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Index

Bold type indicates figures.

Abathomphalus 2.6

Abdur Reef Limestone 334

Abies 192

Abundance 153, 154

Acadoparadoxides 39

Acanthinula 107, 333

Acanthocircus 99

Acarinina 2.6

Acaste 112

accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)

68, 309

Acheulian, culture 198, 333, 334, 337

acritarchs 15–16, 18–9, 95–6, 2.1, 3.1–3.2

Acropora 134, 135, 314

Acrosphaera 99

Acroteuthis 152

Actinocamax 111, 2.18

Actinocyclus 2.3

Adentognathus 105

Adercotryma 2.33, 5.23

Adipicola 141

Adocus 117

Adriatic Sea 142

Aegopinella 107, 333

Africa 53, 118, 119, 334, 335, 3.22

Agriopleura 280, 283

Ahnet basin 39

Ainsa fan 138, 139

Airth gas field 294

Akidograptus 50

Akpak/Mackenzie Bay sequence 4.6

Akrotiri, Thera 316

Al Huwaisah field 280, 5.45

Alabaminoides 135

Alaska 13, 22, 29, 32, 42, 101, 293,

301, 312, 314

Alba formation 5.20

Albacora field 5.39

Alberta basin 294, 302

algal symbionts, photosymbionts 3.10

Algeria 39, 110

Alisocysta 5.22

Allophaiomys 317

Alnipollenites 5.22, 5.47

Alopex 335

Alps 124, 136

Alveolina 5.42

Alveolinella 126, 3.10

Alveolophragmium (Reticulophragmium)

4.6

Alveovalvulina 129, 286, 5.37

Amacuro member 5.47

Amaltheus 2.14

Amaurolithus 2.4

Amazon fan 138, 208, 211

AZTI Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) 313

Ammoastuta 126

Ammobaculites 126, 2.33, 3.3, 5.21

Ammodiscus 129, 2.33, 3.3, 5.23

Ammolagena 5.23

Ammomarginulina 126, 5.23

Ammonia 126, 129, 326, 5.37

ammonites 2.14–2.17, 2.30, 5.9

ammonoids 34, 108–10, 2.1, 2.12, 3.1

Ammotium 126

amphibians 53–5, 118, 2.1, 3.1

Amphirhopalon 2.7

Amphisorus 126, 3.10

Amphistegina 127, 3.10

Ampyx 111, 112

Anabarites 102, 145

analytical data acquisition 7, 1.1

Anancus 10.3

Anapithecus 189

Anatolipora 132

Ancyloceras 109

Ancylus 10.4

Anderson, Heidi and John 307

Andes 124, 257, 261

Andrew field 291, 5.50–5.51

Andrew formation, reservoir, sequence 140,

291, 2.32, 5.20, 5.50–5.51

Andimadam formation 269, 270

Andromeda 99

Angara, Angaran realm 100, 147, 3.17

Angelina sedgwickii 2.20

Anglo-Saxon archaeology 340, 10.1

Anglo-Welsh basin 105

Angola (see also South Atlantic) 13, 27, 66,

129, 140, 221, 5.5

Anisus 333

Ankarapithecus 189

Anklesvar formation 271

Anning, Mary 55

Annulithus 2.4

Anomalinoides 135

anoxia, anoxic environments, events 125,

126, 160, 215, 223–4, 278

Antarctica 100, 267, 306

Antarcticycas 100

Antedon 115

Anthocyrtidium 2.7

Anthracoceras 109, 305

Anthraconauta 305, 7.2

Anthraconia 305, 7.2

Anthracosia 7.2

Anthracomya 305

Anthracosphaerium 7.2

Antler basin 105

Apectodinium 180, 5.22

Apodemus 188, 10.2

Appalachian basin 302

Apringia 105

Aquilapollenites 100, 149

Aquitaine basin 182

Aqra Limestone formation 220

Arab formation 232

Araripe basin 45, 119, 154, 266

Araripesuchus 119, 266

Araucariacites 155

Archaebacteria 10, 90–92

archaeocyathans 29, 102–3, 2.1, 3.1

Archaeolithophyllum 130

Archaeophyllum 130

archaeology 316–40, 10.1–10.6

Archaeopteryx 55

Archaias 126, 3.10

Arctic, province, realm 10, 11, 13, 22, 27,

29, 32, 34, 36, 42, 43, 50, 53, 93, 99,

101, 107, 110, 117, 131, 148, 150, 323,

325, 336

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) 312

Ardipithecus 190, 191, 192, 194, 3.37

Ardyne formation 331, 332

Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

(AONB) 312

Arenicolites 3.6

Arenobulimina 211, 2.33, 3.8

Arenomeandrospira 142, 222, 278

Arenoparrella 126

Areo formation 257, 260

Areoligera 5.22

Argentina 19, 40, 50, 53, 90, 117, 143,

173, 175

392

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Arkhangelskiella 2.4

Arnioceras 2.14

Arroyo del Soldado group 21

Artemia 114

Artemisia 193, 336

Arthrobacter 314, 315

Arthrophycus 59, 122

Arvicola 10.2

Asaphus 111

Ashtart field 216

Asia 3.21–3.22

Asmari formation 231

Aspergillus 315

Aspidolithus 2.4

Assam basin 269, 270, 271

Assilina 5.42

Astacolus 325

Astarte 107, 150

Asteriacites 3.6

Asterigerina 4.6

Asteroceras 2.14

Asterolampra 2.3

Asteromphalus 2.3

Asterorotalia 126

Astreopora 135

Astrononion 325

Atapuerca, Spain 118, 196, 333

Atlantic, province, realm, Atlantic/

Caribbean province 98, 105, 117,

118, 119, 120, 126, 135, 138, 141,

144, 149, 325

Aubignyna 326

Aulacoseira 12

Aulacoteuthis 152

Auriculatella 113

Aurignacian, culture 335

Austin Chalk 33

Austral realm 92, 98, 99, 110, 113, 147, 148,

150, 3.20–3.22

Australasia 11, 27, 39, 101

Australia 10, 29, 49, 53, 57, 94, 96, 101, 116,

130, 131, 149, 168, 177, 208, 210, 211,

267, 277, 301, 314

Australopithecus 190, 193, 194, 196–7,

3.37–3.38

Austria 96, 114, 138, 140, 154

Avalonia 102, 112, 145, 146, 147,

3.14–3.16

Aveline’s Hole, Burrington ix

Axopodorhabdus 94, 2.4

Azerbaijan 13, 27, 68, 122, 293, 309

Azpeitia 2.3

Bab basin 66, 234, 280, 5.13, 5.45

Bab formation 5.43

Bacillus 279, 314, 315

Bacinella 133

bacterial gas: see biogenic gas

Baculites 109

Baculogypsina 127, 3.10

Bahrain (see also Middle East) 5.43

Baisakhi–Bedesir formation 269

Bakonyithyris 105

Balder formation, sequence 179, 180, 2.32,

5.20, 5.22

Balmoral sequence 2.32

Baltica 95, 96, 107, 112, 146, 147,

3.14–3.16

Baltimore canyon 138

Bandra formation 271

Bangestan group 231

Bangladesh: see Indian subcontinent.

Barail group 271

Barakar Coal Measures, formation

267, 269, 272

Barbados (see also northern South America

and Caribbean) 106, 108, 121, 126,

141, 5.36

Barberton supergroup 10

Barents Sea 131

Barmer basin 269, 271, 276

Barranquin formation 257

Barren Measures 267, 269, 272

Barrow group 208, 210, 211

Barton beds 33

Basco-Cantabrian basin 210, 211, 220, 295

basin analysis 225, 227

Bathymodiolus 106, 141

Bathysiphon 21, 3.3, 5.23

Batrachichnus 120

Bauer ix

Bavlinella 19

Beatrice field 5.24

Beaufort group, South Africa 306, 307, 2.27

Beaufort shelf, Arctic Canada 4.6

Beauly formation 5.22

behaviours associated with occupation (of

archaeological sites) 323, 325

Bekhme Limestone formation 220

Belemnella 36, 111

Belemnitella 36, 111, 2.18

belemnites 36–7, 110–1, 151, 2.1,

2.18, 3.1, 6.3

Belemnopsis 111

Belemnoziphius 120

Belenochitina 116

Belgrandia 10.4

Bengal basin 269, 270

Bengal fan 276, 277

Benthic Quality Index (BQI) 313

Bergeroniellus 28

Bering land bridge 120, 150, 178, 183, 184,

185, 189

Bering Strait 107, 108, 150

Beryl field 5.24

Bermuda 34

Beyrichoceras 2.13

Bhuban formation 270

Bhuvanagiri formation 271

Bighorn basin 180

Bikaner–Nagaur basin 269

biogenic gas 90, 223–4, 269, 277–8

Palaeobiological controls on

development of, and derisking

of presence of 277–8

biogeography 3.4

bioremediation 314–15

biosteering 289, 290–2, 5.51

biostratigraphy and allied disciplines,

8–89, 231–2, 242–5, 260–1, 264–5,

271–3, 280, 284–5, 286, 300–2, 304,

306–7, 317, 320, 1.1, 2.1, 2.29–2.30, 5.9,

5.21–5.22, 5.24–5.25, 5.36, 5.44,

5.46–5.48, 5.50, 7.2

biostratigraphic technologies 62–3, 66

biostratigraphic usefulness of selected

fossil groups 8–59

biostratigraphic zonation 59–60

birds: see Reptiles and birds

bisaccate pollen 5.22

Biscutum 94, 2.4

Bison 333

Biticinella 2.6

Bithynia 10.4

bivalves 32–4, 106–7, 2.1, 2.10, 3.1, 3.5,

5.2, 7.2

Black Sea 27, 223, 224, 293, 309

Bohemia 113

Bohemograptus 50

Bolboforma 19, 21, 96, 244, 2.1, 2.5, 3.1

Bolbozoe 113

Bolivia 19, 40, 50

Bolivina 126, 129, 135, 143, 313, 326, 3.8,

3.12, 5.37

Bolivinopsis 3.8

Bombacidites 5.22

Bombax 129

Bombay or Mumbai basin 269, 270,

271, 273

Bombay formation 271

Bombay High field 273

boreal realm 22, 92, 98, 99, 107, 110, 111,

113, 147, 148, 150, 219, 3.20–3.22

Borelis 126, 3.10

Boreophilus 336

Borneo 136

Bos 10.2–10.3

Bothriolepis 53

Bourri field 217

Boxgrove, Sussex 107, 198, 327, 333–4

Braarudosphaera, chalk 93, 94, 2.4

Index 393






brachiopods 30–2, 105–6, 2.1, 2.9, 3.1

Bracklesham beds 33

Brae formation 5.20

branchiopods 43, 114

Brazil (see also South Atlantic) 13, 21, 22, 45,

53, 129, 130, 154, 214, 302, 5.39

Bredasdorp basin 208, 209, 210, 211

Brent field 5.24

Brent group, Brent delta 283, 5.20, 5.46

Brightwellia 2.3

British Isles, United Kingdom, UK sector,

North Sea ix, 10, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30,

31, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 43, 45, 49, 50, 53,

55, 62, 67, 94, 95, 106, 112, 113, 115,

129, 132, 136, 143, 146, 173, 180, 198,

210, 219, 242, 283, 286–9, 291, 293,

295, 298, 300, 302, 305, 308–9, 312,

316, 317, 320, 323, 325–40, 2.30, 7.1,

10.2–10.5

Bronze Age archaeology 317, 338, 10.1

Bruce field 33, 5.24

Bryozoans 32, 106, 2.1, 3.1

Bu Hasa field 220

Buccella 325

Buccinosphaera 2.7

Buckland, Rev. William 57, 335

Bulgaria 101

Bulimina 126, 129, 143, 313, 326, 3.12

Buliminella 126, 129, 286, 5.37, 5.47

Burgan formation 232

Burtle formation 329

Buzasina galeata 5.23

Byzantine archaeology 325

C3 and C4 plants 100

Cabo de Gata Lagoon 311

calcareous Algae 13, 94–5, 2.1, 3.1

calcareous nannofossils or nannoplankton

13, 93–4, 340–1, 2.1, 2.4, 3.1, 4.7, 5.36,

5.42, 5.47

Calcarina 127, 3.10

Calcicalathina 2.4

Calciodinellum 92

Calculites 2.4

Calleva Atrenatum (Silchester),

Hampshire 316

Callialasporites 155

Calpionellids 22, 99, 2.1, 3.1

Calyculus 94

Calymene 39, 40

Calyptogena 141

Cambay basin 269, 270, 271, 276

Cambay Shale, formation 269, 270, 276

Cambria 113

Cambrian 2.34, 3.14

Cambrian evolutionary biota 157

Cambrian evolutionary diversification 165

Campos basin 214, 264, 5.39

Canada 10, 12, 15, 21, 22, 27–9, 42, 53, 95, 96,

101, 106, 113, 116, 117, 122, 129, 131,

143, 147, 173, 180, 294, 301, 302, 311

Cancris 129, 326

Candeias field 264

Canis 335, 10.2

Canning basin 29, 94, 116, 130, 131, 168

cap-rocks (seals) and traps 220–2, Box 5.4

(221–2), Box 5.5 (222–4), 5.5, 5.8, 5.17

palaeontological characterisation of,

Box 5.4

stratigraphic and palaeobiological

controls on, Box 5.5

Capitella 141

Capra 339

Capreolus 10.2

Caracomia 92

Caran sequence 2.32

Carapita formation 257, 260

Caratas formation 257

carbon dioxide sequestration 315

carbon isotope stratigraphy 66

carbonate environments, sediments,

carbonate reservoirs 129–32, Box 3.2

(132–5), 201, 205, Box 4.1 (206–12), Box

5.2 (216–18), Box 5.3 (218–20), 280,

282–3, 290

Carbonicola 7.2

Carboniferous 2.38, 3.18, 7.1–7.2

carboniferous limestone 30, 32

Caribbean (see also Atlantic, northern South

America and Caribbean) 117–120,

143, 219

Carichnium 120

Carnarvon basin 53

Carpathians 121, 136, 138, 140

Caryapollenites 5.22

Caspian Sea 27, 67, 201, 293, 309

Cassidulina 129, 139, 143, 325, 3.12, 4.6

Cassigerinella 2.6

Castillo formation 118, 119

Castor 10.2

Casuarin 211

Catapsydrax 2.6

Cathayornis 55

Cathaysia, Cathaysian realm 100, 147, 3.17

Catinaster 2.4

Caucasus 45, 68, 124

Caulostrepsis 3.6

Cauvery basin 269, 270–3, 278

Celtic, culture 338

Cenodiscus 5.21

Cenosphaera 5.21

Cenozoic 62, 86–9, 149–50, 152, 175–99,

2.1–2.7, 2.32–2.33, 3.11, 4.2–4.6, 5.5,

5.36–5.37, 5.41–5.42, 5.47–5.51

Central America 120, 219

Central Asia 210, 211

Central Atlantic 3.21

Central Atlantic Magmatic Province

(CAMP) 173

Centropyxis 129, 286, 5.37

Cepaea 10.4

Cephalodiscus 116

Ceratocystis 338

Ceratolithoides 2.4

Ceratolithus 88, 2.4

Cerebropollenites 155

Cervus 332, 333, 335, 339, 10.2–10.3

Cestodiscus 2.3

Chaguaramas formation 107

Chalcolithic 339–40

Chalk, Chalk group 32, 33, 36, 49, 115, 244,

290, 295, 296, 298, 308, 309, 340, 5.20,

5.22, 6.2–6.3, 8.1–8.2

Chamishella 113

Channel tunnel 308, 8.1

Chaomidianzi formation 55

Characichichnos 120

Charnia 164, 231

Charniodiscus 164

Chasmops 112

Chelichnus 120

chemostratigraphy 66–7

Chiasmolithus 2.4, 5.42

Chiastozygus 2.4

Chichali formation 271

Chicxulub impact crater 175

Chile 102

Chilostomella 129, 135, 143

Chimana formation 257

China 18, 22, 28, 53, 55, 57, 63, 101, 113,

117, 118, 130, 131

Chinji formation 273, 276

Chitarwata formation 273, 276

Chitinozoans 50, 116, 2.1, 3.1

Chlamys 211

Chondrites 141

Chororapithecus 189

chronostratigraphic diagrams 50, 212, 227,

4.1–4.2, 5.24, 5.41, 5.43

Chuanbeiella 113

Chuar group 21

Cibicides 129, 325, 3.8, 4.6

Cibicidoides 135, 142, 143

Cicatricosiporites 155

Cimmeria 3.20–3.21

Cipero formation 257

Cirratriradites 302

Cistecephalus 2.27

Citharina 3.8

Cladophora 105

Clair field 67

394 Index






Claraia 107, 170

Clarens formation 2.27

Clarias 337

Classopollis 100, 149, 154, 155, 266

clastic environments, sediments, clastic

reservoirs 126, Box 3.1 (128–9), 137,

Box 3.4 (138–41), Box 4.1 (206–12),

283–9, 291

Clavulina 127, 3.8

Clethrionomys 10.2

Climacograptus 50, 2.25

Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate

Program (CLAMP) 100, 101,

150–2

climatostratigraphy 151

Clorinda 105

Cloudina 102, 130, 145

Clovis people 176

cluster analysis 66, 154–5, 3.7.3

Clydoniceras 2.15

Clypeaster 116

coal, coal geology and mining 294,

299–307, 7.1–7.2

Coal Measures 32, 34, 45, 106, 210, 301,

302, 305

coal-bed methane or coal-seam gas 267, 294

Cocconeis 323

Cochlearites 107

Coelodonta 323, 335, 10.3

Coelosporella 132

Co-Existence Approach (CoA) 101, 152

cold seeps: see hydrocarbon seeps

Collosphaera 2.7

Colombia (see also northern South America

and Caribbean) 63, 117, 291, 5.35

Colpocoryphe 111

Columbus basin 257, 260, 293, 312

common risk segment (CRS) maps 225,

249, 278

Compositaepollenites 5.22

composite common risk segment (CCRS)

maps 225, 227

Conchocele 143

condensed sections (CSs) 201, 221, 222,

4.2, 5.5

Confuciornis 55

Conglophragmium 5.23

Congo (see also South Atlantic) 313

Conicorbitolina 5.44

conodonts: see fish

Conorotalites 211

constrained optimisation (CONOP) 63

Conusphaera 2.4

Conway Morris, Simon 156

Coope, Russell 114

corals 29–30, 103, 105, 2.1, 2.8, 3.1, 3.4

coral reef vitality 313–14

Corbisema 2.2

Cordaites 170

core sampling 1.2

Cornuproteus 112

Cornuspira 326

correlation 60, 62

Corumba group 21

Coryphidium 95

Coryphostoma 3.8

Coscinodiscus 180, 2.3

Coscinospirillina 5.9

Cosmoraphe 3.6

Costistricklandia 105

Cotorra member 260, 5.47

Craspedodiscus 2.3

“crags” 33

Crati fan 139

Crato formation 45

Crendonites 2.16

Crepidolithus 94, 2.4

Creswellian, culture 335

Cretaceous 2.42, 3.8, 3.22, 4.7, 5.3–5.4,

5.12–5.13, 5.36, 5.41, 5.43–5.45, 8.1–8.2

Cretarhabdus 2.4

Crete 140, 311, 316

Cribroelphidium 96

Cribrostomoides 5.23

crinoids 45–6, 49, 114–15, 2.1, 2.22–2.23, 3.1

Cristallinium 272

Cro Magnon ix

Croagh Patrick 316

Crocidura 10.2

Crocodylus 119

Crocuta 335, 10.3

Cromer Forest-Bed formation 326, 327

Cromer Knoll group 5.20

Cruciellipsis 2.4

Cruciplacolithus 2.4

Crucirhabdus 2.4

Cruse formation 257, 5.47

Cruziana 59, 111, 120, 121, 122

Cryptolucina 106

Cubagua formation 118

Culm basin 99

Cuneiphycus 130

Curtohibolites 111

Curvirimula 7.2

Cusiana field 291, 5.35

Cuyana basin 117

Cyanobacteria 9–10, 90, 2.1, 3.1

Cyathidites 155

Cyclagelosphaera 94

Cyclammina 129, 286, 2.33, 4.6, 5.37

Cycloclypeus 3.10

Cyclorbiculina 127, 3.10

Cyclopyge 112

cyclostratigraphy 67

Cyclotella 323

Cymatiosphaera 272

Cymatosira 323

Cymodocea 126

Cynognathus 55, 2.27

Cyphastrea. 135

Cyprus 92

Cyrtograptus 50, 2.26

Cystammina 2.33, 5.23

Cytherella 113

Czech Republic 37

Dactylioceras 109

Daedalus 59

Dalmanites 112

Dama 10.3

Dansgard–Oeschger events 152

Danish basin 131

Danskekalk (Danish Chalk) 32

Darai Limestone 66

Darwin, Charles ix, 57, 156

Datta formation 269, 271

Dawkins, Richard 156

Davis Strait 13

Dayongaspis 53

De Geer land bridge 178–9

Deccan Large Igneous Province, Traps 268

deep marine environments 135–43

Delops 112

deltas, peri-deltaic sub-environments,

reservoirs, 96, 126, Box 3.1 (128–9),

283–6, 3.9, 5.37–5.38, 5.46


Box 3.1

Dendrophrya 3.3

Denmark, Danish sector of the North Sea

32, 117, 210

Densosporites 305

Dentalina 129, 135, 325

Denticulopsis 2.3

Deroceras 107

Deshayesites 2.17

Desmoceras 109

Desmophyllum 103

Devonian 2.37, 3.17

Dhamodar basin 269

Dhok Pathan formation 273, 276

Dhruma formation 232, 5.9

Dhrumella 5.9

Dhulaima field 280, 5.45

Diacheila 336

Diatoms 12–13, 93, 341, 2.1, 2.3, 3.1

Diaphorodendron 305

Diazomatolithus 2.4

Dicarinella 308, 2.6

Dicellograptus 50, 2.25

Dicerorhinus 10.2

Index 395






Dicranograptus 50, 2.25

Dickinsartella 107

Dickinsonia 102, 231

Dicroidium 100, 114, 173, 307

Dictyocha 2.2

Dictyodora 59

Dictyomitra 211

Dictyophimus 99

Dictyonema 50, 2.25

Dictyotidium 272

Dictyotriletes 305

Dicynodon 55, 2.27

Didymocyrtis 2.7

Didymograptus 50, 116, 5.25

Dimorphichnus 59

Dindymene 111

dinoflagellates 10–11, 92, 2.1, 3.1,

5.21–5.22

Diploastrea 133, 135, 212

Diplocraterion 3.6

Diplodocus 118

Discamminoides 5.47

Discoaster 89, 2.4, 5.42, 5.49

Discorbis 126, 129

Discorhabdus 2.4

Distephanus.

ditch-cuttings 1.2

diversity 153, 154

Diyab basin 227, 5.11

Dmanisi, Georgia 320, 325

Doggerland 335–6

Dolichopithecus 191

dominance 153, 154

Dominican Republic 45

Donezella 130

Dornoch formation 5.22

Dorothia 2.33, 3.8, 5.23

Doushantuo formation 18

Douvilleiceras 2.17

Doyangapsis 111

Drakensberg group 2.27

drilling, bits, costs, environments, fluids,

operations, rigs, technologies 5.6

Dryopithecus 187

Dubrajpur formation 272

Duero basin 130

Dunlin formation 129, 5.20

Durania 219

Duvalia 110

Dvinella 130

Dwyka group 306, 2.27

dynamic data 1.1

Dynamic Global Vegetation Model

(DGVM) 150

dysoxia, dysoxic environments 125, 126,

159, 215, 223–4, 278

Early Cambrian mass extinction 166

Eartham formation 333, 334

Easington formation 329

East Africa 34, 36, 43, 53, 113, 117, 130, 267,

334

East Grimstead quarry, Wiltshire 298, 6.3

Eastern Venezuelan basin 5, 121, 129, 249

Ecca group 306, 307, 2.27

Echinoids 49, 115–16, 2.1, 2.22–2.23, 3.1, 3.6

Echioceras 2.14

ecological depression of extinction datums

(see also range offset) 60, 4.4

‘Ediacarans’ 28, 102, 2.1, 3.1

Eggerella 129, 286, 5.37

Egypt 68, 115, 216, 293, 309, 311

Eiffelithus 2.4

Eisenackia 5.22

Ekofisk formation 5.20, 5.22

El Abra formation 220

El Buho canyon-fan system 139

El Cantil formation 257

El Garia formation 216, 217

Eldfisk field 290

Elephas 273

elevation, elevation rate 124

Elliot formation 2.27

Ellipsagelosphaera 2.4

Ellipsolithus 2.4

Elphidiella 325

Elphidium 126, 129, 142, 325, 326, 4.6

Emakwezini formation 307

Emeishan Traps 171

Emiliania 93, 2.4

end-Cretaceous mass extinction 174–5, 3.24

end-Eocene mass extinction 175

end-Ordovician mass extinction 167–8, 3.24

end-Palaeocene mass extinction 175

end-Permian mass extinction 169–72, 3.24

end-Triassic mass extinction 172–4, 3.24

engineering geology 308–11, 8.1–8.2

Entobia 3.6

Entomis 113

entomopalynology 341

environmental archaeology 322–32

environmental context of archaeological

sites 323

environmental science 293, 308, 312–15

environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

293, 308, 312

environmental monitoring 293,

312–14

Eocene 3.26–3.28, 5.14, 5.22, 5.25, 5.27–5.34

Eocoelia 31, 105

Eodicynodon 55, 2.27

Eopoikilofusa

Ephedra 154, 193

Epistacheoides 132

Epistominella 3.12

Eponides 129

Eprolithus 2.4

Equisetum 114, 307

Equitability 153, 154

Equus 190, 333, 335, 10.2

Eratidus 5.23

Erbiella 28

Ericsonia 2.4

Erinaceus 10.2

Esfordi formation 231

Esosyrinx 325

Espirito Santo basin 264

Estcourt formation 307

Estheria 114

Estonia 21

Euhoplites 2.17

Eumorphoceras 109

Eupoikilofusa 272

Euramerica, Euramerican realm 27, 45, 55,

100, 118, 147, 149, 301, 3.16–3.20

Eurasia 113, 120, 131, 150

Europe, European platform 11, 18, 22,

27, 33, 34, 49, 54, 130, 136, 177–80,

277, 3.22

European Land Mammal Ages (ELMAs) 57,

177, 183–8, 190, 191, 193, 194

European Water Framework Directive

(EWFD) 313

Everglades National Park, Florida 313

Evolutinella 5.23

evolution 155, 156–8, 3.24

of complex life (eukaryoyes) 163

of flight 169

of flowering plants 174

of forests 169

of grasslands and grassland animals 175

of humans 175–6

of life on land 166–7

of multicellularity 163–4

of reefs 165–6

of vertebrates 166

evolutionary events 156–7

evolutionary biotas 157–8

Exogyra 33

extinction 155, 158–60, 3.24

Exxon Valdez oil spill, bioremediation 314

Faeroe–Shetland basin 179, 180

Fahud field 220

Far East 13, 27, 66, 105, 113, 130, 136,

208–11, 263, 277, 4.5

Fasciculithus 2.4

Fateh field 220

Fatehgarh formation 269, 276

396 Index






Favia 133, 135, 212

Favites 135

Fayum, Egypt 337–8

Fayumian, culture 337–8

feeding, apparatus, behaviours, strategies,

traces 123–4, 3.3, 3.13, 5.49–5.50

Felis 10.2

Fenestrella 180

Fergus formation 5.22

Finland 125

fish 50, 53, 117–18, 2.1, 3.1

Fissurina 325

Flabellammina 5.9

Fleet River deposits 340

Fleming field 63, 155

Flett formation 179

Flexicalymene 111

Florida 313

Florinites 305

Foinaven field 179

foraminifera or foraminiferans 21–2, 96–9,

Box 3.3 (135–6), Box 3.5 (142–3),

Box 3.6 (161–2), Box 5.2, (216–18),

Box 10.1 (325–32), 2.1, 2.6, 2.33, 3.1,

3.3, 3.10–3.13, 3.23, 3.25, 4.2–4.7, 5.9,

5.21, 5.23, 5.36–5.37, 5.42, 5.44, 5.47,

5.49, 6.2–6.3, 8.1–8.2

forensic science 340–1

entomology 341

palynology 341

Forest formation 257

Forest of Dean basin 302

former Soviet Union/Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics (USSR) 10, 11, 13,

15, 19, 21, 22, 27–30, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42,

45, 49, 53, 117, 129–32, 164, 168, 214,

300, 301

Fort Union formation 302

Fortelius, Mikael 182

Forties field 286–9, 5.48–5.49

Forties formation, reservoir, sequence 140,

286, 2.32, 5.20, 5.22, 5.48–5.49

France 35, 94, 106, 109, 113, 120, 130, 132,

135, 143, 206, 208–12, 312

Francesita 135

Franceville basin 163

fresh-water environments 124–5, 3.1

Frigg formation, sequence 2.32, 5.20

Frondicularia 211

Fulmar formation 5.20

functional morphology 123–4, 246, 265,

276, 3.3, 3.5, 5.2

fungi 27, 101–2, 2.1, 3.1

Furrial trend 260

Fuzzy C Means (FCM) cluster analysis 154–5

fuzzy logic 155

Gabon (see also South Atlantic) 163

Gajulapadu formation 269, 270

Galloway, Bill 200

Ganga basin 271, 272

Gangamopteris 306

Ganges–Brahmaputra drainage basin,

river 278

Gansserina gansseri 2.6

Garau basin 5.12, 5.13

Garcia formation 257

gas or methane hydrate 294

Gastrioceras 305, 2.13

Gastrochaenolites 3.6

gastropods 34, 107–8, 2.1, 2.11, 3.1, 10.4

Gaudryina 326, 3.8

Gault Clay 308

Gavelinella 3.8

Gelification Index (GI) 294, 299, 300

Geographic Information System (GIS)

154, 225

geosteering 67

Geragnostus 112

Germany 21, 35, 45, 94, 99, 114, 119,

143, 154

Gervilleioperna 107

Gesner ix

Ghazij formation 268, 276

Ghawar field 230

Gibraltar 311

Ginkgophytopsis 114, 307

Gladius 2.3

Glaphyrites 109

global change, anthropogenically

mediated 315

Global Stratotype Sections and Points

(GSSPs) 68–9, 72, 79, 81, 83, 86–9

Globigerina 2.6, 5.42

Globigerinatella 2.6

Globigerinatheka 2.6

Globigerinelloides 2.6

Globigerinoides 2.6

Globobulimina 135, 139, 143, 3.12

Globorotalia 2.6, 5.42

Globorotalites 308, 3.8

Globotruncana 308, 2.6

Globotruncanella 2.6

Globotruncanita 2.6

Globuligerina 2.6

Globulina 3.8

Gloeocapsomorpha 214

Glomospira 129, 286, 3.3, 5.23, 5.37, 5.47

Glomospirella 2.33

Glossifungites 120, 121, 147, 206

Glossomyophorus 280

Glossopteris 100, 170, 277, 306, 307

Glycimeris 3.5

Glyptograptus 50, 2.25

Gnetum 154

Godavari formation 271

Godavari drainage basin, river 277

Golapalli formation 271

Golden Lane trend 220

Gomphotherium land bridge 185

Gondwana, Gondwanan realm 27, 39, 55,

95, 96, 100–2, 105, 107, 112, 113, 116,

117, 119, 146, 147, 149, 151, 267, 277,

301, 306, 307, 3.14–3.21

Gondwana Wealden facies 43, 264

Gondwanan basins 43, 267, 269, 272, 273,

305, 306

Goniastrea 135

Goniatites 2.13

Goniopora 133, 135, 212

Gonioteuthis 36, 111, 309, 2.18

Gordiospira 325

Goru formation 271

Gotnia basin 227

Gould, Stephen Jay 156

Graecopithecus 189

Grallator 120

graphic correlation 62–3,

2.31–2.32, 4.3

graptolites 49–50, 116, 2.1,

2.24–2.26, 3.1

Gravettian, culture 335

Great Barrier Reef 314

Great Basin 105

Great Britain: see British Isles

Green River formation 117, 131

Greenland 106, 111, 143, 301

Grenada basin 191

Grimsdalea 5.47

Griphopithecus 185

Groenlandia 340

gross depositional environment (GDE)

maps: see Palaeogeography

ground water index (GWI) 300

Gryphaea 3.5

Grzybowski, Josef x

Guadalupe formation 260, 291

Guayaguayare formation 257

Guinea 22, 29

Gulf of Mexico 13, 22, 36, 43, 60, 63, 66,

138, 141–3, 201, 208, 210, 211, 219,

225, 253, 4.2, 4.4

Gulf of Thailand 63

Gullfaks field 283

Gunflint Chert 15

Gurnigel–Schlieren flysch 135

Guttulina 325

Gyroidina 129, 135, 3.12

Gyroidinoides 3.8

Index 397






Habshan formation 5.43

Hadley Centre Atmospheric General

Circulation Model (HadAM) 150, 152

Haldane, J.B.S. 114

Halkieria 28

Halyphysema 3.3

Hamarophyllum 103

Hammerfest–Nordkapp basin 178

Hampshire basin

Hanau basin 183

Hanifa formation 232

Hantkenina 2.6

Hanyangaspis 53

Hantkenina 87

Hanyangaspis 53

Hanzawaia 129, 5.37

Haploceras 109

Haplophragmoides 126, 2.33, 4.6, 5.21

Happisburgh 326

Haq, Bil(al) 201

Harpenden, Hertfordshire 316

Hart, Malcolm 295

Hartshill formation 28

Harwich formation 180

Hasdrubal field 216–7

Haurania 5.9

Hawaii 314

Hawke’s Bay 311

Hawkins field, 63, 155

Hayesites 2.4

Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE)

issues (see also environmental science)

1, 3, 7, 289, 291, Box 5.6 (293)

Palaeontology and, Box 5.6

Heather formation 5.20

heavy minerals 67

Hedbergella 98, 266, 280, 282, 283, 308, 2.6

Heidiphyllum 114, 307

Heimdal formation 5.20

Heinrich events 152

Helicosphaera 2.4

Heliolithus 2.4

Helix 338

Helminthoida 3.6

Helosphaeridium 272

Helvetoglobotruncana 2.6

Hemiaulus 2.3

Hemidiscus 2.3

Hensonella 211, 234

Heterocyclina 127, 3.10

Heterostegina 127, 3.10

Heterostomella 3.8

Hexaprotodon 273

Hibernian Greensand 219

Hibolites 110, 111, 152

Hibolithes 110

Hildoceras 2.14

Himalayas 124, 181, 187, 267, 268, 276

Hindeodus 81

Hipparion 189, 273

Hippocrepina 3.3

Hippopotamus 323, 10.2–10.3

Hippotherium 189

Hirnantia 105, 147, 167, 168

Hobsonia 141

Hoeglundina 129, 135

Holaster 49

Holderness formation 331

Holocene mass extinction 176–7

Homo 197–9, 320, 333, 335, 3.38–3.40, 10.2

Homoceras 2.13

Hoplites 2.17

Hoploscaphites 109

Hordeum 338

Horiopleura 280

Hormuz Salt formation 231

Horn of Africa 211, 334

Hupeolenus 39

Huqf supergroup 130

Hutton, James, and Hutton’s

Unconformity 8

Hyalinea 142

Hydnophora 133, 212

hydrocarbon seeps 137, 141–9

benthic foraminifera and

ostracods associated with, Box 3.5

(142–3)

hydrothemal vents 137, 141

Hygromia 10.4

Hyperammina 5.23

Hyperoodon 120

Hypsilophodon 55

Iapetognathus 72

Iapetus 112, 118, 146, 3.14–3.15

Iberia 39

ichnofacies 120, 121, 3.6

ichthyoliths: see fish

Ictidosuchoides 170

Iguanodon 55

Illaenopsis 111

Illinois basin 302

Inaperturopollenites 5.22

India (see also Indian subcontinent) 126,

149, 300, 3.22

Indian Ocean 105, 120, 141, 149, 223, 224,

277, 278, 3.22

Indian subcontinent 11, 12, 19, 22, 27, 36,

43, 53, 55, 57, 63, 149, 153, 187, 206,

222, 267–78, 300, 306, 5.40–5.42

Indo-Pacific province, realm 98, 99, 105,

126, 133, 134, 144, 149, 150, 181

Indus basin 63, 153, 269, 271, 277, 278, 5.41

Indus drainage basin, river 277

Indus fan 277

Infaunal Trophic Index (ITI) 313

Inoceramus 33

insects 43, 45, 114, 341, 2.1, 2.21, 3.1, 10.5

integrated reservoir characterisation (and

reservoir modelling) 279, 280–9

Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) 315

International Commission on Stratigraphy

(ICS), website 68

Interpollis 5.22

Inter-Trappean beds 12

Ioanella 135

Iperk sequence 4.6

Iran (see also Middle East) 68, 133, 214, 220

Iraq (see also Middle East) 220, 5.43

Irati formation 118

Iron Age archaeology 317, 339, 10.1

Isoxys 113

Isthmolithus 2.4

Isthmus of Panama 120, 257, 261

Italy 94, 119, 135, 143, 149

Iyo-nada Bay 311

Jacadigo group 21

Jaculella 3.3

Jadammina 126, 3.3, 4.6

Jaintia group 271

Jaisalmer basin 269, 272, 273, 276

Japan 108, 143, 311

Java 66

Jdeir formation 216

Jeanne d’Arc basin 122

Jeletskytes 109

Jenam formation 270

Jhelum formation 271

Jhurio formation 269

Jinju formation 132

Jiufotang formation 55

Jordan (see also Middle East) 53

Jumara formation 269

Jurassic 2.30, 2.41, 3.21, 5.9–5.10, 5.21, 5.24,

5.26, 5.41

Kadi formation 271

Kalol formation 269, 271

Kamaena 132

Kamaenella 130, 132

Kamlial formation 273, 276

Kanakollu formation 271

Kapuni group 302

Karharbari formation 272

Karoo basin(s) 55, 117, 170, 171, 306

Karoo group/supergroup 114, 118, 2.27

Karoo–Ferrar Large Igneous Province 267

Karreriella 2.33, 5.23

Karrerulina 5.23

398 Index






Kazakhstania 3.15, 3.17–3.19

Kazhdumi basin 230, 5.13

Kent basin 302

Kenya 34, 114, 120

Kenyanthropus 192

Kerala basin (see also Konkan–Kerala basin)

126

Kerkennah field 217

key biological events in Earth history

155–99

Khami group 231

Kharaib formation 66, 133, 232, 234,

290, 5.43

Khuiala formation 276

Khuff formation 290

Killard Point formation 331

Kimmeridge Clay formation 94, 214, 241,

249, 5.20, 5.26

Kincardine basin 294

Kirmington formation 328

Komarakshi formation 271

Kommugedem formation 270

Komia 130

Koninckopora 130, 132

Kopanoar sequence 4.6

Kopili formation 270, 271

Korea 132

Kovacs-Endrody, Eva 307

Krishna formation 269, 270

Krishna–Godavari basin 269–73, 276, 278

Kudavasal formation 271

Kugmallit formation, sequence 4.6

Kujung formation 66

Kuldana formation 276

Kurnubia 5.9

Kutch basin 206, 269, 271–3, 278

Kuwait (see also Middle East) 11, 220, 314,

5.4, 5.43

Kuwait–Saudi Arabia Partitioned Neutral

Zone (see also Middle East) 220

Kyoto Protocol 315

Labrador Sea 136

Labrospira 3.3, 5.23

La Luna formation 257, 260

La Pica formation 257, 284, 5.47

La Troya mine 220, 295, 6.1

La Venta formation 118

Labropollis 5.22

Lagena 325, 326

Lagenammina 5.23

Lagoa Parda field 264

Lake Bogoria 130

Lake Sapanca 311

Lake Tanganyika 130

Lake Turkana 34, 130

Lake Valley formation 131

Lakhanda formation 15

Lamba formation 179

Lamprocyrtis 99, 2.7

Land Mammal Ages (LMAs) 3.26

land uses associated with occupation

(of archaeological sites) 323

Laryngosigma 325, 326

Las Piedras formation 257, 5.47

Late Cambrian mass extinction 166

Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian)

mass extinction 174

Late Devonian mass extinction 168–9, 3.24

Late Precambrian mass extinction 164–5

Lates 337

Laurentia 107, 112, 113, 116, 146, 147,

3.14–3.16

Laurasia 102, 118, 119

“Law of Strata identified by organised

Fossils” 60, 2.30

leaf margin analysis (LMA) 100, 150,

151, 152

Leioceras 2.15

Lekhwair field 280, 5.45

Lekhwair formation 5.43

Lemmus 332, 333

Lengua formation 257, 5.47

Lenticulina 129, 135, 209, 210, 211, 212,

3.8, 5.21

Leonella 92

Lepidocyclina 211

Lepidodendron 305

Lepidophloios 305

Leptoporia 133, 211, 212

Leptoseris 133

Lepus 10.2

Levant (see also Middle East) 113

Liaoningornis 55

Libya 10, 19, 39, 131, 217

Libyoceras 110

Life positions 123–4, 3.3, 3.5, 3.13, 5.2,

5.49, 5.50

Lilliputianella 98, 266

Lima 107

Limestone Coal formation 294

Lingula 170

Lingulithyris 105

Lingulogavelinella 308

Linne, Carl ix

Lingula 105, 170

Linopteris 305

Linum 338

Lisburne group 13, 22, 29, 32, 42

Lista formation 5.20, 5.22

Listriolobus 140

Lithioperna 107

Lithiotis 107

Lithocodium 211, 280, 282

Lithraphidites 2.4

Lithastrinus 2.4

Littleton, Co. Tipperary 338–9

Lituotuba 5.23

Lizard Springs formation 257

Llanos basin 257, 291

Lobatopteris 305

Lockhart formation 269

Lonchopteris 305

London 323, 340

London basin 180

London Clay 33

Long Man of Wilmington 320

Lopha 33

Lophelia 103

Lophosphaeridium 272

Lorenzinia 3.6

Los Jabillos formation 257

Lotharingius 94

Louth formation 330

Lovelock, James 160

Low Isles Reef 314

Lower Rhine basin 183

Lowestoft formation 327

Loxostomum 3.8

Lucianorhabdus 2.4

Lucinoma 143

Ludwigia 2.15

Lumshiwal formation 271

Lusitanian basin 93

Lutra 10.2

Lycopodium 341

Lycopodiumsporites 155

Lyell, Charles 33

Lymnaea 333, 10.4

Lyramula 2.2

Lyringopteris 305

Lystrosaurus 55, 170, 2.27

Lytoceras 109

Macaca 191, 10.2

Macanopsis 3.6

Macigno flysch 135

Mackenzie Bay formation 4.6

Mackenzie delta 4.6

MacLean Brook formation 10

Macrocephalites 109, 2.15

Mad Dog field 66

Madagascar 57, 113, 267, 307

Madrid basin 130

magnetostratigraphy 67–8

Magnus field 5.24

Magnus formation 5.20

Mahakam delta 128

Mahanadi basin 270

Mainz basin 183

Maji ya Chumvi formation 114

Index 399






Malembo formation 265

mammals 57, 119–20, Box 3.7 (177–80),

Box 3.8 (181–99), 2.1, 2.28, 3.1, 3.26,

10.2–10.3, 10.6

evolution and dispersal of, Box 3.7,

Box 3.8

Mammuthus 323, 335, 10.3

Mandapeta formation 269, 271

Manicouagan impact crater 173

Manna formation 271

Mannar basin 269

Mannville group 294, 302

Mantell, Gideon 57

Maracaibo basin 257

marginal marine environments 126, 128–9

Marginopora 126, 127, 3.10

Marginotruncana 2.6

marine bands (MBs) 302, 305

marine environments 125–6, 3.1, 3.2

marine isotope stages (MISs) 151

Marlim field 5.39

Marrat formation 232

Marsh, Othniel 115

Marsipella 3.3

Marsupites 49, 115, 2.23

Martes 10.2

Marthasterites 2.4

Martinottiella 2.33, 5.23

mass extinction events 158–60

Causes of, 160

Effects of, 158–9

Periodicity of, 159–60

Massawa, Eritrea 334–5

Massospondylus 2.27

Mastodonsaurus 55

Matanzia 2.33

Maturin sub-basin 283

Mauddud formation 220, 5.4, 5.43

Maureen formation 140, 5.20, 5.22

Mauritania 10

Mawsonia 118, 266

maximum flooding surface (MFS) 201, 4.1,

4.3, 4.7, 5.24

mean annual precipitation (MAP) 101

mean annual temperature (MAT) 101

medical palynology 341

Medicine River formation 294

medieval archaeology 316, 317, 339,

340, 10.1

Mediterranean, province, realm 57, 67, 98,

105, 129, 138, 140, 141, 149, 150, 181,

218, 219, 223, 293, 309, 311

Megaloceros 333, 334, 335, 10.3

Megalosaurus 57

Meles 10.2

melissopalynology 341

Melonis 129

Melut basin 27

Mendel, Gregor 156

Merimda Beni Salama 337

Merlinia 39, 111

Mesa formation 257, 5.47

Mesocena 2.2

Mesohibolites 111

Mesolithic archaeology 317, 335–7, 10.1

Mesopithecus 189

Mesoplodon 120

Mesorbitolina 280, 5.44

Mesosaurus 118

Mesozoic 62, 81, 83, 147–9, 151–2, 172–5,

2.1, 2.4, 2.6

Mesozoic evolutionary diversification 172

Mesozoic–Cenozoic or modern

evolutionary biota 157–8

Metapodocarpoxylon 100

Mexico 129, 220, 253

Mianwali formation 269

Micraster 49, 2.23

Micrhystridium 272

Microbially Enhanced Oil Recovery

(MEOR) 279

Microdictyon 28

Microreticulatisporites 305

Microrhabdulus 2.4

Microstaurus 2.4

Microtus 332, 333, 334, 10.2, 10.6

Middle East 5, 10, 11, 13, 19, 22, 26–30, 32,

34, 36, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 53, 57, 66, 67,

122, 129, 130, 132, 133, 147, 210, 211,

215, 219, 220, 222, 225, 226–38, 280–3,

290, 4.7, 5.3–5.4, 5.7–5.18, 5.43–5.45

Miliammina 126, 129, 286, 3.3, 5.37

Miliolinella 325

Miller, Stanley 163

Mimomys 10.2

mineral exploration and exploitation

295–8, 6.1–6.3

Minoan, civilization 316

Miocene 3.30–3.36, 5.16–5.17

Mirapsis 112

Mirador formation 260

Mirifusus 99

Mishrif formation 220

Misoa formation 260

Mississippi delta 128, 129, 301

Mississippi fan 138

Mitrolithus 94

Molteno formation 114, 307, 2.27

Mombasa basin 114

Monoclimacis 50

Monograptus 50, 72, 2.26

Monsoon 187, 268, 276

Monterey Bay, California 315

Monterey fan 138

Montipora 135

Montrose group 286, 5.22

Moose Channel formation 4.6

Moray group 5.22

Morocco 13, 39, 93, 94, 103, 110, 125, 143

Morozovella 2.6

morphogroups, morphotypes 95, 96, 102,

128, 129, 139, 140, 153, 155, 221, 222,

249, 265, 278, 279, 283, 286, 291, 308

Moschorhinus 170

Mount Sandel, Co. Derry 336–7

Mousterian, culture 199, 335

Muglad basin 27

Multiplicisphaeridium 96

Mumbai Island formation 276

Muscardinus) 10.2

Mustela 10.2

mutual climate range (MCR) 114, 150,

152, 334

mutual ostracod temperature range

(MOTR) 334

Mya 3.5

Myanmar 300

Mytiloperna 107

Mytilus 3.5

Nagri formation 273, 276

Nahr Umr formation 234, 5.43

Naiadites 7.2

Nakalipithecus 189

Nam Con Son basin 142, 222

Nama group 28, 130

Namibia 21, 28, 102, 118, 130, 143, 145

Nannilam formation 271

Nannoconus colomii 2.4

Nannotetrina 2.4, 5.42

Naokelekan basin 5.11

Naparima Hill formation 257, 260

Nar Valley formation 328

Naricual formation 257, 260

Natih formation 231, 234, 5.43

National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska

(NPRA) 312

Nauchlan sequence 2.32

Nautiloculina 5.9

Navet formation 257

Naviculopsis 2.2

Navifusa 271

Neckera 339

Nekton falls 137

Nemagraptus 50, 2.25

Neoflabellina 3.8

Neogene 2.44, 5.47

Neohibolites 111

Neolithic archaeology 317, 323, 337–9, 10.1

Neomys 10.2

Neoveryhachium 96

400 Index






Nephrolithus 2.4

Nereites 120

Neseuretus 111

Neuquen basin 90, 173

New Zealand 63, 101, 141–3, 302, 311

Newgrange, Co. Meath 337

Ngrayong formation 66

Niger delta 128, 201, 208, 263

Nigeria 13, 22, 27, 57

Nilawahan formation 269, 271

Nile delta 4.3

Ninian field 283

Niobrara chalk 115

Niravi formation 271

Nise formation 140

Nitzschia 265, 2.3

Nodosaria 135

Nolloth group 21

non-marine bivalves 7.2

non-marine environments 124–5, 3.1

Nonion 126, 129, 143, 325

Nonionella 326

Nonionellina 325

Normalograptus 167

Norman archaeology 339, 10.1

Normandien formation 307

Normapolles 100, 149

North Africa 10, 13, 19, 22, 26, 27, 32, 34,

36, 39, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 53, 113, 122,

130, 147, 149, 215, 222, 227

North America 27, 36, 49, 96, 102, 120, 130,

131, 150, 176–80, 3.21–3.22

North American Land Mammal Ages

(NALMAs) 57, 177

North Atlantic 100, 103, 106–8, 120, 136,

142, 143, 221, 239, 3.22

North Dome/South Pars field 230

North Pacific 13, 22, 107, 108, 150

North Sea 11, 13, 21, 22, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33,

43, 63, 67, 122, 129, 136, 138, 140–3,

155, 179, 180, 208, 210, 211, 213, 223,

238–49, 283, 286–9, 290, 291, 293, 305,

2.32–2.33, 5.19–5.34, 5.46, 5.48–5.51

North Sea Drift formation 327

North-west Africa 10

northern South America and Caribbean 5,

11, 13, 22, 27, 34, 36, 43, 63, 106–8,

117–22, 126, 128, 129, 136, 141, 143,

211, 219, 249, 253, 256–62, 283–6, 291,

293, 312, 313, 5.35–5.39, 5.47

Norway, Norwegian sector, North Sea 138,

283, 290, 293

Norwegian Sea 99, 140

Norwich Crag formation 326

Nothofagidites 100, 149

Nothofagus 101, 184

Notodendrodes 3.3

Nuktak formation 4.6

Nummulites 129, Box 5.2 (216–18), 3.10, 5.42

Nummulite banks and reservoirs,

Box 5.2.

Nymphaea 337

Obik Sea 93, 99, 110, 148, 150, 178, 183

ocean acidification 315

oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) 137, 223, 264

Oculipollis 5.22

Oedomyophorus 280, 282

Offaster 49, 298

Offneria 280, 282

Oficina trend 260

Old Red Sandstone, continent 27, 53

Old World 181–99

Oldowan, culture 198

Oligocene 3.29–3.30, 5.15

Olpad formation 269

Oman (see also Middle East) 63, 66, 107, 129,

130, 147, 220, 280, 5.4, 5.43, 5.45

Oman mountains 231

Oolina 325

Operation Desert Storm, bioremediation

314–5

Operculina 127

Operculinella 127

Operculinoides 3.10

Ophiomorpha 140, 286, 3.6

Ophthalmidium 326

Oppel 35

optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)

68, 309, 320, 334

Orbiculiforma 5.21

Orbiculoidea 105

Orbitolina 5.44

Orbulinoides 2.6. 5.42

Ordovician 2.35, 3.15

Ordovician evolutionary diversification

166

Organic carbon, organic matter, flux

(production), preservation 125, 223,

277–8

Oridorsalis 135

Origin of life (prokaryotes) 160, 163

Orinoco, basin, delta, river 107, 117–20,

128, 129, 136, 257, 283, 286, 301,

5.37–5.38

Orinoco tar belt 260

Orrisdale formation 330

Orrorin 191, 192

Ormathops 111

Orthonotocythere 113, 266

Osangularia 135, 3.8

Osangulariella 135

Ostracods 41–3, 112–14, Box 3.5

(142–3), 2.1, 3.1

Ostrea 33, 3.5

Ostrya 339, 340

Otavi group 28

Otavia 28

Otoliths: see fish

Ouranopithecus 189, 190

Ourenodon 55

Oville formation 10

Ovis 335

Owen, Richard 57

Oxfordshire basin 302

oxygen isotope stratigraphy 66, 151

oxygen isotope stages (OISs)

66, 151

oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) 125, 137,

215, 224, 277, 278, 3.12

oxygen-related biofacies 125–6

Oxynoticeras 2.14

Pabdeh basin 230, 5.14

Pachycyrtella 106, 107, 147

Pachyseris 135

Pacific, province, realm 99, 118, 138, 141,

143, 144, 150, 3.21–3.22

Pakefield, Suffolk 326

Pakistan (see also Indian subcontinent) 63,

153, 5.41–5.42

palaeoaltimetry, palaeoaltitude,

palaeoelevation 124

Palaeoaplysina 147

palaeobathymetry 126–43, 153–4, 3.8, 3.11,

3.23, 4.2, 4.5, 4.7, 5.23

palaeobiogeography 143–50, 154

palaeobiology, palaeoecology,

palaeoenvironmental interpretation

90–199, 232, 234, 245–6, 249, 261–2,

265, 273, 276, 277–8, 280, 285–6,

286–9, 301, 305, 306–7, 1.1, 3.1, 5.37,

5.46, 5.49

key biological events in Earth history

155–99

palaeobiological usefulness of selected

fossil groups 90–122

quantitative and other techniques in

153–5

Palaeobiology Database (PBDB), website 90

Palaeocene 3.26, 5.14, 5.22

Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

(PETM) 180, 315

palaeoclimatology 150–2, 154, Box 3.7

(177–80), Box 3.8 (181–99), 10.5–10.6

Palaeodictyon 3.6

palaeoenvironmental interpretation

122–6

on the basis of analogy 122–3

on the basis of functional morphology

123–4

Index 401






palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the

Pleistocene–Holocene of the British

Isles Box 10.1 (325–32)

Palaeogene 2.43, 5.22

palaeogeography, palaeogeographic and

facies maps 62, Box 3.7 (177–80), Box

3.8 (181–99), 234–8, 249, 262, 266, 278,

283, 286, 289, Box 10.1 (325–32),

3.14–3.22, 3.27–3.40, 5.38–5.39, 5.45

Palaeolithic archaeology 317, 332–5, 10.1

Palaeoloxodon 10.3

palaeo-oceanography 153

Palaeoperidinium 5.22

Palaeophycus 140

Palaeorhinus 55

Palaeo-Tethys, Palaeo-Tethyan realm 98,

102, 103, 147, 3.15–3.16, 3.18–3.20

palaeotemperature 151

Palaeozoic 62, 69, 72, 79, 81, 145–7, 151,

165–72, 2.1, 2.24

Palaeozoic evoltionary biota 157

Palakollu formation 269, 270

Palo Seco field 285

Palorbitolina 280, 282, 286, 5.44

Palorbitolinoides 5.44

Palynofacies 3.7, 5.1, 5.46

Panchet formation 267, 272

Pangaea 27, 55, 117, 118, 147, 3.19–3.20

Panna formation 269, 270

Panthalassa 102, 103, 147, 3.14–3.20

Papua New Guinea 13, 66, 130, 136,

208, 211

Parabolina 2.20

Paracambria 113

Paracytherois 142

Paradoxostoma 142

Paraethomys 191

Paragloborotalia 88

Parahibolites 111

Parahoplites 2.17

Parakidograptus 72

Paralia 323

Paralycopodites 305

Parana basin 302

Paranthropus 196

Parascutella 116

Paratarpon 117

Paratethys, Paratethyan realm 11, 13, 21,

22, 27, 29, 32, 34, 43, 53, 57, 67, 100,

105, 107, 108, 183, 186, 190, 191

Parhabdolithus 2.4

Parkinsonia 2.15

Paria formation 257, 5.47

Paripteris 305

Paris basin 180

Pariwar formation 269

Parvicingula 99, 5.21

Pasarlapudi formation 271

Patala formation 269

Pauji formation 260

Paviland, Gower 335

Pavlovia 2.16

Pavona 135

Pecten 3.5

Pectinatites 2.16

Pedernales field 5, 21, 260, 283–6, 5.35,

5.38, 5.47

Pedernales member 284, 5.38,

5.47

Pediastrum 129

Peira Cava flysch 135

Pelagian basin 216

Pelosina 3.3

Peltoceras 2.15

Penarth group 173

Peneroplis 126, 127, 3.10

Penicillium 315

Pennine basin 302

Pentacrinites 49, 115

Pentamerus 105

Pentland formation 5.20

Perinopollenites 155

Permian 2.39, 3.19

Permian basin 130

Peru 143

Petrianna 113

Petrogale 177

petroleum exploration 62, 63, 224–78, 1.1

drilling, petrophysical and testing

technologies 225–7

geological, geophysical and integrated

techniques 224–5

petroleum geology 62, 63, 66, 213–94, Box

5.1 (214–15), Box 5.2 (216–18), Box 5.3

(218–20), Box 5.4 (221–2), Box 5.5

(222–4), Box 5.6 (293), 1.1, 5.1–5.51

petroleum source-rocks, petroleum

systems, analysis 213–16,

Box 5.1 (214–15), Box 5.5 (222–4), 227,

276–8, 5.8, 5.10–5.14, 5.26

palaeobiological controls on

development of, and derisking of

presence of 277–8

palaeontological inputs into petroleum

systems analysis, Box 5.1


controls on, Box 5.5

Pfenderina 5.9

Phillipsoceras 109

phycodes 28, 59, 69, 3.6

Phycosiphon 140

Phyllacanthus 115

Phyloceras 109

phytoliths 26–7, 100–1

Picea 192

Pictonia 2.16

Pictou coal-field 301

Pierolapithecus 187

Pikaia 166

Pinna 219

Pinjor formation 273

Pinus 341

Piper formation 5.20

Pirumella 92

Pisidium 333

Pisirhyncia 105

Pitstone quarry, Hertfordshire 295–6,

298, 6.2

Pitimys 10.2

Placenticeras 108, 109

planktonic: benthic foraminiferal ratio

153, 3.23

Planolites 140, 3.6

Planorbis 10.4

Planorotalites 2.6

plants 26–7, 100–1, 150–1, 2.1, 3.1

Planulina 135

Platygyra 135

Platysolenites 21

play fairway analysis or evaluation,

mapping 62, 225, 227, 234–8, 1.1, 5.18

Plectacantha 99

Plesiastrea 133

Plicopollis 5.22

Pleistocene 3.39–3.40, 10.1–10.6

Pleistocene mass extinction 176

Plesiastrea 212

Plesianthropus 194

Pletmos basin 208, 209, 210, 211

Pleuroceras 2.14

Pleurograptus 50, 2.25

Pleuromeia 170

Pliocene 3.37–3.38

Pliomys 334, 10.2

Plumstead, Edna 307

Pocillopora 135

Poecilizontes 34

Poland, Polish Carpathians x, 121, 138, 140

Polycostella 2.4

Polydora 141

pollen: see Spores and pollen

pollution 313

Polydrixium 272

Polygnathoides 165

Polymorphocodium 132

Polypodorhabdus 2.4

Porites 105, 133, 135, 211

Port Phillip basin 185

Portugal 93

Posidonia 126

Potamogeton 188

402 Index






Potwar basin 269, 271

Poza Rica trend 220

Praebulimina 211, 3.8

Praechrysalidina 280, 282

Praeconocaryomma 5.21

Praeglobotruncana 308

Praekurnubia 5.9

Praeorbitolina 5.44

Praeorbulina 2.6

Praeparvicingula 99

Pranhita–Godavari basin 269

Prediscosphaera 2.4

pressure prediction 293

Principle of Uniformitarianism 122–3

Pristerognathus 2.27

Pristiograptus 50

Proconsul 184

productive series 68, 122

Proetus 111

Progonomys 188

Project Orwell 309

project specification and management

1, 1.1

Prolagurus 317

Prolecanites 109

Propontocypris 142

Proroziphius 120

prospect evaluation 1.1

Protelphidium 126

Proterozoic 62, 144–5, 151, 160,

163–5, 2.1

Provanna 141

Prudhoe Bay field 293, 312

Psammosphaera 3.3, 5.23

Pseudobelus 110

Pseudoemiliania 2.4

Pseudoeunotia 2.3

Pseudogaudryinella 3.8

Pseudohastigerina 2.6

Pseudomarssonella 5.9

Pseudomonas 315

Pseudopalatus 55

Pseudopolymorphina 325

Pseudotaberina 126

Pseudounio 106

Pseudouvigerina 3.8

Pseudoxybeloceras 109

Psiloceras 83, 109, 2.13

Psilonichnus 120, 121, 3.6

Pterocanium 99, 2.7

Pterocorys 99

Ptychites 109

Pullenia 129, 135, 3.8

Punctocyrtella 106, 147

Pungo River formation 99

Pupilla 107, 333, 10.4

Pycnodonte 33

Pyrenees 121

Pyrgo 325

Pyxilla 2.3

Qafzeh, Israel 337

Qarunian, culture 337

Qatar (see also Middle East) 11, 5.43, 5.45

Qom formation 133

Quadrum 2.4

Quaternary 68, 10.1–10.6

Quaternary dating methods 68

Quenstedt 35

Querecual formation 257, 260

Quiallaga formation 102

Quiriquire field 260

Quenstedtoceras 2.15

Quinqueloculina 126, 129, 325, 326

Radiizonates 302, 305

radiolaria or radiolarians 22, 99, 2.1,

2.7, 3.1

radiometric dating 68

Radnoria 112

Raghavapuram formation 269, 270, 271

Rajmahal formation 273

Rajhamal hotspot, Rajmahal Traps 268

Rance barrage 312

Rangifer 323, 335, 10.3

Ramapithecus 187

Ramosites 109

Rampur coal-field 306

range offset 59

Raniganj Coal Measures, formation 267,

269, 272, 306

ranking and scaling (RASC) 63, 66, 2.33

Raphiophorus 112

Ratawi formation 220

Rattray formation 5.20

Raudhatain field 220

Ravva formation 269, 271, 276, 278

Rayda/Salil basin 5.12

Razole formation 271

Reconcavo basin 264

Recurvoides 4.6, 5.23

Red Sea 227

Redlichia 39

Redondasaurus 55

Reedoconcha 106, 147

reefs, peri-reefal sub-environments,

reservoirs 98, 129–35, Box 3.2 (132–5),

165–6, 280, 282–3, Box 5.2 (216–18),

Box 5.3 (218–20), 3.10–3.11

nummulite banks and, Box 5.2

rudists reefs and, Box 5.3


Box 3.2

Reindardites 2.4

Reindeer formation 4.6

Remigolepis 53

Remopleurides 112

Reophax 126, 3.3, 5.23

reptiles and birds 55, 57, 118–19, 2.1,

2.27, 3.1

reservoir characterisation, exploitation 62,

63, 66, 278–89, 1.1

geological, geophysical and integrated

techniques, 279

production technologies, 279

reservoir-rocks 216–20, Box 5.2 (216–8),

Box 5.3 (218–20), Box 5.5 (222–4), 1.1,

5.2–5.4, 5.8, 5.15.–5.16, 5.20,

5.27–5.34, 5.38

nummulite banks and, Box 5.2

rudists reefs and, Box 5.3


controls on Box 5.5

Reticuloceras 2.13

Reticulofenestra 88, 2.4

Reticulophragmium 2.33

Rhabdammina 5.23

Rhabdopleura 50, 116

Rhabdosphaera 2.4

Rhaeboceras 109

Rhagodiscus 2.4

Rhaxella 5.21

Rheic Ocean 112, 147, 3.15–3.17

Rhizocorallium 3.6

Rhodococcus 314, 315

Rhynie Chert 43

Richards formation 4.6

Riftia 141

Rio Bonito formation 302

Ristola 99

Riyadhella 5.9

Rizu formation 231

Robulus 5.47

Rocella 2.3

Rogaland group 5.22

Roman archaeology 316, 325, 10.1

Romania 93

Rosalina 129, 326

Ross field 5.24

Rossiella 2.3

Rotalia 280, 286

Rotaliella 326

Rotalipora 174, 308, 2.6

Rotelapillus 2.4

rudists, reefs, reservoirs 129, 132, Box 5.3

(218–20), 280, 5.2–5.4

Rudwick, Martin 105

Rutherfordoides 143

Rutiodon 55

Ruvuma basin 114

Rzehakina minima 2.33

Index 403






Sabiriyah field 220

Saccammina 3.3, 4.6, 5.23

Saccocoma 115

Saccodendron 3.3

Sagantole formation 192, 194

Sahelanthropus 191

Saint Mary’s Traps 268

Saiwan formation 107

Sajaa field 5, 290

Sakesar formation 269

Samana Suk formation 271

Samburupithecus 189

sample acquisition, density/spacing,

resolution 1, 3–6, 1.1–1.2

sample analysis 7, 1.1

sample processing 6, 1.1

San Antonio formation 257

San Juan basin 180

San Juan formation 257

Sanderella 5.9

Sangiran formation 198

Sardinia 119, 206

Sargelu basin 5.11

Sarvak formation 231

Satpura basin 269

Sattapadi formation 269

Saudi Arabia (see also Middle East) 220,

280–3, 290, 5.9, 5.43, 5.45

Scandinavia 21, 142

Schackoina 2.6

Sciurus 10.2

Schizosphaerella 93, 2.4

Schulzospora 305

Scolicia 140

Scotese, Chris 144

Scolytus 338

Scotland group 261

Scoyenia 120

Securithyris 105

seals: see cap-rocks.

seasons of occupation of archaeological

sites 323

seismic data and interpretation, seismic

facies analysis 60, 63, 103, 154,

179, 200, 205, 222, 224, 225, 227,

257, 279, 280, 283, 284, 286,

289, 309

seismic hazard assessment 308, 311

Sele formation 180

Selenopeltis 112

Sembar formation 269

Senegal 22, 28

Sele formation, sequence 179, 2.32, 5.20,

5.22

Selenoportax 273

sequence 200

sequence boundary (SB) 200, 4.1, 4.3, 4.7

sequence stratigraphy 60, 62, 121, 200–12,

Box 4.1 (206–12), 234, 249, 262, 266–7,

278, 286, 289, 302, 305, 4.1–4.7, 5.8,

5.24–5.25, 5.47

integration of palaeontological data, 205

Sergipe–Alagoas basin 13, 22, 154

Seriocrinus 115

Serrania del Interior 257, 260

Severn barrage 312

Seychelles 267

shale gas 294

shallow marine environments 126–7,

129–35

Shangsiella 113

Shansiodon 55

Shaybah field 220, 280

SHE (diversity analysis) 153

Sherwood Sandstone 67

Shetland group 5.20

Shilaif basin 230, 5.13

Shinawari formation 271

Shiyali formation 271

Shu’aiba formation, reservoir 66, 133, 220,

231, 232, 234, 280, 282, 283, 290, 5.43

Shumardia 111, 112, 2.20

Siberia, Siberian province 55, 112, 113, 146,

3.14–3.18

Siberian Traps 171

Sigaloceras 2.15

Sigmoilina 5.47

Sigmoilopsis 2.33

silicoflagellates 11, 93, 2.1–2.2, 3.1

Silicosigmoilina 286, 5.37

Silurian 2.36, 3.16, 5.10

Simeonella 113

Sinogaleaspis 53

Sinornis 55

Siphonina 129, 326

Siphonodella 79

site investigation 293, 308–11

Sivapithecus 187

Siwalik group, series 187, 268, 273, 276

Skara Brae, Orkney 339

Skolithos 120, 121, 286, 3.6

Slindon formation 333, 334

‘small shelly fossils’ (SSFs) 28, 102, 2.1, 3.1

Smith, William ix, 62, 2.30

Snorre field 283

Solemya 141

Solenopora 131

Solent formation 327

Solnhofen Limestone 45

Somalia 133

Somerset basin 302

Sorex 334, 10.2

Sorites 126, 127, 3.10

Sorosphaera 5.23

source-rocks: see petroleum source-rocks

South Africa 10, 55, 57, 114, 117, 118, 147,

170, 171, 208, 209, 210, 211, 300,

305, 2.27

South America (see also northern South

America and Caribean) 19, 27, 40,

50, 53, 113, 117, 118, 119, 147, 149,

306, 3.22

South American Land Mammal Ages

(SALMAs) 57

South Atlantic, South Atlantic salt basins

13, 21, 22, 27, 36, 43, 45, 53, 66, 92, 93,

94, 99, 113, 115, 118, 119, 122, 129,

130, 132, 140, 147, 149, 154, 206, 208,

214, 221, 222, 225, 263–7, 302, 306,

313, 3.22

South China Sea 105, 141

South Wales basin, coalfield 294, 302

southeast Asia: see Far East

Southern Ocean 138

Spain, Spanish Pyrenees 10, 102, 121, 130,

138, 139, 210, 211, 220, 295, 311

Speetonia 2.4

Spermodea 107, 333

Sphaeroidina 135

Sphaeroidinellopsis 5.47

Sphagnum 101, 339

Sphenobaiera 114, 307

Sphenolithus 2.4, 5.42

Spirogyra 188

Spiroplectammina 2.33, 5.21

Spiroraphe 3.6

Spirosigmoilina 135

Spirosigmoilinella 2.33, 4.6

Spitsbergen 129

Spongaster 2.7

Sponges 28–9, 102, 2.1, 3.1

Spongodinium 5.22

Spongodiscus 5.21

spores and pollen (see also plants) 26–7,

100–1, 341, 5.22, 5.47

sporomorph eco-groups (SEGs) 155, 208,

210, 211, 249

Spriggina 231

Sri Lanka: see Indian subcontinent

Stacheoides 132

Stainforthia 326

Star Carr, Yorkshire 336

Statfjord field 283

Statfjord formation 5.20

Static data 1.1

Stegodon 198

Steinekella 5.9

Steno, Stensen ix

Stensioeina 98, 3.8

Stephanoceras 109, 2.15

Stephanolithion 2.4

404 Index






Stephanomys 188

Stephanorhinus 333, 334

Stephanopyxis 2.3

Sternotaxis 2.23

Stichocapsa 99

Stichocorys 99, 2.7

Stilostomella 135

Stonehenge 316

Stormberg group 306, 307

Strait of Juan de Fuca 311

Strait of Panama 118, 257, 261

stratigraphic time-scales 68–89

Streblospio 141

Streptognathus 81

Streptomyces 315

Stricklandia 105

stromatoporoids 29, 103, 2.1, 3.1

Stronsay formation 180

strontium isotope stratigraphy 66–7

Stylophora 133, 135

Styrian basin 185

submarine fans, reservoirs,

sub-environments 96, 137, Box 3.4

(138–41), 286–9, 291, 3.13, 5.39,

5.48–5.51


Box 3.4

Subreophax 5.23

Succinea 333, 10.4

Sudan 27

Sulaiman ranges 271, 276, 5.42

Sulaiy basin 5.12

Surma basin 269, 271

Surma group 271

Surmeh formation 234

Sus 335, 10.2

Svalbard 301

Swanscombe, Kent 107

Swaziland 10

Switzerland 35, 135

Sydney coal-field 301

Sylhet formation 271

Symphillia 135

Synchysidendron 305

Synedra 2.3

systems tracts 200–1, Box 4.1 (206–12),

4.1–4.3, 4.5–4.7


Box 4.1

Tabernas basin 139

Talchir boulder bed, formation 267, 272

Talpa 10.2

Tamabra formation 220

Tanzania 101, 113, 114, 120

Taphrhelminthopsis 3.6

Tapinocephalus 55, 2.27

Tappania 271

Taranaki basin 63, 302

Tarapur formation 271

Tarim basin 63

Tatera 193

Tatrot formation 273

Taxodiaceaepollenites 179

taxonomic habitat index 334

Tay formation 5.20

Technitella 5.23

Teichichnus 121, 3.6

Temblador trend 260

tentaculitids 37, 39, 111, 2.1, 3.1

Terebratula 32

Teredo 3.5

Teredolites 120, 121, 206, 3.6

Terminalioxylon 276

terrestrial environments 3.1

testate Amoebae 21, 96

Tethys, Tethyan realm 66, 92, 93, 98, 99,

100, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113,

115, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 181, 219,

230, 266, 3.19–3.21

Tetracynodon 170

Tetragraptus 116

TEX86 151

Textularia 126, 127, 313

Thalassia 126

Thalassinoides 111, 140, 286, 3.6

Thalassionema 323, 2.3

Thalassiosira 265, 2.3

Thalassiothrix 2.3

Thamama group 133, 232

Thames barrier 308–9, 8.2

Theocorythium 2.7

thermal alteration indices, thermal

alteration or maturity assessment,

215–16, 5.1

Thermoactinomyces 315

Thistle field 283, 5.46

Thulean land bridge 150, 179–80

Thurammina 5.23

Thuringia 113

Thyasira 140

Thymospora 305

Ticinella 2.6

Tiliaepollenites 5.22

Timan Pechora basin 29, 129, 131, 168

Tinajitas formation 257

Tindir group 12

Tipam group 271

Tirupati formation 271

tissue preservation index (TPI) 294,

299, 300

Titanites 2.16

Titanotheca 21

Tolypammina 5.23

Tomistoma 185

Top-down Representation of Interactive

Flora and Foliage Including Dynamics

(TRIFFID) 151

Tor formation 290, 5.20

Torbay formation 329

Torispora 305

Tornquist Sea 3.15

trace element stratigraphy 67

trace fossils 57, 59, 120–2

Tragelaphus 189

Tragoportax 190

Tranolithus 2.4

Trans-Gondwanan Seaway 122

Trans-Saharan Seaway 110, 113, 115,

148, 150

transfer functions 153

Transgressive Surface (TS) 201, 4.1

Traumatocrinus 115

Treptichnus 59

Tretaspis 111

Triassic 2.40, 3.20

Tribrachiatus 2.4

Triceratium 2.3

Trichohyalus 326

Tricolocapsa 5.21

Trifarina 143, 313, 326

Trilobites 39–40, 111–12, 2.1,

2.19–2.20, 3.1

Triloculina 326

Trimerus 111

Trinacria 2.3

Trinidad (see also northern South America

and Caribbean) 106, 108, 122, 136,

285, 293, 312, 313, 5.35–5.36

Triquetrorhabdulus 88, 2.4

Triquitrites 302

Triscutum 94

Triticum 338, 339

Tritaxia 210

Trochammina 126, 129, 209, 286, 2.33, 3.3,

4.6, 5.23, 5.37

Trochamminita 126

Trocholina 5.9, 5.21

Trogontherium 10.2

Tropidostoma 55, 2.27

Trubi formation.

Trudopollis 5.22

Truncorotaloides 2.6, 5.42

Truncatoscaphus 2.4

Trypanites 121, 206, 3.6

Tsuga 341

Tuban formation 66

Tulites 2.15

Tunisia 109, 210, 211, 216, 217

Tura formation 270, 271

Turbinaria 135

Index 405






Turbodiscus 2.4

Turgai Strait 93, 99, 110, 148, 150, 183

Turkana Grit 120, 178

Turkey (see also Middle East) 68, 293,

309, 311

Turrilina 4.6

Turritellella 5.23

Tuwaiq Mountain formation 232

Tyrolean Alps 339–40

Uintacrinus 49, 115, 2.23

Umbria–Marche basin 94

unconventional petroleum geology 294

Ungdarella 130, 132

Unio 106

United Arab Emirates (see also Middle East)

5, 66, 133, 220, 290, 5.43, 5.45

United Kingdom, United Kingdom sector,

North Sea: see British Isles and

North Sea

United States of America 21, 22, 32–4, 39,

42, 45, 50, 92, 96, 99, 101, 105, 106,

108, 109, 113–15, 117, 118, 121, 126,

130–2, 138, 139, 143, 147, 180, 205,

300, 302, 313–15

uplift, uplift rate 124

Uptonia 2.14

upwelling 223

Ursus 333, 334, 335, 10.2–10.3

Urswick Limestone formation 132

Uruguay 21

Urumaco formation 118

Usbekistania 5.23

Uvigerina 129, 143, 3.12, 5.37

Vadaparru formation 269, 270, 271

Vail, Pete 200, 201

Valhall field 290

Vallonia 107, 333

Valvata 10.4

Vautrinella 22

Vekshinella 2.4

vegetation index (VI) 300

Velona basin 190

Venericardia 107

Venezuela (see also northern South America

and Caribbean) 5, 21, 106–8, 117–20,

283–6, 5.35–5.36, 5.38, 5.47

Verneuilina 211, 3.8, 4.6

Verneuilinoides 129, 4.6

Verneulinulla 5.23

Vesicomya 141

Vetispora 305

Vezere valley, Perigord, France ix

Vidono formation 257

Vietnam 142, 143

‘Virgulina’ 4.6

Vitrinite, vitrinite reflectance 5.1

Viviparus 107, 10.4

Vocontian basin 94, 109, 208,

210, 211

Vulpes 335, 10.2

Vychegda formation 18

Wabya formation 300

Wafra field 220

Wallingford Castle, Oxfordshire

316

Warburgella 111

Wasia formation, group 5.43

Water quality 313

Watznaueria 94

Waulsortian mounds, Waulsortian-like

mounds 130–2, 166

Weald basin, Wealden facies 55, 57, 106

Weisselster basin 184

well-site operations (and well delivery)

289–92, 293, 1.1

Welsh basin 121

Welwitschia 154

Wenlock Limestone 39

Wessex basin 55, 94, 106, 239, 241

West Africa (see also South Atlantic) 13,

22, 28, 36, 113, 119, 122, 147, 149,

206, 222

West Africa–South Atlantic (WASA)

province 100, 149, 266

West Melbury Marly Chalk formation 316

West of Shetland basin 22, 67, 179

West Sussex Coast formation/group 327,

329, 333

Westbury Cave, Somerset 332–3

Western Interior Seaway 33, 34, 36, 92, 109,

110, 116, 121, 126

Western Irish Sea formation 330

White Horse of Uffington 320

White Sea 102, 145

Whitehill formation 118

Whiteinella 174, 308, 2.6

Wienerwaldflysch 140, 3.13

Williston basin 302

Witwatersrand supergroup 10

Wonocolo formation 66

Woolwich & Reading formation

180

work-flow 1, 1.1

Wynniatt formation 10

Wytch Farm field 67, 293, 312

Xenusion 28

Xystridura 39

Yibal field 280, 5.45

Yixian formation 55

Yoredale series 113

Yunnanolepis 53

Zagros mountains 67, 231

Zaluch formation 269

Zannicellia 340

Zeugrhabdotus 2.4

Zonocostites 129

Zoophycos 120, 121, 3.6

406 Index




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