appendix a: references appendix b: glossary and acronyms...

MTNF-HOU/ROL/CC BOILING SPRING PROJECT EA

Appendices

APPENDICES

Appendix A: References

Appendix B: Glossary and Acronyms

Appendix C: Economic Analysis Tables

Appendix D: Boiling Spring Project Map with Table D-1 (Treatment

Activity Table)

Appendix E: Summary of T&E Species Determinations


Appendices

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Appendices - References A-1

APPENDIX A

References



APPENDIX A: References

Reference

Number

S = Soils, F= Fire Management, W=Water Quality, HR=Heritage Resources,

WL=Wildlife, V=Vegetation, I=Invasive Plants, FI=Fisheries, RE=Recreation,

RA= Range Management, EJ=Environmental Justice, G=General, A=Air

Quality, E=Economics, CC=Climate Change, HE=Herbicide

Primary

Resource

B

B1 Boyle, Michael. 2002. Erosions contribution to greenhouse gases. Erosion

Control: Volume 9, Number 1, pp. 64 – 67.

S

B2 Brack Jr., Virgil. 2006. Autumn activity of Myotis sodalis (Indiana bat) in

Bland County, Virginia. Northeastern Naturalist. 13(3):421-434

WL

B3 Butchkoski, Calvin M. and Hassinger, Jerry D. 2002. Ecology of a Maternity

Colony Roosting in a building. The Indiana bat: Biology and Management of

an Endangered Species. Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX. Page 130-

142

WL

C

C1 Callahan, E.V. 1993. Indiana bat summer habitat requirements. M.S. Thesis,

University of Missouri. 74 pg.

WL

C2 Carter, T.C., W.M. Ford, and M.A. Menzel. 2002. Fire and bats in the

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Russell and C.E. Moorman, eds. Proceedings: The role of fire for non-game

wildlife management and community restoration: traditional uses and new

directions; 2000 September 15, Nashville, Tennessee. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-288.

Newton Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Northeastern Research Station: 139-143.

WL

C3 Carter, T.C., W.M. Ford, and M.A. Menzel. 2002. Lyon, L.J., M.H. Huff, E.S.

Telfer, D.S. Schreiner, and J.K. Smith. 2000. Lyon, L.J., R.G. Hooper, E.S.

Telfer, and D.S. Schreiner. 2000. Biological considerations for prescribed fires.

WL

C4 Carter, Timothy C., April 2003. Summer habitat use of roost trees by the

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WL

C5 Clawson, R.L. (Date unknown) Implementation of a recovery plan for the

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WL

C6 Clawson, R.L. Elliott, William R., Burns, Debra, 2006. A Bat Management

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WL

C7 Cordell, H. Ken; McDonald, Barbara L., Teasley, Jeff R; Bergstrom, John C;

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RE

C8 Cordell, H. Ken, Carter J. Betz, Brett J. Butler, and John C. Bergstrom. 2008.

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RE

http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/nrrt/nsre/IrisReports.html




Reference

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C9 Council on Environmental Quality, 1993: Incorporating Biodiversity

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G

C10 Cunningham, Robert J. Historical and Social Factors Affecting Pine

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V

D

D1 Dickinson, Matthew B.; Lacki, Michael J.; Cox, Daniel R. 2009

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Northern Research Station: 51-75. Pg. 61

WL

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I, HE

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I, HE

D6 Dow AgroSciences. 2013. MSDS and Labels for Remedy herbicide,

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I, HE

E

E1 Elliot, William J., David E. Hall, & Dayna L. Scheele. February 2000.

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S

F

F1 Fishel, Fred, Johnson, Bill. 2002. Integrated Pest Management – Noxious I

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http://www.dowagro.com/range/products/

http://www.cdms.net/manuf/mprod.asp?mp=11&lc=0&ms=3691&manuf=11

http://www.dowagro.com/range/

http://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/fswepp/docs/distweppdoc.html




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S

G2 Godsey, Kevin, 1988. “The Effects of Fire On An Oak-Hickory Forest In The

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G3 Gumbert, M.W., O’Keefe, J.M and MacGregor, J.R. 2002. Roost Fidelity in

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V

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Electronic links:

Indiana Bats and Prescribed Fire, Findings from a Recent Workshop

Posted on April 30, 2013 by zhoyle

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/compass/2013/04/30/indiana-bats-and-prescribed-fire/



http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/compass/author/zhoyle/



Appendices - Glossaries B-1

Appendix B

Glossary and Acronyms



Appendix B - Glossary of Terms Frequently Used

A

access The opportunity to approach, enter, and make use of public or private

land.

Activity Actions, measures, or treatments that are undertaken which directly or

indirectly produce, enhance, or maintain forest and rangeland outputs or

achieve administrative or environmental quality objectives, such as

recreation.

Adaptive Management A type of natural resource management in which decision making is an

on-going process. Monitoring results of actions will provide a flow of

information that may indicate the need to change a course of action.

Scientific findings and needs of society may also indicate the need to

adapt resource management.

Affected Environment The natural and physical environment and the relationship of people to

that environment that will or may be changed by actions proposed.

Alternative In Forest Planning, a mix of practices applied in specific amounts,

locations, and periods to achieve future forest conditions through the

application of management prescriptions.

Ambient Air The air of the surrounding outdoor environment. The air encompassing a

specific geographic area.

Aquatic Aquatic pertains to standing and running water in streams, rivers, lakes,

and reservoirs.

Aspect The compass direction that the slope of a land surface faces toward.

Attainment Area A geographic area in which levels of a criteria air pollutant meets the

health-based primary standard (national ambient air quality standard, or

NAAQS) for the pollutant. An area may have on acceptable level for

one criteria air pollutant, but may have unacceptable levels for others.

Thus, an area could be both attainment and non-attainment at the same

time. Attainment areas are defined using federal pollutant limits set by

EPA. There are six Criteria Pollutants; Lead (Pb), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2),

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2), Ozone (O3), Particulate Matter (PM-10 and PM-

2.5) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) which are regulated by EPA. A

seventh pollutant, Volatile Organic Carbons (VOC’s) is on the list but is

not regulated by EPA at this time.

B

Biodiversity The distribution and abundance of different plant and animal

communities and species within the area covered by a land and resource

management plan.

Biological Assessment

(ESA species)

A “biological evaluation” conducted for major Federal construction

projects requiring an environmental impact statement, in accordance

with legal requirements under section 7 of the Endangered Species Act

(16 U.S.C. 1536(c)). The purpose of the assessment and the resulting

document is to determine whether the proposed action is likely to affect

an endangered, threatened, or proposed species.




Biological Evaluation

(Forest Service

Sensitive Species)

A documented Forest Service review of Forest Service programs or

activities in sufficient detail to determine how an action or proposed

action may affect any threatened, proposed, or sensitive species.

Biological Opinion

(BO)

An official report by the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) issued in

response to a formal Forest Service request for consultation or

conference. It states whether an action is likely to result in jeopardy to a

species or adverse modification of its critical habitat.

Buffer Zone A zone of fixed width in which activities are modified to meet specific

objectives of an adjoining site.

C

Canopy The vegetative cover formed collectively by the crowns of adjacent trees

and other woody growth.

Capability The potential of an area of land to produce resources, supply goods and

services, and allow resource uses under an assumed set of management

practices and at a given level of management intensity.

Carbon Sequestration Carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems can be defined as the net

removal of CO2 from the atmosphere into long-lived pools of carbon.

The pools can be living, aboveground plants, products with a long, useful

life created from plants such as lumber, living biomass in soils such as

plant roots or micro-organisms or other carbon compounds in soils and

deeper environments. Increasing photosynthetic carbon fixation alone is

not enough. This carbon must be fixed into long-lived pools such as trees

or lumber. Otherwise, one may be simply altering the size of changes in

the carbon cycle, not increasing carbon sequestration. (Department of

Energy)

Cavity Trees (cavities) Trees exhibiting hollows large enough to provide shelter for wildlife

usage.

Class I Area A geographic area designated for the most stringent degree of protection

from future degradation of air quality. The Clean Air Act designates as

mandatory Class I areas each National Park over 6,000 acres and each

Wilderness over 5,000 acres in existence as of

Aug. 7, 1977. Subsequent additions of land to those Class I areas are

also considered Class I.

Class II Area A geographic area designated for a moderate degree of protection from

future degradation of air quality. Moderate increases in new pollution

may be permitted in Class II areas. All wildernesses designated after

August 7, 1977 or were less than 5,000 acres are automatically Class II

areas, as are all other National Forest System lands.

Compaction In soil, the process by which soil particles are rearranged to decrease

void space and bring them in closer contact with each other, thereby

reducing available water capacity, aeration, and porosity and increasing

bulk density.

Condition Class Based on coarse scale national data, Fire Condition Classes measure

general wildfire risk as follows:




Condition Class 1. For the most part, fire regimes in this Fire

Condition Class are within historical ranges. Vegetation composition

and structure are intact. Thus, the risk of losing key ecosystem

components from the occurrence of fire remains relatively low.

Condition Class 2. Fire regimes on these lands have been moderately

altered from their historical range by either increased or decreased

fire frequency. A moderate risk of losing key ecosystem components

has been identified on these lands.

Condition Class 3. Fire regimes on these lands have been

significantly altered from their historical return interval. The risk of

losing key ecosystem components from fire is high. Fire frequencies

have departed from historical ranges by multiple return intervals.

Vegetation composition, structure and diversity have been

significantly altered. Consequently, these lands verge on the greatest

risk of ecological collapse.

Coppice Regeneration An adaptation that promotes sprout survival by providing a new young

sprout a fully developed root system that can supply large amounts of

carbohydrates to encourage sprout growth, giving it an advantage over

non-desirable competition.

Cumulative Effect

(NEPA)

The impact on the environment which results from the incremental

impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably

foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (Federal or non-

Federal) or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative impacts

can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions

taking place over a period of time.

Cumulative Effect

(ESA)

Those effects of future State or private activities, not involving Federal

activities, that are reasonably certain to occur within the action area of

the Federal action subject to consultation. NOTE: This definition

applies only to section 7 analyses and should not be confused with the

broader use of this term in the National Environmental Policy Act or

other environmental laws. In addition the ESA cumulative effects spatial

boundary may be different then the NEPA cumulative effects spatial

boundary.

D

DBH Diameter breast height of a tree measured 4-1/2 feet above ground level.

Direct Effects Effects that are caused by the action and occur at the same time and

place.

Displacement In soils, often used interchangeably with erosion. Detachment and

movement of soil particles by water, wind, ice, or gravity and can be

natural, human caused or both.

Dolomite Sedimentary rock composed of calcium magnesium carbonate; soluble in

Missouri and associated with karst topography.

Duff The more or less firm organic layer on top of mineral soil, consisting of

fallen vegetative matter in the process of decomposition, including




everything from pure humus below to the litter on the surface.

E

Ecological

Classification System

(ECS)

A systematic procedure for delineating, naming, and describing units of

land with management significance and ecological integrity. It includes a

terrestrial and an aquatic subsystem.

Ecological Landtype

(ELT)

An area of land with a distinct combination of natural, physical,

chemical, and biological properties that cause it to respond in a

predictable and relatively uniform manner to the application of given

management practices. In a relatively undisturbed state and/or at a given

stage (sere) of plant succession, an ELT is usually occupied by a

predictable and relatively uniform plant community. Typical size

generally ranges from about ten to a few hundred acres.

Endangered Species

(E)

Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a

significant portion of its range and which has been designated as

endangered in the FEDERAL REGISTER under the Endangered Species

Act (ESA).

Environmental

Analysis

An analysis of alternative actions and their predictable short and long-

term environmental effects which include physical, biological, economic,

and social factors. The process associated with the preparation of an

environmental assessment or environmental impact statement,

environmental assessment (EA) A public document that serves to (1)

briefly provide sufficient analysis and evidence for determining whether

to prepare an environmental impact statement or a finding of no

significant impact and (2) aid in agency's compliance with the NEPA

when no environmental impact statement is necessary (40 CFR 1598.9a).

Environmental Effect Net change (good or bad) in the physical, biological, social, or economic

components of the environment resulting from human actions.

Environment Impact

Statement (EIS)

A statement of environmental effects required for major Federal actions

under Section 102 of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

(NEPA), and released to the public and other agencies for comment and

review. It is a formal document that must follow the requirements of

NEPA, the Council on Environmental Quality guidelines, and directives

of the agency.

Epicormic A shoot arising spontaneously from an adventitious or dormant bud on

the stem or on a branch of a woody plant.

Even-aged Silvicultural

System (EAM)

See silvicultural system, even-aged.

F

Fen A distinctive bog-like wetland in which ground water seepage and small

springs saturate soils or substrates and which is dominated by a wide

variety of sedges and herbs.

Floodplain Lowland and relatively flat areas adjoining inland and coastal water

including flood-prone areas of off-shore islands, including as a




minimum, that area subject to a one percent or greater chance of flooding

in any given year. The base floodplain shall be used to designate the

100-year floodplain (one percent chance floodplain). The critical action

floodplain is defined as the 500-year floodplain (0.2 percent chance

floodplain).

Forage Browse and herbage that are available for food for grazing animals or be

harvested for feeding. Forage production. The weight of forage that is

produced within a designated period of time on a given area (e.g. pounds

per acre).

Forbs Any herbaceous plant other than a grass.

Forest and Rangeland

Renewable Resources

Planning Act of 1974

(RPA)

An act of Congress requiring the preparation every five years of a

program for the management of the National Forests, renewable

resources and every 10 years an inventory of all National forest and

rangeland resources.

Forest A natural community in which 90 to 100 percent of the landscape is

covered in trees, and often contains multiple subcanopy layers, shrubs,

ferns, and ephemeral herbs. Forests are found in protected valleys,

ravines, bluff bases, lower north-facing slopes, and fire shadow areas.

Forest Plan A shortened name for Land and Resource Management Plan.

Forest Type A descriptive term used to group stands of similar character or

development and species composition by which they may be

differentiated from other groups of stands.

Fragipan Loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in porosity and content of organic

matter and low or moderate in clay but high in silt and fine sand. A

fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. When dry, it is very hard

and has as higher bulk density than the horizons above. When wet, it

tends to rupture suddenly under pressure rather than to deform slowly.

Fuels Wildland vegetative materials that can burn. While usually referring to

above ground living and dead wildland surface vegetation, roots and

organic soils such as peat are often included.

G

Game Species Any species of wildlife or fish for which seasons and bag limits have

been prescribed under state or federal laws, codes, and regulations.

Glade A predominantly rocky, shallow-soil barren area dominated by an

herbaceous layer of grasses, sedges, and herbs and with sparse woody

vegetation. Eastern red cedar often invades many glades as a result of

past or current overgrazing and fire suppression.

Grass A plant with long, narrow leaves having parallel veins and nondescript

flowers. Stems are hollow or pithy in cross-section.

H

Habitat The place where animals live. It can be water for beaver, fish, and

aquatic insects; caves for bats; or forested areas for many mammals,

birds, and reptiles.




Hardwood A broad-leaved flowering tree that drops its leaves annually, as

distinguished-from a conifer.

Heritage Resource The physical remains (artifacts, ruins, burial mounds, petroglyphs, etc.)

or conceptual context (as a setting for historic, or prehistoric events, etc.)

of an area that gives insight into the lives of earlier man.

I

Implementation Forest Plan implementation is the action necessary to ensure uniform

accomplishment of the Forest and Regional management direction. 36

CFR 219.10(e).

Indirect Effects Those effects that are caused by or will result from the proposed action

and later in time, but are still reasonably certain to occur.

Interdisciplinary Team

(IDT)

A group representing several disciplines used for regional and forest

planning to insure coordinated planning of the various resources.

Through interactions among its members, knowledge of the physical,

biological, economic and social sciences, and the environmental design

arts shall be integrated in the planning process.

Intermittent Stream A stream or portion of a stream, which in general, flows during wet

seasons and are dry during dry seasons. The groundwater table lies above

the bed of the stream during the wet season but drops below the

streambed during dry seasons. Hence, the flow is derived principally

from surface runoff, but during wet seasons receives a contribution from

groundwater.

Invasive Species An alien (or non-native) species whose introduction does, or is likely to

cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health

K

Karst Landform Terrain with distinctive characteristics of relief and drainage arising

primarily from a higher degree of rock solubility in natural waters than is

found elsewhere. This topography usually develops over dolomite,

limestone and gypsum bedrock. These areas typically exhibit losing

streams, caves, sinks, and underground drainages.

L

Land and Resource

Management Plan

(Forest Plan)

A plan of management for a National Forest developed in accord with

the principles set out in 36 CFR 219.1 and the planning process set out in

36 CFR 219.12 and which will provide for multiple use and sustained

yield of goods and services in a way that maximizes long-term net public

benefits in an environmentally sound manner.

Landtype Association

(LTA)

These are recurring areas of land approximately 5,000 to 100,000 acres,

fairly uniform in land surface form, subsurface geological materials,

patterns of soils, and potential natural vegetation. Each LTA exhibits a

unique pattern of ecological landtypes (ELTs). It is a subdivision of a

physiographic subsection.

Loess Material transported and deposited by wind and consisting of

predominantly silt sized particles.




M

Management Indicator

Species (MIS)

A species whose presence in a certain location or situation at a given

population indicates a particular environmental condition. Their

'population changes are believed to indicate effects of management

practices on a number of other species or water quality.

Management

Prescription (MP)

Management practices and intensities selected and scheduled for

application on a specific area to attain multiple use and other goals and

objectives. 36 CFR 219.3.

Monitoring and

Evaluation

The periodic evaluation, on a sample basis, of management practices to

determine how well Forest Plan objectives have been met and how

closely management standards have been applied.

Multiple Use The management of all the various natural resources of the National

Forest so that they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the

needs of the American people; making the most judicious use of the land

for some or all of these resources or related services over areas large

enough to provide sufficient latitude for periodic adjustments in use to

conform to changing needs and conditions; that some lands will be used

for less than all resources; and harmonious and coordinated management

of the various resources, each with the other, without impairment of the

productivity of the land, with consideration given to the relative values

of the various resources, and not necessarily the combination of the uses

that will give the greatest dollar return or the greatest unit output.

N

National Ambient Air

Quality Standards

(NAAQS)

Legal limits of atmospheric pollution established by the Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA), as the concentration limits needed to protect

all of the public against adverse effects on public health and welfare,

with an adequate safety margin. Primary standards are those related to

health effects; secondary standards are designed to protect the public

welfare from effects such as visibility reduction, soiling, material

damage and nuisances. There are six criteria pollutants; Lead (Pb),

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NO2), Ozone (O3), Particulate

Matter (PM-10 and PM-2.5) and Carbon Monoxide (CO). A seventh

pollutant, Volatile Organic Carbons (VOC’s) is on the list but is not

regulated by EPA at this time.

National

Environmental Policy

Act of 1969 (NEPA)

An act to declare a national policy which will encourage productive and

enjoyable harmony between man and his environment, to promote efforts

which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and

biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man, to enrich the

understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important

to the Nation, and to establish a Council on Environmental Quality.

National Forest

Management Act of

1976 (NFMA)

A law passed as an amendment to the Forest and Rangeland Renewable

Resources Planning Act and which requires the preparation of Regional

Guides and Forest Plans and the preparation of regulations to guide that




development.

National Forest System

land (NFS)

National Forests, National Grasslands, and other related lands for which

the Forest Service is assigned administrative responsibility.

National Forest System

Road

A road under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service and determined to be

needed for long-term motor vehicle access. (Also referred to as a system

road)

National Register of

Historic Places

A listing maintained by the U.S.D.I. National Park Service of areas

which have been designated as being of historical significance. The

Register includes places of local and state significance as well as those of

value to the Nation as a whole.

Native Species With respect to a particular ecosystem, a species that, other than as a

result of an introduction, historically occurred or currently occurs in that

ecosystem.

Natural Regeneration The re-establishment of a tree cover by natural seed fall, sprouting, or

suckering of vegetation on or adjacent to the area.

Non-attainment Area A geographic area in which the level of a criteria air pollutant is higher

than the level allowed by the federal standards. A single geographic area

may have acceptable levels of one criteria air pollutant but unacceptable

levels of one or more other criteria air pollutants; thus, an area can be

both attainment and non-attainment at the same time. It has been

estimated that 60% of Americans live in non-attainment areas. The six

Criteria Pollutants are; Lead (Pb), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen

Oxides (NO2), Ozone (O3), Particulate Matter (PM-10 and PM-2.5) and

Carbon Monoxide (CO). A seventh pollutant, Volatile Organic Carbons

(VOC’s) is on the list but is not regulated by EPA at this time.

Non-system Road A road on National Forest System lands that is not managed as part of

the Forest transportation system, such as unplanned roads, abandoned

travel ways, and off-road vehicle tracks that have not been designated

and managed as a trail, and those roads that were once under permit or

authorization and were not decommissioned upon the termination of the

authorization. (Also referred to as an unclassified road)

0

Off-road Vehicle

(ORV-OHV-ATV-

UTV)

Any motorized vehicle designed for or capable of cross-country travel on

or over land, water, sand, snow, ice, marsh, swampland, or other natural

terrain; except that such term excludes (a) any registered motorboat, (b)

any fire, military, emergency, or law enforcement vehicle when used for

emergency purposes, and any combat or combat support vehicle when

used for national defense purposes, and (c) any vehicle whose use is

expressly authorized by the respective agency head under a permit, lease,

license, or contract.

Open Land

Management

Application of management activities with the intent of maintaining or

converting grass and/or herbaceous vegetation regardless of the historic




natural vegetation occurring on the site. For example: using prescribed

fire or mechanical methods to prevent exotic species or honey locust

from invading a fescue pasture with the intent to plant native warm

season grasses for wildlife purposes.

Overstory That portion of the trees in a forest forming the uppermost canopy.

P

Partial Retention (PR) A visual quality objective that in general means man’s activities may be

evident but must remain subordinate to the characteristic landscape.

Pasture A grazing area enclosed and separated from other areas by fencing or

other barriers.

PM10 Particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than ten micrometers.

Particles this size and smaller have been shown to cause problems with

human health and visibility.

PM2.5 Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers. Particles this

size and smaller have been shown to cause problems with human health

and visibility.

Prescribed Burning Controlled application of fire to wildland fuels in either their natural or

modified state, under specified environmental conditions, which allows

the fire to be confined to a predetermined area, and produce the fire

behavior and fire characteristics required to attain planned fire treatment

and resource management objectives.

Prescribed Fire A management ignited wildland fire that burns under specified

conditions, where the fire is confined to a predetermined area and

produce the fire behavior and fire characteristics required to attain

planned fire treatment and resource management objectives

Project A project is a combination of one or more management practices and

associated support activities to meet the intent of the Forest Plan.

Project Area Similar features in combination that reflects the basic land characteristics

and existing conditions. These features are combined for the purpose of

analysis in formulating alternatives and monitoring results.

Proposed Species Any species of fish, wildlife, or plant that is proposed in the FEDERAL

REGISTER to be listed under section 7 of the Endangered Species Act.

Public Road Any road under the jurisdiction of and maintained by a public authority

and open to public travel.

R

Range Management A distinct discipline founded on ecological principles with the objective

of sustainable use of rangelands and related resources for various

purposes.

Ranger District Administrative subdivision of a National Forest supervised by a District

Ranger who reports to a Forest Supervisor.

Reforestation All treatments and activities aiding the re-establishment of a tree crop or

tree cover on forested land. It includes the preparation of the ground

surface prior to natural seed fall, natural sprouting, artificial seeding, or




planting. It also includes the setting out of seedlings, cuttings, or

transplants, and scattering or placement of seed over a designated area

for the re-establishment of a forest stand.

Riparian Area A term used by the Forest Service that includes stream channels, lakes,

adjacent riparian ecosystem, floodplain, and wetlands.

Road A motor vehicle travelway over 50 inches wide, unless designated or

managed as a trail. A road may be classified, unclassified, or temporary.

Road Closure Activities that restrict or limit access of motorized vehicles. The road is

needed for long-term access, but the amount and timing of vehicle traffic

is controlled, such as the use of a gate.

Road Construction Activity that results in the creation of a new road where one did not exist

before. The road’s right-of-way would be cleared of impeding

vegetation, drainage features would be installed or created, surface

material would be added, and any needed signs would be installed.

Road Decommissioning Activities that result in the stabilization and restoration of unneeded

roads to a more natural state. Road decommissioning may involve one

or more of the following treatments: blocking the access with earthen

berms, rock berms, boulders, or slash piles; restoration of natural

drainage features by removing man-made drainage features and

recontouring the area; scarification to remove the road bed; revegetation

by seeding, planting, or fertilizing; and signing to discourage motorized

use of the road.

Road Maintenance The ongoing upkeep of a road necessary to retain or restore the road to

the approved road management objective. Activities associated with road

maintenance may include surface blading, replacement of surface

material, mowing and limbing of roadside vegetation, cleaning and

restoring drainage features, and replacing signs.

Road Maintenance

Level

All National Forest System roads are assigned a maintenance level.

Maintenance level defines the service provided and the maintenance

required for the specific road. Factors used to determine a road’s

maintenance level include, but are not limited to, resource management

needs, service life, user safety, volume and type of traffic, surface type,

and user comfort and convenience.

1. Maintenance level 1 – Assigned to roads that receive basic

custodial care in order to minimize damage to adjacent resources.

User comfort and convenience are not considered. Roads may be

inaccessible at times. Roads generally have a native surface.

2. Maintenance level 2 – Assigned to roads that are suitable for high

clearance vehicles. User comfort and convenience are given

minimal consideration. Roads have an aggregate or native

surface.

3. Maintenance level 3 – Assigned to roads that are suitable for

passenger cars and generally have an aggregate surface. User

comfort and convenience are considered.





passenger cars and generally have a paved surface that provides a

moderate degree of user comfort and convenience.


passenger cars and have a paved surface that provides a high

degree of user comfort and convenience.

Road Reconstruction Activity that results in the improvement or realignment of an existing

road. Road improvement may increase a road’s capacity for traffic or

change its original design function. An example of road improvement

would be changing the road’s surface from aggregate to asphalt. Road

realignment results in a new location of a road or a portion of the road

and the treatment of the old roadway.

Rutting Soil disturbance where the soil is puddled and the topsoil and/or a

portion of the subsoil removed.

S

Salvage The utilization of trees that are dead, dying, or deteriorating before they

become worthless.

Savanna A prairie-like natural community in which 10 to 30% is covered in trees

characterized by wide crowns and spreading limbs, generally associated

with level to gently rolling topography. Dominant trees include bur,

chinquapin, post, and white oaks.

Sensitive Species

(RFSS)

Those plant and animal species identified by a regional forester for

which population viability is a concern, as evidenced by:

a. Significant current or predicted downward trends in population

numbers or density.

b. Significant current or predicted downward trends in habitat

capability that would reduce a species' existing distribution.

Silviculture The science and art of cultivating forest tree crops. The theory and

practice of controlling the establishment, composition, constitution, and

growth of forests.

Silvicultural System A planned process whereby a stand is tended, harvested, and re-

established. The system name is based on the number of age classes

and/or the regeneration method used.

Even-Aged Methods: Methods to regenerate a stand with a single

age class.

clearcutting: A method of regenerating an even-aged stand in

which a new age class develops in a fully-exposed microclimate

after removal, in a single cutting, of all trees in the previous

stand. Regeneration is from natural seeding, direct seeding,

planted seedlings, and/or advance reproduction.

seed tree: An even-aged regeneration method in which a new

age class develops from seeds that germinate in fully-exposed

micro-environments after removal of all the previous stand

except a small number of trees left to provide seed. Seed trees




are removed after regeneration is established.

shelterwood: A method of regenerating an even-aged stand in

which a new age class develops beneath the moderated micro-

environment provided by the residual trees. The sequence of

treatments can include three distinct types of cuttings: 1) an

optional preparatory cut to enhance conditions for seed

production; 2) an establishment cut to prepare the seed bed and

to create a new age class; and 3) a removal cut to release

established regeneration from competition with the overwood.

Uneven-Aged (Selection) Methods: Methods of regenerating a

forest stand, and maintaining a multi-aged structure, by removing

some trees in all size classes either singly, in small groups, or in

strips.

group selection : A method of regenerating uneven-aged stands

in which trees are removed, and new age classes are established,

in small groups. The maximum width of groups is approximately

twice the height of the mature trees, with small openings

providing micro-environments suitable for tolerant regeneration

and the larger openings providing conditions suitable for more

intolerant regeneration

single tree selection: A method of creating new age classes in

uneven-aged stands in which individual trees of all size classes

are removed more-or-less uniformly throughout the stand to

achieve desired stand structural characteristics.

Sinkhole A depression on the land surface of various depths, sizes, and shapes

resulting from the collapse of surface or near-surface material into

underlying cavities. Surface water or precipitation drainage is funneled

toward the basin of the sinkhole where it either enters a subsurface cavity

or is trapped and forms a pond or wetland.

Skid Trail A path traversed by a tractor or skidder one or more times in which

mineral soil is not intentionally exposed. Machines operate on the litter

surface and not on a graded surface.

Slash The vegetative residue left on the ground after felling and other

silvicultural operations or accumulating there as a result of storm, fire,

girdling, or poisoning.

Snags Dead trees with or without cavities, at least 6 inches in diameter and at

least 10 feet in height.

Soil Displacement The movement of soil particles from one place to another by erosion or

management activities and/or those influences which result in the soil

structure.

Soil Horizons A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the surface, having distinct

characteristics produced by soil forming processes and differing in

characteristics and properties from the adjacent layers above and below

it.




O horizon – Organic layer of fresh and decaying plant residue

A horizon – The mineral horizon at or near the surface in which

an accumulation of humified organic matter is mixed with

mineral material. This horizon has the most organic matter

accumulation, the most biological activity, and/or loss of soil

materials containing iron, aluminum, and clay.

B horizon – Horizon, usually below the O, A, or E horizon, and

is, in part, a transition layer from the overlying horizon to the

underlying C horizon. It is characterized by (1) accumulation of

clay material, humus, and other material, (2) granular, primatic,

or blocky structure, and/ or (3) redder or browner colors than

those in the overlying horizon.

C horizon – Mineral horizon, excluding bedrock, that is little

affected by soil forming processes and does not have properties

found in the overlying horizon.

E horizon – Mineral horizon in which the main feature is loss of

clay particles, iron, aluminum, or combination of these.

R horizon – Bedrock underlying the C horizon.

Special Use Permit Permits, memorandums of understanding, and easements (excluding road

permits and highway easements) authorizing the occupancy and use of

National Forest land for a specific period of time by individuals,

organizations, or businesses generally for a fee.

Stand A community of trees or other vegetation possessing sufficient

uniformity as regards composition, constitution, age, spatial

arrangement, or condition, to be distinguishable from adjacent

communities, so forming a silvicultural or management entity.

Standards and

Guidelines (S&Gs)

Criterion indicating acceptable norms, specifications, or quality that

management actions must meet.

Surface Soil The A, E, or combinations of those horizons.

T

Temporary Road A road authorized by contract, permit, lease, other written authorization

or emergency operation not intended to be a part of the Forest

transportation system and not necessary for long-term resource

management.

Terrestrial Land related.

Terrestrial Natural

Community:

An interrelated assemblage of plants and animals found in a given area

delineated by soil moisture modifier, substrate type, and vegetation

structure. Example: Dry chert woodland (Nelson, 1987).

Threatened Species (T) Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the

foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range and

which has been designated in the Federal Register under the Endangered

Species Act.

Timber Production The purposeful growing, tending, harvesting, and regeneration of

regulated crops of trees to be cut into logs, bolts, or other round sections




for industrial or consumer use.

U

Understory The trees and other woody species growing under a cover of foliage

formed collectively by the upper portion of adjacent trees and other

woody growth.

Unneeded Road A road under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service and determined to be

not needed for long-term motor vehicle access. The road is not

authorized by easement, permit, contract, or other written authorization.

V

Viable Population A population, which has adequate numbers and dispersion of

reproductive individuals to ensure the continued existence of the species

population on the planning area.

Visual Quality

Objective (VQO)

A desired level of excellence based on physical and sociological

characteristics of an area. It refers to degree of acceptable alteration of

the characteristic landscape.

W

Weed (1) A plant growing where unwanted. (2) A plant having a negative

value within a given management system.

Wildfire A fire occurring on wildland that is not meeting management objectives

and thus requires a suppression response.

Woodland A natural community in which 30 to 90 percent of the landscape is

covered in trees and often containing a dense woodland grass/sedge/and

herb ground layer resulting from frequent fires. The understory is sparse

to dense depending on fire frequency. This natural community is often

found on steep upper slopes with southerly aspects, narrow ridges, broad

ridges, and fire prone landscapes.

Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms Frequently Used

APE Area of potential effect

AQI Air Quality Index

ATV All terrain vehicle

BA Biological Assessment

BE Biological Evaluation

BMP Best Management Practice

BO Biological Opinion

CAA Clean Air Act

CEQ Council on Environmental Quality

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

DBH Diameter at Breast Height




DM Decision Memo

DN Decision Notice

EA Environmental Assessment

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

ESA The Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

FR Forest Service Road

FRCC Fire Regime Condition Class

FS United States Forest Service

FSWEPP Forest Service Internet-based interface to the Water Erosion Prediction

Model

FWS or USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service. See also USFWS.

GIS Geographic Information System

ID, IDT Interdisciplinary Team

INFRA Physical Financial Infrastructure database

LRMP or Forest

Plan

The Mark Twain National Forest’s Land and Resource Management Plan

LTA Landtype Association

MA Management Area

MIS Management Indicator Species

MDC Missouri Department of Conservation

MODNR Missouri Department of Natural Resources

MOFWIS Missouri Fish and Wildlife Information System

MP Management Prescription

MTNF Mark Twain National Forest

MVUM Motor Vehicle Use Map

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NCFIA North Central Research Station – Forest Inventory and Analysis

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NFMA National Forest Management Act of 1976

NFS National Forest System Land

NNIP Non-Native Invasive Plants

NNIS Non-Native Invasive Species

NRCS Natural Resource Conservation Service

NS Non System Road

NTMB Neotropical Migratory Bird

NVUM National Visitor Use Monitoring

ORV Off-road vehicle

PIF Partners in Flight

PILT Payments in lieu of taxes

PR Partial Retention

RFSS Regional Forester’s Sensitive Species




ROS Recreation Opportunity Spectrum

RPA Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974

RX Prescribed Fire Prescription

S&G Standards and guidelines

SHPO State Historic Preservation Office

SOPA Schedule of Proposed Actions

SRSCS Secure Rural School and Community Self-Determination Act

SUP Special Use Permit

SUV Sport Utility Vehicle

T&E or TE Federally listed as threatened or endangered species

TEP Threatened, Endangered and Proposed Species

TES Threatened, Endangered, Proposed and Sensitive Species

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USDI United States Department of Interior

USFWS or FWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service; See all FWS

VSMOKE Smoke dispersion model

VQO Visual Quality Objective

WFRP Wildlife, Fish, Rare Plants Monitoring Report


Appendices – Economics C-1

APPENDIX C

Economic Analysis Tables



Boiling Spring Project Area Economic Analysis

Houston/Rolla/Cedar Creek District

Table C-1: Boiling Spring Economics

Alternative 2

COSTS:

NEPA , Sale Prep, Administration through sale closing

(42,832 CCF at $55.60/CCF)

$2,381,459

Total Costs $2,381,459

REVENUES:

Hardwood ( 1306 CCF @ $93.25/CCF) $121,784

Pine Sawtimber ( 3061 CCF @ $26.63/CCF) $81,514

Pine Posts/Thinning (35,805 CCF @ $30.55/CCF) $1,093,842

Oak Thinning/Firewood/Misc. (2660 CCF @ $11.09/CCF) $29,499

Total Revenue: $1,326,639

Sale Revenue/Cost Ratio <1

OTHER COSTS (Some may be funded through KV funding):

Road Maintenance (11.6 miles @ $400/mile) $4,640

Temporary Road Construction (15 miles @ $15,000/mile) $225,000

Road Decommission ( 6 miles @ $500/mile) $3,000

Hazardous Fuels Reduction RX Burns (4699 ac @ $50/ac) $234,950

Gate Installation (5 gates @ $2500/gate) $12,500

Parking Area and erosion control (1 @ $5000) $5,000

Maintain existing ponds 6 @ $2500/each $15,000

TOTAL POTENTIAL OTHER COSTS: $500,090


Appendices – Compartment/Stand Treatment Table and Project Map D-1

APPENDIX D

Boiling Spring Compartment/Stand Treatment Activity Table

With

Boiling Spring Project Map



Table D-1: Compartment/Stand Listing of Boiling Springs Proposed Actions

Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest

Type Proposed Activity

4 1 1 32 No activity

4 2 34 44 Pine Thin

4 3 19 44 Pine Thin


4 5 32 46 Hardwood Thin

4 6 6 32 Pine Thin

4 7 17 44 Pine Thin


4 9 10 54 Pre-commercial thin




4 14 6 32 Old Growth







4 21 15 32 Pine Thin







4 30 14 99 Open Land Maintenance


4 32 15 99 Pasture, Prescribed burn




4 36 17 46 Hardwood Shelterwood











Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest



5 4 30 99 Pine Thin, Pasture, Prescribed burn

5 5 42 99 Pasture


5 7 16 32 Pine Thin























6 4 20 44

Pine Thin (CW) & Midstory,

Prescribed burn

6 5 5 44 Old Growth, Prescribed burn





6 10 11 53 No activity, Prescribed burn










Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest



7 1 6 44 Pine Thin



7 5 14 44 Pine Thin

7 6 12 44 Pine Thin

7 7 6 32 Pine Thin

7 8 6 44 Pine Seed tree


7 11 14 44 Pine Seed tree

7 12 3 32 Pine Thin












7 27 6 32 Pine Thin









7 36 10 59 Old Growth & Midstory













Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest







8 1 17 46 Prescribed burn

8 2 28 46

Hardwood Shelterwood, Prescribed

burn

8 6 48 46

Hardwood Thin (OW) & Midstory,

Prescribed burn

8 7 38 32


Prescribed burn

8 8 32 44 Pine Thin (CW) & Midstory

8 9 12 32

Pine Thin (OW) & Midstory,

Prescribed burn


8 13 32 44


Prescribed burn

8 14 74 46 Midstory, Prescribed burn

8 15 26 44 Pre-commercial thin, Prescribed burn


8 18 23 44


Prescribed burn

8 19 17 32


Prescribed burn

8 20 16 44


Prescribed burn




8 25 8 32


Prescribed burn

8 26 15 44


Prescribed burn


8 28 27 44


Prescribed burn

8 29 29 44


Prescribed burn

9 1 8 44


Prescribed burn




Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest


9

2 11 59


Prescribed burn

9

3 18 59


Prescribed burn

9

4 16 32


Prescribed burn



9 8 34 32


Prescribed burn


9 10 28 44

Pine Thin (CW) & Midstory; Pond

Maint. , Prescribed burn

9 11 24 32


Prescribed burn

9 12 22 44


Prescribed burn


9 14 39 44


Prescribed burn

9 16 48 44


Prescribed burn



9 20 42 46

Hardwood Shelterwood, Prescribed

burn



9 24 19 32


Prescribed burn

9 25 27 32


Prescribed burn



9 28 38 44


Prescribed burn

9 29 30 44


Prescribed burn

9 30 25 44 Pine Seed tree, Prescribed burn

9 31 41 46


Prescribed burn




Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest



9 34 28 44


Prescribed burn



9 38 11 32


Prescribed burn




9 43 17 32


Prescribed burn














10 11 15 44


Prescribed burn

10 14 13 44


Prescribed burn





10 22 10 44


Prescribed burn

10 24 10 44


Prescribed burn

10 25 8 32


Prescribed burn

10 26 20 32


Prescribed burn




Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest


10 27 8 32


Prescribed burn






10 34 17 44


Prescribed burn

10 37 11 32


Prescribed burn


10 39 23 44


Prescribed burn

10 40 54 32


Prescribed burn




10 44 11 32


Prescribed burn






11 7 8 59 Midstory



11 12 40 44


Prescribed burn














Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest


11 23 46 32

Pine Thin (OW) & Midstory; Pond

Maintenance, Prescribed burn

11 24 Prescribed burn




11 28 Prescribed burn

11 29 13 32


Prescribed burn

11 30 8 32


Prescribed burn

11 31 42 32


Prescribed burn

11 32 25 44


Prescribed burn




11 38 13 44


Prescribed burn

11 39 16 44


Prescribed burn


11 41 9 32


Prescribed burn


11 43 103 44


Prescribed burn

11 46 25 32


Prescribed burn

11 47 32 32


Prescribed burn

11 48 6 46


Prescribed burn

11 49 7 32


Prescribed burn

11 50 12 32


Prescribed burn

11 51 18 44


Prescribed burn





Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest



11 54 17 32


Prescribed burn


11 56 9 32


Prescribed burn




11 60 32 32


Prescribed burn


11 63 19 32


Prescribed burn


11 65 41 44


Prescribed burn

11 66 14 32


Prescribed burn

11 67 44 32


Prescribed burn

11 69 36 32


Prescribed burn


11 71 26 44



11 73 19 46


Prescribed burn

11 74 30 44


Prescribed burn


11 76 50 44


Prescribed burn

11 77 18 44


Prescribed burn


11 80 27 44


Prescribed burn



11 83 34 32 Pine Thin (CW) & Midstory,




Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest


Prescribed burn





11 88 12 44


Prescribed burn

23 1 24 32


Prescribed burn



23 5 9 32


Prescribed burn



23 8 11 32


Prescribed burn



23 12 25 32


Prescribed burn

23 14 4 32


Prescribed burn


23 18 10 32


Prescribed burn

23 20 4 99

Open Land Maintenance, Prescribed

burn





23 27 30 46


Prescribed burn


23 29 18 59


Prescribed burn


23 31 11 59


Prescribed burn





Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest







23 38 14 32


Prescribed burn

23 39 21 32


Prescribed burn


23 41 53 32


Prescribed burn


23 43 34 46

Old Growth & Midstory, Prescribed

burn


23 45 9 32


Prescribed burn

23 46 38 46

Hardwood Thin (OW) & Midstory;

Pond Maintenance, Prescribed burn

23 47 22 32


Prescribed burn


23 49 2 32


Prescribed burn


23 52 20 32


Prescribed burn


23 54 18 44


Prescribed burn

23 56 29 44


Prescribed burn


23 59 16 44


Prescribed burn

23 60 26 32


Prescribed burn


23 62 37 44


Prescribed burn




Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest




23 66 4 32


Prescribed burn



23 70 12 59


Prescribed burn

23 71 14 32


Prescribed burn




24 2 11 44 Pond Maintenance

24 3 16 32



24 4 15 32


Prescribed burn




24 9 23 53


Prescribed burn


24 12 24 44


Prescribed burn






24 19 13 32


Prescribed burn


24 22 43 44


Prescribed burn

24 24 12 32


Prescribed burn

24 25 26 44


Prescribed burn





Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest









24 36 27 32


Prescribed burn

24 37 12 44


Prescribed burn


24 40 10 44


Prescribed burn






24 48 9 32


Prescribed burn

24 49 13 44


Prescribed burn

24 50 40 44


Prescribed burn

24 51 12 32


Prescribed burn






25 7 22 32


Prescribed burn

25 8 17 32


Prescribed burn


25 10 69 32


Prescribed burn


25 12 7 32 Pine Thin (CW) & Midstory,




Compartment Stand

Approx.

Acres

Forest


Prescribed burn

25 13 3 53


Prescribed burn


25 15 34 59 Midstory



25 18 23 32


Prescribed burn

FOREST TYPES:

32 - Shortleaf Pine

35 - Eastern Redcedar 59 - Mixed Oaks

42 - Eastern Redcedar – Hardwood 78 - Black Walnut

44 - Oak-Pine 79 - Mixed Lowland Hardwoods

51 - Post Oak – Blackjack Oak 89 - Mixed Hardwoods

53 - Black Oak – Scarlet Oak – Hickory 97 - Lowland Brush

54 - White Oak 98 - Upland Brush

55 - Northern Red Oak 99 – Open


Appendices – T&E Species Determinations E-1

APPENDIX E

Summary of T&E Species Determinations



Table E – 1: Overall summary of all T&E Species and their Determinations

Species Information Determination

Species Species and/or

their habitat that

occurs in or near

the Boiling

Spring project

area.

No Effect

Determination

Not Likely to

Adversely Affect

Determination

Likely to

Adversely Affect

Determination

Gray bat Y X

Indiana bat Y X

Hine’s emerald

dragonfly

N X

Curtis

pearlymussel

N X

Pink mucket N X

Scaleshell N X

Tumbling Creek

cavesnail

N X

Running Buffalo

clover

N X

Ozark hellbender N X

Snuffbox N X

Spectaclecase Y X

Sheepnose N X

Mead’s

milkweed

N X

Virginia

sneezeweed

N X

Northern Long –

eared bat

Y Not Likely Jeopardize the Continued Existence of this

proposed species.

Reproduced from Table BA-6 in the Boiling Spring Biological Assessment.

appendix a: references appendix b: glossary and acronyms...

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