applied wireless electronics grzegorz budzy „ lecture 5: rfid
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AppliedApplied WirelessWireless ElectronicsElectronics
Grzegorz BudzyGrzegorz Budzyńń
LLectureecture 55::RFIDRFIDWirelessWireless data transfer data transfer –– WiMAXWiMAX
![Page 2: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Plan• RFID
– Introduction
– Tags
– Reader
– Communication
– Middleware
• WiMAX
– WiMAX standards
– WiMAX vs OSI model
– WiMAX architecture
![Page 3: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
RFID - Introduction
![Page 4: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is RFID?
• RFID means Radio Frequency IDentification
• RFID is An ADC (Automated Data Collection) technology that:– uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data
between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track..
– Is fast and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item.
![Page 5: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is RFID?
• RFID is An ADC (Automated Data Collection) technology that:– Performs the operation using low cost
components.
– Attempts to provide unique identification and backend integration that allows for wide range of applications.
• Other ADC technologies: Bar codes, OCR.
![Page 6: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What is RFID?
Eth
ern
et
RFID
Reader
RFID Tag RF Antenna Network Workstation
![Page 7: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Why RFID?• Tag detection not requiring human intervention
reduces employment costs and eliminates human errors from data collection,
• As no line-of-sight is required, tag placement is less constrained,
• RFID tags have a longer read range than, e. g., barcodes,
![Page 8: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Why RFID?• Tags can have read/write memory capability, while
barcodes do not,
• An RFID tag can store large amounts of data additionally to a unique identifier,
• Unique item identification is easier to implement with RFID than with barcodes,
![Page 9: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Why RFID?• Tags are less sensitive to adverse conditions (dust,
chemicals, physical damage etc.),
• Many tags can be read simultaneously,
• RFID tags can be combined with sensors,
• Automatic reading at several places reduces time lags and inaccuracies in an inventory
![Page 10: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Why RFID?• Tags can locally store additional information; such
distributed data storage may increase fault tolerance of the entire system,
• Reduces inventory control and provisioning costs,
• Reduces warranty claim processing costs.
![Page 11: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
RFID – applications• Manufacturing and Processing
– Inventory and production process monitoring
– Warehouse order fulfillment
• Supply Chain Management
– Inventory tracking systems
– Logistics management
• Security
– Access control
– Counterfeiting and Theft control/prevention
• Location Tracking
– Traffic movement control and parking management
– Wildlife/Livestock monitoring and tracking
![Page 12: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
RFID Tags
![Page 13: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Tags
![Page 14: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Basic Tag Operation
NN
SS
TAG
Reader
Reader
TAG
BackscatterBackscatterInductive CouplingInductive Coupling
![Page 15: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Basic Tag Operation• Near field (LF, HF): inductive coupling of tag to magnetic field
circulating around antenna (like a transformer)
• Varying magnetic flux induces current in tag. Modulate tag load to
communicate with reader
• field energy decreases proportionally to 1/R3
• Far field (UHF, microwave): backscatter.
• Modulate back scatter by changing antenna impedance
• Field energy decreases proportionally to 1/R
• Boundry between near and far field: R = wavelength/2π
• Absorption by non-conductive materials significant problem for
microwave frequencies
![Page 16: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Tags Types
• Passive Tags
– Do not require power – Draws from Interrogator Field
– Lower storage capacities (few bits to 1 KB)
– Shorter read ranges (10 cm to 3 m)
– Usually Write-Once-Read-Many/Read-Only tags
– Cost around 25 cents to few dollars
![Page 17: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Tags Types
• Active Tags
– Battery powered
– Higher storage capacities (512 KB)
– Longer read range (600m)
– Typically can be re-written by RF Interrogators
– Cost around 50 to 250 dollars
![Page 18: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Electronic Product Code
![Page 19: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Tag Architecture
ProtocolEngine
ProtocolEngine
ReceiverReceiver
MemoryMemory
Ante
nna
Ante
nna
Write Path
D
S
G
![Page 20: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
RFID Tag memory• Read-only tags
• Tag ID is assigned at the factory during manufacturing
– Can never be changed
– No additional data can be assigned to the tag
• Write once, read many (WORM) tags– Data written once, e.g., during packing or
manufacturing
– Tag is locked once data is written
– Similar to a compact disc or DVD
• Read/Write – Tag data can be changed over time
– Part or all of the data section can be locked
![Page 21: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
802.11n
18000-4EPC C0, C1, C1G2,
18000-6
18000-3.1,
15693,14443 A, B,
and C
11784/85, 14223Existing
standards
3%6%17%74%Market share
Transportation
vehicle ID (road
toll),
Access/Security,
large item
management,
supply chain
Transportation
vehicle ID,
Access/Security,
large item
management,
supply chain
Small item
management,
supply chain,
Anti-theft, library,
transportation
Smart Card,
Ticketing, animal
tagging,
Access, Laundry
Application
Electro magneticElectro magneticMagneticMagneticCoupling
10M2-7 M1M10 cmRead Range
2.45 - 5.8 GHz866 - 915MHz13.56 MHz125 - 134KHzFreq. Range
MicrowaveUHFHFLF
![Page 22: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
RFID Readers
![Page 23: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
RFID Readers• Reader functions:
– Remotely power tags
– Establish a bidirectional data link
– Inventory tags, filter results
– Communicate with networked server(s)
– Can read 100-300 tags per second
• Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as– Entrance/exit
– Point of sale
• Readers can also be mobile/hand-held
![Page 24: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
RFID Reader
915MHz
Radio
Network
Processor
Digital Signal
Processor
(DSP)
13.56MHz
Radio
Power
Supply
![Page 25: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
RFID Reader – block diagram
Transmit path Receive Path Frequency Synthesizer Digital
RFID READER
RF ModuleDAC
Host Device
ADC
Crystal
Micro-
Controller
AGC FiltersI/Q
Demod
PLL
VCO
DAC Power Control
PA
Filter Coupler
Coupler
Power
Detect
Coupler
FPGA
Regulatio
n
Baseband
&
Protocol
![Page 26: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
RFID Reader – software stack
RFID Reader API Library
Custom
Application/
Protocol
Reader
Protocol
ApplicationNetw
ork
management
File
Systems
Network
Protocols
High-Level Interfaces
Low-Level Interfaces
O/S
Hardware
Platform API Libraries
Custom
Application/
Protocol
Custom
Application/
Protocol
Network Interface
![Page 27: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
RFID Communication
![Page 28: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
RFID Communication
Tags
Reader
Power from RF field
Reader
Antenna
Reader->Tag Commands
Tag->Reader Responses
RFID Communication
Channel
![Page 29: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
RFID Communication
![Page 30: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
RFID Communication• Host manages Reader(s) and issues Commands
• Reader and tag communicate via RF signal
• Carrier signal generated by the reader
• Carrier signal sent out through the antennas
• Carrier signal hits tag(s)
• Tag receives and modifies carrier signal– “sends back” modulated signal (Passive Backscatter)
• Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader
• Reader decodes the data
• Results returned to the host application
![Page 31: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Passive RFID – limiting factors
Sourc
e: [1
]
• Reader transmitter power (Gov’t. limited)
• Reader receiver sensitivity
• Reader antenna gain (Gov’t. limited)
• Tag antenna gain (Size limited)
• Power required at tag (Silicon process limited)
• Tag modulator efficiency
![Page 32: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Passive RFID – limiting factors
Sourc
e: [1
]
• Since P ~ 1/r2 , doubling read range requires 4X
the transmitter power.
• Larger antennas can help, but at the expense
of larger physical size
• More advanced CMOS process technology
helps by reducing P
• At large distances, reader sensitivity limitations
dominate.
![Page 33: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
RFID – Collisions
Sourc
e: [1
]
• Reader-Reader Interference
• Reader-Tag Interference
![Page 34: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
RFID Middleware
![Page 35: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
RFID Middleware• In some applications RFID usage generates huge
amount of data that has to be porcesses
• Consider a supermarket chain implementing
RFID:
– 12 bytes EPC + Reader ID + Time = 18 bytes per tag
– Average number of tags in a neighborhood store =
700,000
– Data generated per second = 12.6 GB
– Data generated per day = 544 TB
– Assuming 50 stores in the chain, data generated per
day = 2720 TB
![Page 36: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
RFID Middleware
![Page 37: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
RFID Example
![Page 38: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
MFRC522- RFID Contactless Reader IC
![Page 39: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
MFRC522- RFID Contactless Reader IC• Features:
– reader/writer IC for contactless communication at 13.56
MHz
– Typical operating distance in Read/Write mode up to 50
mm depending on the antenna size and tuning
– Supports ISO/IEC 14443 A higher transfer speed
communication up to 848 kBd
– Supported host interfaces
• SPI up to 10 Mbit/s
• I2C-bus interface up to 400 kBd in Fast mode, up to 3400 kBd in
High-speed mode
• RS232 Serial UART up to 1228.8 kBd, with voltage levels dependant
on pin voltage supply
![Page 40: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
MFRC522- RFID Contactless Reader IC
![Page 41: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
WiMAX
![Page 42: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
What is WiMAX?
• WiMAX is a short for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
• WiMAX telecommunication protocols areimplmentation of IEEE 802.16 recommendations
• The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard
![Page 43: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
What is WiMAX?
• WiMAX is a wide area alternative to IEEE 802.11/WiFi
• WiMAX a method for breaking wire basedcommunication monopolies
• WiMAX a method for providing backhaul to IEEE 802.11/WiFi access points
• WiMAX is, in some sort, a universal solution for broadband wireless access
![Page 44: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
What is WiMAX?
Sourc
e: [1
]
![Page 45: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
What is WiMAX?
Sourc
e: [1
]
![Page 46: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
WiMAX History
• In the mid-1990’s, various groups began to promote “last-mile” fixed wireless access solutions.
• Multiple goals:– Provide the capacity and reliability of wire based
communication but with the flexibility and ease of deployment of wireless
– Provide a versatile system for corporate orinstitutional backhaul/distribution networks
– Break the monopolies of incumbent carriers
![Page 47: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
WiMAX History
• Interest soon focused in two approaches.– LMDS – Local Multipoint Distrubiution Service
• operates in 26-29 GHz spectrum under LoSconditions
• uses conventional QAM modulation with ATMderived upper layers to provide high speed service
• Distance is typically limited to about 2.4 km
• Links up to 8km in point-to-point configurations
![Page 48: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
WiMAX History
• Interest soon focused in two approaches.– MMDS – Multichannel Multipoint Distribiution
Service• Known also under the name of Broadband Radio
Service (BRS)
• an alternative method of cable television programming reception
• uses microwave frequencies at 2.1 GHz and from 2.5 GHz to 2.7 GHz, usually under LoS conditions
• may use any of various PHY, MAC, and NET layers
• provided significantly greater range than LMDS
![Page 49: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
WiMAX History
• High costs, lack of standards and fear of vendor lock-in drove off potential LMDS customers.
• In 1999, IEEE 802.16 was formed to address these issues by developing open standards for LMDS.
• In 2001, the IEEE 802.16 standard for BWA (Brodband Wireless Access) systemsoperating in the 10-66 GHz range was released
![Page 50: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
WiMAX History
• 802.16-2001 Fixed Broadband Wireless Access (10–66 GHz)
• 802.16a-2003 Physical layer and MAC definitions for 2–11 GHz
• P802.16.2a Coexistence with 2–11 GHz and 23.5–43.5 GHz
• 802.16e-2005 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access System
• 802.16-2009 Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access System
• 802.16m-2011 Advanced Air Interface with data rates of 100 Mbit/s mobile and 1 Gbit/s fixed.
![Page 51: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Wi-Fi – Standards
Sourc
e: [3
]
![Page 52: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
WiMAX – applications
Sourc
e: [2
]
![Page 53: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
WiMAX Services
• Digital audio/video multicast
• Digital telephony
• ATM
• Internet protocol
• Bridged LAN
• Back-haul
• Frame relay
![Page 54: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
WiMAX – Key features
• Major goal of IEEE 802.16 (2-11 GHz): provide a “universal” solution for broadband wireless access– point-to-multipoint, LoS or NLoS
– ranges of “several” km; urban, suburban, rural
• Operating Frequency: 2 – 11 GHz
• Allocations: Licenced and Unlicenced
• Channel Bandwidth: 1.25 – 20 MHz
![Page 55: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
WiMAX – Key features
• Modulation: Single carrier, 256 OFDM, 2048 OFDMA, BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM
• Antenna system support: Diversity, MIMO, SDMA
• Duplexing: FDD, H-FDD, TDD
• Data Rates: From T1 (1.5 MB/s) to over 70 Mb/s
![Page 56: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
WiMAX – Key features
• The IEEE 802.16 MAC layer supports– OFDM and OFDMA
– ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)
– Dynamic Frequency Selection
– Mesh Networking
– Advanced Antenna Systems
– Differentiated Quality of Service
– Enhanced Security
![Page 57: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
WiMAX vs OSI model
![Page 58: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
WiMAX – MAC layer• Connection oriented
– Connection ID (CID), Service Flows
• Channel access: decided by BS– UL-MAP
• Defines uplink channel access
• Defines uplink data burst profiles
– DL-MAP• Defines downlink data burst profiles
– UL-MAP and DL-MAP are both transmitted in the beginning of each downlink subframe
![Page 59: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
WiMAX – physical layer• Allows use of directional antennas
• Allows use of two different duplexingschemes:– Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
– Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
• Support for both full and half duplex stations
• Adaptive Data Burst profiles– Transmission parameters (e.g. Modulation, FEC)
can be modified on a frame-by-frame basis for each SS
– Profiles are identified by ”Interval Usage Code”
![Page 60: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
WiMAX – physical layer implmentation
Sourc
e: [3
]
![Page 61: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
WiMAX – physical layer implmentation
Sourc
e: [3
]
![Page 62: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
WiMAX Frame Format
• Header - protocol control information
– Downlink header – used by the base station
– Uplink header – used by the subscriber to convey
bandwidth management needs to base station
– Bandwidth request header – used by subscriber to
request additional bandwidth
• Payload – either higher-level data or a MAC
control message
• CRC – error-detecting code
![Page 63: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
WiMAX – physical layer - Downlink• Continuous downstream mode
– For continuous transmission (audio/video)
– Simple TDM scheme is used for channel access
– Frequency division duplex (FDD)
• Burst downstream mode– For bursty transmission (IP-based traffic)
– DAMA-TDMA scheme for channel access
– FDD with adaptive modulation, frequency shift division duplexing (FSDD), time division duplexing (TDD)
![Page 64: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
WiMAX – TDD Downlink subframe
Sourc
e: [2
]
![Page 65: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
WiMAX – physical layer - Uplink• Stations transmit in in their assigned
allocation specified in an initial map
• Uplink sub-frame may also contain contention-based allocations for initial system access
• Uses a DAMA-TDMA technique
• Error correction uses Reed-Solomon codes
• Modulation scheme based on QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM
![Page 66: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
WiMAX – Uplink subframe
Sourc
e: [4
]
![Page 67: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
WiMAX frequency channels
Sourc
e: [4
]
![Page 68: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
WiMAX Peak Raw Data Rates• Assumptions:
– 10MHz bandwidth
Sourc
e: [1
]
![Page 69: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
WiMAX architecture
![Page 70: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
WiMAX topology - PMP• PMP – point-to-multipoint: the central point
of the network is the Base Station (BS)
Sourc
e: [1
]
![Page 71: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
WiMAX topology - mesh• In mesh topology there is no central point of
the network. The traffic may go through BS or
directly between single stations (SS).
Sourc
e: [1
]
![Page 72: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
WiMAX topologies
• A major advantage of the Mesh mode is that the
reach of a BS can be much greater, depending on
the number of hops, until the most distant SS.
• On the other hand, using the Mesh mode brings
up the now thoroughly studied research topic of
ad hoc (no fixed infrastructure) networks routing
(more difficult).
![Page 73: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
WiMAX topologies
• When authorised to a Mesh network, a
candidate SS node receives a 16-bit Node ID
(IDentifier) upon a request to an SS identified as
the Mesh BS.
• The Node ID is the basis of node identification.
• The Node ID is transferred in the Mesh
subheader of a generic MAC frame in both
unicast and broadcast messages.
![Page 74: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
WiMAX application example
![Page 75: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
WiMAX transceiver AT86RF535B
• Single-chip 3.5GHz WiMAX Transceiver
• Low-IF/Zero-IF Transceiver Architecture; Requires No
External Filters
• Support Channel Bandwidths of 3.5, 5.0, 7.0,
8.75MHz, and 10MHz
• Modulation up to 64QAM
• Ultra-fast Fractional-N Synthesizer
• Sensitivity < -74 dBm at 64-QAM, 7MHz BW
• Low Supply Voltage: 3.0 V
![Page 76: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
WiMAX transceiver AT86RF535B
Sourc
e: [5
]
![Page 77: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
WiMAX transceiver AT86RF535B
• Functional description:
– based on the IEEE 802.16-2004 standard
– provides transmit, receive, and frequency synthesis
functions using the OFDM modulation schemes
– consists of a frequency-agile RF transceiver intended for use
in 3.5-GHz licensed bands at data rates up to 26Mbps
– addresses the requirements of base station (BS) as well as
subscriber stations (SS) equipment
– Configuration and control registers and a bi-directional data
communication over SPI interface
![Page 78: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
WiMAX transceiver AT86RF535B
Sourc
e: [5
]
![Page 79: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Thank you for your attention
![Page 80: Applied Wireless Electronics Grzegorz Budzy „ Lecture 5: RFID](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021305/6207348749d709492c2efc54/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
References[1] http://www.naclin.org/RFID-SECURITY-Bibhuti.ppt#259,4,Brief History
[2] “Introduction to RFID” CAENRFID an IIT Corporation
[3] www.rfidprivacy.org
[4] Lundmark T., „ WiMAX - a sneak preview”, TietoEnator
[5] „WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality”, WhitePaper, Alcatel
[6] www.altera.com
[7] Sridhar Iyer, „ WiMAX: IEEE 802.16 - Wireless MANs”, http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~sri
[8] AT86RF535B documentation, www.atmel.com