Approach to Integrate Land Use and Transport within Spatial Planning

Processes

Session 2B: Enabling Integrated Planning through Urban and Regional Development Planning Acts in

India

URBAN CHALLENGESPotential of Urban India

300 million more people will live in Indian Urban areas in next 20 to 25 years (equal to population of US )New urban population equal to size of 34 Bangalores are going to be added Engine of growth: 220 million people would be employed in cities – 2/3 of total working

Aspirations and Prosperity:Percentage of urban households having car has increased from 5.6% in 2001 to 9.7% in 2011

Similar to demographic dividend of young India, urban areas of India is also facing growth dividend

Other side of prosperityBicycle usage in urban areas have reduced in the last decadeCities like Delhi has most polluted air in the world. 300 deaths due to respiratory diseases per 1 lakh population per year - highest in the world

Lack of affordable housingInsufficient affordable public transportInsufficient and unequal physical and social infrastructureDegradation of urban environmentLong trips and long time spent in travellingHigh greenhouse gas emission and climate change

URBAN CHALLENGES ARE INTERLINKED

INDIA ON THE URBANIZATION CURVE

India

China

Mexico

Brazil, USA

Indonesia

Europe

Urbanization situation in World Geographies between

2010 - 2030

Key Decision Maker : Governor, Chief Minister

Key Decision Maker: Mayor

Strategies: National Policy & Finance, Demonstration Projects, Capacity Building

Strategies: Unified authorities, Plan/Vision documents

Country and state leaders represent urban populace hence cities are priority and have

autonomy to make their own decisions.

Unending urban sprawl along the peripheries

Low density, uncoordinated urban growth and spatially segregated land uses leading to longer trips

URBAN CHALLENGE - BANGALORE

Source: Prof. Shivanand Swamy, Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport ,CEPT

Average Vehicle Km vs Urban Sprawl

URBAN SPRAWL & LACK OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT ACCESS

Built up area 2000 - 2008

Built up area in 2000

Intensity of BMTC Connectivity

Urbanized Area Of Bangalore Results:

Every 3rd person owns a 2 wheelerEvery 10th person owns a carOnly 8.3% of trips are by walk

Source: BMRDASource: BMTC & EMBARQ

SPRAWL, SEGREGATED USES & FREEWAY ORIENTED GROWTH

Bus 15 Km

Car 11.59 Km

2 wheeler 8.02 Km

Source: http://www.ichangemycity.com/budget

Average Trip length of Bangalorean

Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagar Palike Budget 2013 - 14

Results:

WHY TOWN PLANNING ACTS ARE UNABLE TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES

Role of ActsActs set the processes of planningThey mandate aspects needs to be covered in spatial planningThey provide powers and delegate roles to the agencies

ContextPartial devolution of functions to the elected bodies as per the 74th CAA; Low capacities to implement reforms by urban local GovernmentsConflict of roles and lack of coordinated approach between agencies involved.

High pace of urban growth and growing complexity of issuesChanging aspirations and unmet needs of cities and people for global competitiveness

WHY TOWN PLANNING ACTS ARE UNABLE TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES

Lack of integration between spatial, socio-economic and transport planningLack of regional planning approach that integrates peripheries and rural with city areasLack of integration between scales and no clear mandate to prepare local area plans;Lack of linkages between the master plans, municipal financing, implementation and operating strategy;Often the plans are rigid and deterministic, leading to poor levels of implementation;Often very technical and mechanical exercise not relating to on ground aspects for example: local economy, livelihood, culture;Large sections of populations not included in the planning process;Degradation of urban environment and climate change hardly addressed.

TRANSPORT POLICIES FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT ALONE NOT ENOUGH

+ =Sustainable transport

Public rail transport Public bus transport

Transport policies to improve public transport alone do not prevent private vehicle travel

Public transport alone do not attract development around stations

LAND USE POLICIES FOR DENSITIES OR MIXED USES ARE NOT ENOUGH

+High density Mixed uses

=Land use policies on increasing densities or mixed land use without accompanying measures to make car travel more expensive or slower have little effect as people will continue to make long trips to maximise opportunities within their time and budgets

Sustainable development

WHY LAND USE TRANSPORT INTEGRATION

Integrated land use and transport policies are more successful than isolated individual policies in either field

WHAT CURRENT ACTS ARE MENTIONING ON LAND USE AND TRANSPORT INTEGRATION

Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act (Revised)

Preparation of Land Use Map

Official Gazette

Outline Development Plan (ODP) /Master Plan (MP)

Interim Master Plan

Land Acquisition

Town Planning Schemes (TP) Additional Area

Master Plan

Revision of Master Plan Transfer of Development Right

Mobility plans are prepared on different timeline and for different planning period which often does not coincide with Development plans

No mandate for Regional Plan, Local Area Plan, elaborate public participatory process and mandate to coordinate between planning related agencies

WHAT CURRENT ACTS ARE MENTIONING ON LAND USE AND TRANSPORT INTEGRATION

Chapter II, Section 4, subsection [2(vi)]

Chapter III, Section 17, subsection (2) (a) (vi)

Chapter IV, Section 26, subsection (2 (a) (iv)

State Perspective Plan

Metropolitan area Perspective Plan

District Perspective Plan

Policies and strategies for National and state level Transportation network

Policies, strategies and projects for metropolitan area level transportation system including mass transport

Policies, strategies and projects for socio economic development pertaining to district level transportation system

Model Urban and Regional Planning and Development Law (Revised)

WHAT CURRENT ACTS ARE MENTIONING ON LAND USE AND TRANSPORT INTEGRATION

Model Urban and Regional Planning and Development Law (Revised)

Development Scheme

Chapter VIII, Section 78, subsection (1) (q) (r)

(q) Construction, reconstruction, alteration, improvement and maintenance of public roads and streets, bridges; parking lots, transport terminals including railway station, bus depots, air and seaports, bus bays and stops, street lighting and avenue plantation;

(r) Provision of public transportation including mass transportation by rail or road;

IMPLICATIONS – OPPORTUNITY MISSED IN BANGALORE

RMP 2015- Metro Rail alignment and other major transport proposals not integrated as part of land use and densification strategy.

Higher FAR only based on width of access road irrespective of public transport intensity

Potential TOD influence zones

IMPLICATIONS – OPPORTUNITY MISSED IN BANGALORE

Transport projects and investments, their disjunction with the emerging Sub centres of land use proposals

Integration with the peri-urban areas and emerging centres in the region are weak

Bangalore RMP 2015

HOW TO ACHIEVE LAND USE TRANSPORT INTEGRATION

+Compact urban structure

Distribution of centres of activities & connect

Complete transport network

High density along public transit

+ +

Mixed usesImprove public transport

Multi-modal integration

+ + +

Promote pedestrian infrastructure & NMT

Parking management

Accessibility improvement by complete streets

+ + +

HOW TO INTEGRATE AT REGIONAL SCALECASE: COPENHAGEN

A long-range planning vision shaping rail investments, which in turn shaped urban growth

The corridors to channel overspill growth from urban centres were planned early in the planning processEvolution of Copenhagen Region

Copenhagen Regional integration

HOW TO INTEGRATE AT REGIONAL SCALE

Decentralising commercial and other economic activities through the development of regional, sub-regional, and fringe centres of mass rapid transit stations with mixed uses and high densities;

Reducing the need to travel by locating employment centres near residential areas

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE IN THE ACTS AND POLICIES, Best Practice: London & UK Comprehensive state urbanisation policy framework

Triangular strategy of Spatial plan – Transport Plan – Economic strategy

Bottom-up planning process

Manuals to demystifying Acts

WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE IN THE ACTS AND POLICIES

Comprehensive state urbanisation policy including framework of detailed policies and manuals to demystifying Acts

Regional approach for Land use and Transport Integration

Mandate coordinated preparation of DP – CMP – Economic Plans

Mandate cooperation between agencies

Preparation of Local Area Plans need to be mandated

More specific directions required in policy framework – such as favouring compact urban form, mixed use, TOD, NMT, safe access, shared streets and parking management

CHANGE IN LIFE OF COMMON MAN BY LAND USE TRANSPORT INTEGRATION

People have easy access to Work Place – Housing – Recreation

Expenditure on transport reduced

Time gained

Safer neighbour hoods

Better opportunities for physical activity

Healthier environment

THANK YOU!