

Hummels et al. (2015)

Agulhas leakage AMOC!?

Beal et al. (2011)

TAMOC-RACE 11oS Array

Motivation: Ongoing increases in Agulhas leakage under anthropogenic warming is felt in the western tropical Atlantic through Atlantic Overturning Circulation.

Variables sampled: Full ocean depth column: Temperature, Salinity, Velocity.

PIRATA-BR cruises (2017-onwards)5oS and 11oS transects


U-pCO2

+

-

PIRATA-BR cruises (2010-onwards)Along 38oW transect

Mar-Apr: fCO2 strongly correlated with SST;Jul-Aug: some correlation with SSS (ITCZ and Amazon River plume).

After removing the warming effect:


Nutrients & Chlorophyll Pigments

French PIRATA Cruises (and associated 6 EGEE cruises 2005-2007):- Nutrients (2004 to present)- Chl pigments (2011 to present) - Surface sampling along the trackline (every 1° - 2°)- Sampling along the vertical during CTDO2 casts


Nitrate at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 m depth in March 2016

Surface Chl pigments in March 2015 (left) and 2016 (right)

Nutrients & Chlorophyll Pigments


Acoustic Measurements, Plankton and Sargassum

Multifrequency acoustic data (18, 38, 70, 120, 200 and 333 kHz) => information on biotic and abiotic ecosystem

components; diurnal vertical migration.

3 days 18kHz measurements along 10°W in March 2015Courtesy: J. Habasque (IRD-Brest)

Horizontal echosounder EK60 120kHz. Extent: 300m

Vertical echosounders EK6018, 38, 70, 120, 200 et 333 kHz. Extent: 1000m


Link with acoustic data (and T/S/O2/ADCP/nutrients/Chl pigments data…)

Plankton sampling with a « Bongo » net



Sargassum alguae observation & samplings (from 2011 onwards)- Often encountered off West Africa within eastward flows;- Sampling (for taxonomy, biological & possibly microplastic analysis).

Large areas of Sargassum on which significant amount of plastic objects

are observed.



Atmospheric measurements - Radiosondes

Along PIRATA-SWE 2011 Radiosondes launched in May 2014 during FR24 in the Gulf of Guinea


Atmospheric measurements – Radiosondes/Ozonesondes

PNE contributions to AEROSE science (2006-2017)Sondes launched during PIRATA (BR+FR+US) cruises1007 radiosondes and 194 ozonesondes up to now


PIRATA-BR cruisesfrom 2017 onwards:

Atmospheric Measurements – Air-Sea Turbulent Flux

Motivation: High-frequency sampling for the first time in Tropical Atlantic.Variables sampled: Air temperature, wind velocity, atmospheric pressure,radiation, H2O and CO2 densities, sensible and latent heat fluxes, momentumfluxes, water vapor and CO2 fluxes in ocean-atmosphere interface.

TAOS ReviewShipboard/Vessel data

Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometers (M-AERI)

Cruise tracks of the Ronald H. Brown in the tropical North Atlantic during PNE cruises. Colors are SSTskin measured by M-AERIs on the ship (Minnett et al., 2001).

Left photo: The M-AERI mounted on port side of the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown. The M-AERI is at left, and a microwave radiometer to measure atmospheric water vapor and cloud liquid water is at right. Right photo: Unenhanced photograph of instruments, taken during PNE - AEROSE-III, on the afternoon of 13 May 2007, during the major Saharan dust outflow pulse. (Nalli et al. 2011).

Nalli, N.R., Joseph, E., Morris, V.R., Barnet, C.D., Wolf, W.W., Wolfe, D., Minnett, P.J., Szczodrak, M., Izaguirre, M.A., Lumpkin, R., Xie, H., Smirnov, A., King, T.S., & Wei, J. (2011). Multiyear Observations of the Tropical Atlantic Atmosphere: Multidisciplinary Applications of the NOAA Aerosols and Ocean Science Expeditions. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92, 765-789. 10.1175/2011BAMS2997.1Minnett, P.J., Knuteson, R.O., Best, F.A., Osborne, B.J., Hanafin, J.A., & Brown, O.B. (2001). The Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI), a high-accuracy, sea-going infrared spectroradiometer. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 18, 994-1013.


Quality Level Cloud screening N

Before correction After correction

Mean Median STD Mean Median STD

0 Confidently clear sky – no clouds or aerosols

86092 -0.217 -0.190 0.458 -0.203 -0.185 0.447

1 As 0, but toward edge of satellite swath

47030 -0.482 -0.435 0.649 -0.401 -0.380 0.625

2 Likely contaminated by aerosols and misidentified cloud

50919 -0.974 -0.830 1.003 -0.678 -0.612 0.845

All 184041 -0.494 -0.355 0.764 -0.315 -0.305 0.650

A relationship between the SSTs from MODIS on the NASA satellite Aqua and in situ temperatures from drifting buoys and the effects of dust aerosols has been derived using PNE cruise data and radiative transfer modelling. This is the Sahara Dust Index (SDI) relationship (plot at right).

When a correction based on this relationship is applied to Aqua MODIS SSTs, a marked improvement in accuracy is seen in conditions where aerosol contamination is present.

Difference between Aqua MODIS SST with in-situ buoy SST before SDI correction.

Dependence of the difference between AquaMODIS SST with in-situ buoy SST and the SDI

From Luo, B., P. J. Minnett. G. Szczodrak and K. Kilpatrick, 2018. Improving Satellite Retrieved Infrared Sea Surface Temperatures in Aerosol Contaminated Regions. In preparation.

Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometers (M-AERI)


Overview (*)

(*) From ATLANTOS Deliverable 3.3 (March 2017)

TAOS Review

Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic – PIRATA´sContributions to:

Shipboard/Vessel Data

PIRATA SSG and Contributors

TAOS Review



- MOVE: Uwe Send and Matthias Lankhorst- TMA-RACE: Peter Brandt and Rebecca Hummels- GO-SHIP: Rik Wanninkhof- SOOP/VOS: Rik Wanninkhof (courtesy Nathalie Lefevre)- GOSUD: Bernard Bourles (courtesy G. Alory, CORIOLIS)- XBT: Gustavo Goni- ARGO: ARGO (Fr & USA, courtesy Noe Poffa)- DBCP: DBCP (Fr & USA, courtesy AOML & Meteo-France)


MOVE – Meridional Overturning Variability ExperimentUwe Send and Matthias Lankhorst

• Ship data from UNOLS vessels to R2R program• Example on right:

• Endeavor cruise 573 in early 2016• www.rvdata.us/catalog/EN573• ADCP, navigational data• Sometimes meteorology, CTD• Limited (if any) post-processing or quality control

• Processed high-quality CTD data with water samples intended to go to NCEI• Example on left (red dots show 11 CTD stations):

• Oceanus cruise 449/01 in summer 2008• https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0167644

• Mooring data are publicly available at OceanSITES

MOVE is funded by NOAA, Climate Program Office

http://www.rvdata.us/catalog/EN573

https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0167644

Shipboard observations within BMBF projects “RACE”/”SACUS”

Cruises at 11°S: Eastern Boundary

M98 Jul 2013

M120 Nov 2015

M131 Nov 2016

M148 (granted) Jun 2018

MXXX (proposed) Aug/Sep 2019

Cruises 5-11°S: Western Boundary

M98 Jul 2013

M106 Apr/May 2014

M119 Sep/Oct 2015

M130 Aug/Sep 2016

M145 (granted) Feb/Mar 2018

MXXX (proposed) Autumn 2019

Cruise trackM145: 11°S Western Boundary

Cruise track M148: 11°S Eastern Boundary



GOSHIP/SOOP-CO2 Contributions to CO2 efforts

➢ Overall, the Tropical Atlantic is a net source of CO2 due to upwelling of water with high CO2

➢ Fresh water and nutrients from the Amazon and excess rain in the ITCZ make these areas CO2 sinks

➢ Dust and increase primary production cause increase in sequestration (increase sink)

Information courtesy of Rik Wanninkhof


http://www.go-ship.org/CruisePlans.html

2015 A05 26 N UK2017 A10 30 S GERMANY2018 A10 26 S UK2018 A17 SPAIN2020 A13.5 USA

GO-SHIP hydrographic data sets contribute to overlapping scientific and technical objectives focused on quantifying the ocean state and how it is changing, including: 1) heat/freshwater storage and fluxes, 2) carbon system and biogeochemical studies, and3) water mass ventilation

Planned Tropical Atlantic GO-SHIP lines


SOOP-CO2 network

➢ The Surface Ocean CO₂ Atlas (SOCAT) (www.SOCAT.info) provides quality-controlled, surface ocean pCO₂ observations by the international marine carbon research community.

➢ SOCAT data is publicly available, discoverable and citable.➢ The global dataset is updated annually

Information courtesy of Nathalie Lefevre

Ships tracks of CO2 observations Moorings (CO2 red circles)

http://www.socat.info/


GOSUD => VOLUNTARY OBSERVING SHIPS

SST & SSS from thermosalinographsinstalled on Merchant Ships

Real time & Delayed mode data

A subset are equipped with pCO2

Global Ocean Surface Underway Data (GOSUD)(France, USA, Canada, Germany, Japan, Norway)

January 1998 – May 2017662.000 obs. in real time

x 12 for Delayed Time Mode


French Research vessels have been collecting thermo-salinometer (TSG) data since 1999 to contribute to the Global Ocean Surface Underway Data (GOSUD) programme.

Contribution to GOSUD

CORIOLIS collect and validate (from sea surface water samples) the SST/SSS data acquired by all the French Research vessel-mounted thermosalinographs during cruises and transits, including PIRATA-FR cruises => The Sea Surface Salinity and Temperature from French REsearch Ships (SSST-FRESH) dataset is very valuable for the ‘calibration and validation’ of the new satellite observations delivered by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Aquarius missions.

(Gaillard et al., SCIENTIFIC DATA | 2:150054 | DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2015.542015)

Difference between the TSG salinity measurements and the salinity gridded field from ISAS-13 monthly analysis. ΔS is defined as the salinity difference with ISAS-13, computed at each TSG data position. Inblue |ΔS| ≤0.5, in green 0.5o|ΔS|≤ 2, in red |ΔS|>2. |ΔS| is expressed in PSS. The period considered is definedby ISAS-13 availability and runs from 2002 to 2012.


XBT Program in the Tropical Atlantic

Together with national and international partners, NOAA/AOML maintains 12 High Density XBT transects, and deploys 8,000 XBTs annually

In the tropical Atlantic, monitoring and analyzing to:Study ocean currents: WBCs, Tropical Atlantic zonal current system

Assess global ocean heat content: Contribute to improve climatological records and assessment of variability of global ocean heat content by reducing errors in fall rate equation

Improve data quality: Higher quality XBT probes; Reducing errors and biases

Provide expertise and logistics to other observational platforms (Argo floats, surface drifters, pCO2, marine meterological, high quality marine atmospheric observations,...)

Information courtesy of Gustavo Goni


XBT Transects in the Tropical/Subtropical Atlantic:

AX07 (Since 1997): NA MOC and MHT, North Atlantic subtropical gyre

AX08 (Since 2000): Agulhas Rings, South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, Tropical Atlantic Current system (NECC, NEUC, SECC, SEUC, EUC)

AX10 (Since LD1976, HD1996): Gulf Stream.

AX97-MOVAR (Since 2004): Brazil Current and western limb of South Atlantic subtropical gyre.

XBT Program in the Tropical Atlantic

Goes et al. (2013)

AX08: Tropical Atlantic Zonal Current System

TAOS Review



- MOVE: Uwe Send and Matthias Lankhorst- TMA-RACE: Peter Brandt and Rebecca Hummels- GO-SHIP: Rik Wanninkhof- SOOP-CO2: Rik Wanninkhof (courtesy Nathalie Lefevre)- GOSUD: Bernard Bourles (courtesy G. Alory, CORIOLIS)- XBT: Gustavo Goni- ARGO: ARGO (Fr & USA, courtesy Noe Poffa)- DBCP: DBCP (Fr & USA, courtesy AOML & Meteo-France)

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