approach to a patient of anemia1 copy
DESCRIPTION
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.TRANSCRIPT
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Dr. Sachin Verma MD, FICM, FCCS, ICFC
Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine
Infection Control Fellows Course
Consultant Internal Medicine and Critical Care
Web:- http://www.medicinedoctorinchandigarh.com
Mob:- +91-7508677495
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• Bone marrow– Pluripotent stem cells– Chemical regulation
• Cytokines• Erythroid specific growth factor• Erythropoietin (EPO)
– Life span• Reticulocyte- 4 days• RBC –120 days
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Anemia-values of hemoglobin, hematocrit or RBC counts which are below the values expected for age and sex matched normal subjects.
HGB<13 g/dL (men) <12 (women)HCT<41% (men) <36 (women)
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HISTORY - family history - ethnicity geographical distribution
-Is the patient bleeding?Actively? In past?
-Is there evidence for increased RBC destruction?-jaundice, gall stone etc-Is the bone marrow suppressed?-Is the patient nutritionally deficient? Pica?-medication review, toxin exposure-history of chronic diseases,fever ,weight loss etc.
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REVIW OF SYMPTOMSDecreased oxygen delivery to tissues
-Exertional dyspnea-Dyspnea at rest-FatigueSigns and symptoms of hyperdynamic state
-Bounding pulses-Palpitations
Life threatening: heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction
Hypovolemia-Fatiguablitiy, postural dizziness, lethargy,hypotension, shock and death
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PHYSICAL EXAM•Stable or Unstable?
-ABCs-Vitals
•Pallor•Jaundice
-hemolysis•Lymphadenopathy•Hepatosplenomegally•Bony Pain•Petechiae•Rectal-? Occult blood
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Functional Classification :HypoproliferativeIneffective erythropoesisIncreased Destruction/hemolytic or blood loss
Classification by Morphology:NormocyticMicrocyticMacrocytic
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I.Complete blood count (CBC) A. Red blood cell count 1. Hemoglobin 2. Hematocrit 3. Reticulocyte count B. Red blood cell indices 1. Mean cell volume (MCV) 2. Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) 3. Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 4. Red cell distribution width (RDW) C. White blood cell count 1. Cell differential 2. Nuclear segmentation of neutrophils D. Platelet count E. Cell morphology 1. Cell size 2. Hemoglobin content 3. Anisocytosis 4. Poikilocytosis 5. Polychromasia
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II. Iron supply studies A. Serum iron B. Total iron-binding capacity C. Serum ferritin III. Marrow examination A. Aspirate 1. M/E ratioa
2. Cell morphology 3. Iron stain B. Biopsy 1. Cellularity 2. Morphology
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An accurate reticulocyte count is key to the initial classification of anemia. Normally, reticulocytes are red cells that have been recently released from the bone marrow. They are identified by staining with a supravital dye that precipitates the ribosomal RNA (Fig. 58-12). These precipitates appear as blue or black punctate spots. This residual RNA is metabolized over the first 24–36 h of the reticulocyte's lifespan in circulation. Normally, the reticulocyte count ranges from 1–2% and reflects the daily replacement of 0.8–1.0% of the circulating red cell population. A reticulocyte count provides a reliable measure of red cell production.In order to use the reticulocyte count to estimate marrow response, two corrections are necessary
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The first correction adjusts the reticulocyte count based on the reduced number of circulating red cells. With anemia, the percentage of reticulocytes may be increased while the absolute number is unchanged.For this second correction, the peripheral blood smear is examined to see if there are polychromatophilic macrocytes present. These cells, representing prematurely released reticulocytes, are referred to as "shift" cells. The correction is necessary because these prematurely released cells survive as reticulocytes in circulation for >1 day, thereby providing a falsely high estimate of daily red cell production. If polychromasia is increased, the reticulocyte count, already corrected for anemia, should be divided again by a factor of 2 to account for the prolonged reticulocyte maturation time
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Correction #1 for anemia:
This correction produces the corrected reticulocyte count
In a person whose reticulocyte count is 9%, hemoglobin 7.5 g/dL, hematocrit 23%, the absolute reticulocyte count = 9 x (7.5/15) [or x (23/45)]= 4.5%
Correction #2 for longer life of prematurely released reticulocytes in the blood:
This correction produces the reticulocyte production index will
In a person whose reticulocyte count is 9%, hemoglobin 7.5 gm/dL, hematocrit 23%, the reticulocyte production index will be 4.5/2(maturation time correction)
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MCV
Microcytic(MCV<80)
Normocytic(80<MCV<100)
Macrocytic(MCV>100)
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-The presence of anemia with an inappropriately low reticulocyte production index, macro- or microcytosis on smear, and abnormal red cell
-divided into two categories: nuclear maturation defects, associated with macrocytosis and abnormal marrow development, and cytoplasmic maturation defects, associated with microcytosis and hypochromia usually from defects in hemoglobin synthesis.
-The inappropriately low reticulocyte production index is a reflection of the ineffective erythropoiesis that results from the destruction within the marrow of developing erythroblasts.
-Bone marrow examination shows erythroid hyperplasiaoglobin synthesis
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Anemia of Chronic Disease
Iron Deficiency
Lead PoisoningThalassemia
Sideroblastic
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Gold Standard?Bone marrow aspirate
Lab studies?FerretinSerum ironTotal Iron Binding CapacityFe Saturation
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FerritiFerritinn
Serum Serum FeFe
TIBCTIBC RDWRDW
Fe deficFe defic decreadecreass
decreadecreass
increasincreasee
(>15)(>15)
AOCDAOCD N/N/increincre
decreadecreass
decreasdecreas NN
SideroblastSideroblasticic
N/N/increincre
N/increN/incre NN NN
ThalassemiThalassemiaa
N/N/increincre
N/increN/incre NN N/N/
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Normal serum iron:50-150ug/dl Normal serum ferritin:100ug/L (male)and 30ug/L (female)
Normal TIBC :300-360ug/dl Normal percentage saturation(serum
iron/TIBCx100):25-50% MCV(hamatocritx10)/ (red cell
countx10 ):82-98 MCH(hemoglobinx10/(red cell
countx10 ):27-33 MCHC (MCH/MCV) :31-34
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General examination : Jaundice, pallor Other physical findings : Spleen may be
enlarged; bossing of skull in severe congenital cases
Hemoglobin :From normal to severely reduced MCV, MCH : Usually increased
Reticulocytes : Increased Bilirubin : Increased (mostly unconjugated) LDH : Increased (up to 10X normal with
intravascular hemolysis) Haptoglobin : Reduced to absent
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Intracorpuscular DefectsHereditary: Hemoglobinopathies Enzymopathies Membrane-cytoskeletal defects Acquired :Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
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Extracorpuscular Factors Familial hemolytic uremic syndrome
(HUS) Mechanical destruction
(microangiopathic) Toxic agents Drugs Infectious Autoimmune
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Mismatched blood transfusion PNH Septicemia Microangiopathic March hemoglobinuria In all these cases hemoglobinuria is the
unique feature
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-comprises 75% of all anemias -reflects absolute or relative marrow failure in
which the erythroid marrow has not proliferated appropriately for the degree of anemia.
-can result from marrow damage, iron deficiency, or inadequate EPO stimulation.
-loewEPO production may reflect impaired renal function, suppression of EPO production by inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1, or reduced tissue needs for O2 from metabolic disease such as hypothyroidism
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Pancytopenia with Hypocellular Bone Marrow
Acquired aplastic anemia Constitutional aplastic anemia (Fanconi's
anemia, dyskeratosis congenita) Some myelodysplasia Rare aleukemic leukemia (AML) Some acute lymphoid leukemia Some lymphomas of bone marrow
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Pancytopenia with Cellular Bone Marrow Primary bone marrow diseases Myelodysplasia Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Myelofibrosis Some aleukemic leukemia Myelophthisis Bone marrow lymphoma Hairy cell leukemia Secondary to systemic diseases Systemic lupus erythematosus Hypersplenism B12, folate deficiency Overwhelming infection Alcohol Brucellosis Sarcoidosis Tuberculosis Leishmaniasis
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