applied digestion physiology of ruminants · a/14. applied digestive physiology of ruminants. ii....

12-13 March 2018.

Applied digestion physiology of Applied digestion physiology of Applied digestion physiology of Applied digestion physiology of ruminantsruminantsruminantsruminants

Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects on rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolism

Nutrition of calvesNutrition of calvesNutrition of calvesNutrition of calves

Hedvig F ÉBEL, DVM, PhD, private professorNational Agricultural Research Center

Research Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition a nd Meat Science, Herceghalom

Exam questionsExam questionsExam questionsExam questions

A/13.A/13.A/13.A/13. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants.

I. Fermentation of Carbohydrates in the Rumen.I. Fermentation of Carbohydrates in the Rumen.I. Fermentation of Carbohydrates in the Rumen.I. Fermentation of Carbohydrates in the Rumen.

A/14.A/14.A/14.A/14. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. II. Degradation and Synthesis of N containing II. Degradation and Synthesis of N containing II. Degradation and Synthesis of N containing II. Degradation and Synthesis of N containing Substances in the Rumen.Substances in the Rumen.Substances in the Rumen.Substances in the Rumen.

A/15.A/15.A/15.A/15. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. III. Degradation and Synthesis of Fats in the III. Degradation and Synthesis of Fats in the III. Degradation and Synthesis of Fats in the III. Degradation and Synthesis of Fats in the Rumen, Dietary Fat Supplementation.Rumen, Dietary Fat Supplementation.Rumen, Dietary Fat Supplementation.Rumen, Dietary Fat Supplementation.

A/16.A/16.A/16.A/16. Compounds Having Advantageous Effects on Compounds Having Advantageous Effects on Compounds Having Advantageous Effects on Compounds Having Advantageous Effects on Rumen Function and Metabolism.Rumen Function and Metabolism.Rumen Function and Metabolism.Rumen Function and Metabolism.

A/17.A/17.A/17.A/17. Feeding and Nutrition of Dairy Calves.Feeding and Nutrition of Dairy Calves.Feeding and Nutrition of Dairy Calves.Feeding and Nutrition of Dairy Calves.

Applied digestion physiology of ruminants

� pH in the rumen

� Saliva – buffering capacity

� Carbohydrate metabolism of ruminants

� N- (protein) metabolism of ruminants

� Role of lipid in nutrition of ruminants

Fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen (A/13)

I. Conversion of carbohydrates to pyruvate

II. Conversion of pyruvate to volatile fatty acids

ATP production

CELLULOSE STARCH

CELLOBIOSE MALTOSE

GLUCOSE 1-PHOSPHATE GLUCOSE

SUCROSEGLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE

PECTINS URONIC ACIDS

FRUCTOSE 6-PHOSPHATE FRUCTOSE

HEMICELLULOSE PENTOSES FRUCTOSANS

FRUCTOSE 1,6-DIPHOSPHATE

PYRUVIC ACID

Ruminal degradation of carbohydratesI. Conversion of carbohydrates to pyruvate

II. Conversion of pyruvate to volatile fatty acids

Pyruvic acid

CH3.CO.COOH

Lactic acid Oxaloacetic acid Formic acid + Acetic acidCH3

.CHOH.COOH HOOC.CH2.CO.COOH HCOOH CH3

.COOH

-H2O +4H

Acrylic acid Succinic acid CO2 + H2

CH2=CH.COOH HOOC.CH2.CH2

.COOH

+2H -CO2

Propionic acid Propionic acid Methane Butyric acidCH3

.CH2.COOH CH3

.CH2.COOH CH4 CH3

.CH2.CH2

.COOH

+2H +CO2

Microbial breakdown of simple sugarsATP production

Hexose →2 pyruvate + 4 (H) + 2 ATPPentose →1.7 pyruvate +1.7 (H)

+1.7 ATP2 pyruvate + H2O →2 acetic acid + 2 CO2 + 2 H2

+ 2 ATP2 pyruvate + 8(H) → 2 propionic acid + 2 H2O

+ 2 ATP2 pyruvate + 4(H) → butyric acid + 2 CO2 + 2 H2

+ 2 ATP

Degradation and Degradation and Degradation and Degradation and ssssynthesis of N ynthesis of N ynthesis of N ynthesis of N

containing containing containing containing ssssubstances in the ubstances in the ubstances in the ubstances in the rrrrumenumenumenumen(A/14)

proteases peptidases deamination

Proteins → Peptides → Amino acids → Carbon skeleton + NH3 →

Volatile fatty acids + CO2 + NH3

urease

Urea → NH3

Degradation of crude protein

Crude protein

NPNTrue

protein

NPN

Rumen degradableprotein (RDP)

Undegradableprotein (UDP)

Amino acids

NH3

Microbial

protein

UDP Amino acids

Tissue,

Mammary gland

ENERGY

+ Microbial protein

Degradation and Degradation and Degradation and Degradation and ssssynthesis of N ynthesis of N ynthesis of N ynthesis of N containing containing containing containing ssssubstances in the ubstances in the ubstances in the ubstances in the rrrrumenumenumenumen

Degradability of protein - RDP content of feedstuffs

High ruminal degradability > 70%cereals, extr. sunflower meal, corn silage, alfalfa haylage,

Medium ruminal degradability 50 -70%corn, meadow hay, extr. soybean

Low ruminal degradability < 50%animal origin protein (meat, fish, blood

meal)corn gluten meal, sorghum

Crude protein

NPNTrue

protein

NPN

Rumen degradableprotein (RDP)

Undegradableprotein (UDP)

Amino acids

NH3

Microbial

protein

UDP Amino acids

Tissue,

Mammary gland

ENERGY

+ Microbial protein

UDP content of TMR 32-34% → 37-39%

Degradation and Degradation and Degradation and Degradation and ssssynthesis of N ynthesis of N ynthesis of N ynthesis of N containing containing containing containing ssssubstances in the ubstances in the ubstances in the ubstances in the

rrrrumenumenumenumen

Protein and amino acid requirements of high yielding dairy cows

By-pass or protected protein (soybean)Treatment – heat, formaldehydeBond between carbohydrate and protein chain0.5 – 1 kg of bypass soybean product

By-pass or protected methionine10 – 20 g/day/animal

Degradation and synthesis of fats in the rumen, dietary fat

supplementation (A/15)

Amount and type of lipids

Degradation of lipidsHydrolysisHydrogenation

Lipid (fat) supplementation

Role of lipid in nutrition of ruminants

Amount and type of lipidsDegradation of lipids

HydrolysisHydrogenation

Lipid (fat) supplementation

Type of fat Ether extract content of

TMR, % in DM

Amount kg

Fat (Ether extract) content of diet 2.5-3 0.4-0.6 Plant origin feedstuffs (oil seeds) 2-3 0.4-0.65 Protected or bypass fats 2-3 0.4-0.65 Total: 7-8 1.2-1.5

Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects

on rumen fermentation and metabolism on rumen fermentation and metabolism on rumen fermentation and metabolism on rumen fermentation and metabolism (A/16)(A/16)(A/16)(A/16)

1.Yeast culture

2. Buffers

3. Cation -anion balance (CAB)

4. Nicotinic acid – Niacin

5. Glucogenic compounds


on rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolism

Yeast culture Saccharomyces cerevisiaeAspergillus oryzae

Increased feed intake

Increased rate o f

cellu lo lys is

Increased flow o f

m ic rob ia l p rote in

D ecresed

lactate production

C hanged

V FA proportions

Improved

pH stab ility

R emoval o f O2

by yeast culture

Increased bacteria l

v iab ility

Improved productivity

Dosage:

5 g yeast /cow/day

4 g yeast /beef cattle/day



BuffersIn case of > 30 l milk production (min. 16% CF; max. 65% concentrate)

NaHCO3 100-150 g (200-300 g/cow/day)NaHCO3: MgO 3:1 150-300 g/cow/day

Cation -anion balance (CAB)In order to prevent milk fever CAB value should be

between -50 and -150Acidosis promotes Ca mobilization from the bonesLast 2 weeks of pregnancy

100 g NH4Cl + 100 g MgSO 4



Nicotinic acid – Niacin2-3 weeks before and 3 weeks after parturition

6 g/cow/day

Glucogenic compoundsGlycerol, propylenglycol

Glucose balance

1000 g glucose with feed

500 g glucose pool in blood and liver

For 40 kg FCM milk production needs 3380 g glucose/day + 500 g glucose for maintenance

2 weeks after parturition daily 200-300 ml propylenglycol/cow on TMR

Feeding and Feeding and Feeding and Feeding and nnnnutrition of utrition of utrition of utrition of ddddairy airy airy airy

ccccalvesalvesalvesalves (A/17)(A/17)(A/17)(A/17)Beef cattle ↔ Dairy cattle

Anatomical and physiological characteristics of the new-born ruminants

Development of the rumenIt is depend on: � production of volatile fatty acids� establishment of micro-organisms� papillary development

Development of enzyme competencedigestion of casein (milk protein): pro rennin → rennin, Ca2+, pH 4-5digestion of fat: lipasedigestion of carbohydrate: lactose – lactasemaltase, amylase and sacharase are only in 3-4 weeks of age

The oesophageal groove reflex

Rumen

Abomasum

Reticulum

Omasum

Small intestineStomach at birth

4 weeks

12 weeks8 weeks

Calves on milk

and grain

Feeding and Feeding and Feeding and Feeding and nnnnutrition of utrition of utrition of utrition of ddddairy airy airy airy ccccalvesalvesalvesalves

Colostrum – Transition milk

�� 1st (3-5day) week of life�� Composition of colostrum�� within 2 h after birth 4 l of colostrum must be given�� closure time�� 1st and 2nd day of life together 8-10 l of colostru m intake�� to the end of the first week of age 35 l milk in al l�� temperature of colostrum (37-38 oC)

Composition of colostrum and milk

Parameters Colostrum Milk Specific gravidity 1.056 1.032

Fat, % 6.7 4.0

Protein, % 14.0 3.1

Casein, % 4.8 2.5

Total Ig, % 6.00 0.09

Lactose, % 2.7 5.0

Ash, % 1.11 0.74

Ca, % 0.26 0.13

Mg, % 0.04 0.01

Vitamins

Vitamin A, g/100 ml 295 34

Vitamin D, NE/g fat 1.5 0.4

Vitamin E, g/g fat 84 15

Thiamine, µg/ml 0.53 0.38

Riboflavin, g/ml 4.83 1.47

Vitamin B12, g/100 ml 4.9 0.6

Folic acid, g/100 ml 0.8 0.2

Antibodies from colostrum protect calves until their own immune systems are fully functional.

Ant

ibod

y co

ncen

trat

ion

Time1 d 14 d

Passive immunity (colostrum)

High risk period

Active immunity (immune system)

Nutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calves

Nutrition of future in dairy farmsNutrition of future in dairy farmsNutrition of future in dairy farmsNutrition of future in dairy farms

40-45 kg BW �� at birth80-110 kg BW �� at weaning time (60-90 days of age)200 kg BW �� at 5th - 6th months of age –

postrearing time380-400 kg BW �� at 15th – 16th months of age –

first insemination550 kg BW �� at 24th – 25th months of age –

first calving


Calf raising and feeding program

1.Liquid feeding systems- milk, - skim milk,- acidified milk (pH: 4.5) - milk replacer (26–30% CP; 40–45% lactose;

20% EE); 1:9 mixture with water

2. Free choice of drinking water

3. Calf starter (and hay) from 2nd week of life


1. Liquid feeding technology2 – 3x /day liquid feeding Temperature 38-40 oC

Age of calves Consumed milk amount, l/day

10 – 21 days of life 6

22 – 56 days of life 8

57 – 70 days of life 7, 6, 5; last week: 2 x 1.5

2. Free choice of drinking water

Total liquid requirement 1st month of age 8-10 l

2nd month of age 10-15 l

3. Calf starter (and hay) from 2nd week of life

calf starter - 18-19% CP

+ high quality hay


Weaning time60 - 70 - 80 - 90 day of age

The most important stipulation

dry feed consumption - minimum 1.5 kg/day

By 1 week postweaning

From Starter to Grower (CP 16-17%)

From individual box to group

applied digestion physiology of ruminants · a/14. applied digestive physiology of ruminants. ii....

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