application of new technologies for power transmission systems · application of new technologies...

Application of New Technologies for Power Transmission SystemsPower Transmission and Distribution

IEEE SFO PES CHAPTER7th June 2006, SFO CA

Mark Reynolds P.E.Ph: (503) 638-0134

Cell: (503) 887-0925

May 06 Power Transmission and DistributionPTD HVS

Our Vision


At a glance – FY 2005


Pressures on Transmission Development


Generation Development Economic Pressures


230kV

Crockett

Contra Costa PP

500kV

230kV

500kV

230kV

Tesla

San Jose

Newark

Concord

Pittsburg PPPotrero

Hunters Pt.

M etcalf

The Geysers

Oakland

Vaca - Dixon

M oss Landing

PP

Ravenswood

To Sobrante

ToM oraga

ToHetch

Hetchy

To M organHill Junction

Green Valley

500kV

San M ateo

M artin


PTD-DivisionHigh Voltage Systems


Transmission Lines Technology


ADVANCES IN POWER ELECTRONICS


Superconductivity Applications


Summary - The Spectrum of System Dynamics

Very fast transients

Transients &System interactions

Subsynchronousresonances

Poweroscillations

Switching voltage (disconnector etc.)Lightning overvoltages

Power converterFerro-resonanceTransformator switchingGrid resonances

Power Station - Line - Load

Oscillation of turbine generator multi-mass systems: above approx. 300 MW(at thermic und nuclear power plants,i. e. only at „long shaft systems“)

Rotor oscillations of generators

40 MHz

10 MHz

5 kHz1 kHz

100 Hz

10 Hz

5 Hz

50 HzfNPower generationand transmission

10 kHz

CLC

&

Prot

ectio

n

0 Hz


Development of Power Electronic Componentsfor Adjustable Speed Drives

100

10

1

0.1

0.01100

1000

10 000

10100 10 0001000

Trend

Blo

ckin

gV

olta

ge(V

)

Switchin

g frequ

ency

in co

nvert

ers(kH

z)

Power-MOS

10 kW

LV-IGBT

1 MW

HV-IGBT

4 MW

GTOIGCT

7 MW

15 MW

40 MW

Trend

Turn-off current (A)

typica

l

Power rating

Thyristor

Semiconductor Trends will be driven primarily by TractionConverters due to large number of Applications and Devices


FACTS Controllers TodayImpact on System Network Performance

Oscillation Damping(Meshed System)

OscillationDamping(Transmission System)

Transient Stability(Bulk Power System)

Load Flow Control(Meshed System)

Voltage Quality

HVDCUPFCPSTTCSC

CSC

SVC/GSTATCOMFSC

low or no influencesmall influencemedium influencestrong influence

FSC Fixed Series CompensationSVC/SVG Static Var Compensator / GeneratorTCSC Thyristor Controlled Series CompensationPST Phase Shifting TransformerUPFC Unified Power Flow ControllerSTATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator


System Transients - The Spectrum

Computer Simulation On-Site Measurements

Real-Time Simulation

SubsynchronousResonances

PowerOscillations

10 Hz

`60 Hz 60 Hz UnbalancesPower Oscillations

SubsynchronousResonances

1 kHz

5 kHz

10 kHzPower

Electronics

Controland

Protection

40 kHz

10 MHz

40 MHz

Harmonics

Fast Transients(VF Transients)

0 Hz 0 Hz

Grid

50 Hz

Machine GridFrequency Transformation


Power-Flow Control

P P Voltage Control

Parallel Compensation

Tasks of Reactive Power Compensation

Section of a Transmission Line

C >C >VV

VV

Series

Compensation

C >C >

L L >>~ 1/X1/X

L L >>


FACTS Applications in Power SystemsRadial SystemRadial System -- Improvement of Power Quality:Improvement of Power Quality:

~ SVC• Voltage Control• Power Oscillation Damping

TCSC• Load Flow Control• Power Oscillation Damping• SSR Mitigation

~ ~

~

FSC / TPSC• Increase of Transmission

Capacity

~~ ~GPFC• Load Flow Control• Power Oscillation

Damping

Meshed SystemMeshed System -- Power Flow Control:Power Flow Control:

Option:Option:

Option for Combinations


TPSC (Thyristor Protected Series Capacitor)

1 series capacitor

2 thyristor valveas fast bypass - device

3 current limiting reactor

4 MOV

5 bypass circuit breaker

6 bypass damping reactor

7 platform disconnectswith grounding switch

8 bypass disconnectPLATFORM

87 7

1

4

32

6

5


Advanced Power Transmission SolutionsLight Triggered Thyristor Valves


Shunt Compensation by SVCTechnical Main Features

Direct Light Triggered Thyristor:- Reduced Valve Components- No auxiliary Energy or logic Circuits at High Potential

- Better di/dt Capability- Integrating the break-over Protection against Overvoltage

2 Years or more period forMaintenance requiring shut-off

System Reliability 99% or betterdue to redundant Componentsand proven Technology.Standard SVC Valve Module

Use of Siemens Standard Industrial Controller Hardware Simatic TDC for Valve Control and Protection Function ensures long-term Availability of Spare Part Supply


FACTS - Application of Series Compensation

Increase of Transmission Capacity

TCSC/TPSCTCSC/TPSC FSCFSCα

~ ~

Damping of Power OscillationsLoadflow ControlMitigation of SSR

Fixed Series Compensation:

Controlled Series Compensation:


TPSC - Thyristor Protected Series Compensation

Vincent/USA


Benefits of TPSC: High Availability after Fault Clearing -Standard FSC with Arresters needs up to 8 h to cool down

auto-reclosure

212°C

50°C

TPSCvalvetemp.

60 s after the 1st fault thevalve temperature rise is 2.2 K

thyr. valvebypass CB

linebreaker

5 cycles fault clearing time


Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)Kayenta Substation, USA


TCSC - The Impedance Curve

Impedance = Capacitor Voltage / Line CurrentImpedance = Capacitor Voltage / Line Current

„High Impedance Sensitivity“ Area

impedance as function of firing angle

-13,27

0

13,27

26,54

39,81

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

alfa

impe

danc

e / O

hm

Xtcsc

„Low Impedance Sensitivity“ Area

Active Damping by means of α ?


TPSC versus TCSC - Benefits for active Dampingimpedance as function of firing angle

0

1

2

3

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

alfa

impe

danc

e / O

hm

L = 2.1 mH (TPSC)L = 12 mH (TCSC)

TPSC: “Increased Sensitivity”

TCSC: “Low Sensitivity”


Poste Montagnais 476Mvar FSC @ 735kV, Canada


Sera de Mesa 107Mvar TCSC @ 500kV, Brazil


Vincent 401Mvar TPSC @ 500kV, USA


Var TechnologyShunt compensation

MSC / MSR

~

52 < kV < 100050 < Mvar < 500

Mechanical SwitchedCapacitors / Reactors

Reactors

Switchgear

Capacitors

SVC

~

52 < kV < 100050 < Mvar < 800

Static VarCompensator

Reactors

Thyristor Valve(s)

Control & Protection

Transformer

Capacitors

STATCOM

52 < kV < 100050 < Mvar < 800

StaticCompensator

GTO/IGBT Valves

Control & Protection

Transformer

DC Capacitors

~


Static Var Compensator (SVC)Typical SVC Configuration

LV bus bar

Fixed filter circuit

Thyristor controlledreactor

Thyristor switchedcapacitor

Control

Step-down transformer

HV

LV


Static Var Compensator (SVC)Common Configurations

TCR, FC TSR, TSCTCR, TSC, FC


Shunt Compensation by SVCFunil SVC, Brazil, Container Building - 3-D-View

Advantages:- Reduced Installation Time- Relocatable- Pre-Tested in Factory,

Reduced Commissioning


Shunt CompensationStatcom versus SVC - Basic differences - Summary

Issue Statcom SVC V/I characteristic good undervoltage performance

Current source good overvoltage performance Impedance

Control range Symmetrical otherwise Hybrid solutions

freely adjustable to any range by TCR/TSR /TSC branches

Modularity Same converter usable for various applications (STATCOM, UPFC, CSC, B2B etc) Redundancy no degraded mode

TCR/TSR/TSC branches used in SVC and TCSC/TPSC Redundancy Degraded mode operation

Response time 1 to 2 cycle 2 to 3 cycle Transient behaviour Self protecting at critical system

faults Available before, during and after critical system conditions

Space requirements 40 to 50 % 100 % Availabilty 96 to 98 % > 99 % Investment costs 120 to 150 % 100 %


Var TechnologyStatcom versus SVC - V / I characteristic

Vprim(pu)

1.5

1.8

1.0

0.5

0 0.5 1.0 1.51.5 1.0 0.5

Uref= 1.035 puslope =3%

12 cyclesSVC

Designpointind

Designpointcap

2 cyclesSVC

Operating area STATCOMcontinous andtransient

Operating characteristic SVCcontinous andtransient

cap ind

cont operationSVC

VBase = 115 kV = 1.0 puIBase = 150 MVar =1.0 pu

transientoperation

SVCtransientoperation

SVC

Iprim(pu)


Var TechnologyStatcom versus SVC - Operating losses (Thy / GTO)


Shunt CompensationStatcom versus SVC - Conclusion

Advantages SVC:More reliable (typically >99%)due to less complicatedConverter technology and built-in redundancy

Free design for inductive andcapacitive control range

Reduced losses because ofline-commutated Converter

Overload capability

Advantages Statcom:Faster response (1 cycle) dueto voltage-sourced Convertertechnology

Reduced footprintPossibility to build UPFCVAR output linear withnetwork voltage

Conclusion:For 90 to 95% of Shunt Compensation in high-voltage transmission system speed of conventional SVC is acceptable and footprint size not critical. Because of lower investment and operation cost, SVC will remain the preferred and dominant technical solution.


Converter Technology TrendsStatcom / UPFC - mid term Future (10 years)

Semiconductors used in high-end medium voltage drive converters offer excellent basis (mass market)

Taking into account overall cost, performance and availability (no. of different manufacturer): IGCT most promising semiconductor device

Competing Converter Topologies:

1.) 3-level Converters using series connection of devicesand optimised pulse patterns

vs. 2.) Cascaded (“chain-link”) Converters with simplified

magnetics but UPFC function or Statcom back-to-backdifficult to accomplish

vs.3.) 3-level Converters using parallel connection of Converter

Modules


Siemens – Beta Experience


Adelanto 0/+388Mvar SVC, USA


SCCLSCCL

ApplicationsApplications

ConclusionsConclusions

SCCL from Siemens - The Solution of the 21st Century


SCCL - The New Solution

Bus 1

ACAC

Bus 2

SCC LimitationSCC Limitation

SCCLSCCL

ImpedanceX

Low Impedance for Best Load Flow

Fast Increase of Coupling Impedance

t


SCCL versus Conventional Reactor

Only Current Limiting Reactor ?Only Current Limiting Reactor ?Voltage Drop - needs Compensation

SCCL SCCL -- The better Alternative:The better Alternative:No Risk of Voltage CollapseReactive Power remains balanced

No Impact on Grid Load Flow

Increase of First Swing Stability

Dynamic Add-Ons for SSR & Power Oscillation Damping

Mechanically or ThyristorSwitched CapacitorBus 1

ACAC

Bus 2

Bus 1 Bus 2

AC AC


SCCL - Examples of Applications

Bus 1 Bus 2

System designed for 3 Infeeds

115 kV 3 ~

Existing

3 ~

3 ~

Existing



Bus 1 Bus 2


115 kV 3 ~

Existing

3 ~

3 ~

Expansion

3 ~

Existing



Bus 1 Bus 2


Excess of allowed SCC LevelsExcess of allowed SCC Levels

115 kV

3 ~

Expansion

3 ~

Existing

3 ~

Existing

3 ~



SCCLSCCL

Bus 1 Bus 2

SCC LimitationSCC Limitation

System now designed for 4 Infeeds

115 kV

Enables Connection of Enables Connection of additional Generation additional Generation on the 115 kV Systemon the 115 kV System

3 ~

Existing

3 ~

Existing

3 ~

3 ~

Expansion


SCCL - Designed for maximal Availability

Not with Siemens Technology:Not with Siemens Technology:High PowerHigh Power LTT ThyristorLTT Thyristor -- 110 kA peak,110 kA peak, self coolingself coolingProtection withProtection with SIMATICSIMATIC--TDCTDC -- aa standard standard in HVDC, FACTS and in HVDC, FACTS and

DrivesDrivesMeasurements Measurements -- redundantredundant (optically powered)(optically powered)no auxiliary power suppliesno auxiliary power supplies on the platform neededon the platform needed

transducerstransducers

SCCL: designed for harsh Environment & Multiple Fault Contingencies

The Operation Principle:The Operation Principle:Fail safeFail safe -- thyristor will be shorted in case of malfunctionthyristor will be shorted in case of malfunctionBackup byBackup by waferwafer--integrated overintegrated over--voltage protectionvoltage protectionFast switch onFast switch on -- instead of delayed switch offinstead of delayed switch offRedundantRedundant number ofnumber of thyristorsthyristorsMinimal steady state lossesMinimal steady state losses (reactor)(reactor)Minimal MaintenanceMinimal Maintenance -- 10 h10 h per year (0.1 % ) per year (0.1 % )

GIL - Gas-InsulatedTransmission Line


2 systems 420/550 kVTunnel diameter 3 m

Arrangement in a Tunnel


Installed length: 30 km; up to now all in service without any failure

References Worldwide 1974 - 1998


54

3,5 m

2,8

1 600 MVA Transformer Rated Voltage 420 kV2 Encapsulated Surge Arrestors Rated Impulse3 Transfer Switching units Withstand Voltage 1640 kV4 GIL Connection Rated Current 2000/2500 A5 Open Air Surge Arrestor Rated Short-Time Current 53 kA6 Overheadline

Example of a GIL Connection: Wehr, GermanyCommissioning: 1975, Tube length 4 km


Rated Voltage 550 kVRated Impulse Withstand Voltage 1550 kVRated Current 4000 / 6300 / 8000 ARated Short-Time Current 100 kA

Example of a GIL Connection: Bowmanville, CanadaCommissioning: 1985-87 Tube length 2.5 km


Rated voltage 420 / 550 kVImpulse withstand voltage 1425 / 1600 kVRated current 3150 / 4000 ARated short-time current 63 kA / 3 sRated transmission load 2000 / 3800 MVAOverload capability (typical) 200 %Insulation gas N2/SF6 mixture at 7 bar

Designed and tested according to IEC 61640 „HV gas-insulated transmission lines for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above”

Technical Data of the Standard Design


< 120 m

5b 5a 3 4 1 2 4 5b

1 enclosure2 inner conductor3 conical insulator4 support insulator5a male sliding contact5b female sliding contact

Straight Unit

for straight sections up to 120 m lengthbending radius up to 400 m possible


£ 120 m

5 52143a

3b 3a

1 enclosure2 inner conductor3a male sliding contact3b female sliding contact4 conical insulator5 support insulator

Angle Unit

for directional changesflexible angle from 4° to 90°


1 enclosure2 inner conductor3a male sliding contact3b female sliding contact4 conical insulator5 support insulator

< 120 m

3b 5 3b43b 3a2413a

Disconnector Unit

separation of gas compartmentsconnection point for sectional commissioning of the GILlocation of the decentralised monitoring units


1 enclosure2 inner conductor3a male sliding contact3b female sliding contact4 conical insulator5 flexible connector6 compensator bellow

3b 3a1 2 456

Compensation Unit

Compensation of the thermal expansion of the enclosureFlexible connectors are leading the current


Directly Buried GILLaying Process


Angle unit

6,5 m

6,8

m

1,5

m

2,5

m

O.K.0,0

L1

L2

L1 distance between fixpoints 100 - 150 mL2 distance between shafts 1000 - 1500 m

Shaft with disconnection and compensator unit

Directly Buried GILSystem Components


Singlelinedrawing

1 GIL construction unit, straight2 GIL construction unit, bend R > 400 m3 Axial compensator4 Disconnecting housing with gastight insulators and

surveillance system5 Support with fixed point6 Support with sliding bearing7 Angle unit

Tunnel Top View with Direction Changes


Single line drawing

1 Delivery and supply of prefabricated elements

2 Mounting and welding3 Threading of the GIL in the

tunnel4 High voltage test

Laying and Commissioning in the Tunnel


Cost structure GIL Madrid, Spain

3,2

41,4

6,5

2,55,2

7,4

19

12,7

2,2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Insulat

orsOrd

er Pro

cess

ing B

erlin

Pipes, c

omponents

Logistic

s, tra

nsport

Engine

ering,

PM

Gas, s

teel, s

urge a

rreste

rsCon

struc

tion s

ite (te

ch.)

Civil w

orks

Installa

tion p

erso

nnel

%


DC lineSystem 1 System 2

ACACACAC

Long Distance

Back-to-Back

System 1

System 2

AACC

AACC

DC cable

ACAC ACACSystem 2System 1

Sea Cable

HVDC Applications


Bipolar

Transmission LineTerminal

ATerminal

B

Pole 1

Pole 2

Monopolar

Transmission LineTerminal

ATerminal

B

HVDC Long Distance Transmission Systems


Bipolar System: Operating Modes

Monopolar, metallic return

Bipolar Monopolar, ground return one DC line pole

Monopolar, ground return two DC line poles



Multi Terminal

Terminals in Parallel

Terminals in Series



Bipolar HVDC Terminal

6 DC Switchyard

1 AC Switchyard

2 AC Filters, Capacitor Bank

3 Converter Transformers

4 Thyristor Valves

5 Smoothing Reactorsand DC Filters

66

Pole 1

Pole 2

Controls, Protection, Monitoring To/ fromotherterminal

System 1 System 2

ACACACAC AC

11 22

ACfilter

33 44 55

DCfilter

DCfilter


HVDC Back-to-Back Station

1 AC Switchyard

2 AC Filters, Capacitor Bank

3 Converter Transformers

4 Thyristor Valves

5 Smoothing Reactors

System 2

ACACACAC

11 22 33 44 55

Controls, Protection, Monitoring

44 33 22 11

ACfilter

ACfilter

System 1


ValveBranch

ValveTower

Thyristors ValvesPrinciple Circuit of a 12-pulse Group


Mechanically tailored to replace a 133kV mercury arc valve

Thyristor Valves133kV Valve in Commercial Operation


Tian - Guang

HVDC Bipolar Long Distance Transmission

PN = 2 x 900 MW, VDC = ±500 kV

Converter Transformer: Tian - Guang


Decentralized Control and Protection System

OperatorControlLevel

Control &ProtectionLevel

Field/ProcessLevel

Valves

DA: Data Acquisition Unit

MeasuringValues

GPS

MasterClockSystem

HMI: Human Machine InterfaceSER: Sequence of Events Recording System

HMISER

DispatchCentre

RemoteControl

Interface

OppositeStationInter Station

Com-munication

Fiber OpticField Bus

AC Filter Switch

I/O Unit

Redundancyis not shown

DA

LAN100 MBit/s.

StationControlSystem

Control &System

Protection MeasuringSystem

TFR: Transient Fault Recording System

TFR


Basic HVDC Control Functions

AC System A AC System B

U2U1

Id

Reactive Power Control

ReactivePowerControl

ReactivePowerControl

RectifierControl

Id-Control

Converter

Id: DC CurrentConverter Control

InverterControl

Ud-Control

Converter

Ud: DC Voltage

ACF

ACFACF

ACF

ACF: AC FilterTap Changer Control

Tap ChangerControl

Tap ChangerControl


Hybrid-Optical DC Current Measuring

Shunt

Sensor HeadBox


Win-TDC/SIMATIC TDC - Modules

All Control and DC Protection systems use the high-performance control system SIMATIC TDC (Less Spare Parts!)Systems are used worldwide in various applicationsEstimated product life cycle of more than 25 yearsFlexible interface systems make Win-TDC also the solution for HVDC Control and Protection refurbishment projects


China National Technical Import &Export Corporation (CNTIC)GeshaGezhouba(Central China)Nan Qiao(40 km from Shanghai)1200 MW, bipolar± 500 kV DC, 525/230 kV, 50/50 HzLong-distance transmission, about 1000 km 5.5 kV5760

Customer:

Project name:Location:

Power rating:Voltage level:

Type of plant:

Thyristor voltage:Nos. of thyristors:

Gezhouba - Shanghai, China, 1989


TianshengqiaoGuangzhou Beijiao

Tian Guang, China, 2000


State Power South CompanyGuizhou -GuangdongGuizhou Province and Guangzhou near HongkongLong-distancetransmission3000 MW, bipolar980km± 500 kV DC, 525 kV 50Hz8 kV (LTT)3744

Customer:

Project name:

Location:

Type of Plant:

Power Rating:Transmission dist.:Voltage levels:

Thyristor voltage:Nos. of thyristors

Guizhou - Guangdong, China, 2004


China Southern Power Grid Co.Guizhou –Guangdong #2Guizhou Province & Guangzhou near Hong KongLong-DistanceTransmission3000 MW, bipolar980km±500kV DC, 525kV 50Hz

Customer:

Project name:

Location:

Type of Plant:

Power Rating:Transmission dist.:Voltage levels:

Guizhou – Guangdong #2 HVDC Project, China

Contact Signed in May 2005


World's first HVDC Submarine Cable Link with Direct Light Triggered Thyristor in Commercial Operation

Moyle, Northern Ireland, 2001


Neptune RTS, USA, 2007

Customer:End User:

Location:

Project Development:

Supplier:

Type of Plant:Power rating:Transmission dist.:

Neptune RTSLong Island Power Authority (LIPA)New Jersey: SayrevilleLong Island: Duffy Avenue

NTP-Date: 06/2005PAC: 07/2007ConsortiumSiemens / PirellíSea Cable600/660 MW Monopolar82 km DC Sea Cable23 km Land Cable


Trans Bay Cable Project, USA

Babcock & Brown

Trans Bay Cable

San Francisco Bay Area

Project Development, NTP late 05/ early 06Exclusivity AgreementB&B, Siemens, PirelliLong DistanceSea Cable400…600 MW monopolar

App. 55 miles

Customer:

Project name:

Location:

Project Status:

Project Team:

Type of Plant:

Power rating:

Transmission dist.:


Lamar, Colorado, USA, 2004


Back to Back – Conventional HVDC Transformers

130 ≤ kV ≤ 550300 ≤ MW < 1200130 ≤ kV ≤ 550

300 ≤ MW < 1200

B2B - Rating:

Filters Filters

System 1System 1 System 2System 2Power & Voltage ControlFault Current Blocking

Typically for asynchronous Systems

Typically for asynchronous Systems


Lamar Colorado-Xcel Energy - 210 MW BtB Station


BTB- an Option with 2 AC Transformers

BTB With Transformers on both Sides

AC System 1

ungrounded Y or Δ

Filters

Smoothing

Reactor

Filters

AC System 2Six-

Pulse Bridges

Smoothing

Reactor


BTB (AC Transformers)- Conclusion & Summary of Benefits

Conventional AC TransformersConventional AC Transformers are usedare usedHigher ReliabilityHigher Reliability (no DC Stress, no (no DC Stress, no TapchangerTapchanger))Shorter Delivery TimeShorter Delivery TimeReduced CostsReduced Costs

AC AC Filters Filters can be installed can be installed at the valve sideat the valve side of the transformerof the transformerReduced Transformer RatingReduced Transformer Rating

TripleTriple--tuned AC Filterstuned AC Filters reduce the Number of Switchgear and reduce the Number of Switchgear and Protection EquipmentProtection Equipment

Light triggered ThyristorsLight triggered Thyristors provide increased Reliability and provide increased Reliability and improved Performanceimproved PerformanceUsing a standard design & preUsing a standard design & pre--assembled Solutionassembled Solutionfor Valves, Controls and Protection reduces site work, for Valves, Controls and Protection reduces site work, Erection and Commissioning TimeErection and Commissioning Time

BTB (AC Transformers) - the new Solution


Intelligent Solutions for Power Transmission

with with HVDC & HVDC &

FACTS FACTS from from

SiemensSiemens

Thank You for your Attention!

application of new technologies for power transmission systems · application of new technologies...

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