Appendix AList of Persons Contacted

Interviews/Formal/Informal Discussions in Australia

1. Bateman, Sam, Research Fellow University of Wollongong2. Burgess, Phil, Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts3. Curran, Stuart, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry4. Drummond, Barry, Geoscience Australia5. Emmett, Lindsay, Australian Maritime Safety Authority6. Exel, Martin, Austral Fisheries7. Forbes, Andrew, Sea Power Centre8. Goldrick, James, Commander Border Protection Command9. Kenchington, Richard, Visiting Professorial Fellow, University of Wollongong

10. Lee, James, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry11. McCaffrie, Jack, Sea Power Centre12. Smith, Barbara, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry13. Symonds, Phil, Geoscience Australia14. Tsamenyi, Martin, University of Wollongong

Interviews/Formal/Informal Discussions in Indonesia

1. Anggoro, J. Kusnanto, Centre for Strategic and International Studies2. Bandoro, Bantarto, Centre for Strategic and International Studies3. Barani, Husni Mangga, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries4. Djalal, Hasjim, Senior Advisor to the Indonesian Minister for Marine Affairs

and Fisheries5. Hendrawan, Indonesian National Shipowners Association6. Hilaman, Masnellyarti, Deputy Minister for Nature Conervation Enhancement

and Environmental Degradation Control, Ministry of Environment7. Hutagalung, P., Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries8. Indraningsih, Wahyu, State Ministry of Environment9. Kirom, A. Cholik, Director General of Sea Transportation

10. Mangindaan, Robert, Forum for Defense and Maritime Studies

275M. Gupta, Indian Ocean Region, The Political Economy of the Asia Pacific,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-5989-8, C© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

276 Appendix A

11. Mao, Hidayat, Japan International Cooperation Agency12. Marsetio, Indonesian Navy13. Prasetyono, Edy, Centre for Strategic and International Studies14. Purwanto, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries15. Sitepu, M.J., Maritime Education and Training Center16. Sitorus, Thomas A., Japan International Cooperation Agency17. Soerjo, Astrid, Confederation of ASEAN Journalists18. Soesastro, Hadi, Centre for Strategic and International Studies19. Sukarno, Agus, National SAR Agency20. Sukono, S.E., Asosiasi Pendidikan dan pelatihan maritime Indonesia21. Tambunan, Adolf R., Ministry of Transportation22. Tardan, Samsidik, Japan international Cooperation Agency23. Tarigan, Hartanta, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries24. Wahab, M.S., Germanischer Lloyd25. Zainuddin, Ardius Ministry for Marine Affairs and Fisheries

Other Interviews/Formal/Informal Discussions

1. Aggarwal, Vinod K., Berkeley Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation StudyCenter

2. Berlin, Donald, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies3. Biswas, Aparjita, University of Mumbai4. Bouchard, Christian, Laurentian University, Canada5. Chaturvedi, Sanjay, Panjab University, India6. Doyle, Timothy, University of Adelaide7. Forbes, Vivian Louis, Curtin University, Australia8. Hettne, Bjorn, University of Gotheborg, Sweden9. Rao, P. V., Osmania University, India

10. Richardson, John B, Directorate-General for Fisheries and Maritime Affairs,European Commission

11. Rumley, Dennis, Edith Cowan University, Australia12. Telo, Mario, University Livre de Bruxelles, Belgium13. Valencia, Mark, Internationally Known Maritime Policy Analyst14. Yasin, Mat Taib, Maritime Institute of Malaysia

Appendix BCoding and Classification of IOGOOSAnnual Reports

Use of Wef QDA Software

• Each annual report was uploaded by the software.• Qualitative judgement was made for each sentence of the annual reports and

coded against the 20 different codes representing the five different variables (fourcodes each) of the regimes.

• Each selected text was extracted by the software for each code.• Software generated its own number in brackets [ ] for each extraction.• All the extracts put together provide a sense of the variable to be assessed.• Qualitative assessment done for each variable based on the emerging picture.

Example

For power based/structured (POBAS)In IOGOOS I [140225–140437]—report states:

Should the document be simply an MOU or rather an agreement? It was agreedthat an agreement was a more formal text than an MOU and would requiremore formal consideration and signature at a governmental level.

In the book:When 17 national scientific agencies/institutions from the ten participat-ing countries signed a MoU, they stopped short of reaching an agreementrequiring formal consideration and signature at the government level.

In IOGOOS-III [35094–35204]—report states:Important to identify government support before committing funding to thosecountries’ participation in workshop.

In the book:Not surprisingly, government support continued to elude the strong scientificengagement at subsequent meetings.

277

278 Appendix B

Actor Behaviour/Leadership (ACBEL)

IOGOOS I [12740–12926]The significance of the conference lies in its explicit statement of com-mitment of the participating countries, agencies and institutions, and ofinterested nongovernmental organisations.

IOGOOS I [31242–31289]Linking science and management more effectively.

IOGOOS I [35282–35417]In this model, scientific knowledge, technologies and research provide themeans to design and develop GOOS in response to user needs.

IOGOOS I [113480–113593]Project objectives include the creation of links amongst scientists (coastallaboratories), coastal managers and communities.

IOGOOS I [142116–142216]Nineteen persons representing national agencies/institutions signed theMemorandum of Understanding.

IOGOOS I [155448–155722]The private sector and individuals with an interest in ocean science, engi-neering and management have been meeting regularly since November 2000to develop and implement WAGOOS, which is being constituted as anincorporated body to afford appropriate protection for members.

IOGOOS I [166994–167257]The IOGOOS Conference Chairman, K. Radhakrishnan, stressed the fact thatthe conference had shown that the countries of the region and those especiallyinterested in it had demonstrated a willingness and a capability to cooperatein a large-scale regional action.

IOGOOS I [208106–208261]We are also grateful to the Government of India, a “nest” for our newestGOOS, located at the Indian National Center for Ocean Information Servicesin Hyderabad.

IOGOOS II [44027–44223]Countries interested in undertaking the project increased to 11 from 4. Theseinclude Australia, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Kenya, Mauritius, Reunion, SouthAfrica, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Thailand.

IOGOOS-III [4935–5104]Further, he recognised the efforts of Indonesia in setting up IndonesianGOOS (InaGOOS), which is Indonesia’s new mechanism for coordinatingGOOS activities nationally.

IOGOOS-III [7834–8968]Dr. Jan Sopaheluwakan made a presentation on the establishment of theIndonesian GOOS [InaGOOS]. He stressed the importance of the seasaround Indonesia due to the strong influence of monsoon, Indian Oceanipole mode (IODM) and El Nino. The Indonesian through-flow is a complex

Appendix B 279

phenomenon that is being studied through projects such as INSTANT.Upwelling and sinking processes are being studied in relation to monsoonand the El Nino event. He stated that Indonesia is using remote sensingdata operationally for the identification of fishing grounds. He also listed theimperatives for the formation of InaGOOS and provided the list of marineinstitutions in Indonesia that are a part of InaGOOS. Dr. Sopaheluwaken reit-erated that the effective role of InaGOOS will enhance the regional allianceslike IOGOOS and SEAGOOS. During the discussion that followed, Mr.William Erb stated that InGOOS could be used by the IOGOOS members asa model for development of national GOOS organisations elsewhere. He sug-gested that the list of participants in InaGOOS could be provided to IOGOOSSecretariat so that they could be loaded onto the IOGOOS website.

IOGOOS-III [13292–13955]He then made a presentation addressing a proposed strategy revision ofIOGOOS. The initial IOGOOS strategy was written in 2000 and was adoptedby IOGOOS in 2002. The tsunami disaster has suggested that a revision tothe strategy might be appropriate to consider new responsibilities that maybe taken up by IOGOOS. The likelihood of storm surge, tropical cyclones,droughts and flooding in the Indian Ocean region are far greater than thatof tsunamis. He suggested that awareness building and education will be farmore expensive and time consuming than building the warning/observingsystem itself and that IOGOOS should be able to help with capacity building.

IOGOOS-III [14786–15452]IOGOOS will need strengthening if it is to take on additional IOTWS tasks.Full-time staff for the secretariat is a critical need even without the IOTWStasks. The downside considerations for IOGOOS taking on IOTWS are (a)IOGOOS is operational oceanography whereas IOTWS is a 24 × 7 warningsystem and the communities involved are somewhat different, and (b) theIOGOOS Secretariat has neither the funding nor staff to take on these addi-tional tasks. The upside considerations include (1) a moderately developedcommunication network and an active community, as well as (2) the fact thatthe IOGOOS Secretariat is also the heart of Indian TWS and there already issome capability.

IOGOOS-III [18825–19064]Dr. Gary Meyers informed that climate and tsunami requirements for tidegauges have commonalities; however, there is a conflict between the real-time data reception for tsunami versus the long-term observations that arerequired for climate.

IOGOOS-III [50614–50726]The scientific basis is strong and the engagement of Indian Ocean scientistsin the process is to be commended.

IOGOOS-III [55285–55641]In his conclusion, Dr. Meyers noted that in this part of the ocean 60% of theworld population is living and that most members are developing countries.

280 Appendix B

Therefore, as I-GOOS Chair the suggestion is that the focus should be onoperational oceanography that is user-driven to mobilise governments, sci-entists and citizens. This is the challenge for IOGOOS and GOOS as awhole.

Power-Based/Structured (POBAS)

IOGOOS I [140225–140437]Should the document be simply an MOU or rather an agreement? It wasnoted that an agreement was a more formal text than an MOU and wouldrequire more formal consideration and a signature, at a governmental level.

IOGOOS I [141151–141330]It was stressed that no country should have more than three member agen-cies/institutions and that these were committed to cooperate fully in theoverall interest of the Alliance.

IOGOOS I [181534–181914]At the beginning of the new millennium, the IOC and the Government ofAustralia joined together and established an Office in Perth to assist in thedevelopment of GOOS in the Indian Ocean as well as the South Pacific. TheState Government of Western Australia plays a key role in this partnershipand views Western Australia as helping to pin down the eastern boundary ofIOGOOS.

IOGOOS I [183828–184281]However, it is unlikely that the UN can underwrite the establishment of atruly global observing system. GOOS will only be successful in the IndianOcean and elsewhere if governments and nations understand its importanceand agree to provide the funds and support required to make it work. IOCwill continue to help, but the real costs involved in running an operationalsystem will have to be met by the region itself.

IOGOOS II [22899–23206]The Hyderabad Workshop agreed that the strategy for Oceanographic Dataand Information management in the Indian Ocean region should be basedon the following requirement: The need to sensitise and get commitmentfrom governments (decision makers) to assure sustainability of the IOGOOSnetwork.

IOGOOS II [42376–42820]At the completion of the project, the work of monitoring the keystone ecosys-tems will be taken over by the governments and/or research institutions ofthe respective countries. Therefore, the relevant government departments andinstitutes must be engaged at an early stage in the project so that they becomeaware of the benefits available and the commitment required and will cometo regard monitoring as a routine part of government business.

IOGOOS-III [35094–35204]Important to identify government support before committing funding to thosecountries’ participation in workshop.

Appendix B 281

Interest-Based/Entrepreneurial (INBAE)

OGOOS I [10008–10642]The Government of Mauritius, through its Mauritius Oceanography Institute,facilitated this landmark conference, with sponsorship from 11 internationaland national agencies and programmes: Intergovernmental OceanographicCommission, World Meteorological Organization, Department of OceanDevelopment of India, U.S. Office of Naval Research, U.S. National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration, U.S. National Science Foundation,Mauritius Oceanography Institute, Climate Variability and PredictionProgram, Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial ResearchOrganization, Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone, Météo France.

IOGOOS I [31058–31242]For these reasons, environmental scientists and managers are advocating anew, more integrated approach that considers both environmental effects andthe effects of human activities.

IOGOOS I [32906–32967]Specified by the users as a user-driven, end-to-end system.

IOGOOS I [34845–34980]To serve the needs of many user groups, including government agencies,private enterprise, scientists, educators, NGOs and the public.

IOGOOS I [44793–45488]These may include the SE Asia Center for Atmospheric and MarinePrediction; the Regional Cooperation in Scientific Information Exchangeand the Oceanographic Data and Information Network of East Africa; fish-ery bodies such as the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Western IndianOcean Tuna Organization, Regional Commission for Fisheries and SouthWest Indian Ocean Fishery Commission; Regional seas conventions such asthe Nairobi Convention; Large Marine Ecosystem Programs (LMEs), suchas those planned for the Agulhas Current, Somali Coastal Current, ArabianSea and Bay of Bengal; and the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network andthe Coral Reef Degradation in the Regional Indian Ocean programme.

IOGOOS I [102934–103489]The Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, based in Mauritius, was recognisedas a good focal point for industry and a channel for promoting best scien-tific practice and informed decisions. Capacity building in this area callsfor joint end-to-end workshops (ocean–climate–fisheries) to better identifyneeds and to cross-fertilise ideas. Ocean data and products: The prominentapplication areas identified by the working group were oil and gas indus-try (e.g. WAGOOS Timor Sea Project), coastal erosion, coral reef bleaching,coastal management and vulnerability.

IOGOOS I [105504–105736]Community-based monitoring (community, schools, hotels, local govern-ment) will be used as far as possible, with organisation, motivation andquality control through a central body, and at various levels of technicalsophistication.

282 Appendix B

IOGOOS I [106187–106363]Product users: Coastal-zone managers; coastal communities; developers andowners of hotels and housing estates; port and marina authorities and users;the scientific community.

IOGOOS I [107104–107547]Project objectives: Monitor the keystone ecosystems by large-scale remotesensing, by small-scale remote-sensing in specific areas, by community-based monitoring at specific sites under the supervision of scientists anddisseminate information to governments, to integrated coastal-zone manage-ment programmes, to communities and fishermen (especially those depen-dent on the mangrove ecosystem), tourist organisations and to the IOGOOSnetwork.

IOGOOS I [108640–108995]The measurement basis will comprise the following: long-term time-seriesmeasurements made by the community on a regular basis (e.g. every 6months or 1 year) over a long period, along with regular analysis of remote-sensing data; large-scale, spatially synoptic measurements will be taken atthe same time with the same method(s) in various places over a wide area.

IOGOOS I [112516–112729]Sustainability community-based monitoring, which has a low- and a high–cost effectiveness, will be required, with community cooperation via govern-ment agencies and integrated coastal-zone management programmes.

IOGOOS I [123900–124163]The workshop also recommended that IOC approach POGO with a viewto obtaining fellowships to enable data managers from the IOGOOS regionto undertake internships, although it was noted that data management wascurrently not identified as a priority area by POGO.

IOGOOS I [136882–137548]POGO is a recently founded NGO. Its membership comprises 50 insti-tutions and organisations, including three from the Indian Ocean: theNational Institute of Oceanography (Goa, India); Commonwealth Scientificand Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO, Australia) and the Universityof Cape Town. POGO promotes observations and improvement of scien-tific knowledge, interprets scientific and technical results for policy-makers,enhances public awareness and provides training and technology transfer.POGO also supports summer courses, fellowships, workshops and the Argoprogramme. It is looking for increased participation by Indian Ocean groupsand institutions.

IOGOOS I [137585–138034]Srinivasa Kumar briefly described a project funded by the Asian PacificNetwork for Global Change Research. In the Indian Ocean region, fivecountries—Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka—undertooka coastal-fluxes project comprising small-scale studies of sediment sourcesand movement, and of the impact of fertilisers in the southeast Asia coastal

Appendix B 283

zone. Capacity—building and regional studies on coastal zone fluxes are alsoenvisaged.

IOGOOS I [138067–138517]Yuichiro Kumamoto described the Operation Magellan 2003–2004. This isa Japanese Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) round-the-world expedition starting in Brisbane and ending in Freemantle, Australia, inwhich hydrographic and benthic sampling will be carried out in the southernhemisphere, in all three major oceans. JAMSTEC is seeking scientific par-ticipation of scientists of the IOGOOS region in the Indian Ocean leg of thiscruise.

IOGOOS I [156276–156712]The WAGOOS region hosts many important industries, including oil and gasoperations, and fisheries, and is of national strategic importance. The keyWA stakeholders in this region have identified several important drivers forresearch and development: a safe and secure operating environment; man-agement of risk, particularly of risk to the environment and development ofefficient and cost-effective structures and operating methods.

IOGOOS II [39606–39813]The medium-term goal would be primarily the development of a detailedproject proposal that could be circulated to various national funding agenciesas well as organisations such as IOC, ONR and World Bank.

IOGOOS II [41087–41179]Relevant information will be provided to environmental managers andcoastal resource users.

IOGOOS II [46991–47398]An e-group was set up to facilitate discussions, information sharing andproject development. A request for preliminary country information on exist-ing monitoring, coastal-zone management framework and current knowledgeof coastal processes was circulated to all the participants in the coastal sec-tion of the first meeting. However, progress has been minimal due to thelimited response to these requests.

IOGOOS II [47656–48263]Expansion of network: It was decided to develop a network of contactpersons and institutions in the region who are interested in participatingin this project. These contacts would then undertake the task of filling inthe required details of the coastal-zone management framework, state ofknowledge of coastal processes and existing monitoring programmes for therespective countries. Compilation of this information would be a ticket to fur-ther participation in developing the project proposal. Some of those attendingthe conference volunteered to compile the information to identify contactpersons.

IOGOOS II [50288–50589]However, continuous, detailed monitoring by the responsible central author-ity is not feasible due to the costs involved. Therefore, it was decided to

284 Appendix B

undertake a pilot monitoring programme using the resources available at thelocal level such as tourist hotels, fishery harbours and coastal communities.

IOGOOS II [63455–64015]The IOGOOS project on monitoring of keystone coastal ecosystems isdirectly addressing issues concerning degradation of seagrass beds, coralreefs and mangrove forests. It was recognised that a coherent and coordinatedapproach can deliver improved management policies and mitigate impacts.A draft proposal has been prepared based on the recommendations of theCensus of Marine Life (CoML) Workshop held at Goa during December2003 to ensure community participation in the measurement/monitoring ofvariability and change in these important ecosystems.

IOGOOS II [64016–64239]The IOGOOS prawn project is addressing the risks and opportunities facingthe prawn industry and establishing a network and website, and pooling theexpertise to gather observations and improve understanding of the issues.

IOGOOS II [64240–64530]IOGOOS is addressing issues of coastal change and developing a networkof people and countries to examine shoreline position changes in a coherentand systematic way. A pilot project to be undertaken in Sri Lanka will interactwith the broader GOOS community and demonstrate methodologies.

Knowledge-Based/Intellectual (KNBAI)

IOGOOS I [151482–151818]In his summation, the chairman, stressed the view that the alliance wouldcollaborate closely with all the concerned IOC regional bodies. He believedthat it would be vital for the alliance to get the support of universities andother relevant institutions, with a view to building up a new corps of regionalexpertise for ocean/climate monitoring.

IOGOOS I [161013–161494]Organisationally, the work will be pursued through expert groups and coor-dination committees. To this end, WIOMAP works closely with JCOMM,which provides the necessary intergovernmental coordination in the man-agement of marine meteorology and oceanography in an analogous way tothe WMO Commission on Marine Meteorology in the field of operationalmeteorology. JCOMM also services the Convention on Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS) in respect to sea ice, waves, surges and pollution.

IOGOOS I [190151–190264]I encourage you all to take part ownership of these meetings and make it yourgoal to contribute and be involved.

IOGOOS-III [53753–53884]Dr. Francois Gerard—France—congratulated Dr. Gary Meyers and indicatedhis belief that the design is scientifically sound and comprehensive.

Appendix B 285

Structure Over Time (STROT)

IOGOOS I [37066–38019]The design must also take into consideration certain important realities:priorities vary among nations and regions; many of the elements requiredto build the observing system are already in place; those elements of theobserving system required to improve marine services and forecast natu-ral hazards are most developed while those required for ecosystem-basedenvironmental protection and management of living resources are least devel-oped; most nations do not have the capacity to contribute to and benefitfrom the observing system at this time. In addition, the design of the coastalmodule must take into consideration the importance of the regional scalethat links global- and local-scale changes; that is most agreements and con-ventions that target environmental protection and resources are regional inscope and regional bodies provide the most effective venue for specifyinguser-group requirements for environmental data and information.

IOGOOS I [39181–39409]This can best be achieved through a global federation of regional systems inwhich the global network is established to measure and process a small setof common variables that are required by most, if not all, regional systems.

IOGOOS I [39410–39734]The network provides economies of scale and improves the cost effectivenessof regional observing systems by minimising redundancy and optimisingdata and information exchange; establishes reference and sentinel stations;and establishes international standards and protocols for measurements, dataexchange and management.

IOGOOS I [55788–55915]The strategy will be based on the following operational satellites currentlyproviding oceanographic data for the Indian Ocean.

IOGOOS II [27943–28322]The IOGOOS-II meeting acknowledged the results of the Hyderabad meet-ing and endorsed its proposed work plan (attached as Annex-1). The meetingrecalled the importance of capacity building as the basis for the achieve-ments of IOGOOS objectives in terms of data and information managementand recognised the importance of ODINCINDIO as the capacity-buildinginstrument for IOGOOS.

IOGOOS II [28740–28929]The meeting strongly welcomed the close collaboration among IOGOOS,IOCINDIO, IOCINCWIO and IODE on the advancement of data andinformation management capacity in the Indian Ocean region.

IOGOOS II [43198–43277]It is proposed that the project be considered as a joint IOGOOS/CoMLproject.

286 Appendix B

Signification/Level of Concern (SIGLOC)

IOGOOS I [31355–31609]All parties are encouraged to engage in adaptive management, a process thatdepends on our ability to routinely and rapidly detect changes in the envi-ronment and living marine resources and to provide timely predictions ofchanges in or the occurrence of the phenomena of interest.

IOGOOS I [31738–32265]Effective management and sustainable use also depend on efficient/timelycoupling of the processes by which new scientific knowledge is gained andthe fruits of this knowledge are used for the public good. Today, there is anunacceptable disconnect between these processes. A new approach is neededthat enables adaptive management through routine, continuous and rapidprovision of data and information over the broad spectrum of time spacescales required to link ecosystem scale changes to basin—and global—scaleforcings.

IOGOOS I [41280–41509]The data-management and communications subsystem is the “life-blood”of the observing system, and the development of an integrated data man-agement and communications subsystem is arguably the highest priority forimplementation.

IOGOOS I [66537–66701]However, the other elements of the sustained integrated ocean observing sys-tem for climate that have been identified as needed were not discussed, forlack of time.

IOGOOS I [162274–163785]William Erb, speaking on behalf of Gary Meyers (departed), said that theOcean Dynamics and Climate Workshop had moved GOOS activity in thisfield greatly forward and would ensure a sound basis for future growth.Mohammed Wafar, speaking on behalf of Tom Malone (departed), stressedthe fact that the Coastal Ocean Observing Workshop had revealed the eager-ness of the participants to cross barriers as a direct result of their learningthat many of the coastal problems in the region are shared; the workshophad therefore provided a great opportunity to develop regional cooperationin this field. Mika Odido, speaking on behalf of Peter Pissierssens (departed),said that the Data Management Workshop had recognised the challenges: thediversity and huge volume of the data, which called for rapid evolution in theapplication of the latest information technology. To do this, there was a needto survey present regional capabilities and incorporate them into a completenetwork within a regional data-management system. Merv Lynch, speak-ing for the Satellite Applications Workshop, noted that the role of remotesensing had been embraced more vigorously than he had expected. Theprincipal needs now were to disseminate more widely the available remote-sensing information, facilitate access to it and its exploitation. An inventoryof regional capabilities for IOGOOS purposes is needed, with substantial

Appendix B 287

capacity-building to make this effective and to produce high-quality dataproducts and interpretation.

IOGOOS I [196602–197822]As coastal states, we are largely influenced by the sea and we are nowaware of the fragility of our living environment and its sensitivity to cli-matic change, natural disasters and human impacts. Climatic change andassociated sea-level rise and tropical diseases can seriously undermine oureconomy and upset the economic, social and political stability. The rapidglobal warming caused by human-induced changes in the atmosphere is pro-jected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to havedramatic effects on the ocean, threatening valuable coastal ecosystems andthe economic sectors that depend upon them. The IPCC predicts that stormsand other extreme weather events will increase in frequency and intensity,increasing natural disturbances to coastal ecosystems and perhaps reducingtheir ability to recover. There is particular concern about the possible effectsof global warming on coral reefs. During the intense El Niño of 1997–1998,extensive coral bleaching occurred on coral reefs worldwide. While somereefs quickly recovered, others, particularly in the Indian Ocean, south-eastAsia and the far western Pacific, suffered significant mortality, in some casesmore than 90%.

IOGOOS II [22549–22710]He recalled that the workshop acknowledged that the effective managementof data is central to the successful implementation of GOOS in the IndianOcean region.

IOGOOS II [23206–23591]This will require a marketing strategy; there is a need to give due atten-tion to local/national problems and produce services to solve these; localproblems often have regional/global sources. To solve local/national prob-lems data might be required from other countries in the IOGOOS regionThis is one of the important justifications for the regional approach ofIOGOOS.

IOGOOS II [34925–35335]This was done for several reasons including the value of the resource, the easeof human access to the stocks by virtue of the use of shallow inshore watersand estuaries by the juvenile stages, the general existence of catch data asa measure of population fluctuations and the perception of the significanceof the physico-chemical components of the environment in the populationdynamics of these species.

IOGOOS II [35747–35901]The first step in the development of the programme involved is the forma-tion of a network of prawn researchers in the Indian Ocean rim and islandcountries.

IOGOOS II [36018–36314]An exploratory workshop funded by the IOC was held in Perth, Australiain November 2003. This was attended by representatives from Australia,

288 Appendix B

Bangladesh, India, Kenya and South Africa, all of whom gave presenta-tions on the prawn fisheries and aquaculture situations in their particularcountries.

IOGOOS II [36969–37126]Additional contacts in Tanzania were established following the Perth work-shop and contacts in Sri Lanka and Iran during this workshop in Colombo,Sri Lanka.

IOGOOS II [37366–38068]It was further agreed that a website be created that would incorporate thefollowing information: Map of region including institutions and people withinterests, links and expertise relating to penaeid prawns; species involved;types of fisheries—techniques, fleets; summary fact sheet for each area;institutional arrangements; bibliography information and literature pertain-ing to penaeids on a region-specific basis Oceanic events influencing prawnresources (e.g. currents, water temperature); upcoming events, recent pub-lications. This was discussed at the IOGOOS II meeting in Colombo, SriLanka in April 2004 and a commitment was made that the network andwebsite be completed by the end of 2004.

IOGOOS II [38967–39557]In summary, the short-term goals for the various implementation modulesof the project (to be completed by the end of 2004) are as follows: Sl.No 8.5.1 8.5.2 action generate the report of the Perth Workshop; circula-tion of a letter to the Indian Ocean rim countries and islands with prawnresources and establishment of a network of participants; development of thewebsite. A capacity-building workshop in remote sensing techniques witha directed focus for prawn fisheries to be arranged in collaboration withDr. Merv Lynch. Time line end of May–December 2004. Action CoordinatorA T. Forbes.

IOGOOS II [44325–44842]The way forward: During the workshop, the following schedule of eventswas agreed upon for 2004/2005: Sl. No Action Time line August–December2004. Action Coordinator Greg Wagner. Greg Wagner 8.6.1 complete draftproposal and country implementation plans 8.6.2. Hold regional workshop(to be attended by two or more experts from each country) to agree onmethodologies, sites, equipment required, budget and implementation strate-gies and finalise the proposal 8.6.3. Produce final proposal and send it tofunding agencies.

IOGOOS II [46991–47398]An e-group was set up to facilitate discussions, information sharing andproject development. A request for preliminary country information on exist-ing monitoring, coastal-zone management framework and current knowledgeof coastal processes was circulated to all the participants in the coastal sec-tion of the first meeting. However, progress has been minimal due to thelimited response to these requests.

Appendix B 289

IOGOOS II [47656–48263]Expansion of network: It was decided to develop a network of contactpersons and institutions in the region who are interested in participatingin this project. These contacts would then undertake the task of filling inthe required details of the coastal-zone management framework, state ofknowledge of coastal processes and existing monitoring programmes for therespective countries. Compilation of this information would be a ticket to fur-ther participation in developing the project proposal. Some of those attendingthe conference volunteered to compile the information to identify contactpersons.

IOGOOS II [51366–51915]Action plan for next year: The following actions and deadlines were decidedupon for the 12 months following the meeting. Sl. No 8.7.1 Action. Developa network of contacts, institutions and countries interested in participat-ing in the project. Obtain information on the coastal-zone managementframework, state of knowledge of coastal processes and existing monitoringprogrammes for these countries. Interact with the COOP panel to developsuitable and feasible methodologies for monitoring. Time line August 2004.Action Coordinator Nalin Wikramanayake.

IOGOOS-III [30805–30842]“What IOGOOS can contribute to IOTWS”.

IOGOOS-III [31123–32504]The following are the major recommendations:The sea-level observing system: IOGOOS person should be nominated tojoin the ad hoc sea level working group established by ICG-1 under the lead-ership of Dr. B. Kilonsky. The deep-sea mooring network: The IOGOOS toidentify an individual familiar with the rationale and plan for the IOP networkto join the IOTWS mooring discussion group. Ocean modelling: IOGOOSto ensure that several people from IOGOOS agencies, with knowledge ofIOGOOS and its work beyond tsunamis, participate in the Hyderabad Oceanmodelling Workshop (12–13 December 2005). Vulnerability and risk assess-ment: IOGOOS could commit to provide a better characterisation of otherhazards such as sea level changes arising from climate and climate change;intra-seasonal/tropical cyclone events including both direct (wind, flooding)and indirect (storm surge) effects; coral bleaching and the vulnerability of theocean environment (reefs, ecosystems, etc.). The multi-hazard framework:IOGOOS should participate in the planned workshop (first quarter of 2006),with the areas touched on in six to be the main topics of the paper commu-nication to ICG: This discussion should form the basis of a communicationfrom IOGOOS to the ICG Chair and Officers, emphasising the need to keepcommunication lines open and to ensure the ICG Secretariat and IOGOOSOffice work closely together.

290 Appendix B

IOGOOS-III [34271–35312]The Coastal Erosion Pilot Project is consistent with the Marine Impactson Lowland Agriculture and Coastal Resources project of the COOPImplementation Strategy for the Coastal Module of GOOS. In order toprogress the pilot project a number of important steps were identified asfollows: (1) Gauge interest in this project at WIOMSA Meeting beginningSeptember 2005. (2) Poster/written information provided to WIOMSA. Dr.Wikramanayake to develop flyer/poster to be sent from IOGOOS and pro-vided to Dr. Bhikajee to deliver. (3) Workshop proposed, follow up to UNEPWorkshop, these may be regional depending on level of interest by March2006. (4) Workshop(s) would require funding (IOGOOS/IOC/UNEP). (5)Seek support from IOGOOS to promote projects for funding by membercountries (nominate relevant agency, funding source). Important to identifygovernment support before committing funding to those countries’ participa-tion in workshop). (6) Seek to integrate post-tsunami monitoring of shorelinerecovery into the proposal development process.

IOGOOS-III [35655–36591]In order for the Coastal Pilot Project to progress the following steps wereidentified, leading up to a project planning and capacity-building workshop.(1) Hold preliminary discussions at WIOMSA Symposium early September2005. (2) Hold project planning workshop on February 16–20, Universityof Dar es Salaam (re-evaluate venue). The overall objective of this work-shop will be to finalise the project proposal for submission to donors anddiscuss details of how to implement the project. (3) Country ImplementationPlans (Lead Institutions/individuals responsible, institutions, implementing,and collaborating). (4) Identify funding sources for the project (CoML, IOC,POGO). (5) Establish links to other projects. (6) Seek support from IOGOOSto promote projects for funding by member countries (they need to nominaterelevant agency, funding source). It is important to do this before committingfunding to those that countries’ participation in workshop.

IOGOOS-III [37209–38303]The following tasks have been identified as necessary to pursue this initia-tive: (1) Affirm the commitment of individuals in the Indian Ocean region toa cooperative regional approach in the form of an IOGOOS Coastal Project.Dr. Keesing to contact interested individuals/organisations in each country(these already identified for the countries identified above and invite addi-tional contacts to be put forward by other countries) by September 2005. (2)Determine the interest/relevance/links to COOP Implementation Strategy forthe Coastal Module of GOOS.

Dr. Keesing to discuss with the IOGOOS Secretariat and IOC Perth Officethe best way to do this. (3) If there is sufficient agreement and commitmentamong individuals in the Indian Ocean, then a proposal will be developedto hold a workshop in 2006 to bring together all existing observations andmake firm plans to finalise the development of and plan implementation ofthe project plan. Support and sponsorship for the workshop would need to

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be sought from a variety of sources. A report on activities would be made atIOGOOS IV.

IOGOOS-III [38527–38768]Timor Sea Deep Ocean to Continental Shelf Model Demonstration Proposal:This project proposed by Dr. Ray Steedman aims to examine the feasibilityof demonstrating the coupling of the deep ocean operational model Bluelinkwith a shelf model.

IOGOOS-IV [25091–26809]Issues of project implementation were discussed during a breakout session atthe Fourth WIOMSA Scientific Symposium held at Grand Baie, Mauritius,29 August–29 September 2005.

There was extensive e-mail correspondence with all interested participantsfrom more than ten countries in order to develop contacts with the appro-priate institutions in each country and to get input into the proposal. Thisculminated in holding a Pre-Project Planning Workshop in Phuket, Thailand,February 17–19 2006, which was attended by two to four people from eachof eight countries that are experts in coral reefs, mangrove forests, seagrassbed or remote sensing and many of whom were from government institu-tions. From this workshop, we received the following inputs: standardisationof methodologies for data collection, work plan and timeframe; and overallproject implementation and country implementation plans, including desig-nation of lead-implementing institutions and individuals, study sites, budgetand training needs.

Immediately following this workshop, the project was presented at theconference on Post-Disaster Assessment and Monitoring of Changes in theCoastal, Ocean and Human Systems in the Indian Ocean and Asian Watersalso held in Phuket, Thailand, February 20–23 2006. Since the Pre-ProjectPlanning Workshop a lot of the input has been incorporated into the over-all proposal, although more work is needed to fully capture those extensiveinputs. Through these meetings as well as workshops held in previous years,valuable input has been received from a large number of people from manycountries and many organisations having a wide range of expertise who, inaddition, have shown their support for the project.

Legitimisation/Contractual Environment (LEGCOE)

IOGOOS I [9847–9874]Memorandum of Understanding

IOGOOS I [30785–31057]A compelling case for a more holistic, unified approach to resource manage-ment and environmental protection, especially in coastal ecosystems wherehabitat alterations, water pollution and problems associated with harmfulalgal blooms and invasive species are most severe.

292 Appendix B

IOGOOS I [52124–52275]Within individual countries, different agencies may have different objectives,and priorities and mechanisms that would allow cooperation are lacking.

IOGOOS I [140225–140438]Should the document be simply an MOU or rather an agreement? It wasagreed that an agreement was a more formal text than an MOU and wouldrequire more formal consideration and signature at a governmental level.

IOGOOS II [39606–39813]The medium-term goal would be primarily the development of a detailedproject proposal that could be circulated to various national funding agenciesas well as organisations such as IOC, ONR and World Bank.

IOGOOS II [63171–63454]IOGOOS is working within the framework of the GOOS Coastal Panel andtaking responsibility in collaboration with that panel in the implementationof initiatives within the region, including contributions to the measurementof key common variables and testing of common methodologies.

Domination/Capacity of Governments (DOMCOG)

IOGOOS I [9348–9388]Many countries in the region have decided to mobilise their resources.

IOGOOS I [51791–51965]Many of the countries of the region have limited resources and the extra-funds required to study and monitor their coastal seas and the adjacent oceansare a lower priority.

IOGOOS I [56338–56695]The strategy incorporates relevant capacity-building involving the following:education and training; the building of appropriate institutional support struc-tures; the creation of networks; development of infrastructural elements (e.g.platforms, sensors, data and modelling centres); and provision of access tocommunication networks for data telemetry and dissemination.

IOGOOS I [57053–57115]Development and maintenance of a minimum scientific capability.

IOGOOS I [57151–57238]Raising understanding of the value of in situ and space-based observationsof the ocean.

IOGOOS I [57435–57556]Collection of ocean data necessary for the calibration, validation andenhancement of assimilative and predictive models.

IOGOOS I [57557–57874]Increasing the ability of countries to contribute to and benefit from globalobserving systems, by long-term investment in facilities for receiving,processing and interpreting data from ocean and space-based sources,accompanied by training in the use of such facilities and in the provisionof services and products.

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IOGOOS I [71101–71368]Initiate planning to establish a network of coastal laboratories for Internet-based data and information exchange relevant to important environmentaland ecological variability and change (sea level, river and stream flows,habitat modification, biodiversity and so on).

IOGOOS I [89289–89613]Active support of the IOGOOS Regional Alliance, the IOC Perth RegionalProgramme Office, the IOC GOOS Project Office in Paris, the GOOS CoastalOcean Observations Panel (COOP) and the Ocean Observations Panel forClimate (OOPC) will be required to turn the ideas and current enthusiasm ofthe participants into real actions.

IOGOOS I [91009–91205]An array of about 450 floats is required to meet the Argo programme goal(describe ocean temperature and salinity variability down to 40◦S, roughlythe southern boundary of the Indian Ocean proper).

IOGOOS I [96652–96896]The working group noted that substantial ship time will be required to deployand maintain mooring arrays in the Indian Ocean, making the shared use ofavailable ships very important. Suitable ships may be available, if fundingcan be supplied.

IOGOOS I [97819–97879]The working group endorsed a new SOOP XBT sampling strategy.

IOGOOS I [98189–98277]India, supported by Australia, will take the lead in establishing the new XBTsections.

IOGOOS I [99057–99596]The plan to provide the sustained observations required to meet the rel-evant objectives identified by CLIVAR, GOOS and GCOS include thefollowing: surface—climate-quality basin-wide SST, surface-wind and sea-surface-height fields and surface reference sites; upper ocean—seasonal andlonger-time –scale, temperature and salinity fields and certain boundary-current-flow information; water column—decadal-time scale basin changesin the carbon inventory and carbon distribution, nutrients and tracers andflows over certain sills and off certain shelves.

IOGOOS I [106363–106458]Capacity-building: satellite-data assimilation; modelling of coastal pro-cesses; GIS applications.

IOGOOS I [109431–109860]Capacity-building: training of community members involved in coastalecosystem monitoring in the relevant techniques; strengthening the capac-ity of the concerned regional, national and local government agenciesthrough acquisition of equipment and staff training in monitoring techniques,data-base management, data analysis and interpretation. EnvironmentalNGOs and community-based organisations (CBOs) may also assist inthis.

294 Appendix B

IOGOOS I [130980–131354]Present capabilities cover: coastal-zone and oceanic applications up to theregional level, and hazard assessment—storm surges, oil spills, flooding,habitat mapping. Iran’s satellite remote sensing capabilities are limited; itcurrently receives data from NOAA. In the region, such capabilities arelimited to Oman, and there are satellite-receiving facilities in Kuwait.

IOGOOS I [131574–131936]There is a low level of expertise; fisheries still do not make use of satelliteremote sensing. Hence, there is a need for training courses, to establish anational oceanographic data centre and a regional oceanographic data centrefor the Persian Gulf. It is also desirable to increase intra-regional cooperation,possibly through a joint regional pilot project.

IOGOOS I [132087–132645]S. Rughooputh presented a paper on “Mauritius Marine and Coastal-ZoneInformation System”. The main purpose of the system is to provide a largeand organised body of information, mostly in the form of maps, as a geo-graphical information system, for planners, scientists, and decision-makers.The information base comprises about 30,000 maps organised in some 12modules, covering all aspects of the geography of the Island of Mauritius.Some of these maps concern the coastal zone and territorial waters. Onelikely to be most useful is a shore classification.

IOGOOS I [160887–161013]The work of WIOMAP will be carried out technically using ships, mooredand drifting buoys, Argo floats and sea-level gauges.

IOGOOS I [174087–174279]At the same time, it is critical that sufficient attention is also given to thespecific priorities and problems of the developing countries, given their weakscientific and technological base.

IOGOOS I [197823–198305]As developing nations, we have not been able hitherto to devote sufficientresources to understand the oceanic processes in this part of the world wherealmost one-third of the world population live. We do not have a permanent,systematic, routine and long-term ocean-observation system for assessing thestate of the marine and coastal environment and to forecast climate variabilityand change. Indeed, we have been passive spectators to the changes in ouroceans and coastal seas.

IOGOOS I [199120–199632]The major limitation in making the Indian Ocean understood is the finan-cial constraints of the countries of the region. Few of our countries have theeconomic or logistical capacity to undertake oceanographic research on theirown. However, by working in partnership and sharing resources availablein the countries, such work is possible. Opening the research work to otherinstitutions interested in the region and with the assistance of donor agenciesit is possible to develop the oceanography in our region.

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IOGOOS I [200901–201212]However, at the national level, Mauritius has taken concrete steps to protectthe coastal zone; namely the complete phasing out of lagoonal sand mining;the updating of the National Physical Development Plan; and the develop-ment of an ICZM plan studies on wetlands, coastal erosion, islets, sensitiveareas, and so on.

IOGOOS II [3708–4244]Dr. Lalith Weeratunga, Secretary to the Honourable Prime Minister of theGovernment of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, underscoredthe significant role of IOGOOS for ensuring synergy and regional coop-eration for oceanographic studies and ocean observations under globallyaccepted standards, as many countries in the region, especially the islandnations, have only limited scientific and engineering capability to under-take oceanographic research and tackle problems related to resources andenvironment in the ocean.

IOGOOS II [17554–17947]IOP members have undertaken drafting of an implementation plan based onan outline plan prepared by the chair, with initial input due in May, and com-pletion of the first draft in early 2005. A key aspect of preparing this planis to develop a high degree of consensus among all the agencies that cancontribute. This is essential to achieve a high degree of coordination in theimplementation.

IOGOOS II [18984–19288]Indian Meteorological Department is preparing a proposal to modernise theIndian coastal tide gauge network using instrumentation developed at NIOT.The new instrumentation will allow the collection of real time sea leveldata, which will assist IMD’s efforts to predict storm surge and coastalflooding.

IOGOOS II [23596–23891]There is a need to establish an equitable balance between providingand requesting of data and services but the different capacity levelsbetween countries (more developed countries may need to provide morethan they can request from developing countries) must be taken intoconsideration.

IOGOOS II [24051–24309]With respect to capacity building, the Hyderabad Workshop concluded thatthere are big differences in data and information management capacitybetween IOGOOS members. Therefore, a detailed assessment of availablecapacity and requirements is to be undertaken.

IOGOOS II [24778–25014]However, funding for the ODINCINDIO capacity-building initiatives needsto be identified, since O D I N C I N D I O itself is in the initial plan-ning stages. Accordingly, ODINCINDIO should be the capacity buildinginstrument for IOGOOS.

296 Appendix B

IOGOOS II [39814–40068]The long-term goals would be the implementation of this project with thecollection of appropriate parameters in various countries around the IndianOcean rim to improve management and predictions of change with regard toprawn fisheries in the region.

IOGOOS II [44848–45202]Once funding is obtained, launch the project with a capacity building work-shop, with separate sessions on remote sensing, coral reefs, mangrove forests,seagrass beds and rocky shores for standardisation of techniques and trainingof trainers; as well as plenary sessions so that these groups can interact andmake project implementation more coherent.

IOGOOS II [48276–48614]It was decided that the methodology to be adopted to monitor shorelinechanges should conform to the guidelines and specifications being developedby the COOP panel. However, it was recognised that the requirements of themethodology in terms of cost, equipment and training should be within thecapabilities of the countries concerned.

IOGOOS II [50288–50589]However, continuous, detailed monitoring by the responsible central author-ity is not feasible due to the costs involved. Therefore, it was decided toundertake a pilot-monitoring programme using the resources available at thelocal level such as tourist hotels, fishery harbours and coastal communities.

IOGOOS-III [2860–2979]He announced with pleasure, the launch of the Indonesian node of GOOS,InaGOOS and then signed the InaGOOS declaration.

IOGOOS-III [22379–22983]Dr. Radhakrishnan briefly described the importance of remote sensing andindicated that the United States, Europe and India have major remote sensingprogrammes that cover the Indian Ocean. He gave an example of fisheries asa case where remote sensing data is being used for an operational purpose.Remote sensing data could also be used to provide inputs for coastal land use,shoreline changes and so on. He suggested that the IOGOOS website shouldhave a page on remote sensing data availability, tools and so on. He gavean overview of the training programme offered by CSSTE-AP and IndianInstitute of Remote Sensing.

IOGOOS-III [39419–39575]Short duration training programmes proposed are as follows: At least twoor three short-duration training programmes are proposed to be conductedduring 2006.

IOGOOS-III [40006–40095]One long duration training programme: Proposed to be held at CSSTE: Asia-Pacific, Dehradun.

IOGOOS-III [40102–40576]IOGOOS website to host ocean remote sensing tutor. Content generationand case studies to be done by volunteers and IOGOOS Secretariat. Thesite could provide links to sources of Remote Sensing data (IOCCG, CEOS,

Appendix B 297

PODAAC, NDC). 11.3.4 Expert Faculty sponsored to Country/Institution:For on the-job training, it was suggested that a programme be worked outwhere the trainer visits the trainees. Sponsorship could be requested fromthe Nippon Foundation/POGO.

IOGOOS-III [51135–51955]For the Bureau of Meteorology, we can confirm our intent to at least sus-tain and, as resources permit, enhance our ocean observing activity in theregion. The Indian Ocean region remains a top priority. This includes a sur-face drifter programme through the DBCP; surface met observations throughVOS; upper ocean measurements through XBTs/SOOP; upper ocean mea-surements from Argo profilers; SST observations; sea-level measurements(tsunami, climate) through the NTC and various products that will com-plement the observing system, including surface wind analyses and TCpredictions. With CSIRO, the RAN and AIMS and others, we continueto advocate a substantial enhancement of the observing system. The so-called Australian Integrated Ocean Observing System is being developed asa high-level initiative within Australia.

IOGOOS-III [53753–54847]Dr. Francois Gerard, France, congratulated Dr. Gary Meyers and indicatedthat he believed the design is scientifically sound and comprehensive. Helisted the activities that France conducts in the Indian Ocean such as theRegional Specialized Centre for Cyclones at La Réunion and the newly estab-lished Tsunami warning centre. France also has research vessels operating inthe Indian Ocean, able to host people from the region on their research ship.The RV “Marion Dufresne” is currently operating west of Sumatra for a posttsunami cruise, and Indian Ocean will be part of the programme of the Frenchresearch fleet in 2006. France has agreed to contribute to the IOTWS and hasdeveloped plans to contribute to tidal observation networks in the WesternIndian Ocean and to upgrade the warning dissemination capabilities in theregion. France is willing to continue to contribute to the IBPIO action groupfor surface drifters, to the Argo Programme and to XBT lines. France alsohas the capability to contribute to ocean monitoring and forecasting thru theMERCATOR project, which will be presented later.

IOGOOS-III [55669–56223]Dr. Radhakrishnan made a presentation on the Indian plan for observing sys-tems in the Indian Ocean, elaborating on ocean observation, information andadvisory services. He also mentioned the satellites planned for launch forcoastal and ocean studies. Dr. Mahesh Zingde of NIO commented on thein situ observations being implemented by NIO viz. XBT, Drifting buoysand current meter moorings. Dr. S. Kathiroli, Director, NIO, presented onthe Indian programme on moored data buoys, tide gauges, Argo floats andresearch vessels.

IOGOOS-III [56731–56919]Indonesia is participating and also contributing its research vessels andscientists for programmes like INSTANT, CoML, as well as several marineand coastal resources management projects.

298 Appendix B

IOGOOS-III [58439–58755]Considering the importance of ocean on climate, Mauritius is committedto contributing to the moorings programme in the Indian Ocean. Two tidegauges are operational and it is also willing to deploy Argo floats. Mauritiushas expertise and would be willing to collaborate with the IOP and IOGOOSinitiatives.

IOGOOS-III [59214–59481]Sri Lanka is interested in activities related to upwelling and current systems.It is operating a tide gauge and are ready to share its data. Sri Lanka wel-comes deployments of Argo floats in its EEZ. Its vessel can be used to deployinstruments in the region.

IOGOOS-III [60269–60696]The United States is ready to support capacity-building activities. IOGOOScould identify the areas requiring capacity building. Data from satellites alsoneed to be used. IOGOOS needs to articulate its operational and scientificneeds for satellites so that satellite systems can be sustained. He suggestedIOP to consider adding a statement about the potential role of the IndianOcean in the global climate context (teleconnections).

IOGOOS-IV [26813–28389]Update on Capacity Building Initiatives for Ocean Data and InformationManagement by Dr. Zaker. Dr. N. H. Zaker, Chairman of IOCINDIO andCoordinator of ODINCINDIO, presented a detailed report on the history,achievements and advances of ODINCINDIO project. ODINCINDIO projectwas first initiated at IOGOOS I meeting in 2002 and the meeting recom-mended the development of an ODIN project for IOCINDIO, complementingODINAFRICA. The proposal for the establishment of ODINCIDNIO wasproposed to IODE17 in 2003 by the Chairman of IOCINDIO. It was sup-ported by IOCINDIO Member States, IOGOOS, ROPME and was discussedin IOGOOS Workshop on data and information management in Hyderabadin 2003. Later, it was recognised as the capacity-building tool of IOGOOSon MDM and MIM in IOGOOS meeting II, 2004. It was also discussed atthe ODINCINDIO planning meeting in Tehran in 2004 and was approved byIODE 18 and IOC assembly in 2005. ODINCINDIO has become operationalsince 2005 and since then several workshops and training courses under thisproject has been conducted in IODE office, including ODINCINDIO MarineData Management Training Course, October 2005; ODINCINDIO MarineInformation Management Training Course, February 2006; ODINCINDIOData Management Training Course, May 2006. Dr. Zaker also briefedthe meeting on the strong support of IOCINDIO VI meeting, 2005, ofODINCINDIO as the joint activity of IOCINDIO, IODE and IOGOOS. Themeeting welcomed the successful achievements of ODINCINDIO and highlysupported the close collaboration of IOGOOS, IOCINDIO and IODE on thisproject.

IOGOOS-IV [30128–30783]From ocean reanalysis/prediction to coastal applications: Goal—trainIOGOOS members/associates how to use downscaling models and tools.

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The practice and application of downscaling requires research to make themodel as correct as possible. Actions: IOP chair writes expression of inter-est to Ehrlich Desa (IOC in charge of capacity building). IOGOOS andIOP chairs find someone in the modelling community to take charge ofthe project (e.g. write proposal). Submit proposal to IOC before March2007 for a training session in late 2007 or 2008. Resources: Full cash-funding from IOC required and possibly in kind funding from modellinggroups.

IOGOOS-IV [31180–31593]IOGOOS members want to participate in global research programmes butnational funding is lacking because it is always directed to local coastalproblems. Programmes like POGO provide resources for visits, but notresearch projects per se. Funding for research may be available fromAPN for the south-east Asia region and from EU for western IndianOcean. IOGOOS needs to develop a strategy to access these fundingresources.

IOGOOS-IV [38034–39072]The following capacity-building requirements were identified by the work-ing group. Basic training courses advanced training course on marinedata management: 2007. Advanced training course on marine informationmanagement: 2007. Training course on marine biodiversity data manage-ment: 2008. Data management and related capacity building for specificIOGOOS projects workshop on marine RS/GIS data management in relationto IOGOOS projects: 2007. Workshop on DM and modelling in relation toIOGOOS projects: 2007. Workshop on sea-level data management in rela-tion to IOGOOS projects: 2008. Expert exchange and visiting scientistsin relation to IOGOOS projects: 2007–2008. The meeting noted that theabove capacity-building initiatives map well with the training requirementsof IOGOOS’ Remote Sensing Working Group, Ocean and Climate WorkingGroup, as well as the Coastal Working Group. Hence, it was suggested thatall these initiatives be well coordinated. Funding for this training is to bedrawn from IOGOOS and ODINCINDIO initiatives.

Broader Consequences Across Space (BREAS)

IOGOOS I [9547–9703]Nineteen organisations of ten Indian Ocean countries signed a Memorandumof Understanding to create and actively participate in a Regional Alliance forIOGOOS.

IOGOOS I [9842–10006]This Memorandum of Understanding is one of the strongest instruments ofcooperation and collaboration in the context of the oceanographic develop-ment of the region.

300 Appendix B

IOGOOS I [10975–11444]IOGOOS is intended to elevate the Indian Ocean from one of the least studiedto one of the most studied of the world’s major oceans, with a real emphasison the link between societal and scientific issues. The 1.5 billion people of theIndian Ocean rim can now look forward to an increased ability to make use ofthe ocean observations and information produced by GOOS to improve themanagement of their marine environment and to use the ocean’s resourcessustainably.

IOGOOS I [46479–46723]The NOAA–NASA–Navy Indian Ocean Meteorological Imager (IOMI) willbe launched (as GIFTS) in early 2006, spend a year over the United States,then move (as IOMI) into geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean regionover 75◦E longitude in 2007.

IOGOOS I [46831–47044]The Imager will provide enhanced atmospheric-structure information tonational weather services, ensure improved performance of synoptic weathermodels and should improve forecasts of typhoon and monsoon intensitychanges.

IOGOOS I [48881–49193]During its planned 7-year lifespan, IOMI will thus be providing moredetailed environmental information for the Indian Ocean region than will beavailable over the United States. How the IOGOOS community pioneers theapplications of this free information will be of great interest to the world’senvironmental scientists.

IOGOOS I [50062–50264]Since oceanic processes in one part of the globe remotely influence changesin weather in other parts, there is a need to observe ocean parameters in acoordinated way through international cooperation.

IOGOOS I [68779–69057]At the global level, international programmes (e.g. CLIVAR, IOGOOS) willestablish observing networks, and major analysis centres will prepare prod-ucts and predictions covering global themes relevant to the Indian Oceanregion, such as meteorology, oceanography and climatology.

IOGOOS I [69058–69403]At the regional level, such global products generally do not have enoughspatial detail for applications (e.g. agriculture, fisheries) and, consequently,downscaling by statistical and/or dynamical methods is required. Specificoceanic features may need to be enhanced in the products, which may requirebetter ocean climatology and bathymetry.

IOGOOS I [70599–70763]60 representatives of the coastal research and coastal-zone management com-munities from 16 countries in the Indian Ocean region met for the first timeand agreed to

IOGOOS I [201213–202062]I understand that one of the highlights will be signing of an MOU, a com-mitment of the nations in this region to synergise their efforts. I sincerely

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hope that it will result in increased collaboration in the region. I am surethat projects will be elaborated, strategies discussed and an operational pro-gramme would be set up to make the IOGOOS a reality. It is our expectationthat this conference will see the start of new partnerships and finally enableus to change the reputation of the Indian Ocean from one of the least knownoceans to one that is well studied and sustainably managed. With its strategiclocation in the middle of the Indian Ocean, multicultural background, and itspolitical, social and economic stability, Mauritius offers an ideal platform fora synergy of African, Asian and Australian oceanographic interests.

IOGOOS I [207136–207528]This is an onerous task; challenges are many; expectations are high; main-taining credibility is important. The concern, cooperation and commitmentthat was the driving force over the recent past need to be sustained to achieveour goals. I wish you all success. May God bless us to serve humanity better.Finally, I thank you once again for repetitive giving me the opportunity tothank you once again.

IOGOOS I [207717–208106]We have clearly accomplished the objectives of the conference. The IndianOcean GOOS Regional Alliance is now in place, with 19 members and moreto come. The chairman and officers have been elected and the secretary hasbeen appointed. Under Dr. Radhakrishnan’s leadership, we should move for-ward quickly towards our goal of a fully operational observing system forthe Indian Ocean.

IOGOOS II [60772–61176]Over the last 18 months since its formal launch at the First Indian OceanConference held at Mauritius in November 2002, IOGOOS has taken a placeof pride among the GOOS Regional Alliances. The membership of IOGOOShas grown from 19 to 21 institutions from 13 countries. IOGOOS hasnow been endorsed by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commissionof UNESCO as one of the nine GOOS Regional Alliances.

IOGOOS II [61337–61973]IOGOOS is providing a focus for the region, developing cooperation andopportunities for synergy among members, and creating the ability to takeadvantage of global initiatives such as Global Ocean Data AssimilationExperiment (GODAE), Climate Variability and Predictability Programme(CLIVAR) and Argo. IOGOOS is playing an important regional role in termsof observations and associated research, using pilot projects and focussedinitiatives to enhance the capacity and productivity of the region. It is facili-tating regional cooperation with research programmes such as CLIVAR andLand Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ).

IOGOOS II [61974–62660]IOGOOS has been instrumental in the formation of the Indian Ocean Panel(IOP) to address the ocean and climate observing system in the region. Thefirst meeting of IOP held at Pune in February 2004 assessed the state ofthe observing networks. IOGOOS members have played a key role in Argodeployments and in enhancing the tropical moored buoy array. The IOP is

302 Appendix B

operated jointly with CLIVAR and is providing an energetic and effectivelink to the climate research community. An implementation plan will be pre-pared during 2004–05, including extension of the mooring array, assessmentand review of the ship of opportunity programme, and initiating a series ofobserving system experiments.

IOGOOS II [62661–63171]The IOGOOS II meeting endorsed the recommendations of the IOGOOSWorkshop held at Hyderabad in December 2003 and decided to create aRegional Data Centre at the Indian National Centre for Ocean InformationServices (INCOIS), to provide a focus for data assembly and distributionactivities. The Centre will also develop a clearinghouse for the region toallow members to efficiently and effectively exploit observations and prod-ucts from the region. The delivery of key information to users will beexpedited.

IOGOOS II [65258–65538]IOGOOS welcomed the international adoption of a data policy that willenhance the timely exchange and utility of observations. The meeting agreedto test the implementation of the IOC s data policy and to demonstrate theadvantages that accrue to the region from such an approach.

IOGOOS II [65539–65860]IOGOOS will give specific attention to enhancing the capacity of the regionand developing a coherent education and training programme. The meeting,above all else, demonstrated that IOGOOS has developed a community spiritfor the region, a oneness among all agencies and participants for the benefitof the entire region.

IOGOOS-III [48929–49569]Data management/progress and shortfall: CSIRO and APDRC have com-piled and carefully edited all the available subsurface temperature data forthe Indian Ocean collected during the twentieth century. Though data fromvarious instruments at various centres are available, is a one-stop shop forresearch is missing. INCOIS and APDRC have the capability to do this. IOPrecommended that they together prepare a joint plan for Indian Ocean datamanagement and dissemination, optimising the great capability available inthese agencies. Capacity building in all the nations around the Indian Oceanrim needs to be addressed through ODINCINDIO.

State Learning/Unit Level (SLUL)

IOGOOS I [10975–11444]IOGOOS is intended to elevate the Indian Ocean from one of the least studiedto one of the most studied of the world’s major oceans, with a real emphasison the link between societal and scientific issues. The 1.5 billion people of theIndian Ocean rim can now look forward to an increased ability to make use of

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the ocean observations and information produced by GOOS to improve themanagement of their marine environment and to use the ocean’s resourcessustainably.

IOGOOS I [18323–18390]The Indian Ocean is poorly monitored in comparison to the Pacific.

IOGOOS I [22842–22924]Nevertheless, at this time there are insufficient data for initialising the model.

IOGOOS I [31610–31738]We do not have this capability today and this is an important reason forlinking the coastal and ocean-climate modules of GOOS.

IOGOOS I [31944–32012]Today, there is an unacceptable disconnect between these processes.

IOGOOS I [41708–41944]Data are often not exchanged freely among nations and, even when dataare not proprietary, data management and analysis tend to be programme-specific, and analyses that require multi-disciplinary data from many sourcestake too much time.

IOGOOS I [51677–51790]Regional marine science cooperation in the Indian Ocean has, in general,been difficult to initiate and sustain.

IOGOOS I [51965–52124]Another obstacle is the priority accorded to strategic considerations andnational security that hamper the sharing of information on the marineenvironment.

IOGOOS I [57052–57873]Development and maintenance of a minimum scientific capability to supportand participate in GOOS. Increasing understanding of the value of in situ andspace-based observations of the ocean in solving socio-economic problems,through educating the public and politicians on the benefits to be obtainedfrom investing in, developing, maintaining and utilising ocean-observationsystems. Collection of ocean data necessary for the calibration, validationand enhancement of assimilative and predictive models. Raising the abilityof countries to contribute to and benefit from global observing systems, bylong-term investment in facilities for receiving, processing, and interpretingdata from ocean and space-based sources, accompanied by training in the useof such facilities and in the provision of services and products.

IOGOOS I [102458–102583]The capacity-building required in this area involves targeted training in theapplication of information and risk management.

IOGOOS I [125445–125775]The workshop noted that resources allocated to data and information man-agement were often minimal at the national and regional level, and stronglyurged the member states participating in the Indian Ocean GOOS RegionalAlliance to increase their levels of support to ensure sustained, high-qualitydata and information management.

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IOGOOS I [169245–169329]In fact, it is the first time that Mauritius is hosting a meeting of oceanogra-phers.

IOGOOS I [180794–181147]IOC has had in a relatively short time an influential role in organising IndianOcean oceanographic activities. The International Indian Ocean Expeditionin the 1960s included many research cruises by many countries, the study ofoceanographic processes and the creation of oceanographic institutes such asIndia’s National Institute of Oceanography.

IOGOOS I [181313–181534]Other successful projects followed in the 1980s and 1990s, including theWorld Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and the Joint Global OceanFlux Study (JGOFS), likewise contributing to the knowledge base of theregion.

IOGOOS II [23206–23591]This will require a marketing strategy (1) there is a need to give due attentionto local/national problems and producing services to solve these; (2) localproblems often have regional/global sources. To solve local/national prob-lems data might be required from other countries in the IOGOOS region. Thisis one of the important justifications for the regional approach of IOGOOS.

IOGOOS II [23896–23983]There is a need to empower the countries in the region to generate their ownservices.

IOGOOS II [26422–26787]The objectives that will be met during the short term include the fol-lowing: (1) identify national/regional problems, required services/products,required data types, national/regional partners, users/stakeholders throughsurveys/studies; (2) arrange the data and Information training (ODIN + cycle,etc.); and (3) start up limited services to all IOGOOS members for public use.

IOGOOS II [46371–46962]The objectives of the project are as follows: To assess historical dataon shoreline change, establish trends and place these in the context ofcoastal geomorphology, hydrodynamic regime and natural and anthro-pogenic drivers of change. To establish an adequate, cost effective systemto monitor changes in the shoreline and coastal morphology. To develop aquantitative understanding of coastal processes and the relationship betweenshoreline change and the various natural and anthropogenic drivers. Todevelop the ability to make predictions of shoreline change due to extremeevents.

IOGOOS II [49300–49853]Capacity-building needs: Several capacity-building requirements were iden-tified during the discussions. One of the first steps toward predictingshoreline change is to use historical data to obtain an understanding of ongo-ing coastal processes in the context of geomorphology and forcing. Thereappears to be a wide disparity in the state of knowledge of coastal processesamong the countries in the region. Capacity building is also needed to process

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and interpret remotely sensed data and to model shoreline changes using dataon ocean wind and waves.

IOGOOS II [49854–50213]Pilot project in Sri Lanka: In response to the severe coastal erosion that hastaken place over the last three decades, many of the activities envisaged bythe project including assessment of historical data, obtaining a qualitativeand quantitative understanding of coastal process and modelling nearshorehydrodynamics have been carried out in Sri Lanka.

IOGOOS II [52845–53467]The actual project would have duration of 5–7 years. It is expected that thefirst year of project implementation would involve the final selection of sites,training of personnel involved in monitoring, quality control and data man-agement and setting up a regional data sharing network. Monitoring wouldbegin late in the first year and products would be available by the end of thesecond year. Acquiring and interpreting remotely sensed data on shorelinechange would also begin in the first year while development of a capabilityto predict shoreline change would begin in the second or third year.

Regional Cooperation/Subsystem level (RCSSL)

IOGOOS I [100416–100569]The working group comprised participants representing the various IndianOcean regions—southern Africa, east Africa, south Asia, south-east Asia andAustralia.

IOGOOS I [152689–153711]GOOS-AFRICA brings an African dimension and contribution to the GlobalOcean Observing System. It aims to build up a Regional Ocean Observingand Forecasting System for Africa (ROOFS AFRICA) that will develop newcapabilities in the use of remotely sensed data, in situ ocean measurementsand observation/validation networks, coastal and marine modelling and fore-casting, and delivery systems for user products. It will thus contribute tothe capacity-building (training and technology transfer) essential for theproper development, management and protection of the socio-economicallyimportant coastal and marine environment of Africa. ROOFSAFRICA willwork interactively with relevant regional and national programmes, suchas IOGOOS. Twenty-six African countries participate in GOOSAFRICA:Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Gambia,Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mauritania, Mozambique,Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzaniaand Togo.

IOGOOS I [158429–158626]The following countries are participating in SEAGOOS: Australia,Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanamar, the Philippines, Thailand, andVietnam. The region is characterised by numerous small seas.

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IOGOOS I [158870–159253]SEAGOOS countries have had long-term cooperation with WMO in thefield of marine meteorology, but less in the field of operational oceanog-raphy. However, SEAGOOS is developing this aspect, particularly throughits South-East Asian Center for Atmospheric and Marine Prediction(SEACAMP), which is running a South China Sea storm-surge, wave andcirculation pilot project with JCOMM.

IOGOOS I [159520–159839]It was proposed and agreed that each regional GOOS alliance should do threethings: Cooperate closely with national meteorological offices and nationalocean data centres in the execution of GOOS pilot regional projects, linktheir websites and send a representative to the meetings of the other regionalGOOS alliances.

IOGOOS I [160266–160886]Nine countries are participating in WIOMAP. Its creation was preceded bya survey, in 1997, of the relevant institutions in the Indian Ocean region,followed by an expert mission in 1999. The WIOMAP project was draftedin 2000 and reviewed in 2001. It covers operational meteorology, marinesafety and fisheries, and weather forecasting and disaster preparation. It isaimed at providing services, facilitating marine communication and capacity-building, and developing an observational network and specialised regionalmarine applications centres. It is planning regional marine applications to beimplemented in 2004–2008.

IOGOOS II [50626–50943]Several connections between the requirements of this project and the activi-ties planned by other panels under IOGOOS were discussed. The predictionof shoreline change, particularly in response to extreme events, is one of thecustomers of the operational oceanography that is the ultimate goal of theclimate panel.

IOGOOS-III [2348–2860]Dr. Freddy Numberi, Hon. Minister for Marine Affairs and Fisheries ofIndonesia, stated that IOGOOS has taken up the challenge to implementan ocean observing system in the Indian Ocean and also basin scalepilot projects. He briefly recalled the history of oceanographic activities inIndonesia and its recent initiatives in developing the Indian Ocean TsunamiWarning and Mitigation System (IOTWS). He stressed that IOGOOS IIIneeds to address the requirements of capacity building for operationaloceanography.

IOGOOS-III [57188–57368]In short, Indonesia has two agendas—It wishes to intensify its observationallines, and make Indonesia a hub for data dealing with data archival, rescueand exchange.

IOGOOS-IV [27725–28080]ODINCINDIO became operational in 2005 and since then several work-shops and training courses under this project has been conducted in IODE

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office, including ODINCINDIO Marine Data Management Training Course,October 2005; ODINCINDIO Marine Information Management TrainingCourse, February 2006; ODINCINDIO Data Management Training Course,May 2006.

International Cooperation/System Level (ICSL)

IOGOOS I [9878–9943]One of the strongest instruments of cooperation and collaboration.

IOGOOS I [10642–10745]The oceans may be viewed as keeping countries apart, but GOOS may beviewed as bringing them together.

IOGOOS I [13149–13220]For the benefit of all the people of the Indian Ocean region and beyond.

IOGOOS I [44554–44693]IOGOOS has the potential of being a model for the development of aregional-observing system in a region dominated by developing countries.

IOGOOS I [45489–45822]The formation of a GOOS Regional Alliance for IOGOOS should not onlyprovide the most effective means of establishing regional priorities and userrequirements, it should provide a venue or framework for establishing andmaintaining the regional partnerships that will be needed to implement anddevelop the coastal module of IOGOOS.

IOGOOS I [101833–101917]The working group identified three areas in which regional activity may takeplace.

IOGOOS I [101973–102146]Regional uptake of weather and climate information and predictions by tai-loring them to specific management decisions in agriculture, water-resourceusage and public safety.

IOGOOS I [102605–102770]The ocean analyses and predictions will provide relevant data (e.g. high-resolution SST, altimetry) and integrated analyses to the less competitivefishing nations.

IOGOOS I [104183–104308]The capacity-building identified in this area includes technical aspects of aregional distributed data centre and service.

IOGOOS I [112090–112515]International cooperation: Keystone coastal ecosystems are interdependentover large geographical areas; ecosystem changes in one place will affectother places; therefore, sharing of data on ecosystem condition or changethroughout the region will enable governments, integrated coastal-zone

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management programmes, marine-protected areas and so on to take neces-sary action in habitat/ecosystem conservation and restoration planning.

IOGOOS I [113018–114007]Rationale for choosing penaeid prawns: Regional dependence on fisheries;the generally poor state of coastal fish stocks; the high value of the prawnresources; the wide regional distribution of prawns; artisanal and commercialfisheries already established regionally; generally the same species region-ally; general availability of catch data; the aquacultural value of prawns;the prawn life-cycle integrates inshore marine and estuarine environmen-tal effects. Project objectives: Creation of links amongst scientists (coastallaboratories), coastal managers and communities; creation of a central dataservice/product hub available to all; building of sustainable capacity andinfrastructure; monitoring of prawn recruitment and abundance via existingfisheries; determination of effects of local conditions (e.g. freshwater run-off); creation of a link to ocean-climate observations; detection of changein prawn-fishery yield in relation to local and regional oceanic/climaticevents.

IOGOOS I [131827–131936]It is also desirable to increase intra-regional cooperation, possibly through ajoint regional pilot project.

IOGOOS I [171397–171735]Centres of excellence exist in many parts of the world to help foster inter-national cooperation in capacity building, dissemination of knowledge andexperience and as well as for research activities. In Europe, for example,there is a network of more than 300 marine research institutes and universitydepartments to carry out ocean research.

IOGOOS I [179711–180697]Initiatives such as GOOS are one of the mechanisms that tears down thesebarriers of dissention, conflict and fear. GOOS brings nations and peoplestogether to work at a common purpose for the good of all. It helps to definethe common problems and needs of a region and then provides the frameworkfor taking joint action to address those needs. Through meetings, workshopsand projects, people come together and learn to trust and understand eachother’s views and to resolve differences. I am hopeful that IOGOOS willcontribute to this ancillary goal as it goes along its way to establish anocean and coastal observing system for the entire Indian Ocean. RepresentingUNESCO, as I do, I can easily see how GOOS supports the ideals of theorganisation to build peace in the minds of people. The ocean, the largestglobal common on Earth, offers us the opportunity to put into practice theseideals in an area of activity that we are certain will bring direct benefits tohumankind.

IOGOOS I [199633–199795]It is possible through regional and international cooperation between ournations to focus effort on and address the most pressing regional environ-mental dangers.

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IOGOOS I [200559–200901]As one of the oceans where oceanographic understanding is lagging behindthat of other oceans, there is yet much work to be done in the Indian Oceanregion, and I am sure that you will all use the opportunity of this gatheringto define the important issues of the area and develop a viable plan for theoceanographic future of this region.

IOGOOS II [3708–4245]Dr. Lalith Weeratunga, Secretary to the Honourable Prime Minister of theGovernment of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, underscoredthe significant role of IOGOOS for ensuring synergy and regional coop-eration for oceanographic studies and ocean observations under globallyaccepted standards as many countries in the region, especially the islandnations, have only limited scientific and engineering capability to under-take oceanographic research and tackle problems related to resources andenvironment in the ocean.

IOGOOS II [33651–33877]It was suggested that IOGOOS may endorse MILAC-India, with the pro-viso that the efforts of the pilot project would not only result in operationalcapability, but also the knowledge base would be adaptable for the entireregion.

IOGOOS-III [43287–43414]He showed the high correlation between SST and rainfall in Africa andIndonesia associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD).

IOGOOS-III [43900–44009]The Indian Ocean observing system is needed to identify the ocean-processesand initialise prediction models.

IOGOOS-III [50751–51135]Australia attaches great importance to the Indian Ocean region for globaland regional weather prediction; tropical cyclone and other extreme weatherprediction; studies and prediction of intra-seasonal variability such as theMJO; emerging operational ocean analysis and prediction systems; seasonalto interannual climate prediction; and monitoring and understanding climatechange.

IOGOOS-III [55285–55422]In his conclusion, Dr. noted that in this part of the ocean 60% of the worldpopulation is living and that most members are developing countries.

IOGOOS-III [57820–58169]The continuous vandalism is a major obstacle for the mooring array and itcannot be solved without commitment by IOGOOS member countries toreach and educate fishing fleets. JAMSTEC is also planning a research cruisenamed MISMO focusing on air-sea interaction during MJO in 2006 by R/VMirai that will contribute to the Indian Ocean climate studies.

IOGOOS-III [58198–58438]Mauritius is a small country, but is fully committed to cooperating with theworld community. Mauritius has hosted the IOTWS Meeting and will host

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the forthcoming WIOMSA Meeting. They are members of IOCINDIO andhave a national GOOS community.

Stages of Regime Formation (STAREGFOR)

IOGOOS I [9195–9545]Being constantly aware of their living environment and its sensitivity toclimate change, natural disaster and human impact, the Indian Ocean coun-tries have decided to mobilise their resources to safeguard and manage theiroceans and coastal waters through a permanent ocean observing system, theIndian Ocean Global Ocean Observing System (IOGOOS).

IOGOOS I [38020–39096]These considerations have important consequences in terms of the design ofthe coastal module: (1) the design must respect the fact that priorities varyamong regions and should leave system design on the regional scale to stake-holders in the regions; (2) economies of scale can be achieved by establishinga global system that measures variables and manages data streams requiredby most regions; (3) the global coastal network will come into being througha combination of national, regional and global processes; (4) the system canbe implemented by selectively linking existing elements and can be devel-oped by enhancing and complementing these elements over time and (5)high priority must be placed on capacity-building in developing countries,establishment of the data communications and management infrastructure,establishment of internationally accepted standards and protocols for mea-surements, data exchange and data management; and on marine research todevelop the sensors and models required to achieve those goals that requirebiological and chemical data.

IOGOOS I [163786–164383]William Erb spoke on behalf of IOC; his statement is in Annex 1g. Hebelieved that the objectives of the conference had been accomplished. TheIndian Ocean GOOS Regional Alliance had been established at this con-ference, the chairman and officers elected, and its secretary appointed.Under Dr. Radhakrishnan’s leadership, IOGOOS should move forwardquickly toward becoming a fully operational observing system for the IndianOcean. He thanked the Government of India for providing a “nest” for thenewest regional GOOS at the Indian National Centre for Ocean InformationServices, in Hyderabad.

Agenda Formation (AGFOR)

IOGOOS I [11520–11930]IOGOOS will minimise the disconnect between procedures and requirementsin the observation of the Indian Ocean, and enable the community to derive

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benefits from baseline data, routine and timely maps of ocean properties anduseful forecasts on all relevant time-scales. This will enable the detection ofclimate change in the marine environment with the least possible lag betweenchanges and their detection.

IOGOOS I [12928–13147]to the generation of oceanic knowledge, data, and information and theirapplication to the ocean- and climate-change problems of the Indian Ocean,and to the free and open access to such knowledge, data and information.

IOGOOS I [28709–30050]The combined effects of climate and human alterations to the environmentare especially pronounced in the coastal zone where people and ecosystemgoods and services are most concentrated and where inputs of energy andmaterials from land, sea and air converge. Simply put, these are the pri-mary reasons for making the establishment of the coastal module of GOOSa high priority. The phenomena of interest in coastal ecosystems includeglobal warming and sea-level rise and changes in circulation, coastal floodingand erosion, public-health risks, coastal eutrophication, habitat modification,harmful algal blooms, invasive species, loss of biodiversity, sustainable cap-ture and aquaculture fisheries, and chemical contamination. Changes in thesephenomena affect marine operations, public safety and health, the integrityof marine ecosystems and the sustainability of the living marine resourcesthey support. In terms of human impacts, overfishing was not only the firstmajor human perturbation of coastal ecosystem dynamics; it is also a primarydriver of ecosystem degradation on a global scale in that it exacerbates theeffects of nutrient pollution, contributes to habitat modification and loss ofbiodiversity, and increases the susceptibility of coastal ecosystems to invasivespecies, harmful algal blooms and outbreaks of disease.

IOGOOS I [35782–36362]The sponsors charged COOP to formulate design and implementation plansfor an observing system that will provide the data and information requiredto achieve six goals: (1) improve the safety and efficiency of marine opera-tions, (2) mitigate the effects of natural hazards on coastal communities andecosystems more effectively, (3) improve predictions of climate changes andtheir effects on coastal communities and ecosystems, (4) minimise public-health risks, (5) more effectively protect and restore healthy coastal marineecosystems and (6) sustain living marine resources.

IOGOOS I [39096–39181]Clearly, the coastal module must include both global- and regional-scalecomponents.

IOGOOS I [42422–43376]The creation of a Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and MarineMeteorology and initiatives such as the Argo and GODAE projects reflectthe progress that is being made in the design and implementation of theglobal ocean module of GOOS. In contrast, although a high priority of theinternational community, progress in developing the coastal module has beenslow. This is primarily a consequence of (1) the challenge of designing and

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implementing an internationally accepted coastal module to achieve the sixgoals in a diversity of complex coastal ecosystems; (2) the challenges ofdeveloping the regional and global partnerships needed to fund, implement,operate, and develop operational observing systems; (3) inefficient and inef-fective data communications and management systems and (4) the primitivestate of our capacity to rapidly and routinely detect and predict changes thatrequire measurements of biological and chemical variables.

IOGOOS I [49827–50061]Our ability to forecast weather, to sustainably use the marine resourcesand maintain the ecosystem values of the marine environment is effectivelydependent on rapid detection and timely prediction of the changes in oceanprocesses.

IOGOOS I [58252–58374]The purpose of the workshop was to take the next steps in planningimplementation of a basin-wide, pilot observing system.

IOGOOS I [65951–66536]The working group proposed three pilot projects: (1) to develop the deploy-ment of Argo floats, from the current level of about 67–170 in 2003, andto 450 in 2005; (2) to develop Indian Ocean mooring arrays, not only inthe equatorial zone, but also in the four zones of high seasurface tem-perature anomalies (northern Bay of Bengal, off the southern coasts ofSumatra and Java, western Arabian Sea and the southern Indian Ocean);(3) the implementation of a new ship-of-opportunity XBT Project, withemphasis on high-resolution, frequently repeated lines across the IndianOcean.

IOGOOS I [68514–68654]The working group covered three main issues: exploitation of climatepredictability, fishery applications, and ocean data and data products.

IOGOOS I [69404–69695]At the local level, which was specifically addressed by the confer-ence’s Coastal Ocean Observing Workshop, the regional concerns, suchas management of the risk of climate variability and of change in themarine environment, fish production and coastal erosion, will need to beaddressed.

IOGOOS I [70766–71101]Formulate three proposed pilot projects that (1) target high-priority phenom-ena of interest in coastal waters that are important to at least one of the sixgoals of GOOS and (2) require regional (multi-national) to global approachesto improve the ability to more rapidly detect changes and/or to provide timelypredictions of changes.

IOGOOS I [71947–72521]To achieve these goals, it was agreed that a representative from each countrywould briefly describe 2–3 phenomena that are accorded the highest priorityin the country. The presentations are summarised below. This provided thebasis for selecting 2–3 phenomena that are (1) high priorities for the Indian

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Ocean region in terms of their impact on the socio-economics of the countriesin the region; (2) are feasible and (3) make good subjects for pilot projectsthat would demonstrate the effectiveness of the GOOS approach and wouldtherefore be likely to attract funding.

IOGOOS I [85050–85623]In the light of these country reports, the phenomena of interest in coastalwaters were prioritorised as follows: coastal erosion, habitat/biodiversity,nutrient pollution, sustainable fisheries, chemical contamination, non-nativespecies, aquaculture, coastal flooding, harmful algal blooms and safety of lifeat sea. It was decided to develop pilot projects for three of these as follows:coastal erosion, habitat/biodiversity, and sustainable fisheries, the latter beingpreferred to nutrient pollution on the grounds that it encompassed a widerrange of environmental factors.

IOGOOS I [104801–104898]The working group proposed a pilot project on monitoring and predictingcoastal shoreline change.

IOGOOS I [106639–106785]The working group proposed a pilot project on multi-scale monitoring andmapping of keystone coastal ecosystems. Greg Wagner presented the report.

IOGOOS I [112775–112927]The working group proposed a pilot project on the development of a moni-toring and management system for the penaeid prawn resources in the IndianOcean.

IOGOOS I [128035–128335]It is also necessary to decide which possible products are appropriate; forthis, it is necessary to know precisely what the problems are. That of fish-ery management, especially in shallow water, is a common one. And theassimilation of data into models is another; but the question is: whichmodels?

IOGOOS I [131354–131574]The priorities for Iran are habitat, pollution and coastal-zone mapping, andthe needs are for increasing public awareness, capacity-building, data andinformation exchange within the region and with the outside world.

IOGOOS I [138563–139045]Mark Jury presented three regional pilot projects: Storm surges in the Bay ofBengal; the Western Indian Ocean Marine Application Project (WIOMAP)and the Indian Ocean Moored Array Project (I-MAP). These projects arepart of the Indian Ocean Observing Strategy. The Bay of Bengal storm-surgeproject is important because of the tremendous loss of life and property fromsuch surges. IMAP is proposing nine deep-sea moorings, involving Australia,France, India and the United States.

IOGOOS I [139122–139263]WIOMAP seeks to enhance coastal observations and the training of localpeople in oceanography and meteorology. I-MAP also involves WIOMAPcountries.

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IOGOOS I [146678–146940]The Development Committee expanded on the draft of the Indian OceanObserving Strategy, originally drafted by the IOC Perth Regional ProgrammeOffice. This strategy is underpinned by the intention to anchor IOGOOSfirmly in the IOC Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS).

IOGOOS I [153907–154214]Priorities issues for GOOSAFRICA are (1) sustainable use of living marineresources; (2) management of key habitats and ecosystems; (3) coastal ero-sion; (4) pollution, including land-based sources and marine pollution and(5) socio-economic benefits to be derived from the development of theROOFSAFRICA.

IOGOOS I [155799–156276]The WAGOOS goal is to establish GOOS activities in western Australia(WA) to benefit the State and Australia and the GOOS community of nations.Consistent with this goal, a preliminary strategy for the period 2002–2007has been developed. The outcome is expected to be a unified regional net-work that systematically acquires, integrates and distributes observations,analyses, forecasts and other useful products to users throughout westernAustralia and its adjacent seas.

IOGOOS I [156712–156867]The development of best practice in safety and environmental managementis a high priority and this requires knowledge and a detailed informationdatabase.

IOGOOS I [158627–158870]SEAGOOS priorities currently lie in CLIVAR, coastal dynamics and pollu-tion, ecosystems, and fisheries. Climate variation is important on the seasonalscale (featuring tropical storms) and the interannual scale (featuring droughtsand floods).

IOGOOS I [184625–184753]GOOS is designed with a broad purpose of “public service” in mind, and itsdevelopment is financed by the member states of IOC.

IOGOOS I [189403–189631]You may have noticed that this is not a typical conference with papers to readand people to listen to. It is a series of meetings designed to produce plans,recommendations and objectives for establishing an Indian Ocean observingsystem.

IOGOOS I [195702–196601]As we are all aware, the study of the Indian Ocean is important for the coun-tries of the region and outside the region for various reasons. It is important tounderstand ocean processes for several reasons; namely, the optimum explo-ration and sustainable exploitation of ocean resources. Tuna migration hasa direct relation to variations in the sea surface temperature pattern wherethe season air–sea interactions in the open ocean also affect the weatherglobally and regionally; for example a direct correlation has been foundbetween the sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean and the rainfall

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in the region. The circulation of oceans transports pollutants across nationaland geopolitical boundaries and can affect regions near and far from wherethese pollutants originated. Resources in the ocean, such as pelagic species,know no boundaries, travelling from one national water to another.

IOGOOS I [199796–200559]I think I express the wish of all the countries of the region when I say thatequal importance should be given to coastal and oceanic processes. Most ofthe countries here today, representing the Indian Ocean region, have a largepercentage of their population living in coastal areas. These areas are facingincreasing pressures from land-based activity due to development, grow-ing populations and global problems such as sea level rise. This particularproblem due to global warming will become a real threat to small islandslike those in the southwest Indian Ocean. Hence, coastal issues need to beurgently addressed. By addressing pressing issues of the coastal states in theregion, the IOGOOS has better chances of becoming a successful operationalsystem.

IOGOOS I [208261–209104]Although much work is yet to be done, we have discovered that there areproducts and applications that can be delivered to the users in this regionwith the tools that already exist. It is a matter of organising ourselves todeliver them, and the conference has identified many people and institutionsto assist in this task. There are some things we still need to do: We must havepilot projects to pave the way for operational observing systems. Capacity-building in data collection, modelling and applications is necessary. We mustbuild awareness of GOOS and secure funds to carry out our work. We mustdevelop plans for implementation of ocean and climate, and coastal-oceanobserving systems. Improved use of satellites for our applications is essential.We must strengthen communication links and improve infrastructure in theregion.

IOGOOS II [5274–5794]He reiterated that systematic ocean observation is essential for understandingthe structure and dynamics of ocean as well as for improving predictabilityof ocean and climate, especially for the Indian Ocean that is quite complexand unique, but still underobserved. After giving an overview of the progressaccomplished by IOGOOS since its formal launch in November 2002, hestated that the focus of this meeting is to come up with concrete action plansand proposals as IOGOOS is entering the phase of implementation.

IOGOOS II [20130–20389]Briefly, the TOR instructs the panel to provide scientific and technical over-sight of oceanographic observations; develop an implementation plan forsustained observations Liaise with relevant bodies (e.g. AAMP JCOMM);and report to CLIVAR SSG and GOOS.

IOGOOS II [20436–20681]IOP faces two important future challenges. First, it is essential to buildbridges to the coastal component of IOGOOS. Climate impact is one of the

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key drivers of coastal ecosystems, fisheries (prawn in particular), and coastalerosion.

IOGOOS II [21112–21515]Second, IOP needs to develop an integrated theme of oceanographic researchon the role of the Indian Ocean in climate variability and change. The themeneeds to explore the full impact of the Indian Ocean, from regionally con-trolled monsoon variability to the global ocean linkages that play a role inthe global transports of mass, heat, freshwater, nutrients, carbon and otherimportant properties.

IOGOOS II [22899–23205]The Hyderabad Workshop agreed that the strategy for oceanographic dataand information management in the Indian Ocean region should be basedon the following requirements: the need to sensitise and get commitmentfrom governments (decision makers) to assure sustainability of the IOGOOSnetwork.

IOGOOS II [30539–30951]The group ultimately converged on some more specific projects. Followingthe suggestion of Prof. Lynch in the Plenary session, the group agreed thatan initiative to develop an advanced high-resolution SST product for theIndian Ocean region would both meet identified needs across a range of areasand provide a framework for cooperation in delivering a unique product: aproduct that would be associated with IOGOOS.

IOGOOS II [31565–31646]It was also agreed that a regional ocean colour product should also bedeveloped.

IOGOOS II [33651–33877]It was suggested that IOGOOS may endorse MILAC-India, with the pro-viso that the efforts of the pilot project would not only result in operationalcapability, but also the knowledge base would be adaptable for the entireregion.

IOGOOS II [34164–34722]A major outcome of the inaugural meeting of the Indian Ocean Global OceanObserving System (IOGOOS) held in Grand Baie, Mauritius in November2002 was the incorporation of a coastal component into what had historicallybeen a programme aimed at oceanic processes. This developed from a surveyof Indian Ocean rim and island countries in which representatives were askedwhat they considered to be major coastal environmental problems. Thesewere then, by consensus, reduced to three: biodiversity loss, coastal erosionand sustainability of fisheries.

IOGOOS II [34800–34925]After consideration by the relevant committee the sustainable fishery issuewas focused on the shallow water prawn resource.

IOGOOS II [40400–41087]The primary keystone ecosystems in the Indian Ocean region are coralreefs, mangrove forests, seagrass beds and rocky shores, which have been

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partially or severely degraded in most countries and which have thereforebeen selected as the targets of this project. Monitoring of these ecosystemswill facilitate their proper management, which can have significant posi-tive impact on the entire coastal/marine environment. Goal or developmentobjective: The goal of this project is to take a regional approach to rapidlydetecting changes and making timely predictions of changes in high priorityphenomena of interest in coastal waters; namely, keystone ecosystems andtheir biodiversity.

IOGOOS II [46260–46371]The aim of the project is to establish a regional network to quantify,understand and predict shoreline change.

IOGOOS II [52352–52844]Outlook for the future: Looking beyond the 1-year period covered by theaction plan outlined above, the following activities are anticipated over thenext few years: Capacity-building workshops in the assessment of shorelinechange using existing data, use of remote sensing data to quantify shorelinechange and modelling of nearshore hydrodynamics using large-scale oceandata, 2005/2006. Final project proposal development workshop for late 2005.Initiation of project late 2006 or beyond.

IOGOOS II [64530–64793]The IOGOOS II meeting recognised the urgent need for satellite productsand associated capacity building, through all activities, and agreed to assistin the development of enhanced SST products as well as other products forthe coastal and biological community.

IOGOOS-III [3248–3925]Dr. Radhakrishnan, chairman of IOGOOS, recalled the evolution and growthof IOGOOS since its formal launch at Mauritius in November 2002, andacknowledged the contributions made by several individuals and institu-tions to bring it up as one of the best GOOS regional alliances (GRA)with 19 members from 12 countries in the region and 2 associate mem-bers. He informed the meeting that the IOP had made excellent progress inpreparing a draft implementation plan for ocean observations in the IndianOcean for climate. He stressed that the coastal GOOS pilot projects have tobe evolved into concrete proposals in conformance with the IOC’s CoastalGOOS implementation plan.

IOGOOS-III [46031–46345]The high level objective of the observing system is to observe, describe,understand, model and predict: seasonal monsoon variation with relatedintra-seasonal variability; the interactions among monsoon—El NinoSouthern Oscillation—Indian Ocean dipole; and the multi-decadal warmingtrends and natural variation.

IOGOOS-IV [29172–29445]How can IOP activities (large-scale oceanography and climate) connect withAfrican activity? Ocean reanalysis and climate model results linked to coastalIOGOOS: How to get the products out? IOC/IOGOOS science programmers:

318 Appendix B

How can the region become active in the science? Through a permanentocean-observing system.

Institutional Choice (INCHO)

IOGOOS I [9445–9487]IOGOOS I [39734–39838]

GOOS Regional Alliances, guided by national and regional priorities, createRegional Application Centers.

IOGOOS I [40271–40346]The global network will not, by itself, provide all of the data/information.

IOGOOS I [41043–41247]Regional observing systems are critical building blocks of the coastal mod-ule of GOOS, especially for achieving the goals of sustaining and restoringhealthy marine ecosystems and living marine resources.

IOGOOS I [41280–41509]The data-management and communications subsystem is the “life-blood”of the observing system, and the development of an integrated data man-agement and communications subsystem is arguably the highest priority forimplementation.

IOGOOS I [41957–42166]to establish an integrated data-management subsystem that serves data inboth real-time and delayed mode and allows users to exploit multiple datasets from many different sources through “one-stop-shopping.”

IOGOOS I [42422–43377]The creation of a Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and MarineMeteorology and initiatives such as the Argo and GODAE projects reflect theprogress that is being made in the design and implementation of the globalocean module of GOOS. In contrast, although a high priority of the interna-tional community, progress in developing the coastal module has been slow.This is primarily a consequence of (1) the challenge of designing and imple-menting an internationally accepted coastal module to achieve the six goalsin a diversity of complex coastal ecosystems; (2) the challenges of develop-ing the regional and global partnerships needed to fund, implement, operateand develop operational observing systems; (3) inefficient and ineffectivedata communications and management systems and (4) the primitive state ofour capacity to rapidly and routinely detect and predict changes that requiremeasurements of biological and chemical variables.

IOGOOS I [50701–50844]A data-management and communication system that provides rapid access todata and information will be the “lifeline” of the observing system. I shoulddevelop a hierarchical, distributed network of local, national and regionalmechanisms feeding eventually into a global framework,

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IOGOOS I [50914–51052]

IOGOOS I [71369–71558]This will be the first step toward establishing the data communications infras-tructure that will be required to build the data-management infrastructure forthe coastal component of IOGOOS.

IOGOOS I [71559–71942]Establish a development committee that will (1) oversee the developmentof pilot projects, including the coastal laboratory network, and (2) serve asa point of contact for the ocean climate component of IOGOOS and otherbodies interested in the development of the coastal component of IOGOOS(other regional bodies, research programmes important to the developmentof IOGOOS and so on).

IOGOOS I [86821–87324]The Breakout Session II concluded by forming an IOGOOS CoastalDevelopment Committee (ICDC) with an Executive Committee (∗ in mem-bership list below) that will (1) promote the development of the three pilotprojects and a network of coastal laboratories for data and informationexchange, (2) coordinate their development with ocean climate pilot projectsand (3) provide the focal point for the IOGOOS Secretariat to coordinate thedevelopment of the ocean climate and coastal modules of IOGOOS.

IOGOOS I [109937–110454]Institutional and infrastructural development. Development of a network ofuniversities and government offices to help in designing and implementingthe project; many universities and governments have environmental moni-toring programmes, so that sharing information amongst them would helpto optimise project design, thus enabling the project to be carried out inmany countries in a standardised way. Designation of contact persons in eachcountry to help network people in their country with those in other countries.

IOGOOS I [115172–115871]The International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE)programme was established by the IOC in 1960 to (1) facilitate and promotethe exchange of oceanographic data and information; (2) develop standards,formats and methods for the global exchange of oceanographic data andinformation and (3) assist member states to acquire the necessary capacityto manage oceanographic data and information and become partners in theIODE network. More than 60 centres have been established; these includeDesignated National Agencies (DNAs), National Oceanographic Data andInformation Centers (NODCs), Responsible National Oceanographic DataCenters (RNODCs) and World Data CentersOceanography (WDCs).

IOGOOS I [125258–125445]Since it was agreed that the ODIN strategy should benefit the entire region,the workshop therefore recommended the development of an ODIN projectfor IOCINDIO, complementing ODINAFRICA.

320 Appendix B

IOGOOS I [145286–145781]Conference had created a good spirit of cooperation, thanks to the hard workof the last 2 years, and a good basis for future work. In particular, he con-firmed the continuing support of the Government of India in the developmentof IOGOOS, not least through its hosting of the IOGOOS Secretariat atthe Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), inHyderabad, for a period of 6 years beginning 7 November 2002. The costof running the Secretariat will be met by INCOIS.

IOGOOS I [149386–149702]The organisation of a joint Ocean Dynamics and Climate and Coastal OceanObservation Workshop to develop a sound overall coordination of IOGOOSprojects (possibly in May 2003). The nomination of a project coordina-tor to ensure effective follow-up. The creation of an IOGOOS bulletin.Improvement of the IOGOOS website.

IOGOOS I [151819–152008]He also called on the countries represented in the alliance to establishnational IOGOOS committees with a view to developing the appropriatenational activities in support of the alliance.

IOGOOS I [170050–170434]These challenges will require an array of new knowledge and technologiesto erect a shield of protection, biological, physical, environmental and strate-gic, in order to ensure our sustainable development. At the same time, thesechallenges will require an institutional response by governments and agen-cies and by society at large on the way we do business, with new ways ofthinking and new ideas.

IOGOOS I [185268–186490]There are several aspects to this challenge. The first one is institutional devel-opment. Member states, and the IOC, need to prepare themselves to meet theneeds posed by the development of GOOS. The financing of ocean researchhas allowed the building of much of what we have today, especially the trialscaled-up runs of prototype systems. However, the financing of the fullyoperational GOOS cannot depend exclusively on the funding for science.Since no other known source is visible on the horizon, waiting to fill thegap, this shifting of the sources of funding is perceived as a huge menaceto the stability of ongoing international research efforts. The second chal-lenge refers to the use of the data and information generated by operationaloceanographic services. Effective use requires the organisation of sophisti-cated systems for processing, modelling and distributing the information. Itis not just a matter of securing access to the data, important as this aspectis. It is necessary to establish a highly technical and dedicated organisationwith the mission of using the data, and producing and distributing final prod-ucts. These organisations exist today, both in the public and in the privatesector.

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IOGOOS II [25443–26242]With respect to structure and coordination, the Hyderabad Workshop con-cluded that at the national level, a mix of distributed as well as centralisedmechanism is to be adopted. Each country needs to have a focal point fordata management and the NODC could take up this responsibility. Countrieswithout an NODC should be encouraged to establish such a facility. It isnecessary to have a coordination mechanism for data and information man-agement at the regional level as well. An IOGOOS data and informationmanagement working group is to be set up with national contact points andexperts as members. The need for a regional data archive for the Indian Oceanwas discussed and it was decided this should be agreed upon during the firstmeeting of the data and information management working group.

IOGOOS II [41514–41868]This project will be a multi-scale operation involving, first, large-scaleremote sensing over wide areas; second, detailed remote sensing in particularareas of interest and third, community-based or participatory monitoring insitu at selected sites. Measurements at all three levels of monitoring will berepeated on a regular basis over time.

IOGOOS II [50943–51366]The project has many requirements related to capacity building in process-ing and interpreting remotely sensed data. It was also recognised that thecreation of a clearinghouse for all available data on the winds and waves inthe Indian Ocean whether from satellites or global models would be a veryuseful step in stimulating work throughout the region in linking observedshoreline changes to the ocean climate.

IOGOOS II [63171–63454]IOGOOS is working within the framework of the GOOS Coastal Panel andtaking responsibility in collaboration with that panel in the implementationof initiatives within the region, including contributions to the measurementof key common variables and testing of common methodologies.

IOGOOS II [64793–65258]The IOGOOS II meeting noted that the Secretariat at INCOIS, Hyderabadhas been energetic, competent and proactive in supporting the activities ofIOGOOS, in cooperation with the IOC Perth Office. With the support ofthe Department of Ocean Development, India, the Secretariat, has grownsignificantly supporting various activities such as data management. TheSecretariat has developed an informative website that is providing effectivecommunication for the region.

IOGOOS-III [51955–52210]The strategic approach has been endorsed and we are planning to establish asecretariat over the coming months, probably in the National Oceans Office.The Indian Ocean region is a major focus of this plan and it will be stronglyguided by the IOP Panel.

322 Appendix B

Operationalisation (OPSTA)

IOGOOS I [32607–32724]An operational observing system for the marine environment is a new con-cept for oceanographers and marine ecologists, in which the provision ofdata and data-products is sustained and routine in forms and at rates that arespecified by the users.

IOGOOS I [32801–32929]

IOGOOS I [32968–33421]It requires a managed and efficient flow of data and information amongthree essential subsystems: (1) an analysis and modelling subsystem, the datarequirements of which guide the development of, (2) an integrated data com-munications and management subsystem for serving data of known qualityin real-time or delayed mode as needed and (3) an observing subsystem formonitoring the required variables on specified time-space scales, precisionand accuracy.

IOGOOS I [101218–101506]For applicability at the regional level, the global products will have to bedownscaled for practical applications (e.g. agriculture, fisheries). Specificoceanic features such as fronts, upwelling zones or the resolution of sea stateand currents may need to be enhanced in the products.

IOGOOS I [105754–105946]A phased approach, beginning with assessment and a shoreline monitoringsystem; incorporation of local funding; then development of analytical andmodelling capability as data become available.

IOGOOS I [110455–112089]Establishment of marine-protected areas (MPAs) to act as control areas(unlikely to experience significant impacts of human activities) with whichto compare other areas that receive significant human impacts; establishmentof reference stations, which would have a use similar to that of MPAs, but,in addition, may be selected so as to represent areas that are least likelyto experience natural disasters. In addition, sentinel sites carefully chosenin order to quickly detect change and allow rapid planning of appropri-ate mitigation measures. Identification and management of the drivers ofecosystem degradation (i.e. human activities and natural phenomena). Forcoral reefs: The relevant human activities are destructive fishing, overfish-ing, coral mining, nutrient and chemical water pollution, boat transport andanchoring, and land-based activities that cause sedimentation. The relevantnatural phenomena are coral bleaching (possibly due to climate change),outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish, and storms and cyclones. Formangroves: The relevant human activities are harvesting of mangroves forfuel, building poles and boat-making, clear-cutting of mangrove forests forconstruction of houses and roads, aquaculture, agriculture and salt-making.The relevant natural phenomena are sea-level rise, storms and cyclones,

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and floods. For seagrass beds: The relevant human activities are destruc-tive fishing practices (drag nets, trawling); movement of boats and people;and land-based activities that cause sedimentation. The relevant natural phe-nomena are cyclones, storms and excessive rainfall that causes increasedsedimentation.

IOGOOS I [119888–121052]Gary Meyers noted that the data and data products required for the OceanDynamics and Climate pilot projects are composed of two streams: (1) large-scale data products and analyses on a global scale (e.g. climate prediction,ocean state, weather products, wave products); and (2) local scale. The dataand data products on the local scale are lacking and will require specialefforts in the region to develop them. There may also be some problems ofdownscaling data products from the large scale to the local scale, but “exter-nal” sources (e.g. Global GOOS) could be combined with “local sources”(e.g. IOGOOS), if downscaling problems can be overcome. Tom Malonepointed out that coastal data is nearly always “local”. In general, the diversityof data required for the proposed IOGOOS pilot projects is huge and variesfrom country to country. In addition, very few data-management systems areavailable in the region to deal with these data. The challenges will thereforebe substantial, but so will be the benefits if the necessary systems can beput in place. A clearing-house mechanism will be necessary to assemble andmake available the relevant data.

IOGOOS I [121247–121882]Mervyn Lynch informed the workshop that there is limited experience inthe remote-sensing community concerned with the IOGOOS programme.Quite independently and to serve their own needs, the wider remote-sensingcommunity has established data centres, sets of data products, quality con-trol procedures and metadata-base management systems. However, there aresome areas of concern, such as the often onerous access to such data, theneed for validation of remote-sensing data with field data and their properintegration, product consistency across laboratories for the same sensor, orproduct consistency between different/new sensors.

IOGOOS I [122575–122899]Peter Pissierssens thought that independent local data management was still along way off, but ODINAFRICA data centres could help in the Indian Ocean;so could POGO and INCOIS. The current weakness of the IODE data-centresystem was the still relative separation of the data management communityfrom the wider user community.

IOGOOS I [123455–123899]It recommended that IOC undertake a survey to identify and document indetail all existing ocean data and management facilities in the region. Thiswill enable the identification of suitable data and information-managementpartners able to handle all relevant data types and develop the required dataproducts and services. Particular attention should be given to whether thesecentres are covering or can cover all data types relevant to IOGOOS.

324 Appendix B

IOGOOS I [126643–127143]About a dozen satellites covering the Indian Ocean are now operating.Regarding the application of satellite remote sensing in the region, it appearsnecessary to stimulate regional interest and to identify problems whose solu-tion would be facilitated by satellite remote sensing, and to set priorities. Asa first step, it would be useful to construct inventories of experts, of interests,and of existing infrastructure. Training workshops and demonstration pilotprojects would help in this sense.

IOGOOS I [127144–127310]The likely problems lie predominantly in the data acquisition, managementand archiving, in the exploitation of the data and the development of usefuldata products.

IOGOOS I [128336–128567]There are still some credibility gaps with respect to satellite remote sensing,and capabilities vary from nation to nation. So capacity-building and trainingare needed, preceded, however, by an assessment of training facilities.

IOGOOS I [128697–128775]The majority of the relevant data come from the SeaWiFS and are held atNASA.

IOGOOS I [129364–129418]SeaWiFS and OCM satellites carry ocean-colour scanners;

IOGOOS I [129986–130109]Although the coral reefs and mangroves are being monitored, it is not easyto show changes in mangrove species composition.

IOGOOS I [130688–130856]It is clearly very important to ensure that the data products are useful andmade available at the right levels: societal, national, and of internationalorganisations.

IOGOOS I [132752–133566]Regarding data exchange, some of the problems are technical. The hardwareand software needs of users need to be determined. Duplication (in dataacquisition, processing and so on) must be avoided and made unnecessaryby full and free access by all participants in IOGOOS pilot projects to alldata in relevant data sources. The needs of the Ocean Dynamics and Climatepilot projects are reasonably well met, now, but those in Coastal OceanObserving are more difficult to meet, because the algorithms are more com-plex, and compliance with standards and protocols for measurements and fordata products is more difficult to achieve. The priority for the coastal pilotprojects is the detection of environmental change (mitigation/degradation),and for this it is necessary to concentrate on quality control of the data.

IOGOOS I [133567–134336]There are also some pragmatic questions, particularly regarding costs andtitle to data or data products, to be resolved. High spatial- and spectral-resolution data may be necessary for some purposes but are costly, so hardchoices often have to be made. Planned actions are to prepare the following:

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a resource directory of satellites and their data products—descriptors, accu-racy, spatial and temporal resolution, availability (real time, delayed time);an inventory of research and capacity-building centres; and a list of specificneeds for capacity-building with respect to scatterometry, altimetry, inshorecurrents, sea-surface temperature and ocean fronts, and the oceanic watercolumn (chlorophyll a, suspended sediments, dissolved organic compounds,light attenuation and so on).

IOGOOS I [154215–154633]Work on these priority issues will be enabled through four inter-relatedtechnical activities: (1) improving the African Network of In Situ OceanMeasurements and Observation Validation, with particular emphasis on theSea-Level Network; (2) improving access to remote-sensing technology andinformation; (3) (insuring) validation and forecasting modelling; and (4)developing of an enduser interactive information delivery system.

IOGOOS I [164383–164925]The conference had made it clear that there are products and applications thatcan be delivered to the users in this region, but some things are still needed:pilot projects to pave the way for operational systems; capacity-building indata collection, modelling, and applications; building awareness of GOOSand securing funds for the work; plans for implementation of ocean and cli-mate, and coastal-ocean observing systems; improved use of satellites forIOGOOS applications and better communication links and infrastructure inthe region.

IOGOOS I [172740–173070]The existing multilateral frameworks should however be revitalised to ensurethat they develop and implement specific initiatives, such as funding mecha-nisms to facilitate international scientific collaboration between countries.Joint research projects and information-sharing networks should be othercomponents of their output.

IOGOOS I [186524–186692]Is this a development that each member state of the IOC wishes to face inde-pendently, or would it be a possible “joint” effort within IOC, organised at aregional scale.

IOGOOS I [186953–187274]The third challenge is economic in nature. Global observations constitute avery particular case of all the observations that can be made. The main featureis the very large scale at which they are collected. At the upper limit, GOOSwill be sampling the properties of a single system: the ocean. The samplesize is one.

IOGOOS I [187431–187790]In theory, full forecasting capabilities would be available only if all scaleswere properly sampled. This is a huge technical requirement. Conceptuallythis is not a minor detail. In GOOS, what is a local observation made onthe east coast of Africa becomes a “remote and distant” observation for aforecast in the Bay of Bengal, for example, and vice versa.

326 Appendix B

IOGOOS II [17553–17947]IOP members have undertaken drafting of an implementation plan based onan outline plan prepared by the chair, with initial input due in May, and com-pletion of the first draft in early 2005. A key aspect of preparing this plan isto develop a high degree of consensus among all the agencies that can con-tribute. This is essential to achieving a high degree of coordination in theimplementation.

IOGOOS II [20682–21112]A capability for downscaling the basin scale observations to the smallerscales of interest at the coasts needs to be addressed and founded on atwo-way flow of information and plans between developers of the climatecomponent and users of marine information in the coastal environment. Withthis challenge in mind, IOP will open a discussion with GODAE to identifyhow products can be made available to IOGOOS users.

IOGOOS II [23992–24051]Coastal and climate GOOS require data at different scales.

IOGOOS II [26788–27169]The objectives to be met during the medium term are as follows: (1) assistmembers to develop the necessary national capacity to participate fully inIOGOOS (ODIN+, modelling and data assimilation, satellite oceanogra-phy); (2) start data collection, management and service/product developmentthrough relevant pilot projects and (3) provide services to all IOGOOSmembers for public use.

IOGOOS II [38072–38463]Substantial discussion at the Sri Lankan meeting was devoted to the poten-tial and feasibility of the use of remote sensing techniques in monitoringof environmental parameters of possible significance to prawn populationdynamics. This technique was also mooted as being of potential significanceto the other two coastal IOGOOS pilot projects on costal biodiversity andshoreline dynamics.

IOGOOS II [41514–41867]This project will be a multi-scale operation involving, first, large-scaleremote sensing over wide areas; second, detailed remote sensing in particularareas of interest; and third, community-based or participatory monitoring insitu at selected sites. Measurements at all three levels of monitoring will berepeated on a regular basis over time.

IOGOOS II [41906–42375]Data from all levels of monitoring will be fed into GIS databases and pro-cessed to obtain a number of valuable outputs, including maps, baselineinformation, detection of change over time and predictions about futurechanges. Interpretation of these outputs will result in outputs at a higher levelsuch as recommendations for management and/or further research, as wellas information that can be used to increase environmental awareness of therespective communities.

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IOGOOS II [43278–44023]Progress during the IOGOOS Workshop at Colombo, April 26–29 2004: It isgratifying that significant progress was made during the workshop in termsof valuable input by additional countries, new commitments to undertake theproject, recruitment of individuals and exchange of information. The maininputs/changes in the proposal as a result of this workshop included a newtitle, so that it mentions the purpose of the project as being to facilitate sus-tainable management; improvements in methodologies on remote sensing,identification of possible sources of funding, the necessity of linking datafrom the climate community, particularly, temperature, salinity, turbidity, sealevel and so on, which all affect ecosystem health and area coverage.

IOGOOS II [48782–49299]Two types of remotely sensed data will be required for this project. The firsttype is high resolution data on shoreline change while the second is lower res-olution data on wind and waves. The second category can be supplementedby the output of global climate models, particularly for the case of wind data.It was noted that wave and wind statistics compiled from such sources arealready available commercially for the region. Local measurements of wavesand wind are needed to validate the hydrodynamic models.

IOGOOS II [52845–53467]The actual project would have duration of 5–7 years. It is expected thatthe first year of project implementation would involve the final selection ofsites, training of personnel involved in monitoring, quality control and datamanagement, and setting up a regional data sharing network. Monitoringwould begin late in the first year and products would be available by theend of the second year. Acquiring and interpreting remotely sensed data onshoreline change would also begin in the first year while development ofa capability to predict shoreline change would begin in the second or thirdyear.

IOGOOS II [61176–61338]The second annual meeting (IOGOOS II) held at Colombo during April26–29, 2004 agreed on a detailed action plan and on the implementation ofseveral initiatives.

IOGOOS-III [3248–3925]Dr. Radhakrishnan, chairman of IOGOOS, recalled the evolution and growthof IOGOOS since its formal launch at Mauritius in November 2002, andacknowledged the contributions made by several individuals and institu-tions to bring it up as one of the best GOOS regional alliances (GRA)with 19 members from 12 countries in the region and 2 associate members.He informed in the meeting that the IOP had made excellent progress inpreparing a draft implementation plan for ocean observations in the IndianOcean for climate. He stressed that the coastal GOOS pilot projects mustbe evolved into concrete proposals in conformance with the IOC’s CoastalGOOS implementation plan.

328 Appendix B

IOGOOS-III [22379–22983]Dr. Radhakrishnan briefly described the importance of remote sensing andindicated that the United States, Europe and India have major remote sensingprogrammes that cover the Indian Ocean. He gave an example of fisheries asa case where remote sensing data is being used for an operational purpose.Remote sensing data could also be used to provide inputs for coastal land use,shoreline changes and so on. He suggested that the IOGOOS website shouldhave a page on remote sensing data availability, tools and so on. He gavean overview of the training programme offered by CSSTE-AP and IndianInstitute of Remote Sensing.

IOGOOS-III [33786–34231]The foundation of the website for this project has been constructed with anemphasis on graphics and user friendliness as it is intended to be accessed asa general source of information and used not only by researchers in the field.It is expected, pending adequate funding, that the bulk of the website detailswill be completed by the end of 2005 and the site hosted by the IOGOOSsecretariat by mid-2006 in advance of the IOGOOS IV meeting.

IOGOOS-III [41034–41485]The Panel has met face-to-face twice (Pune, India, 2004; Hobart, Australia,2005), but works primarily between sessions by e-mail and Internet.The panel’s plan for IOGOOS is reported on the website of theInternational CLIVAR Project Office at http://www.clivar.org/organization/indian/IOOS/obs.html. The panel has published a report entitled, “The Roleof the Indian Ocean in the Climate System—an implementation plan forsustained observations”.

IOGOOS-III [45571–46030]Dr. Gary Meyers presented an overview of the design for an Indian OceanObserving System. It is integrated in the sense (1) that it makes use of all theavailable types of instrumentation that can be deployed in the ocean for longperiods of time; (2) it provides data for a wide range of parameters relevantto the physical and biological state of the ocean; and (3) it observes all therelevant time-scales of variability from intra-seasonal to multi-decadal.

IOGOOS-III [49569–49846]The major issues that have to be resolved to fully establish the mooring arrayinclude ship time (180 days per year), fishing vandalism, operational fund-ing, international coordination, system integration (e.g. commonalities withmulti-hazard warning system) and data management.

IOGOOS-III [51955–52210]The strategic approach has been endorsed and we are planning to establish asecretariat over the coming months, probably in the National Oceans Office.The Indian Ocean region is a major focus of this plan and it will be stronglyguided by the IOP Panel.

IOGOOS-III [54989–55285]One of the concerns is the way that the network will be implemented andsustained. It also has to cater to operational activities since just science

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objectives will not be sufficient to sustain funding. He noted that the GEOSSframework can provide new approaches for securing long-term funding.

IOGOOS-III [58828–59024]He commented that progress in the IOGOOS projects has not been as rapidas required and that the IOGOOS officers could be given the responsibilityof individual projects based on their expertise.

IOGOOS-III [61223–62674]Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, Chairman IOGOOS, elicited suggestions from theparticipants to improve the functioning of IOGOOS. IOGOOS has alreadyachieved some good progress in respect of the evolution of a design forbasin-scale observations. It has also embarked on coastal pilot projects thatare complex and would take some time to see the results. The recent tsunamidemanded serious attention of some of the IOGOOS functionaries for evolv-ing the tsunami early warning system and related capacity building for theIndian Ocean. The following suggestions were received from the partici-pants on how to further enhance the effectiveness of IOGOOS. There is aneed to collaborate on regional projects. Individual champions are needed totake ahead successful projects. Projects should be able to cut across nationalboundaries and countries should be sufficiently convinced that the projectis useful to them. Activities of IOGOOS, including the pilot projects andprogress, need to be made known at the national level. National GOOScoordinating committees should be formed that also include the governmentagencies that are involved in the pilot projects. IOGOOS probably needs tospend more time on delivering products and useful information through thewebsite, capacity building for modelling, tsunami, coastal inundation mod-elling and so on. It might be useful to have an IOGOOS workshop along withthe IGOOS meeting. IOGOOS needs to develop a user interface.

IOGOOS-IV [23582–25015]Dr. Meyers presented an overview of the implementation plan for sustainedobservations for climate research and operational prediction. The mooringarray is composed of 44 moorings to observe weather and upper oceanparameters and three moorings to observe the deep equatorial currents. Therationale for the array was discussed. At the present time, the three deepmoorings and nine of the surface moorings are active, located near 80◦ and90◦E. An additional three moorings are scheduled for implementation in late2006/early 2007, including one in the western Indian Ocean. Implementationof a mooring south of Java is under discussion. Challenges in implement-ing the full array are vandalism by fishers and commitment of ship time.Maintenance of the full array will require about 142 days of ship time peryear. About 400 Argo floats are now active in the Indian Ocean out of 480required for full implementation. Floats to complete the array are available,but ships to take them to the void locations are lacking. Implementation of allthe XBT lines is on track except IX10 (lacking a principal investigator) andIX08 (lacking useful shipping.) The XBT line IX07 was dropped because it isredundant and not as effective as IX08 for monitoring inflow to the western

330 Appendix B

boundary current system. NOAA and NIO are working together to imple-ment IX08. Dr. Meyers reported progress (though limited) in coordinatingIOP activity with IOTWS.

IOGOOS-IV [29445–30125]The participants identified three possible projects that address these ques-tions: (1) Easy access/small data sets: Goal—provide the ocean re-analysisand/or climate prediction data required for two or three specific projects inan archive and format that will be user-friendly. The data will be targetedspecifically for IOGOOS members/associates. Actions: IOGOOS Secretariatannounces opportunity and call for proposals. IOGOOS chairman, IOP chairand possibly a panel select the projects, taking account of common needfor data. Chair of ODIN-INCINDIO responsible for assembly of data set.Resources: US $300,000–$400,000 for data assembly. Projects to be fundedby national resources.

IOGOOS-IV [31595–31807]IOGOOS needs to develop a strategy to maximise IOGOOS mem-bers/associates participation in IOC training programmes. IOGOOS needsto develop a strategy to convert regional research projects to operationalactivity.

IOGOOS-IV [31927–32185]For the ecosystem project, it was suggested that perhaps we should start smalland set up a pilot project. While beginning with a pilot test, the project shouldremain as an integrated whole. Suggested that India and Tanzania could startwith pilot testing.

IOGOOS-IV [35475–36058]Coastal Erosion and Prawn Pilot Projects. The coordinators of these projectsdid not turn up for the meeting. It was also noted that there was no progressin the activities identified in the previous annual meetings. Considering this,the meeting decided that these projects are to be abandoned unless other sci-entists have the interest in taking over and coordinating them. As such, theaction decided was for the IOGOOS Secretariat to contact the project coor-dinators and determine new leaders or termination of the project. Completeaction by February 2007, and report to membership.

IOGOOS-IV [41293–41611]The meeting suggested that an audit could be coordinated from IOGOOSas a basis for a more targeted activity in the future. This audit could covernational programmes in coastal monitoring, in situ and remote sensing activ-ities, data products, modelling and prediction activities, data and informationmanagement and so on.

Process of Regime Formation (PROREGFOR)

IOGOOS I [10745–10975]International conventions, such as the UN Framework Convention onClimate Change and the Convention on Biodiversity, and the economic

Appendix B 331

challenges and social commitments have mandated countries to implementocean observing systems.

IOGOOS I [53868–53945]The strategy will take advantage of existing observing systems and facilities.

IOGOOS I [54186–54236]It will also take advantage of some pilot projects.

IOGOOS I [54743–54808]The strategy will take advantage of some pre-operational projects.

IOGOOS I [55303–55474]For data management, the strategy will take advantage of the followingprojects that are part of the IOC’s International Oceanographic Data andInformation Exchange (IODE).

IOGOOS I [55788–55915]The strategy will be based on the following operational satellites providingcurrent oceanographic data for the Indian Ocean.

IOGOOS-III [69226–69580]The members noted the efforts put in by IOGOOS Members & IOGOOSSecretariat over the last 2 years for the GRAND Project. After detailedassessment of its utility vis-à-vis the efforts put in, it was considered appro-priate to withdraw from the GRAND Project. On behalf of IOGOOS,the chairman was authorised to communicate the same to the GRANDSecretariat.

Imposition (IMPOS)

IOGOOS I [10745–10974]International conventions, such as the UN Framework Convention onClimate Change and the Convention on Biodiversity, and the economicchallenges and social commitments have mandated countries to implementocean-observing systems.

IOGOOS I [13222–13514]Through the Conference, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission(of UNESCO) and its UN and regional partners are now one step closer toestablishing a fully operational Global Ocean Observing System in the IndianOcean with the collaboration of the countries of the Indian Ocean region.

IOGOOS I [33421–33531]Under the oversight of the GOOS sponsors (IOC, UNEP, WMO, ICSU,FAO), the observing system is being organised.

IOGOOS I [34064–34356]The GOOS movement is an attempt to more effectively link and enhanceexisting programmes for more cost-effective use of existing knowledge,infrastructure and expertise; and more rapid detection and timely predic-tion of environmental changes and events in coastal marine and estuarinesystems.

332 Appendix B

IOGOOS I [34676–34979]The observing system is envisioned as a network of national, regional andglobal systems that rapidly and systematically acquire and disseminate dataand data products to serve the needs of many user groups, including gov-ernment agencies, private enterprise, scientists, educators, NGOs and thepublic.

IOGOOS I [36809–36931]The fact that the phenomena of interest are globally ubiquitous and tend tobe local expressions of larger-scale forcings.

IOGOOS I [140844–140950]It was agreed that GOOS principles apply to all GOOS activities, includingdata acquisition and exchange.

IOGOOS I [188373–188857]Simply look at Europe and the United States to see how much they are invest-ing in GOOS to benefit their own regions. The IOC and its UN partners, theWorld Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Programme,as well as the International Council of Science (ICSU), will continue to sup-port the development process, but the implementation phase requires yourcountries’ support. This begins with signing the IOGOOS Memorandum ofUnderstanding to become a contributing member.

IOGOOS II [4813–5273]In his opening remarks, Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, Chairman IOGOOS and ViceChairman IOC, stated that the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)envisages (1) an internationally accepted global design to address the broadrealms of oceans and climate and coastal ocean, (2) a set of regional alliancesof countries that will focus on issues of common concerns and interests of theregion and (3) national contributions for implementation of the observationalsystems.

IOGOOS II [15157–15436]GOOS (through Indian Ocean GOOS and the Perth Office of the IOC)and CLIVAR have established the Indian Ocean Panel initially charged todevelop, coordinate and implement a plan for sustained ocean observationsof the Indian Ocean for climate research and ocean state estimation.

IOGOOS-III [69226–69580]The members noted the efforts put in by IOGOOS members and IOGOOSSecretariat over the last 2 years for the GRAND Project. After detailedassessment of its utility vis-à-vis the efforts put in, it was considered appro-priate to withdraw from the GRAND Project. On behalf of IOGOOS,the Chairman was authorised to communicate the same to the GRANDSecretariat.

Appendix B 333

Negotiation (NEGOT)

IOGOOS I [44694–44792]Implementing the coastal module in the Indian Ocean will require partneringamong regional bodies.

IOGOOS I [45823–45920]In addition, the development of IOGOOS should involve collaboration withGOOS-AFRICA and SEAGOOS.

IOGOOS I [94609–94707]However, the working group could not finalise the large-scale, open-oceanmoored-buoy array design.

Self-Generation (SELFG)

IOGOOS II [27169–27529]The long-term objectives identified are as follows: (1) empower ALL mem-bers to generate/share and disseminate products and services by themselvesusing data from national and regional sources; (2) develop user-oriented anduser friendly ocean services system accessible by all and (3) ensure long-termsustainability of the national and regional IOGOOS facilities.

Appendix CIntra-Indian Ocean Trade (in USD Millions)2001 to 2007

Value of Intra-Indian Ocean trade (in USD millions) 2001–2007

Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Australia 13765.43 13745.94 14678.40 19639.35 22844.84 26771.79 30658.66

Bahrain 1395.69 1303.89

Bangladesh 293.14 253.21

Comoros 6.97 3.90

Djibouti 181.68 194.39

Egypt 1023.17 1043.92

Eritrea

Ethiopia 181.85 144.80 198.17 139.17 216.93 249.96 310.27

India 10340.82 14060.55

Indonesia 14058.83 14867.46

Iran 3302.33 2811.17

Iraq 836.12 936.56

Israel 2312.70 2199.10

Jordan 1362.67 1515.65

Kenya 679.42 672.79

Kuwait 4170.44 4004.61

Madagascar 145.28 53.46

Malaysia 26745.48 29446.26

Maldives 27.28 31.02

Mauritius 140.96 139.62

Mozambique 117.41 137.53

Myanmar 1159.56 1394.46

Oman 4068.61 4281.10

Pakistan 2119.22 2479.92

Qatar 1990.03 2675.74

Saudi Arabia 16967.82 15438.86

Seychelles 6.30 4.65

Singapore 37212.35 38518.44 112861.75

Somalia 64.03 96.89

South Africa 3902.74 3828.83

Sri Lanka 658.33 723.06

Sudan 185.30 286.06

Tanzania 180.16 183.29

Thailand 14632.19 15845.57

United Arab Emirates 11279.00 11683.01

Yemen 2082.32 1960.21

Grand Total 177595.59 186965.88 231103.31 295108.25 362762.09 439731.36 504614.15

1501.84

299.90

2.86

236.76

1425.64

18815.51

15789.48

3626.07

410.86

2408.50

1438.18

710.93

4653.16

105.12

33110.96

43.31

210.91

187.22

1414.28

3851.07

3104.54

2692.11

19360.11

2.63

58212.30

133.39

4923.72

871.44

954.49

225.51

19314.88

14437.25

1751.82

2152.50

320.70

6.35

240.76

2087.11

24673.45

18741.20

5523.12

396.70

2972.30

1743.61

838.06

6891.30

80.97

41081.31

51.00

232.11

251.77

1853.45

3679.24

2972.71

4734.94

26278.18

19.95

71801.85

169.75

6243.40

1041.72

533.11

311.04

24860.35

20114.52

2431.23

3432.79

624.07

4.83

325.70

3539.94

2790.67

456.12

6.09

263.46

3021.64

31805.77

23268.59

6623.60

293.96

3224.90

2064.49

885.93

8966.37

60.62

48173.94

45.97

372.47

335.11

2416.74

5729.56

3713.96

5496.96

35081.82

27.33

85631.90

234.49

7979.52

1314.69

501.04

329.77

29271.89

27044.67

2266.31

37358.50

33693.21

8334.54

651.27

3340.40

2375.53

1055.37

10757.72

65.89

54600.08

84.21

472.65

436.86

3023.00

8677.87

4297.45

8405.48

44588.60

43.62

99958.05

281.18

7802.70

1511.46

621.69

403.37

33760.34

35139.37

3041.88

4002.48

706.86

5.77

406.65

4318.39

47144.02

37951.49

8766.39

429.03

4086.40

2744.19

1307.89

12702.65

81.73

60965.60

80.26

601.21

425.37

3183.16

7383.94

5370.15

10637.28

48347.31

58.08

356.20

9669.33

1889.44

560.96

481.90

41707.99

40530.78

3880.59

Source: Developed from International Monetary Fund Direction of Trade online

335

336 Appendix C

Value of exports to the world (in USD millions) 2001–2007Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Australia 63399.30 65221.20 70900.20 86161.80 105055.00 121827.00 141350.00Bahrain 8254.80 8455.21 10354.40 13592.50 15943.40 19793.00 24023.10Bangladesh 5735.61 5443.26 6229.39 7585.60 8494.40 12740.20 13909.70Comoros 37.50 28.47 32.96 34.51 24.09 31.94 30.53Djibouti 236.27 202.28 247.11 252.31 274.49 340.22 422.66Egypt 4140.41 7048.54 8499.16 12187.10 15593.00 20704.40 23229.40Eritrea

Ethiopia 285.93 421.46 467.86 570.37 781.89 1085.64 1207.21India 45512.70 50496.30 61118.50 75385.20 97918.10 123032.00 151932.00Indonesia 56317.70 57154.30 61012.60 71550.20 85622.60 113601.00 129428.00Iran 24336.90 22176.20 31782.30 40997.50 55402.80 70594.10 81865.40Iraq 11064.50 9133.97 8140.66 16119.10 17656.70 23863.40 27271.90Israel 29046.00 29512.10 31291.20 38519.80 42513.60 46448.50 54048.50Jordan 2291.50 2769.49 3081.12 3530.40 4300.60 5203.56 5534.00Kenya 1872.57 2143.97 2403.73 2702.77 3544.70 4107.56 4846.27Kuwait 16155.10 15525.80 18746.10 25520.10 35190.80 42220.30 47312.50Madagascar 673.89 494.69 848.13 1253.25 1004.83 1071.49 1221.68Malaysia 88201.00 93386.60104968.00 126509.00 140977.00 160664.00 176207.00Maldives 76.57 90.71 112.71 122.83 98.72 167.15 170.35Mauritius 1524.91 1746.41 1807.97 1914.13 2000.19 2177.47 2256.65Mozambique 703.70 682.02 1043.91 1503.86 1745.26 2381.13 2764.24Myanmar 2625.44 2753.15 2767.95 3158.84 3702.15 4377.99 4786.62Oman 10681.10 11126.70 10361.70 12725.60 17419.40 23665.50 24760.80Pakistan 9211.43 9880.35 11928.00 13284.20 16046.00 17183.00 19626.80Qatar 10868.50 10976.50 13380.10 18545.80 18001.00 25090.40 30767.60Saudi Arabia 68831.90 66140.40 86547.20 112687.00 156967.00 189418.00 200491.00Seychelles 152.44 174.80 213.86 367.93 416.74 350.34 339.14Singapore 121826.00 125219.00160073.00 198694.00 229447.00 272057.00 299173.00Somalia 77.20 112.95 150.50 190.09 250.63 301.21 380.15South Africa 29510.30 29898.70 36353.30 45554.80 51561.60 52439.00 63484.30Sri Lanka 4722.42 4678.38 5133.30 5757.23 6383.65 7494.75 8522.03Sudan 1699.87 1941.58 2609.37 3773.70 4821.78 5699.26 8703.83Tanzania 774.44 948.64 934.14 1220.71 1474.42 1572.38 1827.32Thailand 65113.20 68849.80 80318.20 96213.90 110158.00 130555.00 152459.00United Arab Emirates 39878.70 39135.70 50096.20 66787.90 93172.80 111980.00 126705.00

Yemen 3370.17 3270.99 3724.01 4076.39 5606.29 6440.51 7171.40Grand Total 729209.97747240.61887678.831109050.421349570.631620678.401838229.08

Source: Developed from International Monetary Fund Direction of Trade onlineAll data is as generated from the IMF database. From the database the subsequenttotals of exports to developing countries and industrialised countries do not add upto world exports

Appendix C 337

Value of intra-Indian Ocean trade as percentage of world exports 2001–2007

Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Australia 21.71 21.08 20.70 22.79 21.75 21.98 21.69

Bahrain 16.91 15.42 14.50 15.84 17.50 17.34 16.66

Bangladesh 5.11 4.65 4.81 4.23 5.37 4.90 5.08

Comoros 18.59 13.70 8.68 18.40 25.26 15.13 18.89

Djibouti 76.89 96.10 95.81 95.42 95.98 95.73 96.21

Egypt 24.71 14.81 16.77 17.13 19.38 17.10 18.59

Eritrea

Ethiopia 63.60 34.36 42.36 24.40 27.74 23.02 25.70

India 22.72 27.84 30.79 32.73 32.48 30.36 31.03

Indonesia 24.96 26.01 25.88 26.19 27.18 29.66 29.32

Iran 13.57 12.68 11.41 13.47 11.96 11.81 10.71

Iraq 7.56 10.25 5.05 2.46 1.66 2.73 1.57

Israel 7.96 7.45 7.70 7.72 7.59 7.19 7.56

Jordan 59.47 54.73 46.68 49.39 48.00 45.65 49.59

Kenya 36.28 31.38 29.58 31.01 24.99 25.69 26.99

Kuwait 25.81 25.79 24.82 27.00 25.48 25.48 26.85

Madagascar 21.56 10.81 12.39 6.46 6.03 6.15 6.69

Malaysia 30.32 31.53 31.54 32.47 34.17 33.98 34.60

Maldives 35.63 34.20 38.43 41.52 46.56 50.38 47.11

Mauritius 9.24 7.99 11.67 12.13 18.62 21.71 26.64

Mozambique 16.69 20.17 17.93 16.74 19.20 18.35 15.39

Myanmar 44.17 50.65 51.09 58.68 65.28 69.05 66.50

Oman 38.09 38.48 37.17 28.91 32.89 36.67 29.82

Pakistan 23.01 25.10 26.03 22.38 23.15 25.01 27.36

Qatar 18.31 24.38 20.12 25.53 30.54 33.50 34.57

Saudi Arabia 24.65 23.34 22.37 23.32 22.35 23.54 24.11

Seychelles 4.13 2.66 1.23 5.42 6.56 12.45 17.12

Singapore 30.55 30.76 36.37 36.14 37.32 36.74 37.72

Somalia 82.94 85.78 88.63 89.30 93.56 93.35 93.70

South Africa 13.23 12.81 13.54 13.71 15.48 14.88 15.23

Sri Lanka 13.94 15.46 16.98 18.09 20.59 20.17 22.17

Sudan 10.90 14.73 36.58 14.13 10.39 10.91 6.45

Tanzania 23.26 19.32 24.14 25.48 22.37 25.65 26.37

Thailand 22.47 23.01 24.05 25.84 26.57 25.86 27.36

United Arab Emirates 28.28 29.85 28.82 30.12 29.03 31.38 31.99

Yemen 61.79 59.93 47.04 59.64 40.42 47.23 54.11

Source: Compiled by author

338 Appendix C

Value of exports to developing countries (in USD millions) 2001–2007

Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Australia 31052.40 31952.70 34141.50 43919 .50 55503.20 65322.00 78762.30

Bahrain 1865.14 1779.36 2111.48 2860.92 3595.01 4364.55 5200.54

Bangladesh 542.67 528.82 557.13 652.68 850.38 1288.28 1522.64

Comoros 8.08 4.37 3.82 8.72 7.15 7.34 18.01

Djibouti 183.58 195.61 239.26 243.41 265.41 328.51 412.12

Egypt 1566.86 1929.57 2704.32 4389.43 5811.48 7063.00 8847.23

Eritrea

Ethiopia 185.77 165.04 223.73 201.44 322.77 563.74 623.74

India 20042.70 24647.40 32229.20 41891.20 55035.20 69418.50 89578.40

Indonesia 25141.20 26974.20 29503 .70 35311.10 44509.10 60536.00 70591.20

Iran 10388.10 8829.13 12889.60 17590.10 24394.80 33609.40 40481.70

Iraq 1847.71 2466.10 1185.31 2979.76 3452.83 4454.23 5350.74

Israel 7011.40 6947.80 7307.70 9986.80 10986.40 12499.80 14783.80

Jordan 1657.86 1865.31 1885.28 2224.26 2677.07 3037.27 3508.79

Kenya 1280.87 1371.00 1484.59 1716.11 1900.94 2302.01 2857.05

Kuwait 7955.95 8101.11 10172.00 14477.90 20068.80 24989.10 28994.60

Madagascar 166.64 69.66 130.61 112.53 98.10 109.51 134.91

Malaysia 43354.50 49191.30 56594.00 69322.80 77872.00 89920.50 103119.00

Maldives 30.90 32.96 46.71 51.97 51.16 96.21 94.69

Mauritius 161.67 203.79 251.73 272.96 445.10 588.29 745.89

Mozambique 174.88 201.07 290.87 383.24 486.05 611.67 801.62

Myanmar 1589.14 1871.79 1910 .29 2417.85 3127.54 3735.71 4075.45

Oman 7768.98 8236.61 8057.62 10321.00 13786.20 19686.70 20073.50

Pakistan 3937.62 4232.31 5274.29 5662.83 7295.64 9179.63 11235.80

Qatar 4591.34 4710.10 5733.21 8333.65 6641.03 9248.42 12120.60

Saudi Arabia 32516.30 30935.00 40523.90 55192.30 76425.50 95484.90 108315.00

Seychelles 9.58 5.16 5.65 45.61 49.34 61.87 86.74

Singapore 71793.40 75950.40 103115.00 129051.00 154418.00 185337.00 210445.00

Somalia 72.97 109.77 148.14 186.46 248.23 298.09 374.03

South Africa 8586.06 8634.65 11010.00 13995.50 16321.80 18375.80 24465.10

Sri Lanka 1148.93 1163.02 1375.98 1660.90 1954.25 2317.35 2898.37

Sudan 1219.31 1493.60 2159.60 3180.89 4024.98 2698.69 6745.42

Tanzania 247.52 343.79 505.75 667.72 869.39 978.14 1156.43

Thai land 28151.30 30907.20 38786.60 48448.20 58143.20 69787.20 85698.90

United Arab Emirates 18184.10 18426.70 23544.90 32115.80 43747.50 56315.00 65076.60

Yemen 2909.65 2980.54 3448.34 3723.43 4577.79 5481.92 6070.96

Grand Total 337345.06 357456.94 439551.81 563599.98 699963.34 860096.34 1015266.86

Source: Developed from International Monetary Fund Direction of Trade online

Appendix C 339

Value of intra-Indian Ocean trade as percentage of exports to developing countries 2001–2007

Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 200 6 2007

Australia 44.33 43.02 42.99 44.72 41.16 40.98 38.93

Bahrain 74.83 73.28 71.13 75.24 77.63 78.65 76.96

Bangladesh 54.02 47.88 53.83 49.14 53.64 48.44 46.42

Comoros 86.25 89.27 74.82 72.82 85.15 65.79 32.04

Djibouti 98.97 99.37 98.95 98.91 99.26 99.15 98.67

Egypt 65.30 54.10 52.72 47.55 51.99 50.12 48.81

Eritrea

Ethiopia 97.89 87.73 88.58 69.09 67.21 44.34 49.74

India 51.59 57.05 58.38 58.90 57.79 53.82 52.63

Indonesia 55.92 55.12 53.52 53.07 52.28 55.66 53.76

Iran 31.79 31.84 28.13 31.40 27.15 24.80 21.66

Iraq 45.25 37.98 34.66 13.31 8.51 14.62 8.02

Israel 32.98 31.65 32.96 29.76 29.35 26.72 27.64

Jordan 82.19 81.25 76.28 78.39 77.12 78.21 78.21

Kenya 53.04 49.07 47.89 48.83 46.60 45.85 45.78

Kuwait 52.42 49.43 45.74 47.60 44.68 43.05 43.81

Madagascar 87.18 76.74 80.49 71.95 61.79 60.17 60.58

Malaysia 61.69 59.86 58.51 59.26 61.86 60.72 59.12

Maldives 88.30 94.11 92.72 98.12 89.85 87.52 84.76

Mauritius 87.19 68.51 83.78 85.04 83.68 80.34 80.60

Mozambique 67.14 68.40 64.36 65.69 68.94 71.42 53.06

Myanmar 72.97 74.50 74.03 76.66 77.27 80.92 78.11

Oman 52.37 51.98 47.79 35.65 41.56 44.08 36.78

Pakistan 53.82 58.59 58.86 52.50 50.91 46.82 47.80

Qatar 43.34 56.81 46.96 56.82 82.77 90.89 87.76

Saudi Arabia 52.18 49.91 77.47 47.61 45.90 46.70 44.64

Seychelles 65.76 90.09 46.59 43.73 55.39 70.51 66.96

Singapore 51.83 50.72 56.45 55.64 55.45 53.93 53.63

Somalia 87.76 88.27 90.04 91.04 94.47 94.33 95.23

South Africa 45.45 44.34 44.72 44.61 48.89 42.46 39.52

Sri Lanka 57.30 62.17 63.33 62.72 67.27 65.22 65.19

Sudan 15.20 19.15 44.20 16.76 12.45 23.04 8.32

Tanzania 72.78 53.32 44.59 46.58 37.93 41.24 41.67

Thailand 51.98 51.27 49.80 51.31 50.34 48.38 48.67

United Arab Emirates 62.03 63.40 61.32 62.63 61.82 62.40 62.28

Yemen 71.57 65.77 50.80 65.30 49.51 55.49 63.92

Source: Compiled by author

340 Appendix C

Value of exports to industrialised countries (in USD millions) 2001–2007

Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Australia 30625.60 31846.20 35443.50 40574.90 47956.10 5469 3.10 60659.00

Bahrain 1102.00 937.30 979.78 1192.67 1449.36 1958.16 2105.93

Bangladesh 4273.74 4033.87 4688.50 5921.80 6354.97 9858.73 10409.90

Comoros 29.28 23.95 28.95 25.54 16.66 24.25 12.10

Djibouti 52.70 6.67 7.85 8.90 9.08 11.71 10.54

Egypt 1775.08 4252.42 4698.06 6357.22 8135.75 11607.30 11857.80

Eritrea

Ethiopia 100.10 254.91 242.80 362.62 455.42 517.33 577.79

India 23780.70 24960.40 28497.90 33054.40 42554.90 53208.60 61850.90

Indonesia 31101.30 30119.70 31486.80 36229.90 411 04.90 53053.80 58824.00

Iran 10305.90 9473.51 14196.70 17193.50 22555.40 26358.20 28564.00

Iraq 9216.83 6667.87 6955.36 13139.30 14203.90 19409.20 21921.20

Israel 20712.50 21094.00 22473.80 27031.10 30094.50 32811.70 37171.40

Jordan 350.34 686.66 974.99 1176.62 1289.53 1775.11 1502.95

Kenya 533.59 691.09 793.28 830.31 1465.12 1584.77 1715.22

Kuwait 8199.11 7424.73 8574.07 11042.20 15122.10 17231.20 18317.90

Madagascar 497.28 414.39 701.03 1119.07 881.99 931.41 1048.83

Malaysia 44806.70 44170.30 4833 9.10 57117.70 63031.10 70683.00 73002.30

Maldives 45.67 57.75 66.00 70.86 47.56 70.93 75.66

Mauritius 1363.15 1542.58 1550.90 1634.05 1554.45 1589.05 1510.60

Mozambique 487.11 431.41 681.83 1035.86 1172.41 1634.45 1795.08

Myanmar 1008.29 850.95 819.18 690.45 516.87 570.91 622.60

Oman 2912.11 2890.13 2304.07 2404.57 3633.28 3978.76 4687.31

Pakistan 5266.57 5643.85 6651.68 7613.81 8739.18 7989.51 8373.85

Qatar 6268.60 5741.63 6772.13 8802.02 11360.00 15842.00 18647.00

Saudi Arabia 36273.90 35161.10 45969.50 57423.50 80444.20 93811.10 92029.30

Seychelles 142.35 169.18 207.86 321.85 366.88 287.83 251.59

Singapore 49646.30 48837.20 56425.90 68954.90 74198.80 85691.50 87897.70

Somalia 4.20 3.15 2.31 3.56 2.34 3.03 6.01

South Africa 13262.90 13833.70 19972.30 25752.20 30243.30 33983.00 38882.20

Sri Lanka 3530.77 3447.35 3540.46 4043.26 4280.72 4993.65 5395.63

Sudan 479.36 446.67 428.40 583.75 781.78 2982.01 1957.15

Tanzania 526.62 597.18 418.69 540.25 590.47 576.24 648.55

Thailand 36820.00 37058.60 41240.60 47425.20 51642.50 60438.30 66239.40

United Arab E mirates 15805.90 14447.40 18960.30 24627.40 35761.70 38487.50 40905.80

Yemen 303.87 283.72 267.15 326.19 995.82 918.20 1050.33

Grand Total 361610.41 358501.51 415361.74 504631.44 603013.02 709565.54 760527.53

Source: Developed from International Monetary Fund Direction of Trade online

Appendix C 341

Value of intra-Indian Ocean trade as percentage of exports to industrialised countries 2001–2007

Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Australia 44.95 43.16 41.41 48.40 47.64 48.95 50.54

Bahrain 126.65 139.11 153.28 180.48 192.54 175.31 190.06

Bangladesh 6.86 6.28 6.40 5.42 7.18 6.33 6.79

Comoros 23.81 16.28 9.88 24.86 36.52 19.92 47.68

Djibouti 344.77 2915.19 3014.45 2705.72 2903.10 2781.40 3858.13

Egypt 57.64 24.55 30.35 32.83 37.14 30.50 36.42

Eritrea

Ethiopia 181.66 56.80 81.62 38.38 47.63 48.32 53.70

India 43.48 56.33 66.02 74.64 74.74 70.21 76.22

Indonesia 45.20 49.36 50.15 51.73 56.61 63.51 64.52

Iran 32.04 29.67 25.54 32.12 29.37 31.62 30.69

Iraq 9.07 14.05 5.91 3.02 2.07 3.36 1.96

Israel 11.17 10.43 10.72 11.00 10.72 10.18 10.99

Jordan 388.96 220.73 147.51 148.19 160.10 133.82 182.59

Kenya 127.33 97.35 89.62 100.93 60.47 66.59 76.25

Kuwait 50.86 53.94 54.27 62.41 59.29 62.43 69.35

Madagascar 29.22 12.90 15.00 7.24 6.87 7.07 7.79

Malaysia 59.69 66.67 68.50 71.92 76.43 77.25 83.51

Maldives 59.73 53.72 65.62 71.97 96.65 118.71 106.07

Mauritius 10.34 9.05 13.60 14.20 23.96 29.74 39.80

Mozambique 24.10 31.88 27.46 24.31 28.58 26.73 23.70

Myanmar 115.00 163.87 172.65 268.44 467.57 529.51 511.27

Oman 139.71 148.13 167.14 153.01 157.70 218.10 157.53

Pakistan 40.24 43.94 46.67 39.04 42.50 53.79 64.13

Qatar 31.75 46.60 39.75 53.79 48.39 53.06 57.05

Saudi Arabia 46.78 43.91 42.12 45.76 43.61 47.53 52.53

Seychelles 4.42 2.75 1.27 6.20 7.45 15.16 23.08

Singapore 74.95 78.87 103.17 104.13 115.41 116.65 128.40

Somalia 1523.46 3079.69 5764.39 4762.93 10029.43 9267.57 5922.85

South Africa 29.43 27.68 24.65 24.24 26.38 22.96 24.87

Sri Lanka 18.65 20.97 24.61 25.76 30.71 30.27 35.02

Sudan 38.65 64.04 222.80 91.33 64.09 20.85 28.66

Tanzania 34.21 30.69 53.86 57.57 55.85 70.00 74.30

Thailand 39.74 42.76 46.83 52.42 56.68 55.86 62.97

United Arab Emirates 71.36 80.87 76.14 81.68 75.62 91.30 99.08

Yemen 685.28 690.89 655.74 745.33 227.58 331.29 369.46

Source: Compiled by author

App

endi

xD

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

anE

xpor

tsby

Val

ue(i

nU

SDM

illio

ns)

byC

ount

ry20

01

AUS

BHR

BGD

COM

DJI

EGY

ERI

ETH

IND

IDN

IRN

IRQ

ISR

JOR

KEN

KWT

MDG

MYS

MDV

MUS

MOZ

MMR

OMN

PAK

QAT

SAU

SYC

SGP

SOM

ZAF

LKA

SDN

TZA

THA

ARE

YEM

Total

AUS

51.508

183.37

40.09

50.34

237

2.56

50.37

93.07

112

42.660

1663

.680

387.80

743

8.87

714

3.34

148

.087

49.430

251.41

83.28

013

35.850

8.61

268

.724

98.958

19.568

106.75

522

2.33

661

.008

1352

.450

2.85

827

68.230

0.12

267

2.16

117

7.49

367

.654

65.296

1177

.030

657.62

062

.790

1376

5.42

9

BHR

4.04

90.00

00.00

013

.379

0.00

00.00

024

6.69

421

.653

65.689

0.06

47.16

471

.574

56.062

47.136

50.698

0.41

930

.103

0.00

00.00

039

.263

38.808

20.005

180.85

36.92

218

0.89

80.00

544

.329

17.566

0.00

251

.612

51.881

138.27

310

.588

1395

.689

BGD

13.604

1.45

30.00

01.36

17.02

30.00

00.40

860

.800

4.85

936

.845

2.44

50.00

01.29

72.55

02.76

20.11

94.76

50.24

20.02

30.27

40.67

70.95

125

.597

1.81

511

.783

0.00

035

.653

0.00

02.02

02.01

92.47

01.04

616

.735

50.558

0.98

529

3.13

9

COM

0.00

50.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.42

80.00

00.00

70.00

00.09

30.00

00.00

20.00

00.00

00.00

80.00

06.42

80.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

06.97

1

DJI

0.00

00.00

50.00

00.00

00.00

044

.494

0.42

70.00

20.00

00.00

00.00

00.04

30.00

00.26

60.03

10.00

00.00

11.42

80.00

00.31

80.00

00.04

188

.492

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

10.00

046

.130

181.67

9

EGY

1.68

72.31

40.23

10.00

00.00

00.42

12.50

125

2.13

29.17

44.29

790

.559

189.86

225

.197

19.853

16.755

1.45

99.72

40.00

05.20

50.72

60.02

04.19

520

.855

4.593

146.88

20.00

286

.125

0.10

24.75

20.60

233

.358

3.80

08.79

059

.048

17.949

1023

.170

ERI

0.00

0

ETH

1.16

60.00

00.00

00.00

012

1.37

60.01

99.69

80.00

00.00

00.00

01.74

90.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.16

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

010

.144

0.00

037

.533

181.84

5

IND

409.36

081

.779

1086

.810

1.29

720

.424

258.47

882

.954

442.05

350

9.80

175

.038

390.45

566

.748

148.46

518

7.12

116

.713

702.18

837

.308

145.32

622

.888

53.047

205.97

321

9.14

479

.071

681.47

05.89

810

16.690

8.17

024

5.14

854

6.80

110

0.71

279

.520

611.72

416

79.360

122.88

110

340.81

5

IDN

1844

.890

17.906

215.60

82.12

614

.847

196.80

43.10

06.39

510

53.940

121.49

882

.968

0.00

068

.709

25.181

74.510

19.004

1778

.630

11.311

36.754

7.96

868

.978

19.936

178.63

420

.754

482.47

22.19

753

63.830

12.522

160.06

115

9.47

262

.140

36.496

1063

.620

756.97

888

.587

1405

8.82

6

IRN

13.691

0.00

09.33

80.00

00.00

09.64

70.00

046

2.22

912

0.05

00.00

00.00

010

.732

9.09

70.00

01.79

913

5.57

60.02

46.25

80.00

00.00

041

.964

198.29

622

.428

108.17

00.01

651

9.41

60.00

010

27.000

211.99

90.00

04.84

769

.314

316.09

14.35

233

02.334

IRQ

0.00

00.00

50.21

40.00

00.89

50.00

054

.048

0.00

121

.645

0.00

062

2.65

00.00

10.00

00.00

50.06

70.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

32.84

70.00

00.00

00.00

00.000

63.278

0.00

00.00

00.00

070

.381

0.00

00.07

783

6.11

7

ISR

231.20

00.20

00.00

00.00

047

.100

1.10

05.90

047

1.60

024

.400

0.00

065

.300

24.200

0.00

061

5.90

06.00

00.00

00.30

00.00

00.00

026

1.80

00.00

016

6.40

056

.700

0.00

04.40

033

0.20

00.00

023

12.700

JOR

1.27

418

.667

0.66

40.00

00.78

723

.426

2.95

95.90

720

5.21

229

.985

9.22

253

3.84

011

1.97

43.39

136

.946

0.00

223

.545

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

013

.913

25.624

25.630

142.12

00.00

01.81

20.49

94.58

91.34

424

.263

0.32

25.39

491

.694

17.660

1362

.665

KEN

9.99

80.43

60.35

74.51

410

.741

90.639

6.04

527

.409

30.064

0.90

65.31

20.00

015

.406

1.35

30.42

23.26

53.13

80.03

04.32

43.76

61.14

40.04

111

2.99

30.04

87.35

92.70

76.75

330

.879

5.38

82.44

231

.152

171.97

67.04

464

.092

17.274

679.41

7

KWT

62.546

14.929

25.511

0.00

00.00

045

.837

0.88

255

1.83

564

3.90

210

.167

0.00

016

.672

6.25

30.02

360

.615

0.00

10.17

80.00

00.00

038

.349

721.04

614

.036

100.21

40.00

012

37.180

0.00

093

.619

6.38

90.00

02.04

030

7.12

694

.546

116.53

941

70.435

MDG

0.75

10.00

00.04

02.24

50.01

70.24

90.00

11.46

522

.441

0.00

70.00

00.39

30.00

41.21

80.00

00.18

20.00

023

.438

0.15

00.00

00.00

00.31

80.00

00.13

30.83

881

.520

0.00

02.05

40.14

90.30

40.51

16.08

30.76

60.00

614

5.28

3

MYS

2052

.090

27.119

171.33

50.20

44.58

220

9.91

70.20

56.16

815

77.050

1563

.110

178.34

633

.029

0.00

066

.454

20.384

63.292

7.33

028

.891

27.090

4.66

419

7.011

96.737

399.27

029

.482

341.23

52.14

414

912.90

02.61

825

6.07

818

7.00

119

.488

16.041

3359

.950

833.44

850

.820

2674

5.48

3

MDV

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

01.21

10.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

01.48

20.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

01.71

90.00

015

.785

0.00

07.06

40.02

127

.282

MUS

3.87

31.10

70.25

73.60

30.02

20.49

20.02

52.24

60.49

40.00

00.00

00.91

30.00

05.76

90.01

695

.183

0.43

10.00

31.03

40.04

70.07

70.12

30.00

00.05

65.13

81.40

00.00

012

.331

1.08

20.08

62.76

20.32

42.05

20.01

014

0.95

6

MOZ

0.59

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

03.53

40.01

80.80

80.00

00.00

00.00

00.66

10.00

00.00

01.28

90.07

70.00

00.00

00.15

80.00

00.04

10.01

21.17

30.00

0107.63

50.00

00.00

00.18

10.12

71.11

00.00

011

7.41

4

MMR

11.121

0.41

317

.924

0.00

02.2

017

9.82

718

.933

00.00

00

0.02

40

2.06

60

71.088

00.31

30.14

415

.88

00.77

40

102.13

50.00

00.11

41.13

80.00

00

735.40

60

0.055

1159

.555

OMN

1.03

815

.357

0.41

40.05

12.15

914

7.65

20.66

72.29

214

3.14

532

.348

454.83

620

.735

0.00

044

.304

29.004

25.376

0.01

730

3.23

50.12

10.41

50.07

50.00

27.382

20.786

188.74

00.00

050

8.60

810

.644

121.52

25.32

616

.893

64.652

1031

.740

822.39

346

.682

4068

.611

PAK

102.21

445

.051

119.48

30.34

91.49

344

.534

0.00

01.77

666

.183

95.089

28.934

22.660

0.00

025

.251

28.373

53.128

7.95

853

.303

1.65

729

.545

0.00

03.26

348.683

34.917

296.03

10.27

046

.892

3.53

871

.679

74.857

8.39

723

.001

53.180

697.10

630

.427

2119

.222

QAT

171.37

629

.581

4.01

70.00

111

.675

2.49

20.87

615

6.66

719

.855

5.47

90.17

815

.285

4.17

317

.442

23.082

41.260

0.01

40.00

90.48

90.00

66.42

112

.550

150.550

0.02

273

7.56

80.07

351

.252

11.704

3.83

113

.690

257.37

923

3.18

27.85

319

90.032

SAU

578.93

215

54.240

215.74

20.00

010

5.71

961

6.97

613

.056

183.08

811

96.660

1194

.670

201.40

00.00

014

2.26

518

2.51

453

9.92

56.06

857

8.62

80.66

734

.714

0.79

22.45

016

8.22

010

34.190

181.61

836

.922

3844

.720

4.36

417

30.440

32.355

140.89

652

.935

1226

.030

888.45

527

8.17

016

967.82

1

SYC

0.39

30.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.01

70.00

00.03

40.00

00.00

00.00

00.06

83.56

80.05

10.00

00.10

20.00

00.00

00.01

70.01

70.00

00.00

00.05

10.00

01.91

20.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.06

80.00

06.29

8

SGP

3171

.130

20.912

846.59

91.25

29.23

412

5.50

83.84

327

43.510

0.00

025

1.08

80.00

019

1.84

314

.066

17.466

66.558

36.695

2112

2.00

010

5.23

483

.339

3.75

4423.23

472

.540

365.29

738

.661

312.72

222

.184

0.00

025

9.81

039

5.54

523

.112

10.188

5304

.380

1146

.720

23.922

3721

2.34

6

SOM

0.00

42.09

70.00

00.00

00.40

10.41

80.00

02.53

40.00

00.00

00.00

00.87

10.11

43.07

30.00

00.03

00.00

00.00

00.00

03.73

30.91

90.00

06.53

80.00

00.00

00.23

80.00

00.02

30.00

72.47

138

.182

2.37

864

.031

ZAF

440.33

86.23

53.93

38.83

86.70

730

.625

1.63

212

.771

361.93

298

.962

57.333

3.12

950

9.88

212

.788

218.45

214

.898

53.270

153.30

91.63

924

4.47

366

4.26

00.23

55.02

963

.672

8.65

812

2.14

125

.749

231.54

90.14

721

.759

20.279

179.81

716

9.31

614

3.79

65.18

739

02.740

LKA

45.214

1.80

510

.084

0.00

013

.612

0.76

071

.985

5.45

629

.450

19.063

55.306

22.045

1.56

49.09

31.56

66.65

150

.451

1.21

90.00

00.59

34.63

424

.871

0.88

431.060

0.39

557

.120

0.00

010

.143

0.03

30.19

136

.877

145.38

10.82

365

8.32

9

SDN

0.09

52.10

65.04

70.00

00.00

058

.240

0.00

00.80

27.67

831

.312

0.00

00.00

00.00

014

.892

11.918

0.62

20.07

00.21

20.00

00.01

00.00

00.00

50.26

53.80

10.000

26.078

0.00

09.79

70.77

70.16

20.00

00.04

46.36

50.00

04.99

918

5.29

7

TZA

2.47

60.04

40.90

20.01

70.02

81.83

40.33

60.73

482

.203

3.30

20.05

40.00

01.90

50.09

338

.412

0.03

60.67

42.95

70.26

20.32

91.49

70.23

20.54

47.00

50.00

04.89

40.03

55.95

40.14

88.94

60.13

60.23

84.27

79.55

50.09

818

0.15

7

THA

1358

.120

33.016

231.12

53.33

33.63

014

2.29

07.62

748

1.88

813

65.730

132.06

257

.774

455.53

938

.667

29.086

65.013

4.73

027

21.610

12.700

27.315

10.865

355.04

040

.141

178.47

419

.450

348.16

02.12

152

87.440

17.110

315.19

914

0.70

918

.237

33.922

636.34

757

.715

1463

2.18

5

ARE

438.05

011

1.99

910

2.28

84.29

310

.328

100.96

40.00

010

57.220

157.79

714

84.530

0.00

053

.408

479.81

127

5.17

754

.078

148.94

729

.521

32.824

12.129

0.00014

96.000

1183

.670

177.57

257

5.73

019

.524

1240

.590

12.837

99.250

137.25

114

.432

99.068

1390

.000

279.70

811

278.99

6

YEM

0.00

010

.395

0.30

40.00

06.89

410

.965

3.03

43.35

361

8.52

20.90

00.04

94.88

91.40

30.05

864

.180

0.00

021

8.27

40.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

02.93

11.29

31.71

867

.879

0.00

031

6.79

88.71

811

1.50

80.22

02.50

00.02

460

5.68

019

.827

2082

.316

Total10

967.22

620

50.479

3255

.850

32.217

321.09

325

83.963

35.426

404.03

713

396.81

675

71.510

3996

.693

1385

.248

2068

.568

1385

.729

1429

.022

1825

.959

387.45

330

145.66

628

9.10

780

8.10

983

4.28

911

25.852

2417

.460

5066

.498

763.13

456

87.021

135.95

438

872.79

020

1.76

556

49.018

2207

.844

590.50

091

8.38

917

926.03

395

26.669

1332

.198

1775

95.585

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

an e

xpor

ts b

y va

lue

(in

USD

mill

ions

) by

cou

ntry

200

1

Sour

ce: D

evel

oped

fro

m I

nter

natio

nal M

onet

ary

Fund

Dir

ectio

n of

Tra

de S

tatis

tics

onlin

e

App

endi

xE

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

anE

xpor

tsby

Val

ue(i

nU

SDM

illio

ns)

byC

ount

ry20

02

AUS

BHR

BGD

COM

DJI

EGY

ERI

ETH

IND

IDN

IRN

IRQ

ISR

JOR

KEN

KWT

MDG

MYS

MDV

MUS

MOZ

MMR

OMN

PAK

QAT

SAU

SYC

SGP

SOM

ZAF

LKA

SDN

TZA

THA

ARE

YEM

Total

AUS

53.395

172.10

70.13

81.30

335

9.09

30.43

04.46

713

53.810

1695

.900

332.23

536

2.64

213

4.61

064

.210

43.658

285.91

53.05

912

43.630

13.442

75.649

97.008

8.89

195

.296

230.21

944

.826

1283

.960

3.34

126

41.010

0.51

770

8.53

316

1.71

079

.256

61.361

1371

.270

691.33

367

.713

1374

5.93

7

BHR

0.00

00.00

00.00

014

.520

0.00

00.00

011

3.04

638

.664

51.278

0.06

79.48

332

.666

57.984

51.510

35.100

2.38

333

.549

0.00

00.00

078

.625

40.558

30.593

250.20

00.05

067

.178

0.00

610

.622

95.133

0.00

263

.972

52.034

147.00

027

.662

1303

.885

BGD

13.162

0.90

30.00

00.92

711

.765

0.00

00.09

739

.326

7.08

238

.236

0.00

00.00

01.31

23.95

93.68

40.17

75.55

00.00

00.04

30.18

00.96

61.11

627

.180

2.31

211.997

0.00

026

.557

0.07

83.09

01.93

816

.685

0.12

611

.117

21.879

1.76

725

3.21

1

COM

0.00

80.00

00.00

00.00

00.42

20.05

30.00

00.00

00.00

00.02

60.01

20.06

60.00

00.01

10.00

60.00

03.16

70.12

80.00

10.00

00.00

03.90

0

DJI

0.00

00.00

60.00

00.00

00.00

054

.849

0.72

70.04

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.01

00.01

90.00

00.00

08.12

90.00

00.28

60.00

00.29

796

.037

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

20.00

00.00

033

.983

194.38

5

EGY

14.698

2.51

16.56

90.00

00.00

00.45

617

.611

177.19

519

.26

13.249

93.664

18.455

69.164

33.08

17.330

2.33

714

.567

0.08

9.16

50

0.02

215

.617

3614

.219

197.47

70.01

777

.388

0.11

010

.315

036

.203

4.75

99.51

293

39.892

1043

.922

ERI

ETH

0.89

60.00

00.00

00.00

054

.350

4.88

710

.969

0.00

00.00

00.00

015

.138

0.00

00.02

40.00

10.00

04.27

10.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

013

.777

0.00

028

.071

0.00

01.42

50.00

00.00

00.00

02.25

80.00

91.07

30.00

07.64

614

4.79

5

IND

482.63

893

.551

1132

.540

5.38

432

.120

339.36

569

.182

753.80

455

4.30

521

2.85

858

2.90

996

.583

191.69

423

9.48

514

.268

755.45

330

.409

163.99

742

.731

71.528

186.20

419

0.62

484

.330

912.16

66.06

513

09.260

18.708

451.21

884

8.45

910

9.43

010

9.29

069

1.68

131

18.560

159.74

614

060.54

5

IDN

1924

.360

16.670

245.70

92.21

512

.585

179.64

33.89

511

.745

1301

.960

128.58

662

.793

0.00

091

.388

23.497

74.261

14.276

2029

.950

10.401

33.457

9.50

354.361

18.820

264.89

224

.306

474.96

31.68

853

49.080

3.24

616

7.20

515

3.35

092

.580

57.185

1227

.350

719.55

281

.983

1486

7.45

5

IRN

20.866

0.00

09.08

30.00

00.00

010

.258

0.00

024

0.61

860

.658

0.00

00.00

011

.266

2.79

20.00

03.37

411

8.49

70.00

65.24

80.00

00.00

020

.439

185.80

117

.116

81.919

0.00

054

3.33

30.00

091

6.83

516

6.53

40.00

03.51

756

.389

332.09

14.52

928

11.169

IRQ

20.525

0.00

50.00

00.00

00.95

20.00

00.02

793

.180

13.631

0.00

068

3.91

10.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

10.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

30.14

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

086

.782

0.01

30.00

00.00

037

.393

0.00

00.00

093

6.56

3

ISR

267.70

00.00

00.00

00.00

026

.200

1.20

02.50

061

3.70

09.90

00.00

069

.100

27.500

0.00

028

9.70

05.60

00.00

01.00

00.00

00.00

027

6.50

00.00

016

4.20

047

.400

0.00

03.30

039

3.60

00.00

021

99.100

JOR

1.29

819

.256

2.06

20.00

00.82

918

.982

0.52

516

.607

226.39

120

.850

11.411

603.96

913

6.70

11.98

936

.249

0.00

017

.259

0.00

00.80

33.08

30.02

415

.184

31.376

28.393

156.48

30.00

01.98

60.92

67.82

31.84

634

.935

0.29

93.70

695

.881

18.527

1515

.653

KEN

5.97

96.91

00.35

23.45

95.98

385

.739

5.47

725

.151

32.290

2.42

91.81

80.00

015

.931

1.53

70.85

58.33

23.97

40.00

02.07

44.23

30.98

60.42

310

5.91

40.00

75.72

73.11

43.35

057

.859

6.57

81.89

335

.790

180.07

94.03

831

.343

23.161

672.78

5

KWT

87.374

15.874

106.72

30.00

00.00

048

.740

0.26

413

9.13

761

4.03

312

.460

0.00

016

.040

18.035

1.95

242

.124

0.00

11.39

00.00

00.00

025

.461

688.76

826

.245

113.72

40.00

015

87.230

0.00

018

.247

87.909

0.00

01.27

311

7.54

695

.091

138.97

240

04.613

MDG

0.17

30.36

90.09

61.64

00.00

60.29

70.05

51.82

50.53

00.00

00.00

20.35

60.05

01.87

00.00

00.19

40.00

015

.630

0.00

40.00

00.00

00.39

60.00

00.28

70.51

420.741

0.00

00.92

60.55

60.03

20.00

06.73

30.17

70.00

153

.460

MYS

2108

.490

32.125

225.84

50.28

75.04

329

5.53

71.16

75.96

317

60.850

1801

.220

229.47

474

.280

0.00

062

.744

13.455

71.002

8.14

319

.726

43.570

61.583

239.18

849

.551

524.41

639

.500

383.28

44.76

115

958.50

03.42

525

0.91

323

3.26

917

.925

13.785

3972

.220

858.46

376

.554

2944

6.25

8

MDV

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.11

80.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.76

70.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

80.00

02.78

70.00

113

.936

0.00

013

.279

0.12

331

.019

MUS

3.23

50.00

40.39

63.19

70.00

20.62

70.00

03.36

61.11

20.00

00.00

00.96

70.09

17.01

10.02

368

.344

0.96

00.00

01.79

80.00

10.91

50.17

00.01

00.08

513

.186

7.73

60.00

019

.109

1.40

00.00

33.47

91.00

21.38

60.00

013

9.61

5

MOZ

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

014

.594

0.41

70.09

90.00

00.00

00.00

00.21

60.00

00.00

00.29

80.06

50.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.90

50.00

0120.41

20.00

00.00

00.00

00.19

90.32

70.00

013

7.53

2

MMR

9.88

80.44

821

.612

0.00

02.38

70.00

031

4.21

728

.617

0.17

90.00

00.00

00.00

60.00

02.13

70.00

069

.785

0.00

00.42

60.33

013

.735

0.32

40.68

90.00

097

.260

0.00

00.10

51.07

30.00

00.00

083

1.19

30.00

00.04

413

94.455

OMN

2.58

222

.437

0.80

60.11

55.26

75.82

91.29

44.49

512

1.58

117

.037

520.02

069

.881

0.00

024

.546

64.466

26.230

0.00

026

8.78

10.18

10.15

20.03

20.20

513

.607

34.205

180.95

00.10

542

5.12

716

.251

4.36

73.46

211

.654

74.770

1283

.840

1026

.730

50.095

4281

.100

PAK

113.15

343

.112

103.80

20.35

53.51

453

.286

0.04

85.30

248

.860

81.430

41.877

32.922

0.00

024

.103

92.912

59.927

9.75

164

.064

2.53

225

.375

3.87

97.83

547.946

32.367

389.69

60.31

453

.129

3.51

582

.903

71.325

15.325

28.539

67.183

834.60

035

.041

2479

.922

QAT

54.645

29.253

2.07

50.01

926

3.41

90.13

22.84

310

1.98

111

.693

24.235

0.16

613

.354

4.10

632

.899

0.27

14.40

10.01

30.82

51.16

71.42

89.88

416

.570

191.027

0.00

010

17.080

0.06

646

.907

23.411

1.09

90.55

537

5.31

343

6.08

78.81

526

75.739

SAU

674.33

516

52.670

94.396

0.00

011

2.41

465

6.04

713

.883

100.97

444

9.58

110

03.200

304.34

40.00

013

1.43

115

5.22

250

9.23

13.28

336

1.87

40.46

745

.946

3.946

2.60

520

0.42

511

95.610

229.18

053

.168

3467

.180

4.64

012

93.900

141.14

614

9.81

942

.978

1113

.410

951.36

432

0.19

115

438.86

0

SYC

0.45

60.16

40.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.03

60.23

70.07

30.00

00.00

00.14

62.64

60.01

80.00

00.10

90.12

80.00

00.07

30.01

80.00

00.00

00.05

50.00

00.42

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.07

30.00

04.65

2

SGP

3372

.950

30.038

749.16

51.76

012

.483

127.63

23.47

326

49.450

0.00

031

9.96

40.00

014

3.53

623

.011

25.670

66.997

28.198

2180

7.10

093

.443

76.288

4.99

6524.19

948

.376

393.38

443

.579

356.28

424

.087

0.00

023

9.55

938

2.16

415

.263

9.43

257

09.770

1215

.910

20.278

3851

8.43

9

SOM

0.00

12.27

60.00

00.00

00.43

50.45

40.00

021

.420

0.17

00.00

00.00

00.25

00.03

13.17

90.00

00.03

70.00

00.00

00.00

09.22

10.98

40.41

35.38

30.00

00.00

00.04

30.00

00.02

50.00

51.57

833

.364

17.618

96.887

ZAF

483.98

89.48

34.87

512

.617

5.67

817

.723

1.98

616

.364

349.71

110

3.84

734

.794

1.28

851

8.26

814

.397

220.89

09.39

539

.027

165.03

31.34

725

3.70

159

7.01

50.58

25.28

443

.068

4.41

812

6.34

433

.535

167.94

90.36

424

.532

28.824

191.34

918

7.60

515

0.25

03.30

038

28.831

LKA

47.167

2.64

910

.183

0.00

00.00

00.20

117

0.57

58.40

735

.046

22.725

39.422

23.176

2.58

89.68

51.87

78.66

445

.910

1.72

50.00

00.27

44.93

628

.842

0.99

230.303

0.00

072

.250

0.00

010

.588

0.03

90.00

014

.158

130.04

10.63

372

3.05

6

SDN

0.07

62.28

64.03

20.00

00.00

063

.206

0.00

00.73

919

.750

0.24

11.99

70.00

00.00

010

.178

2.93

20.64

30.00

00.15

70.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

60.12

64.63

31.356

149.23

80.00

010

.644

0.84

30.32

90.00

00.10

59.53

20.00

03.01

328

6.06

2

TZA

3.00

00.00

01.15

50.35

90.05

01.66

50.23

50.37

264

.241

4.09

70.16

30.00

04.33

50.00

235

.342

0.00

00.68

92.93

30.21

70.29

01.63

00.58

30.07

18.80

00.00

015

.445

0.28

43.94

90.33

916

.532

0.08

50.26

91.72

814

.398

0.03

418

3.29

2

THA

1640

.250

34.918

229.02

33.72

12.38

312

5.62

714

.982

413.16

616

78.330

176.98

575

.708

499.73

153

.040

27.568

66.964

3.70

428

34.910

14.405

26.042

8.83

132

3.52

742

.923

228.42

322

.383

393.91

53.30

255

53.510

15.073

332.39

315

2.00

921

.230

33.371

716.82

376

.395

1584

5.56

5

ARE

207.93

211

9.09

213

8.34

24.56

510

.982

107.35

70.00

086

0.46

910

4.54

819

56.500

0.00

071

.375

335.46

825

9.53

431

.551

128.25

425

.459

52.543

6.19

50.00

01496

.390

1197

.970

259.59

374

3.74

75.95

614

29.140

13.650

67.105

244.46

115

.346

88.256

1298

.310

402.91

611

683.00

6

YEM

0.00

113

.478

0.05

00.00

09.07

614

.304

3.58

52.50

954

5.96

350

.960

0.27

43.47

51.24

90.12

610

3.30

60.09

719

9.44

90.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

017

.507

1.76

20.38

493

.405

0.24

212

3.71

69.18

357

.915

0.08

61.75

80.00

161

9.81

386

.540

1960

.214

Total11

561.82

622

03.883

3260

.998

39.812

275.44

928

35.541

34.313

360.74

512

161.33

682

11.745

4803

.397

1616

.440

2110

.432

1566

.997

1368

.767

1937

.062

296.90

230

477.78

626

0.42

287

3.72

884

7.94

212

38.211

2391

.146

5495

.777

941.05

165

77.069

153.72

940

299.41

924

4.83

650

96.003

2859

.100

685.75

097

1.79

819

483.57

511

802.38

616

20.509

1869

65.882

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

an e

xpor

ts b

y va

lue

(in

USD

mill

ions

) by

cou

ntry

200

2

Sour

ce: D

evel

oped

fro

m I

nter

natio

nal M

onet

ary

Fund

Dir

ectio

n of

Tra

de S

tatis

tics

onlin

e

App

endi

xF

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

anE

xpor

tsby

Val

ue(i

nU

SDM

illio

ns)

byC

ount

ry20

03

AUS

BHR

BGD

COM

DJI

EGY

ERI

ETH

IND

IDN

IRN

IRQ

ISR

JOR

KEN

KWT

MDG

MYS

MDV

MUS

MOZ

MMR

OMN

PAK

QAT

SAU

SYC

SGP

SOM

ZAF

LKA

SDN

TZA

THA

ARE

YEM

Total

AUS

69.061

147.21

60.26

80.15

815

8.01

23.52

44.52

221

94.250

1863

.410

168.85

316

2.56

912

8.07

485

.086

18.883

364.13

57.40

613

54.870

9.83

865

.856

147.95

77.97

013

2.01

423

7.37

782

.828

1182

.550

3.65

522

32.950

0.23

686

3.01

210

4.86

795

.035

34.507

1461

.700

1226

.830

58.922

1467

8.40

1

BHR

0.00

00.00

00.00

018

.378

0.00

00.00

078

.339

42.555

56.996

0.07

417

.042

145.91

264

.450

16.826

40.237

0.72

683

.755

0.00

00.00

012

0.81

671

.742

58.692

185.29

30.06

755

.757

0.00

72.34

93.67

312

.560

80.968

85.346

224.27

335

.011

1501

.844

BGD

12.229

1.42

10.00

03.38

55.99

00.00

00.00

055

.340

8.23

136

.548

0.00

00.00

01.23

22.31

42.92

70.10

83.87

90.00

00.14

00.46

12.44

10.84

742

.696

1.65

411

.292

0.00

037

.538

0.00

03.95

25.80

123

.515

2.45

19.44

922

.257

1.79

929

9.89

7

COM

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.40

20.00

10.00

00.00

00.00

00.14

10.01

00.66

70.00

00.02

00.13

60.00

01.42

40.03

60.00

10.02

10.00

02.85

9

DJI

0.00

00.00

70.00

00.00

00.00

060

.167

0.99

90.13

40.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.02

10.01

50.00

00.00

05.59

10.00

00.16

80.00

00.15

112

1.55

20.00

00.000

0.02

20.00

30.00

54.90

943

.011

236.75

5

EGY

9.76

33.17

89.34

70.00

00.00

00.57

820

.671

118.45

227

.973

14.727

104.10

820

.273

107.17

358

.128

19.262

7.66

521

.147

0.12

712

.629

00.02

820

.514

32.302

26.369

275.38

20

113.27

0.14

047

.246

3.51

894

.733

6.02

348

.425

152

50.490

1425

.641

ERI

0.00

0

ETH

1.27

40.00

00.00

00.00

011

9.82

52.37

27.59

30.00

00.00

00.00

01.50

50.00

00.81

60.05

30.00

01.94

30.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

01.25

10.00

035

.770

0.00

01.148

0.00

00.00

00.00

07.41

80.00

01.02

90.00

016

.174

198.17

1

IND

564.26

310

8.60

615

99.550

3.06

064

.609

350.17

475

.817

1053

.100

852.26

311

0.09

570

1.62

013

8.69

522

3.00

630

1.95

833

.016

856.91

439

.651

193.35

763

.526

86.001

243.89

426

6.74

412

0.35

810

77.660

9.10

319

49.020

35.068

525.50

512

19.640

106.82

616

0.70

180

1.56

146

76.050

204.10

118

815.51

2

IDN

1791

.600

17.407

265.78

61.14

516

.297

170.35

12.09

819

.554

1742

.490

185.02

212

.372

0.00

089

.423

28.245

73.079

14.691

2363

.850

10.275

32.186

21.586

45.659

16.586

265.38

324

.618

434.55

32.37

953

99.660

1.26

223

3.20

418

4.93

148

.230

70.713

1392

.630

759.79

252

.423

1578

9.48

0

IRN

33.675

0.00

018

.097

0.00

00.00

012

.436

0.00

024

0.63

088

.181

0.00

00.00

013

.708

29.937

0.00

076

.168

91.042

0.00

00.61

30.00

00.00

041

.558

273.95

816

.373

104.72

50.00

068

5.59

50.00

012

37.750

226.82

713

.697

4.26

465

.257

346.09

15.49

036

26.072

IRQ

27.577

0.00

70.00

00.00

01.15

40.00

00.10

00.02

815

.166

0.00

034

0.57

90.00

00.00

00.00

60.02

90.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

10.03

20.00

00.00

20.00

00.000

0.00

00.00

00.02

20.00

024

.156

2.00

00.00

041

0.85

9

ISR

278.40

00.00

00.00

00.00

026

.200

1.20

010

.800

720.20

09.90

00.00

086

.800

36.400

0.00

027

4.80

05.50

00.00

01.80

00.00

00.00

028

1.90

00.00

017

4.50

041

.400

0.00

04.60

045

4.10

00.00

024

08.500

JOR

2.21

618

.255

1.76

80.00

00.52

226

.898

0.50

47.14

519

9.00

427

.110

26.710

542.51

610

8.02

72.23

239

.687

0.05

219

.459

0.00

00.54

90.00

00.00

016

.917

22.980

26.465

161.71

60.00

00.56

40.93

25.89

32.33

428

.656

1.09

68.05

811

7.26

622

.647

1438

.178

KEN

8.77

20.56

70.38

14.05

04.98

271

.808

5.40

821

.393

32.894

2.99

10.97

10.04

516

.317

1.37

70.73

26.24

04.41

90.00

89.79

22.97

10.00

00.67

912

0.53

00.13

85.10

22.61

82.29

649

.297

14.036

3.44

357

.662

192.11

47.66

327

.757

31.480

710.93

3

KWT

89.041

19.244

157.67

90.00

00.00

059

.088

42.196

137.94

362

4.19

213

.864

0.00

018

.862

9.05

50.04

949

.072

0.00

21.34

70.00

00.00

031

.598

756.20

818

.670

118.52

80.01

719

21.340

0.00

082

.956

15.609

2.88

51.54

415

2.32

916

1.36

416

8.47

746

53.159

MDG

0.19

90.03

50.00

02.08

90.00

00.38

00.02

14.12

00.15

10.01

60.00

20.25

40.00

00.43

00.00

00.47

60.00

044

.010

0.06

80.00

00.00

00.39

30.00

10.80

80.58

424.770

0.00

016

.171

0.24

90.06

50.03

38.92

40.87

50.00

010

5.12

4

MYS

2613

.740

33.146

320.31

50.40

112

.788

454.65

60.26

85.77

025

33.820

2129

.150

328.21

812

.522

0.00

079

.198

18.243

89.776

7.11

421

.763

50.208

17.316

140.23

052

.359

670.85

239

.309

408.70

93.47

916

522.60

03.41

633

4.07

530

4.23

841

.385

26.442

4615

.310

1115

.550

104.59

133

110.95

7

MDV

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.34

84.79

80.00

00.00

00.00

01.03

50.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

80.00

03.26

40.00

015

.344

0.00

018

.512

0.00

143

.310

MUS

3.80

40.00

30.01

74.55

00.00

30.61

90.32

16.05

80.55

40.01

20.00

01.24

40.00

08.04

20.05

311

7.00

07.38

00.01

31.78

90.00

00.14

00.68

50.00

40.01

19.69

811

.991

0.00

028

.197

1.06

80.00

42.31

71.20

84.10

20.02

521

0.91

2

MOZ

0.00

00.00

00.95

80.00

00.00

00.00

03.60

92.98

40.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

03.23

30.00

00.00

01.48

20.61

30.00

00.00

00.41

90.00

00.24

40.00

00.50

10.00

0169.63

40.00

00.00

01.26

52.02

90.24

40.00

018

7.21

5

MMR

10.058

0.56

730

.208

0.00

03.02

10.00

035

5.24

413

.590

0.19

90.00

00.00

00.01

30.00

02.37

50.00

172

.620

0.00

00.34

91.11

58.36

40.34

50.65

50.00

076

.223

0.00

00.32

32.08

20.00

00.00

082

6.95

89.90

90.05

614

14.275

OMN

2.72

821

.296

0.76

90.23

18.51

78.60

31.58

28.98

367

.980

118.38

242

9.52

323

.594

0.00

058

.784

2.51

744

.331

0.11

734

2.28

00.32

90.18

80.04

60.06

811

.939

29.831

197.57

00.00

027

7.25

817

.585

5.72

30.00

017

.671

16.078

1267

.190

807.56

761

.807

3851

.067

PAK

115.38

539

.399

166.33

21.46

74.57

241

.075

0.34

12.35

283

.535

47.305

82.091

3.60

00.00

024

.583

85.410

76.901

19.410

94.042

2.57

233

.583

12.969

5.34

141.901

34.368

469.22

40.53

413

7.77

04.37

811

4.70

383

.542

11.559

21.220

69.392

1121

.030

52.653

3104

.539

QAT

40.794

35.386

9.47

20.03

824

.310

0.21

84.30

014

7.82

63.14

710

.501

3.91

58.46

06.82

832

.665

0.43

24.54

80.00

00.00

018

.669

0.00

013

.869

16.326

196.87

50.00

012

73.610

0.00

738

.397

23.461

1.69

54.83

939

9.00

736

9.30

53.21

026

92.110

SAU

584.83

120

03.550

181.81

20.00

013

6.28

079

5.33

316

.831

231.30

761

7.73

213

62.000

338.62

80.00

058

9.03

029

0.97

756

6.59

55.58

153

0.11

80.38

153

.383

16.731

3.15

920

4.02

612

88.040

264.63

458

.948

3566

.030

5.62

619

44.470

68.482

399.90

252

.103

1560

.420

1235

.000

388.17

119

360.11

1

SYC

0.05

60.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.01

90.00

00.01

90.09

30.00

00.00

00.00

00.14

80.00

00.00

00.20

40.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.92

60.00

00.57

40.55

50.00

00.00

00.00

00.03

70.00

02.63

1

SGP

4681

.030

31.499

682.48

82.20

716

.229

109.82

67.84

630

91.770

1577

6.80

039

4.71

60.00

016

9.21

819

.327

21.510

89.451

39.823

2279

3.20

011

3.32

786

.485

13.644

650.87

683

.455

455.77

962

.529

336.25

226

.616

0.00

030

6.95

448

5.32

121

.574

11.305

6156

.460

1451

.520

23.267

5821

2.30

4

SOM

0.00

32.88

00.00

00.00

00.55

10.57

50.00

012

.654

0.01

30.00

00.00

00.41

10.10

83.53

30.00

00.00

90.00

00.00

00.00

08.72

40.52

60.49

36.88

10.00

00.00

00.11

80.00

00.33

00.00

70.45

572

.818

22.299

133.38

8

ZAF

740.93

911

.328

6.18

216

.127

4.05

235

.211

2.98

217

.231

378.03

416

3.17

939

.721

3.53

050

5.69

49.86

428

6.06

519

.407

98.662

225.27

91.70

226

9.79

974

1.163

0.58

710

.016

85.581

7.28

215

2.30

438

.506

227.18

20.13

524

.047

41.085

247.44

021

5.45

829

4.75

03.19

449

23.718

LKA

57.590

3.30

011

.170

0.00

011

.120

0.41

824

5.05

08.56

035

.280

8.72

045

.002

29.020

3.32

09.99

05.33

112

.460

55.460

3.19

90.00

00.24

03.12

636

.730

1.07

729.980

0.00

065

.860

0.00

012

.970

0.16

00.00

011

.540

163.51

01.26

087

1.44

3

SDN

28.224

37.926

15.810

0.00

00.04

162

.274

0.00

00.53

579

.003

36.176

5.41

80.06

10.00

021

.189

15.702

2.27

00.05

712

.594

0.00

00.01

70.00

00.00

01.77

414

.632

1.49

744

7.27

00.00

05.56

90.01

311

.988

0.00

00.00

014

.143

140.30

40.00

095

4.48

7

TZA

3.20

50.00

00.00

00.45

50.06

42.10

70.29

70.00

095

.250

11.266

0.18

10.00

04.18

20.04

216

.373

0.00

02.88

52.91

90.27

50.65

21.45

90.73

80.78

58.79

30.067

1.73

40.16

87.80

90.42

917

.657

0.00

00.14

913

.073

32.455

0.04

222

5.51

1

THA

2167

.400

40.683

273.06

84.24

35.48

217

3.45

510

.097

640.93

822

73.520

297.78

411

0.74

052

9.85

676

.048

36.242

82.237

11.527

3886

.570

21.283

28.307

10.975

439.39

651

.635

338.08

028

.206

435.27

14.63

358

72.980

14.125

378.77

316

0.54

018

.313

29.939

758.95

910

3.57

419

314.87

9

ARE

632.60

614

4.37

617

1.76

25.53

413

.314

130.15

00.00

016

21.930

102.79

621

76.900

0.00

013

0.88

038

2.11

628

8.77

024

.159

272.51

832

.359

15.805

10.314

0.00012

88.990

1322

.820

296.59

087

0.64

56.07

717

15.280

16.548

72.768

163.60

078

.204

106.99

418

53.990

488.45

914

437.25

4

YEM

19.889

17.059

0.00

00.00

011

.488

18.104

4.53

89.16

429

.887

26.572

0.30

53.86

21.96

57.44

811

4.82

60.02

219

2.86

30.00

03.23

50.00

00.00

012

.619

3.51

00.86

178

.223

0.00

015

9.56

211

.623

26.815

0.32

72.22

50.00

189

7.54

997

.273

1751

.815

Total14

521.29

126

60.186

4070

.187

45.827

423.19

727

73.680

40.369

560.61

015

543.44

325

828.74

955

10.632

1102

.325

2231

.359

1948

.791

1739

.492

2289

.463

494.65

833

534.07

931

0.09

199

6.42

810

81.644

1384

.534

2399

.958

6360

.283

1143

.259

7225

.541

167.08

242

631.79

828

2.37

966

70.749

3144

.899

1125

.582

1078

.968

2244

3.34

715

395.79

819

42.633

2311

03.311

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

an e

xpor

ts b

y va

lue

(in

USD

mill

ions

) by

cou

ntry

200

3

Sour

ce: D

evel

oped

fro

m I

nter

natio

nal M

onet

ary

Fund

Dir

ectio

n of

Tra

de S

tatis

tics

onlin

e

App

endi

xG

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

anE

xpor

tsby

Val

ue(i

nU

SDM

illio

ns)

byC

ount

ry20

04

AUS

BHR

BGD

COM

DJI

EGY

ERI

ETH

IND

IDN

IRN

IRQ

ISR

JOR

KEN

KWT

MDG

MYS

MDV

MUS

MOZ

MMR

OMN

PAK

QAT

SAU

SYC

SGP

SOM

ZAF

LKA

SDN

TZA

THA

ARE

YEM

Total

AUS

82.139

195.954

0.019

1.488

476.834

0.594

4.998

3994.560

2377.240

111.812

345.699

94.138

88.683

28.873

383.777

3.620

1766.500

14.774

93.959

239.538

20.381

180.754

379.539

89.617

1516.170

2.726

2368.650

0.1581178.200

156.405

141.747

54.522

2233.660

944.525

67.099

19639.352

BHR

0.000

0.000

0.000

24.136

0.000

0.000

93.621

97.945

74.125

0.096

5.150

182.657

83.819

22.098

71.142

31.571

132.931

0.000

0.000

157.126

57.713

72.222

409.505

0.088

67.902

0.010

23.749

33.001

33.385

106.338

79.011

291.675

1.487

2152.503

BGD

13.569

1.695

0.000

0.976

8.702

0.000

1.157

66.147

9.003

34.855

0.000

0.000

1.790

4.451

3.674

0.138

7.739

0.000

0.000

0.911

1.889

0.793

40.455

2.635

17.907

0.000

33.171

0.000

4.886

9.679

19.473

0.367

12.518

20.428

1.689

320.697

COM

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.212

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.185

0.000

0.068

0.000

0.106

0.020

0.000

5.688

0.068

0.001

0.001

0.000

6.349

DJI

0.004

0.010

0.000

0.000

0.000

57.653

2.365

0.022

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.008

0.000

0.027

0.002

0.000

0.000

0.677

0.000

0.263

0.000

0.057159.639

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.004

0.074

6.384

13.566

240.755

EGY

26.2

4.174

6.185

0.000

0.000

0.759

27.706

115.629

16.660

19.153

135.397

26.364

274.875

73.789

25.051

10.066

28.022

0.286

17.217

0.000

0.036

26.679

49.620

18.278

385.349

0.000

229.578

0.184

16.744

1.160

189.773

7.911

75.895

197.682

80.687

2087.109

ERI

0.000

ETH

1.406

0.000

0.000

0.000

27.119

2.401

9.454

0.000

0.000

0.000

16.444

0.000

1.061

0.037

0.000

3.450

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

3.473

0.000

40.966

0.000

2.291

0.000

0.000

0.000

12.540

0.987

2.029

0.000

15.516

139.174

IND

661.346

134.0891624.820

2.312111.395

409.343

60.361

1251.220

1138.840

115.156

923.455

127.579

368.471

382.847

35.088

970.457

42.466

236.892

76.142

104.705

257.237

450.816

135.0091308.140

10.100

3377.840

45.091

853.7881345.110

255.010

170.209

849.972

6605.000

233.141

24673.447

IDN

1887.360

19.768

281.669

1.077

22.879

197.268

6.120

30.924

2170.510

188.381

43.114

0.000

310.648

34.802

63.407

9.914

3016.050

14.679

35.247

33.694

60.282

20.861

415.896

35.493

418.242

2.333

6001.180

1.124

260.026

238.314

54.611

80.425

1976.240

744.622

64.039

18741.199

IRN

20.653

0.000

15.377

0.000

0.000

16.455

0.000

332.648

64.495

0.000

0.000

8.266

23.801

0.000100.788

234.992

0.009

6.419

0.000

0.000

47.845

247.290

12.426

248.771

0.000

932.627

0.0002356.520

380.679

24.951

5.642

36.457

398.455

7.552

5523.118

IRQ

4.264

0.009

0.000

0.000

1.527

0.000

0.778

64.964

17.461

0.000

58.466

0.000

0.000

0.008

141.332

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.001

0.422

0.030

0.277

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.110

0.000

0.000

104.186

2.303

0.557

396.695

ISR

381.600

0.300

0.000

0.000

29.200

0.400

14.000

1035.600

11.200

0.000

133.000

47.200

0.000

203.300

7.800

0.000

1.600

0.000

0.000

357.500

0.000

233.900

44.800

0.000

8.800

462.100

0.000

2972.300

JOR

1.658

19.183

1.072

0.000

0.123

29.814

0.616

74.324

249.966

34.531

51.445

621.522

108.900

11.019

53.114

0.002

23.079

0.000

1.044

3.649

0.000

15.518

20.986

23.079

198.993

0.000

2.069

0.955

6.052

3.486

34.008

4.729

7.585

114.598

26.486

1743.605

KEN

6.641

2.301

1.284

4.611

6.619

87.372

2.583

28.013

52.373

6.001

1.585

0.008

11.173

0.460

0.256

3.546

5.470

0.000

7.677

7.214

0.000

0.774

143.469

0.218

18.845

3.058

2.428

41.369

20.838

4.876

70.406

226.350

13.027

30.264

26.951

838.060

KWT

82.786

25.465

580.537

0.000

0.000

78.187

0.533

232.501

969.431

15.961

0.000

26.318

11.508

0.065

61.364

0.234

7.191

0.000

0.000

36.379

909.105

25.714

186.494

0.022

2871.810

0.000

53.025

13.561

9.230

2.042

281.784

185.778

224.279

6891.304

MDG

0.284

0.046

0.000

2.743

0.001

0.500

0.000

6.273

0.492

0.021

0.003

0.000

0.002

0.008

0.000

3.573

0.000

30.823

0.089

0.000

0.000

1.486

0.108

0.074

0.767

26.891

0.000

1.222

1.256

0.069

0.043

3.054

1.138

0.000

80.966

MYS

4153.360

34.637

364.224

0.376

13.383

365.420

0.703

8.885

3002.750

3072.940

345.872

60.337

0.000

343.647

42.904

107.949

9.530

36.382

54.995

16.016

149.348

71.448

701.298

50.302

481.762

4.39418993.800

4.209

478.078

345.002

39.182

23.118

6040.490

1553.450

111.115

41081.306

MDV

0.002

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.458

0.976

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.654

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.075

0.000

4.826

0.046

15.127

0.000

28.818

0.015

50.997

MUS

5.064

0.313

1.252

4.342

0.006

0.274

0.039

18.140

0.938

0.037

0.000

1.452

0.090

9.041

0.031

97.790

2.608

0.559

3.309

0.000

0.901

0.737

0.012

0.053

11.855

5.244

0.000

28.168

2.576

0.000

5.878

3.113

28.291

0.000

232.113

MOZ

0.000

0.000

3.880

0.000

0.000

0.000

33.052

5.001

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

2.645

0.000

0.000

4.023

0.195

0.000

0.000

1.304

0.000

0.000

0.000

2.231

0.000

193.994

0.000

0.000

2.231

2.455

0.758

0.000

251.769

MMR

12.075

0.745

24.817

0.000

3.968

0.000

363.684

15.835

0.259

0.000

0.000

0.078

0.000

3.089

0.002

97.145

0.015

0.534

1.451

19.169

0.172

0.621

0.000

64.511

0.000

0.205

1.847

0.000

0.000

1230.340

12.887

0.004

1853.453

OMN

1.478

28.179

0.000

0.305

11.270

11.384

2.094

0.000

25.161

0.639

494.510

27.163

0.000

8.464

1.179

51.038

0.155

361.263

0.482

1.592

0.061

0.090

28.109

40.266

146.459

0.000

73.915

23.270

3.719

2.725

4.217

21.275

1323.980

929.753

55.048

3679.243

PAK

125.465

44.090

197.483

4.936

2.222

48.293

0.765

3.547

157.712

57.080

102.710

4.374

0.000

21.233

59.559

75.251

16.415

64.709

1.952

35.513

18.587

2.456

56.054

37.565

335.998

0.202

80.347

3.802

151.501

134.244

15.949

13.806

61.027

982.038

55.823

2972.708

QAT

159.862

36.868

3.508

0.016

17.730

0.036

10.816

1005.760

23.824

60.810

2.936

27.565

10.441

77.543

0.709

14.340

0.000

1.457

9.258

0.000

27.287

116.703

194.033

0.000

1694.830

0.000

77.424

10.588

8.990

1.148

511.710

616.183

12.561

4734.936

SAU

762.8812651.160

148.695

0.000180.3311052.410

22.271

346.322

1027.370

1787.970

389.862

0.000

1469.840

362.022

652.321

7.385

895.630

1.177

46.875

5.235

4.179

234.8951879.470

519.222

78.002

4589.690

7.4442643.650

161.597

428.628

68.944

2112.860

1421.860

317.981

26278.179

SYC

0.715

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.410

0.054

0.024

0.000

0.000

0.039

0.000

0.195

0.577

0.007

6.172

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.705

0.000

4.273

1.299

0.000

0.000

5.429

0.048

0.000

19.947

SGP

6611.900

38.374

742.163

4.225

13.253

129.070

7.437

4174.400

19019.700

533.795

0.000

225.884

35.581

21.606

76.540

43.667

27280.300186.354

99.168

11.482

651.872

86.761

556.913

90.617

322.884

35.252

0.000

474.602

592.319

30.831

12.658

7756.550

1902.670

33.024

71801.852

SOM

0.038

3.783

0.000

0.000

0.724

0.755

0.000

6.651

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.470

1.031

4.595

0.000

0.015

0.000

0.000

0.000

11.346

2.922

0.516

6.373

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.192

0.009

5.593

94.703

30.035

169.751

ZAF

1020.250

11.921

7.39211.512

6.059

24.767

2.707

37.318

563.385

161.486

53.463

16.356

631.917

13.753

446.909

22.362

88.790

265.217

4.542

267.953

782.099

1.244

25.520

83.831

10.306

222.784

34.226

306.892

0.165

25.131

47.041

339.221

350.646

339.713

16.519

6243.397

LKA

53.881

5.052

13.917

0.000

12.512

0.422

391.508

8.741

57.893

10.843

28.964

31.629

5.399

10.058

2.842

9.036

61.432

3.638

0.000

0.210

2.541

39.454

1.904

31.033

0.184

86.481

0.000

12.003

0.288

1.663

19.408

137.784

0.995

1041.715

SDN

0.020

0.000

14.412

0.000

0.000

108.504

0.000

1.569

27.905

50.637

0.000

0.000

0.000

9.557

2.180

0.736

0.020

0.104

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.020

7.301

0.600

164.194

0.000

49.694

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

10.130

85.527

0.000

533.110

TZA

2.455

0.000

0.000

0.597

0.084

2.768

0.390

0.000

112.325

11.382

0.236

0.000

4.636

0.055

23.076

0.000

3.789

9.951

0.361

2.756

3.139

0.969

1.021

17.371

0.094

1.987

0.221

12.037

0.564

31.850

0.073

0.000

24.492

42.208

0.152

311.039

THA

2459.780

51.416

373.254

2.758

5.662

217.326

11.720

909.884

3207.430

451.686

169.414

563.905

93.917

58.775

93.711

26.500

5295.100

29.446

32.728

41.375

604.882

73.780

434.750

49.476

616.508

3.511

7008.980

12.499

656.006

182.447

26.385

38.992

964.652

91.695

24860.350

ARE

690.716

191.044

197.905

7.323

17.618

172.219

0.000

3592.200

309.4712506.260

0.000

131.996

516.834

332.461

31.968

410.673

60.550

57.432

21.949

0.0001484.020

1611.440

344.9761078.700

8.041

1688.130

21.896

107.585

184.265

217.499

141.577

3373.530

604.243

20114.521

YEM

28.793

0.357

0.648

0.000

10.235

12.848

1.907

4.311

540.259

0.350

2.998

10.731

1.362

0.455

59.417

0.066

29.972

0.000

0.017

0.000

0.000

4.678

6.038

0.724

96.390

0.578

192.701

18.798

113.464

0.330

3.078

0.086

1180.850

108.787

2431.228

Total19176.5063386.818

4800.748

47.136

431.4633541.987

41.945

732.05524315.65132637.6586654.054

1563.149

2637.232

3224.474

2351.743

2563.084

515.36841277.789487.2781188.293

1273.747

1604.143

2825.690

8227.863

1561.581

8449.870

195.56051134.696341.1779985.586

3892.007

1667.483

1338.976

30179.01418764.1792092.244

295108.247

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

an e

xpor

ts b

y va

lue

(in

USD

mill

ions

) by

cou

ntry

200

4

Sour

ce: D

evel

oped

fro

m I

nter

natio

nal M

onet

ary

Fund

Dir

ectio

n of

Tra

de S

tatis

tics

onlin

e

App

endi

xH

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

anE

xpor

tsby

Val

ue(i

nU

SDM

illio

ns)

byC

ount

ry20

05

AUS

BHR

BGD

COM

DJI

EGY

ERI

ETH

IND

IDN

IRN

IRQ

ISR

JOR

KEN

KWT

MDG

MYS

MDV

MUS

MOZ

MMR

OMN

PAK

QAT

SAU

SYC

SGP

SOM

ZAF

LKA

SDN

TZA

THA

ARE

YEM

Total

AUS

87.616

179.08

60.00

01.53

326

3.39

70.40

92.59

752

66.280

2757

.120

132.48

721

8.33

212

0.36

368

.931

32.279

359.60

33.19

819

14.750

14.954

77.337

308.400

30.729

176.29

535

9.97

699

.070

1323

.910

3.00

230

43.640

0.08

114

34.590

136.52

816

4.45

730

.822

3144

.190

944.50

314

4.37

522

844.84

0

BHR

0.00

00.00

00.00

027

.577

0.00

00.00

015

5.14

012

5.66

094

.384

0.12

35.49

820

8.70

110

6.72

725

.249

98.325

13.641

156.74

00.00

00.00

020

0.06

940

.070

55.947

520.71

50.10

113

2.99

00.01

147

.175

3.32

316

6.49

112

1.50

010

6.95

337

1.39

16.16

527

90.666

BGD

29.549

2.10

60.00

00.63

511

.669

0.00

01.73

111

8.88

023

.102

46.047

0.00

00.00

01.75

42.92

85.51

60.90

310

.356

0.00

00.00

00.66

11.50

70.66

852

.002

3.191

26.060

0.00

053

.141

0.00

05.58

88.80

99.10

50.33

914

.496

21.118

4.25

745

6.11

8

COM

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.79

30.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.21

10.02

10.00

90.00

00.06

00.77

20.00

03.93

50.28

30.00

10.00

00.00

06.08

5

DJI

0.05

80.01

10.00

00.00

00.00

059

.007

2.96

90.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.01

00.00

00.03

10.00

90.06

00.00

00.81

90.00

00.09

30.00

00.11

518

2.40

00.00

00.000

0.18

80.00

40.21

98.12

99.33

426

3.45

6

EGY

10.378

4.76

919

.128

0.00

00.00

00.86

746

.508

183.30

636

.415

24.387

172.40

144

.636

334.64

184

.310

31.898

11.502

33.530

0.35

419

.416

1.65

00.04

233

.970

113.40

842

.910

725.13

60.00

026

0.72

30.21

027

.441

1.57

233

5.86

49.03

958

.611

251.70

910

0.91

030

21.641

ERI

0.00

0

ETH

2.22

20.00

00.00

00.00

053

.119

13.563

9.13

60.00

00.00

00.00

021

.805

0.00

02.43

80.11

10.00

05.80

30.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

02.88

20.00

053

.786

0.00

07.627

0.00

00.00

00.00

020

.011

1.26

11.31

30.00

021

.852

216.92

9

IND

788.88

918

1.47

916

32.110

4.59

720

5.03

960

9.38

868

.816

1361

.730

1190

.160

141.84

311

61.760

168.36

753

3.47

948

6.13

844

.958

1134

.690

62.301

211.14

8123.62

411

0.74

837

0.34

964

1.65

224

0.63

717

08.220

10.543

5177

.530

47.890

1410

.000

1867

.160

314.46

222

3.42

510

22.040

8281

.560

269.03

731

805.76

9

IDN

2227

.610

17.849

353.30

10.58

642

.448

290.48

51.10

644

.409

2878

.350

289.54

085

.486

0.00

015

6.63

542

.801

83.584

21.223

3431

.300

17.280

42.193

23.893

77.990

29.215

634.22

061

.696

524.24

23.42

478

36.590

8.89

631

3.99

933

7.93

077

.794

84.480

2246

.460

906.65

474

.924

2326

8.59

3

IRN

25.665

0.00

021

.293

0.00

00.00

022

.384

0.00

056

0.86

472

.015

0.00

00.00

021

.351

32.376

0.00

013

7.10

231

6.33

80.01

31.81

60.00

00.00

063

.510

329.93

847.440

442.81

70.00

011

66.650

0.00

022

56.580

476.24

151

.173

7.67

537

.220

528.90

84.22

966

23.598

IRQ

0.00

20.01

20.00

00.00

02.07

70.00

01.65

30.13

023

.178

0.00

025

.235

0.00

00.00

00.01

027

.243

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

11.25

70.03

50.33

80.00

00.000

0.30

70.00

00.07

00.00

120

8.61

13.05

60.74

829

3.96

4

ISR

419.10

00.00

00.00

00.00

093

.200

0.50

041

.900

1224

.200

12.900

0.00

011

6.20

048

.800

0.00

012

9.90

06.30

00.00

01.80

00.00

00.00

036

5.50

00.00

027

1.20

036

.800

0.00

08.50

044

8.10

00.00

032

24.900

JOR

2.05

720

.629

1.28

60.00

00.21

245

.467

0.58

836

.790

348.97

413

.521

37.223

735.57

911

8.30

01.25

572

.516

0.00

124

.114

0.09

32.45

20.74

00.00

027

.653

21.769

34.593

252.82

70.00

01.90

80.38

44.33

62.55

743

.637

1.85

76.55

017

1.14

433

.479

2064

.491

KEN

11.381

2.62

90.00

05.26

97.56

399

.829

2.95

223

.409

43.482

8.97

52.01

90.01

118

.636

1.62

40.32

64.05

16.43

40.00

88.72

73.21

80.00

00.98

516

4.71

43.26

27.51

03.49

49.10

647

.268

31.139

6.27

736

.970

258.62

315

.141

38.535

12.361

885.92

8

KWT

180.86

434

.640

1071

.600

0.00

00.00

010

6.35

71.26

838

3.51

211

59.410

21.187

0.00

055

.640

15.654

0.08

824

7.42

01.80

10.76

10.00

00.00

048

.290

1148

.920

42.735

203.05

70.03

033

51.920

0.00

047

.157

7.00

714

.765

2.77

828

2.61

224

6.60

229

0.29

789

66.372

MDG

0.81

20.05

30.00

03.13

40.00

10.57

10.00

012

.761

0.55

90.02

70.00

40.00

00.00

00.01

00.00

01.90

40.00

013

.440

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.85

60.05

00.47

10.87

716

.929

0.00

01.75

10.64

90.33

00.04

93.93

21.44

90.00

060

.619

MYS

4765

.890

41.687

409.37

20.65

121

.810

457.09

00.24

48.46

639

55.040

3322

.330

358.78

423

.564

0.00

011

3.77

351

.854

122.16

013

.356

53.675

60.374

15.212

245.69

681

.005

740.63

295

.954

473.16

56.49

422

009.60

07.27

457

1.54

943

8.41

812

8.08

430

.089

7584

.640

1846

.980

119.02

948

173.94

1

MDV

0.00

20.00

00.00

00.00

01.00

20.09

10.00

00.00

00.00

00.51

30.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.04

50.00

05.74

40.00

016

.157

0.00

022

.409

0.00

345

.966

MUS

3.92

10.00

52.51

83.74

50.20

20.08

80.79

68.72

00.63

00.00

10.00

01.74

90.12

17.02

10.07

011

4.35

03.51

70.38

11.29

00.00

00.29

00.60

00.01

00.11

214

.213

7.42

20.00

026

.711

1.61

80.00

22.67

83.44

816

6.24

00.00

037

2.46

9

MOZ

0.00

00.00

00.13

10.00

00.00

00.00

025

.307

3.05

80.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

02.10

70.00

00.00

03.85

30.57

70.00

00.00

01.48

30.00

00.00

00.00

02.43

00.00

0282.86

70.00

00.10

10.45

210

.994

1.74

50.00

033

5.10

5

MMR

11.107

0.85

129

.345

0.00

04.53

40.00

044

9.13

512

.868

0.32

90.00

00.00

00.26

30.00

03.93

30.00

212

1.51

30.00

00.86

41.84

735

.776

0.82

90.70

90.00

098

.532

0.00

01.21

73.69

70.00

00.00

016

22.980

16.409

0.00

024

16.740

OMN

1.63

138

.332

0.00

00.41

515

.331

15.486

2.84

80.00

017

9.67

90.31

465

6.41

336

.056

0.00

010

.925

1.60

467

.748

0.21

146

3.62

60.27

91.07

60.08

30.12

332

.888

70.220

220.79

90.00

022

5.24

531

.653

123.69

83.26

09.69

328

.940

2197

.560

1234

.150

59.271

5729

.557

PAK

120.37

341

.677

234.35

86.64

83.70

752

.079

0.15

73.31

633

7.38

768

.274

178.35

617

.526

0.00

025

.649

66.434

77.456

28.081

66.630

2.93

334

.114

43.332

2.248

51.522

40.326

354.93

80.36

432

.427

2.98

222

1.77

315

3.73

624

.113

15.421

90.918

1256

.220

58.488

3713

.963

QAT

132.58

245

.643

8.22

30.00

038

.253

0.00

08.33

088

0.04

94.40

40.00

00.35

231

.096

34.640

16.731

1.94

827

.132

0.00

00.08

20.00

00.00

011

.654

206.84

117

3.42

90.00

021

03.820

0.00

015

9.54

717

.017

13.066

7.22

352

0.27

510

50.120

4.50

054

96.957

SAU

1022

.820

3606

.340

265.91

10.00

024

5.30

214

31.580

30.295

545.52

013

98.480

2465

.700

517.50

30.00

022

54.600

492.45

686

5.89

110

.046

1407

.060

1.02

8105.06

62.31

75.68

531

1.79

925

63.130

522.74

510

6.10

681

43.380

10.126

0.00

013

4.39

757

0.42

293

.785

3676

.460

1887

.370

388.49

935

081.81

9

SYC

1.72

20.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.91

30.16

90.03

10.00

00.00

00.04

40.00

00.22

20.25

90.03

88.68

40.00

00.00

00.00

00.06

80.00

00.00

00.70

80.00

02.77

40.70

90.71

60.00

010

.211

0.06

10.00

027

.329

SGP

8429

.070

170.40

469

5.87

33.15

510

.090

152.30

38.62

058

96.720

2210

9.10

049

3.63

90.00

034

4.71

033

.625

40.973

101.56

140

.617

3040

5.00

019

6.79

212

0.077

9.53

459

6.46

189

.706

646.81

011

6.41

142

4.34

348

.067

0.00

055

0.11

768

1.28

241

.005

12.778

9431

.280

3693

.230

38.550

8563

1.90

3

SOM

0.00

84.32

20.00

00.00

00.82

70.86

20.00

09.57

70.00

10.00

00.00

00.61

11.17

85.85

10.00

02.43

40.00

00.00

00.00

014

.446

4.06

91.47

47.82

40.00

00.00

00.98

80.00

00.29

20.01

07.14

912

0.58

551

.980

234.48

8

ZAF

1412

.180

15.132

10.170

7.49

55.64

138

.597

3.95

925

.570

1182

.310

238.15

812

8.84

512

.015

759.57

525

.127

459.31

629

.189

84.892

236.59

22.44

933

8.01

0994.00

82.70

229

.067

157.44

712

.221

0.00

096

.650

415.28

50.73

328

.548

65.872

418.69

326

9.77

743

7.06

636

.229

7979

.520

LKA

64.593

4.84

115

.767

0.00

014

.478

0.50

356

6.40

925

.159

74.140

20.247

50.950

27.466

4.40

212

.228

2.92

714

.457

27.269

2.50

50.00

02.44

76.41

543

.556

2.948

38.589

0.95

379

.392

0.00

111

.563

0.49

71.71

427

.398

170.28

90.59

013

14.693

SDN

0.00

00.00

019

.686

0.00

00.00

078

.692

2.50

255

.128

30.771

40.077

0.00

00.00

00.00

03.11

52.21

51.55

60.01

10.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

018

.078

0.39

813

6.42

50.00

05.83

30.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

05.67

390

.037

10.846

501.04

3

TZA

3.77

30.00

00.00

00.68

20.09

63.16

20.44

60.00

011

1.31

68.30

10.30

00.00

05.72

70.10

226

.366

0.00

04.32

919

.664

0.41

22.38

23.96

51.10

71.30

112

.078

0.13

03.34

20.25

36.19

50.64

438

.682

0.10

40.00

021

.081

53.744

0.08

232

9.76

6

THA

3151

.270

65.867

392.65

52.80

16.90

726

5.81

421

.875

1519

.810

3953

.500

314.75

514

2.87

657

8.69

910

9.84

165

.640

152.40

633

.750

5780

.740

38.325

41.975

42.872

706.63

415

7.69

458

7.90

711

2.19

410

02.550

3.37

276

40.980

1.18

884

0.39

519

3.06

445

.857

37.205

1167

.940

92.528

2927

1.88

6

ARE

296.33

325

9.87

532

1.13

09.96

123

.965

234.26

80.00

039

94.870

311.56

433

26.810

0.00

019

2.51

170

3.04

544

1.30

843

.485

681.81

210

6.50

911

0.57

537

.893

0.00

019

69.880

2381

.810

588.39

214

22.190

10.938

2306

.970

29.785

412.84

426

9.37

435

8.87

319

2.58

651

81.220

823.89

327

044.66

9

YEM

35.676

0.53

20.02

90.00

09.44

222

.377

4.62

16.41

291

0.63

50.23

00.09

921

.163

1.63

00.28

111

7.12

90.02

326

.298

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

010

.257

2.06

83.077

128.39

10.03

739

.985

29.152

2.94

60.54

113

.726

0.37

166

6.30

321

2.88

022

66.311

Total23

151.53

846

47.301

5682

.972

49.139

653.87

043

95.627

51.494

1010

.971

3264

8.43

038

135.46

579

10.644

1627

.578

3226

.910

3786

.331

2964

.617

3161.636

626.77

746

643.23

754

0.53

513

66.760

1612

.692

1785

.919

3687

.888

1094

7.78

421

98.895

1017

6.80

530

8.91

864

552.25

240

0.67

890

99.217

4826

.775

2507.636

1592

.299

3894

6.22

425

179.82

726

56.453

3627

62.094

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

an e

xpor

ts b

y va

lue

(in

USD

mill

ions

) by

cou

ntry

200

5

Sour

ce: D

evel

oped

fro

m I

nter

natio

nal M

onet

ary

Fund

Dir

ectio

n of

Tra

de S

tatis

tics

onlin

e

App

endi

xI

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

anE

xpor

tsby

Val

ue(i

nU

SDM

illio

ns)

byC

ount

ry20

06

AUS

BHR

BGD

COM

DJI

EGY

ERI

ETH

IND

IDN

IRN

IRQ

ISR

JOR

KEN

KWT

MDG

MYS

MDV

MUS

MOZ

MMR

OMN

PAK

QAT

SAU

SYC

SGP

SOM

ZAF

LKA

SDN

TZA

THA

ARE

YEM

Total

AUS

96.624

140.050

0.017

1.265

314.529

0.706

2.588

6738.870

3327.570

310.633

91.593

133.122

80.151

43.147

406.188

5.178

2078.530

17.237

90.400

237.461

26.082

205.985

234.239

149.365

1675.650

4.513

3459.630

0.146

1743.740

126.845

214.156

24.534

3239.360

1439.260

112.430

26771.794

BHR

1.445

0.000

0.000

34.083

0.000

0.000

191.742

155.128

116.518

0.151

30.994

257.938

131.755

31.206

127.846

16.859

38.664

0.000

0.000

246.986

49.524

110.979

642.825

0.125

321.055

0.014

33.928

4.107

77.946

150.165

194.704

458.483

7.620

3432.790

BGD

29.181

2.603

0.000

0.785

14.422

0.000

2.139

146.927

28.519

56.845

0.000

0.000

1.344

3.618

6.809

1.116

20.740

0.000

0.247

0.000

1.862

0.825

64.271

3.809

32.171

0.000

102.936

0.000

11.644

10.887

16.173

0.419

32.441

26.071

5.261

624.065

COM

0.005

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.980

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.261

0.000

0.014

0.000

0.074

0.952

0.000

2.504

0.000

0.002

0.039

0.000

4.831

DJI

0.183

0.014

0.000

0.000

0.000

72.928

3.670

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.008

0.012

0.000

0.039

0.377

0.000

0.000

1.012

0.000

0.115

0.000

0.273225.433

0.000

0.000

0.021

0.005

0.039

10.036

11.537

325.702

EGY

12.762

5.894

22.907

0.000

0.000

1.071

57.481

226.552

44.955

30.106

212.829

70.091

444.170

104.200

39.378

14.215

44.488

0.438

25.400

0.000

0.051

41.936

140.164

81.571

895.183

0.000

76.720

0.259

94.685

1.943

389.291

11.171

14.573

310.735

124.718

3539.937

ERI

0.000

ETH

2.815

0.000

0.000

0.000

65.652

16.763

11.291

0.000

0.000

0.000

20.091

10.159

3.013

0.138

0.000

3.516

0.069

0.000

0.000

0.000

3.562

0.000

66.399

0.000

0.286

0.000

3.552

0.000

12.227

1.559

1.861

0.000

27.008

249.961

IND

961.420

224.2941967.800

5.681253.413

753.158

85.052

1681.060

1469.250

175.1061303.000

161.674

659.340

600.139

55.565

1211.980

76.999

449.962

83.772

136.877

457.197

793.034

410.095

2108.800

13.030

4439.730

59.188

1586.360

2307.670

544.582

276.137

1491.020

10223.600

332.510

37358.495

IDN

3233.170

22.439

396.407

0.736

53.365

365.194

1.391

55.830

3618.620

346.634

102.342

79.182

131.914

53.809

100.066

26.681

4501.630

21.724

67.240

26.642

98.048

34.975

797.332

118.674

627.617

4.30513415.400

11.184

437.960

424.841

65.091

106.207

3166.930

1085.440

94.193

33693.213

IRN

29.320

0.000

25.504

0.000

0.000

28.141

0.000

705.110

86.215

0.000

0.000

7.905

40.703

0.000172.362

528.376

0.017

2.163

0.000

0.000

76.033

414.793

48.442

530.136

0.000

1587.950

0.000

2709.900

598.723

42.855

9.648

51.723

633.203

5.317

8334.539

IRQ

115.600

0.015

0.000

0.000

2.611

0.000

2.078

0.156

27.748

0.000

6.599

0.000

0.000

0.013

34.678

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.001

1.581

0.060

0.405

0.000

0.000

154.900

0.000

0.000

0.001

300.224

3.659

0.941

651.270

ISR

437.200

1.500

0.000

0.000

125.800

0.000

10.600

1270.400

12.800

0.000

136.800

49.600

0.000

67.800

3.800

0.000

0.600

0.000

0.000

410.300

0.000

329.300

45.000

0.000

18.700

420.200

0.000

3340.400

JOR

1.043

23.058

5.050

0.000

0.806

56.018

0.785

3.635

396.850

21.576

65.692

634.393

132.531

8.560

97.264

0.014

44.897

0.085

2.431

2.875

0.000

21.718

7.143

52.810

396.683

0.032

0.572

0.578

7.302

2.084

54.507

1.530

5.449

291.388

36.167

2375.526

KEN

12.162

3.249

0.000

6.512

9.347

123.381

3.648

28.932

53.741

11.080

2.492

0.013

16.455

1.343

0.403

5.007

11.013

0.010

12.050

2.817

0.000

1.216

203.574

1.531

9.271

4.318

9.842

58.420

23.866

7.757

36.227

319.638

13.201

47.572

15.277

1055.365

KWT

164.648

43.548

1281.820

0.000

0.000

133.711

1.594

482.146

1388.030

25.364

0.000

31.986

19.680

0.111

279.406

2.264

0.526

0.000

0.000

57.812

1444.410

78.284

243.098

0.038

4098.460

0.000

21.549

8.809

28.046

3.493

258.702

295.229

364.957

10757.721

MDG

0.383

0.065

0.000

3.874

0.001

0.706

0.000

15.772

0.690

0.033

0.004

0.000

0.019

0.012

0.001

0.425

0.000

13.712

0.000

0.000

0.000

1.058

0.025

0.582

1.083

19.118

0.000

1.933

0.802

0.345

0.061

3.401

1.789

0.000

65.894

MYS

4553.360

54.561

422.217

0.865

32.969

342.000

0.105

12.476

5128.620

4074.020

441.387

27.667

0.000

150.182

78.324

159.935

11.307

67.168

79.206

23.803

165.025

99.813

842.869

186.414

530.310

9.82224743.900

6.224

667.825

534.135

51.554

68.109

8501.780

2269.740

262.389

54600.081

MDV

0.642

0.000

0.000

0.000

1.238

0.112

0.000

0.275

0.000

0.381

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.055

0.031

2.894

0.000

19.969

3.301

55.305

0.004

84.207

MUS

3.951

0.070

3.357

4.270

0.000

0.124

0.530

12.371

2.124

0.026

0.000

2.789

0.067

4.359

0.097103.869

7.178

0.046

1.111

0.008

4.216

0.734

0.000

0.065

14.967

4.567

0.000

46.918

0.670

0.000

1.225

5.167

247.773

0.000

472.649

MOZ

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

30.197

13.083

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

1.403

0.000

0.000

9.023

0.000

0.000

0.000

6.255

0.000

0.000

0.000

3.494

0.000

361.707

0.000

0.000

4.522

3.648

3.523

0.000

436.855

MMR

15.921

1.052

33.282

0.000

5.603

0.000

555.097

15.886

0.407

0.000

0.182

0.311

0.000

4.856

0.002

113.533

0.000

1.073

2.280

44.216

1.788

0.876

0.000

63.180

0.000

2.906

4.569

0.000

0.000

2135.720

20.257

0.000

3022.997

OMN

2.087

48.191

0.000

0.522

19.274

19.469

3.581

0.000

225.890

0.376

785.850

43.166

0.000

13.112

2.017

81.107

0.266

804.097

0.351

8.962

0.104

0.155

41.347

109.950

264.338

0.000

204.703

39.794

1821.410

4.099

27.555

36.383

2517.690

1477.510

74.514

8677.870

PAK

116.309

51.509

261.726

8.217

4.582

64.365

0.194

4.098

416.986

84.285

220.181

21.636

0.000

20.704

82.108

95.619

34.707

53.952

3.625

35.536

31.755

2.778

63.604

47.263

438.172

0.450

41.817

3.685

132.312

190.006

30.955

19.059

92.160

1550.810

72.287

4297.452

QAT

200.846

51.907

30.201

0.000

20.550

0.000

12.332

1647.030

24.332

0.000

0.706

43.896

23.052

20.126

0.203

54.154

0.000

0.022

0.000

0.000

13.085

374.030

216.214

0.000

3208.740

0.041

133.357

44.247

10.739

23.247

930.346

1318.210

3.871

8405.484

SAU

946.4804533.840

316.951

0.000308.3911799.770

38.087

685.819

1758.150

2951.920

619.549

0.000

2668.270

619.1081036.640

12.630

2117.990

1.293

114.572

1.686

7.148

373.282

3222.320

762.952

133.395

8448.600

12.730

3598.540

168.962

590.300

117.905

3873.360

2259.540

488.415

44588.595

SYC

2.540

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

1.128

0.209

0.038

0.000

0.000

0.055

0.000

0.275

0.477

0.047

29.730

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.084

0.000

0.000

2.353

0.000

2.221

0.877

0.827

0.000

2.687

0.076

0.000

43.624

SGP

10186.400

55.619

931.887

3.370

13.023

291.790

8.288

7672.860

24901.300

456.399

0.000

357.303

42.870

48.716

120.921

35.505

35537.200196.629

96.861

13.562

563.277

99.675

771.387

181.548

743.751

54.502

0.000

1046.880

921.643

29.376

19.063

11312.700

3193.860

49.887

99958.052

SOM

0.035

5.341

0.000

0.000

1.022

1.066

0.000

11.837

0.002

0.000

0.000

0.518

1.456

7.223

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

17.834

5.029

2.210

9.659

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.536

0.012

4.292

148.863

64.243

281.178

ZAF

1190.720

11.932

25.669

8.332

16.476

31.779

4.352

33.905

782.175

210.609

212.486

32.344

665.859

23.000

476.778

23.238

72.623

347.001

3.141

289.044

909.696

0.000

50.352

160.750

21.426

294.633

72.838

492.403

0.449

22.791

63.137

400.363

266.151

552.387

33.858

7802.697

LKA

69.991

5.983

17.899

0.000

17.894

0.622

700.040

31.059

91.526

24.995

32.182

18.042

5.441

15.096

3.618

19.772

33.703

2.250

0.000

3.024

7.919

53.832

6.481

47.639

1.178

48.115

0.001

15.223

0.000

2.119

24.859

210.222

0.730

1511.455

SDN

0.012

0.000

22.393

0.000

0.000

97.258

3.092

68.134

38.031

49.475

0.000

0.000

0.000

2.638

2.738

1.921

0.014

0.208

0.710

0.001

0.000

0.000

0.000

22.343

1.086

168.417

0.000

15.389

0.000

0.345

0.000

0.000

2.933

111.151

13.405

621.694

TZA

8.155

0.000

1.044

0.843

0.118

3.908

0.551

0.000

137.578

10.248

0.370

0.000

6.273

0.077

32.586

0.000

5.351

33.661

0.510

1.118

7.612

1.369

1.606

14.927

1.793

4.126

0.312

3.343

0.796

42.971

0.128

0.000

15.545

66.347

0.101

403.367

THA

4379.130

79.250

469.773

2.319

14.055

379.737

29.781

1822.020

3335.960

565.820

198.920

587.148

148.166

72.222

193.221

20.358

6655.950

58.764

48.321

33.731

761.729

232.859

651.776

194.270

1253.410

8.553

8411.190

5.189

1100.960

296.535

89.521

49.027

1485.920

124.759

33760.344

ARE

947.089

326.711

364.25712.523

30.129

294.519

0.000

5022.300

373.0023982.820

0.000

195.385

883.858

528.329

54.669

880.849133.901

94.877

53.926

0.0002358.320

2994.370

900.737

1702.640

13.751

3799.850

37.446

570.003

338.654

404.245

242.117

6562.300

1035.790

35139.367

YEM

75.560

0.658

0.027

0.000

11.669

27.656

5.711

7.925

1125.480

0.284

0.122

26.125

3.824

0.347

144.597

0.029

47.342

0.000

0.071

0.000

0.000

12.663

2.556

1.386

158.499

0.045

13.429

36.030

0.000

0.668

0.000

0.459

1075.920

262.802

3041.884

Total27699.1205648.427

6743.166

58.081

836.3425366.005

63.274

1184.689

40953.77742836.0659828.296

1591.990

3406.208

4376.128

3578.475

3815.067

667.19455638.470635.5211508.322

1430.553

1768.033

4482.192

13364.5963474.949

13062.691337.28877452.743497.60716704.1976087.421

2780.212

1910.181

46576.43030005.4603362.185

439731.355

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

an e

xpor

ts b

y va

lue

(in

USD

mill

ions

) by

cou

ntry

200

6

Sour

ce: D

evel

oped

fro

m I

nter

natio

nal M

onet

ary

Fund

Dir

ectio

n of

Tra

de S

tatis

tics

onlin

e

App

endi

xJ

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

anE

xpor

tsby

Val

ue(i

nU

SDM

illio

ns)

byC

ount

ry20

07

AUS

BHR

BGD

COM

DJI

EGY

ERI

ETH

IND

IDN

IRN

IRQ

ISR

JOR

KEN

KWT

MDG

MYS

MDV

MUS

MOZ

MMR

OMN

PAK

QAT

SAU

SYC

SGP

SOM

ZAF

LKA

SDN

TZA

THA

ARE

YEM

Total

AUS

111.24

717

5.05

10.05

12.01

031

9.85

50.71

92.12

682

79.130

3346

.840

160.45

46.77

213

8.08

763

.714

51.329

477.75

36.35

726

53.490

21.157

82.511

271.63

130

.478

295.76

734

4.64

516

4.53

317

76.450

10.932

3296

.720

0.25

318

93.530

116.83

313

1.78

024

.422

3666

.090

2632

.760

103.17

930

658.65

6

BHR

1.79

40.00

00.00

042

.297

0.00

00.00

023

7.95

120

0.95

515

0.93

90.19

668

.305

320.10

017

0.67

838

.726

111.70

620

.922

47.982

0.00

00.00

031

9.95

061

.459

143.76

483

2.72

70.15

522

8.57

30.01

735

.498

5.09

654

.391

186.35

411

8.56

559

3.92

79.45

640

02.483

BGD

30.025

3.23

10.00

00.97

517

.898

0.00

02.65

418

2.33

536

.945

73.638

0.00

00.09

12.03

24.49

08.82

11.38

429

.384

0.00

00.30

60.00

02.31

11.06

979

.760

4.934

41.675

0.00

076

.966

0.00

024

.332

13.511

14.209

0.52

013

.061

33.773

6.52

970

6.85

9

COM

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

01.21

60.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.32

40.09

60.01

70.00

00.09

21.23

40.00

02.78

60.00

00.00

20.00

10.00

05.76

8

DJI

0.16

00.01

70.00

00.00

00.00

090

.504

4.55

40.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.01

50.00

00.04

81.95

90.00

00.00

01.25

60.00

00.14

80.00

00.62

127

9.76

00.00

00.000

0.28

20.00

60.00

013

.000

14.317

406.64

7

EGY

14.497

7.31

528

.427

0.00

00.00

01.33

071

.333

281.15

058

.235

39.000

275.70

385

.273

536.99

012

9.31

251

.011

17.641

77.768

0.54

431

.522

0.00

00.06

454

.325

173.94

310

5.66

811

59.640

0.00

060

.043

0.32

229

.195

2.41

144

8.15

513

.863

6.40

040

2.53

215

4.77

443

18.386

ERI

0.00

0

ETH

3.58

90.00

00.00

00.00

081

.473

20.803

14.012

0.00

00.00

00.00

023

.636

11.928

3.74

00.17

80.00

02.12

90.08

60.00

00.00

00.00

04.42

00.00

086

.015

0.00

02.77

70.00

04.48

10.00

014

.509

1.93

51.04

30.00

033

.516

310.27

0

IND

1181

.940

278.34

824

42.030

7.05

131

4.48

493

4.66

410

5.54

921

77.670

1903

.290

226.83

515

35.550

275.04

081

8.23

777

7.43

068

.956

1872

.980

95.556

558.400

103.96

116

9.86

359

2.26

198

4.15

053

1.24

427

31.780

16.170

5335

.490

73.452

1776

.420

2863

.800

496.81

834

2.68

418

95.470

1324

3.80

041

2.64

347

144.01

6

IDN

4019

.180

27.070

478.21

80.88

864

.378

440.56

31.67

867

.353

4365

.430

408.89

912

0.72

680

.727

109.04

564

.914

118.04

032

.187

5666

.620

26.207

81.118

32.141

118.28

341

.258

961.88

713

9.99

174

0.35

35.19

413

324.80

013

.492

634.75

851

2.52

071

.936

128.12

636

59.470

1280

.410

113.63

237

951.49

2

IRN

30.111

0.00

030

.767

0.00

00.00

033

.949

0.00

085

0.63

110

1.70

20.00

00.00

06.73

549

.103

0.00

020

7.93

438

8.88

20.02

02.61

00.00

00.00

089

.691

500.39

857.143

625.36

20.00

012

23.000

0.00

029

56.520

722.28

844

.964

11.640

79.582

746.94

36.41

487

66.389

IRQ

13.762

0.01

80.00

00.00

03.15

00.00

02.50

70.18

432

.733

0.00

011

.242

0.00

00.00

00.01

542

.840

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

21.90

70.07

10.47

80.00

00.000

257.90

80.00

00.00

00.00

156

.756

4.31

61.13

542

9.02

5

ISR

519.90

00.00

00.00

00.00

015

3.40

00.20

012

.000

1613

.200

17.400

0.00

025

0.30

097

.200

0.00

070

.100

10.000

0.00

01.30

00.00

00.00

041

5.60

00.00

039

3.100

60.200

0.00

015

.100

457.40

040

86.400

JOR

1.68

044

.954

2.04

50.00

30.97

472

.974

0.62

611

.505

459.00

631

.194

33.051

712.29

215

8.52

67.39

671

.867

0.63

154

.176

0.09

80.81

62.06

30.00

022

.951

33.724

58.799

414.38

30.00

03.40

60.50

96.92

31.71

254

.296

3.07

16.10

642

9.63

142

.798

2744

.186

KEN

13.192

4.03

20.00

08.08

111

.600

153.11

54.52

735

.904

66.692

14.353

3.22

80.01

719

.818

1.90

70.52

26.21

411

.380

0.01

214

.955

3.49

60.00

01.57

625

2.63

41.98

312

.010

5.35

98.89

872

.498

28.235

9.62

752

.027

396.66

912

.743

61.626

18.959

1307

.889

KWT

210.76

252

.536

1546

.360

0.00

00.00

016

1.30

61.92

358

1.65

216

37.360

29.921

0.00

012

4.17

023

.741

0.13

454

6.99

02.73

20.63

40.00

00.00

068

.196

1742

.510

92.346

286.76

40.04

646

24.630

0.00

01.13

210

.627

15.591

4.21

414

7.83

734

8.25

944

0.27

712

702.65

0

MDG

0.47

00.08

10.00

04.80

80.00

10.87

60.00

019

.573

0.89

40.04

30.00

60.00

00.44

70.01

50.00

11.27

50.00

017

.016

0.00

00.00

00.00

01.31

30.03

20.75

41.34

520

.748

0.00

05.87

60.99

60.32

70.07

62.44

02.31

80.00

081

.731

MYS

5938

.700

61.399

406.65

31.62

079

.311

476.90

51.42

212

.682

5884

.090

5171

.300

617.69

820

.477

0.00

687

.352

101.91

616

8.17

523

.234

112.41

084

.042

35.410

210.50

415

1.60

412

57.200

292.20

271

6.05

010

.993

2577

1.50

015

.405

809.79

037

1.40

652

.934

123.28

887

29.710

2947

.500

220.71

060

965.59

8

MDV

0.81

10.00

00.00

00.00

01.53

70.14

50.00

00.34

10.00

00.24

30.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.07

20.03

92.11

80.00

024

.781

4.09

646

.072

0.00

580

.260

MUS

2.71

80.08

64.16

65.29

90.00

00.15

40.65

815

.352

2.75

20.03

40.00

01.45

50.05

45.40

90.12

612

8.90

16.20

10.05

71.37

90.01

05.46

20.91

10.00

10.08

518

.573

9.96

50.00

062

.199

0.83

10.26

41.52

15.61

932

0.97

00.00

060

1.21

2

MOZ

0.93

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

037

.474

16.948

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.53

51.74

10.00

00.00

01.39

20.00

00.00

00.00

07.76

20.00

00.00

00.00

02.51

60.00

033

6.01

10.00

00.00

05.61

29.84

34.56

40.04

542

5.37

3

MMR

19.765

1.30

541

.303

0.00

06.95

40.00

068

8.87

220

.578

0.52

70.00

00.72

70.78

90.00

06.29

00.00

312

6.63

80.00

01.33

22.95

454

.872

2.31

61.13

40.00

055

.615

0.00

014

.387

5.67

00.00

00.00

021

04.890

26.242

0.00

031

83.163

OMN

3.30

558

.136

0.00

00.63

023

.252

23.487

4.32

00.00

027

2.51

00.44

392

7.00

950

.920

0.00

014

.478

2.43

395

.676

0.32

142

5.90

30.42

410

.811

0.12

50.18

649

.880

129.70

031

1.82

00.00

023

5.84

748

.007

417.68

14.94

413

.100

43.892

2381

.900

1742

.910

89.892

7383

.942

PAK

127.09

563

.923

324.80

110

.197

5.68

679

.877

0.24

15.08

651

7.47

610

9.18

428

5.22

628

.027

0.00

019

.158

101.89

512

3.86

743

.071

75.693

4.49

944

.100

39.408

3.44

882

.394

61.225

567.61

60.55

848

.485

4.57

413

6.57

823

5.79

636

.191

23.652

62.469

2008

.950

89.708

5370

.154

QAT

221.12

762

.619

36.433

0.00

024

.791

0.00

014

.878

1986

.940

28.703

0.00

00.83

37.40

627

.810

23.742

0.24

521

.537

0.00

00.02

70.00

00.00

015

.436

451.22

3255.05

20.00

038

08.450

0.05

010

5.93

153

.379

28.105

28.045

1874

.850

1555

.000

4.67

010

637.28

2

SAU

789.42

354

69.540

382.36

40.00

037

2.03

721

71.210

45.947

827.36

021

21.000

3482

.150

730.83

60.00

025

88.950

746.88

112

22.840

15.236

1796

.860

1.55

9138.21

82.03

48.62

344

0.33

438

87.350

899.99

816

0.92

580

12.160

15.358

3623

.740

203.83

259

5.10

914

2.23

841

98.570

2665

.410

589.21

548

347.30

7

SYC

3.55

40.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

01.40

00.27

00.04

90.00

00.00

00.06

80.00

00.34

10.06

70.05

836

.895

0.00

00.00

00.00

00.10

50.00

00.00

01.78

10.00

06.19

71.08

81.09

10.00

05.01

40.09

80.00

058

.076

SGP

1119

0.90

053

.677

936.34

95.48

69.10

433

0.72

616

.148

1000

0.20

029

466.80

053

4.02

70.00

046

4.23

954

.777

48.130

249.09

847

.919

3862

6.30

023

6.89

311

5.49

531

.244

778.02

912

5.11

984

6.48

125

1.56

583

8.27

752

.832

0.00

073

3.23

283

6.49

327

.173

27.790

1239

0.30

034

85.920

51.026

1128

61.749

SOM

0.15

56.62

90.00

00.00

01.26

81.32

30.00

014

.689

0.00

20.00

00.00

00.42

41.80

79.35

70.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

00.00

023

.102

6.24

12.86

312

.513

0.00

00.000

0.00

00.00

00.17

30.01

53.07

319

2.84

079

.726

356.20

0

ZAF

1276

.800

22.593

19.825

12.067

10.105

66.841

6.28

834

.030

1350

.640

222.94

621

3.31

147

.902

854.43

212

.713

643.46

340

.083

162.95

640

7.00

03.04

327

0.12612

67.710

0.00

039

.820

220.93

437

.396

336.38

958

.290

359.26

81.11

825

.491

92.818

382.60

043

1.17

771

0.49

928

.656

9669

.330

LKA

77.565

7.42

522

.212

0.00

022

.206

0.77

186

8.74

440

.235

118.56

432

.379

33.636

16.589

6.75

219

.555

4.49

029

.230

41.825

2.79

20.00

03.75

310

.259

66.805

8.39

661

.712

1.46

263

.211

0.00

119

.727

0.00

02.62

933

.279

272.32

60.90

518

89.435

SDN

0.00

70.00

021

.913

0.00

00.00

080

.716

3.20

127

.472

33.901

62.483

0.00

00.00

00.00

06.79

91.97

72.10

00.04

70.07

30.40

80.00

10.00

00.00

00.00

050

.354

0.81

414

6.88

00.00

00.23

90.00

00.81

20.00

00.00

00.66

910

4.29

415

.804

560.96

4

TZA

6.16

80.00

01.29

51.04

70.14

74.85

00.68

40.00

017

0.73

413

.275

0.48

00.00

06.45

50.08

540

.439

0.00

06.64

034

.102

0.63

31.38

79.44

71.69

82.08

018

.525

2.32

35.34

50.38

73.80

30.98

851

.951

0.15

90.00

010

.698

85.947

0.12

548

1.89

7

THA

5725

.850

96.322

510.99

83.94

115

.386

479.41

741

.247

2664

.120

4767

.770

775.23

720

2.91

570

0.88

917

3.90

310

5.22

622

5.12

032

.649

7792

.170

55.274

65.331

63.216

958.76

028

0.87

566

1.91

321

6.07

913

68.830

5.98

595

34.630

1.09

613

22.180

273.55

087

.422

84.731

2206

.570

208.38

741

707.98

9

ARE

1509

.790

394.13

843

9.43

315

.108

36.347

355.30

20.00

060

58.810

440.00

246

98.240

0.00

026

1.19

510

66.270

623.23

165

.952

1175

.630

161.53

611

4.45

865

.056

0.00

027

81.930

3612

.360

1062

.530

2008

.470

16.589

4174

.840

45.174

690.51

840

8.54

543

6.70

029

2.08

562

70.990

1249

.550

4053

0.77

9

YEM

0.00

90.81

60.03

40.00

014

.481

34.321

7.08

89.83

413

96.710

0.36

80.15

833

.843

48.784

0.43

118

7.31

30.03

626

.128

0.00

10.08

90.00

00.00

016

.403

3.17

31.79

620

5.32

30.05

656

.807

44.713

141.89

10.82

90.00

00.56

913

08.150

340.43

838

80.592

Total32

933.94

068

27.457

7852

.471

76.277

1043

.019

6513

.930

78.271

1391

.017

5104

4.23

851

470.08

611

736.59

217

59.843

4103

.547

4755

.846

4472

.581

4672

.874

912.59

262

076.94

278

5.86

817

33.077

1928

.321

2287

.310

5464

.818

1634

0.18

742

69.712

1554

5.34

136

5.89

080

766.29

361

6.78

716

520.73

367

66.415

2770

.365

2291

.446

4999

0.23

738

463.77

839

86.048

5046

14.149

Intr

a-In

dian

Oce

an e

xpor

ts b

y va

lue

(in

USD

mill

ions

) by

cou

ntry

200

7

Sour

ce: D

evel

oped

fro

m I

nter

natio

nal M

onet

ary

Fund

Dir

ectio

n of

Tra

de S

tatis

tics

onlin

e

Appendix KIndian Ocean Shipping Fleets

No GT Age No GT Dwt Age No GT Age

1 Australia 696 1,911,160 23 169 1,351,433 1,541,588 22 527 559,727 23

2 Bahrain 182 325,126 20 16 222,459 317,294 31 166 102,667 19

3 Bangladesh 320 440,517 32 219 412,485 608,397 33 101 28,032 30

4 Comoros 264 755,304 31 184 675,289 964,547 32 80 80,015 26

5 Djibouti 15 4,104 27 1 500 50 27 14 3,604 27

6 Egypt 344 1,113,268 26 122 983,828 1,484,097 25 222 129,440 27

7 Eritrea 14 14,478 19 6 13,087 15,717 34 8 1,391 9

8 Ethiopia 10 122,729 17 10 122,729 159,314 17

9 India 1417 9,168,046 18 652 8,407,884 14,348,787 15 765 760,162 20

10 Indonesia 4469 5,669,830 21 2464 5,145,628 6,806,563 24 2002 524,202 18

11 Iran 508 3,576,860 22 243 3,430,445 5,884,213 19 265 146,415 26

12 Iraq 89 159,118 34 21 87,060 132,291 28 68 72,058 35

13 Israel 51 728,130 19 22 717,373 846,536 17 29 10,757 21

14 Jordan 28 368,722 26 27 368,546 508,158 26 1 176 29

15 Kenya 36 15,110 26 12 7,318 10,410 35 24 7,792 22

16 Kuwait 212 2,426,799 24 61 2,389,287 3,954,784 20 151 37,512 25

17 Madagascar 106 35,363 29 32 22,365 29,466 39 74 12,998 24

18 Malaysia 1151 6,974,618 16 556 6,360,309 8,618,250 20 595 614,309 13

19 Maldives 94 125,545 28 76 115,981 159,934 29 18 9,564 24

20 Mauritius 43 39,733 27 4 13,556 11,821 18 39 26,177 28

21 Mozambique 129 37,914 27 7 5,223 9,968 36 122 32,691 27

22 Myanmar 118 203,219 27 51 179,798 226,039 25 67 23,421 29

23 Oman 36 24,132 16 12 16,157 10,260 22 24 7,975 12

24 Pakistan 53 348,964 24 17 326,386 538,056 27 36 22,578 23

25 Qatar 84 619,535 15 22 568,095 852,373 15 62 51,440 15

26 Saudi Arabia 311 942,204 23 74 822,932 1,028,012 28 237 119,272 22

27 Seychelles 54 182,643 19 16 138,821 213,409 19 38 43,822 19

28 Singapore 2257 36,251,735 10 1317 34,965,786 54,378,645 11 940 1,285,949 8

29 Somalia 18 9,912 35 5 5,022 6,259 44 13 4,890 32

30 South Africa 250 192,585 31 6 28,066 30,615 31 244 164,519 31

31 Sri Lanka 85 163,283 26 36 144,503 204,950 26 49 18,780 26

32 Sudan 19 25,904 30 6 22,640 28,009 38 13 3,264 26

33 Tanzania 53 38,138 30 34 33,216 40,296 32 19 4,922 27

34 Thailand 858 2,846,939 26 633 2,740,045 4,186,416 26 225 106,894 23

35 United Arab Emirates 446 807,218 21 142 635,453 877,174 21 304 171,765 22

36 Yemen 47 29,169 25 6 16,171 22,973 37 41 12,998 23

Total 14867 76,698,054 24 7,281 71,495,876 109,055,671 26 7583 5,202,178 23

World total 94936 721,855,399 22 50214 687,980,619 1,014,553,957 20 44722 33,874,780 24

% of world total 15.7% 10.6% 14.5% 10.4% 10.7% 17.0% 15.4%

S. no. RegistrationTotal Cargo carrying ships

Ships of

miscellaneous

activities

Shipping fleets by country of registration 31 December 2007

Source: Developed from Lloyds Register Fairplay – World Fleet Statistics 2007

357

358 Appendix K

Shipping fleets by nationality of owner 1000 GT and above 31 December 2007

No GT Age No GT Dwt Age No GT Age

1 Australia 85 1,783,475 15 65 1,426,914 1,456,748 14 20 356,561 17

2 Bahrain 11 53,095 34 3 42,963 59,771 33 8 10,132 34

3 Bangladesh 47 403,973 25 46 400,747 566,499 25 1 3,226 16

4 Comoros

5 Djibouti

6 Egypt 144 1,096,390 25 115 1,030,733 1,344,798 26 29 65,657 22

7 Eritrea 4 11,126 31 4 11,126 12,757 31

8 Ethiopia 9 117,747 17 9 117,747 149,990 17

9 India 538 9,736,879 17 393 9,134,045 15,587,451 16 145 602,834 19

10 Indonesia 850 5,331,002 23 818 5,225,610 7,192,815 23 32 75,392 21

11 Iran 179 5,900,355 16 156 5,826,769 10,191,362 14 23 73,586 27

12 Iraq 26 118,607 31 14 83,559 126,546 26 12 35,048 37

13 Israel 72 2,007,371 18 70 2,004,897 2,585,618 17 2 2,474 33

14 Jordan 26 482,175 28 26 482,175 685,765 28

15 Kenya 7 18,936 37 7 18,936 22,070 37

16 Kuwait 69 3,402,004 16 67 3,396,810 5,295,131 16 2 5,194 3

17 Madagascar 8 12,336 39 8 12,336 17,046 39

18 Malaysia 393 8,877,388 16 297 8,533,087 10,669,378 16 96 344,301 15

19 Maldives 19 81,596 31 18 80,165 106,666 30 1 1,431 42

20 Mauritius 1 2,709 25 1 2,709 3,357 25

21 Mozambique 2 3,420 4 2 3,420 4

22 Myanmar 29 141,375 21 23 132,602 159,200 21 6 8,773 19

23 Oman 17 161,521 8 3 130,763 84,526 11 14 30,758 8

24 Pakistan 33 641,028 26 30 631,118 1,044,254 27 3 9,910 17

25 Qatar 33 458,932 7 13 420,962 570,115 3 20 37,970 10

26 Saudi Arabia 165 7,228,610 15 112 7,142,775 12,867,337 16 53 85,835 12

27 Seychelles 4 93,045 2 4 93,045 152,987 2

28 Singapore 869 17,742,911 15 717 17,160,420 27,805,450 16 152 582,491 10

29 Somalia

30 South Africa 34 214,667 24 7 108,299 166,297 12 27 106,368 27

31 Sri Lanka 21 119,389 25 18 115,425 171,858 26 3 3,964 24

32 Sudan 3 21,311 35 3 21,311 26,179 35

33 Tanzania 8 22,678 35 8 22,678 29,088 35

34 Thailand 342 2,694,242 23 322 2,657,087 4,007,848 23 20 37,155 24

35 United Arab Emirates 425 6,453,382 21 346 6,256,971 8,761,847 21 79 196,411 22

36 Yemen 17 134,301 29 17 134,301 218,307 29

Total 4490 75,567,976 22 3740 72,859,085 112,139,061 22 750 2,678,891 20

World total 39209 703,263,146 22 33730 680,847,086 1,003,865,069 21 5479 22,416,060 23

% of world total 11.5% 10.7% 11.1% 10.7% 11.2% 13.7% 12.0%

S. no.Total Cargo carrying ships

Ships of

miscellaneous

activitiesRegistration

Source: Developed from Lloyds Register Fairplay – World Fleet Statistics 2007

Appendix K 359

No

GT

Ag

eN

oG

T A

ge

No

GT

Ag

eN

oG

TA

ge

No

GT

Ag

eN

oG

TA

ge

No

GT

Ag

e

Au

stra

lia62

21,

887,

808

1962

41,

861,

321

2264

31,

905,

778

2165

21,

971,

876

2267

11,

794,

928

2267

21,

852,

796

2369

21,

911,

160

23

Eg

ypt

364

1,35

0,44

923

361

1,27

4,99

025

346

1,15

1,43

025

341

1,14

3,20

125

344

1,12

8,71

225

348

1,14

1,72

926

344

1,11

3,26

826

Ind

ia10

186,

688,

153

1710

106,

142,

073

1810

286,

960,

567

1810

667,

517,

583

1810

968,

065,

009

1911

818,

381,

185

1914

179,

168,

046

18

Ind

on

esia

2528

3,61

3,13

924

2628

3,72

3,05

226

2700

3,84

0,40

825

2826

4,07

2,14

426

3214

4,33

0,40

725

4271

5,28

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2005

2006

2007

Nat

ion

alit

y o

f o

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an

d a

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e

2001

2002

2003

2004

2007

2005

2006

Co

un

try

of

reg

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atio

n

2001

2002

2003

2004

Indi

an O

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Reg

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Sour

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2007

App

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a20

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Num

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001–

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362 Appendix L

Cou

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Egy

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Eth

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a

Indi

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Iran

Iraq

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Num

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Con

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001–

2006

(co

ntin

ued)

Appendix L 363

IOM

OU

00

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Pari

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Num

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Num

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(co

ntin

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364 Appendix L

2001

2002

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2005

2006

2005

2006

2001

2002

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2004

2005

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2001

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Mal

dive

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Num

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Con

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001–

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(co

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Appendix L 365

Num

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of in

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Appendix MIndian Ocean Port State Control InspectionData for Classification Societies

Indian Ocean port state control inspection data for classification societies

No of inspections No of detentionsClassification society

20012002 2003 Total 200120022003Total BG limit

GW limit

Excess factor List

American Bureau of Shipping

585 520 414 1519 18 30 27 75 123 89 –0.35 W

Bureau Veritas 413 198 353 964 28 16 43 87 81 54 1.19 BChina Classification Society

129 128 179 436 7 7 10 24 40 21 0.15 G

Det Norske Veritas 558 530 522 1610 15 16 33 64 130 95 –0.71 W

Germanischer Lloyd 375 453 380 1208 25 26 34 85 100 69 0.51 GKorean Register of Shipping

169 155 158 482 7 13 9 29 43 24 0.26 G

Lloyd's Register 896 848 723 2467 48 52 75 175 194 151 0.55 G

Nippon Kaiji Kyokai 1555 1551 1422 4528 61 62 77 200 346 288 –0.68 W

Registro Italiano Navale 85 92 71 248 13 6 9 28 24 10 1.41 BRussian Maritime Register of Shipping

390 430 531 1351 5 12 50 67 110 79 –0.32 W

Indian Register of Shipping

60 58 44 162 2 2 8 12 17 5 0.56 G

Non IACS 305 489 296 1090 62 64 97 223 91 62 4.83 B

IACS + Associate 5215 4963 4797 14975 229 242 375 846 1100 996 –0.34 W

Total 5520 5452 5093 16065 291 306 472 1069 1178 1071 0.00 W

No of inspections No of detentionsClassification society

20042005 2006 Total 200420052006Total BG limit

GW limit

Excess factor List

American Bureau of Shipping

466 442 461 1369 42 31 27 100 112 80 0.63 G

Bureau Veritas 423 485 437 1345 52 53 29 134 110 78 1.56 BChina Classification Society

210 226 228 664 6 6 15 27 58 35 –0.47 W

Det Norske Veritas 535 518 460 1513 23 30 27 80 123 89 –0.22 W

Germanischer Lloyd 415 418 444 1277 31 29 27 87 105 74 0.42 GKorean Register of Shipping

187 222 227 636 6 15 12 33 56 33 –0.03 G

Lloyd's Register 852 785 757 2394 77 47 43 167 189 147 0.49 G

Nippon Kaiji Kyokai 1700 1602 1668 4970 76 56 76 208 378 318 –0.77 W

Registro Italiano Navale 89 99 96 284 12 13 13 38 27 12 2.08 BRussian Maritime Register of Shipping

470 115 66 651 56 11 15 82 57 34 2.18 B

Indian Register of Shipping

64 44 45 153 7 7 5 19 16 5 1.47 B

Non IACS 279 249 235 763 101 76 117 294 66 41 10.54 B

IACS + Associate 5411 4956 4889 15256 388 298 289 975 1120 1016 –0.09 W

Total 56905205512416019 489 374 4061269 1175 1068 1.19 W

Source: Compiled from annual reports for Indian Ocean MoU

367

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Index

AAbuja MoU, 215, 217Actor behaviour

interest based actors, 141knowledge based actors, 140–141power based actors, 141–142

Adaptive management, 32–33, 38,142, 286

Ademuni-Odeke, 222, 258Africa, 3–4, 9, 13, 49, 52–56, 58–59, 61–68,

139–140, 146–150, 153, 156–163, 175,177, 181, 184–187, 189–190, 192, 195,197, 199, 206, 209, 211, 213, 217, 219,223, 226, 231, 234, 236–237, 239–242,244, 246, 255, 265

Aid, 22Alderton, 223, 258Amoco Cadiz, 213, 257Aquaculture, 29, 152, 158Archipelagic state, 20, 26, 131Archipelagic waters, 20, 131Asia, 3–4, 9, 49, 52–54, 58, 61–66, 95–96,

146, 148–149, 184–185, 189–192, 196,199–200, 265

Asia Pacific, 4, 13, 49–50, 55, 61–64, 96, 129,184, 202, 214, 223

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, 184Association of South East Asian Nations, 31Australia, 3, 9, 13, 25, 26, 29, 49, 53–56,

58–59, 62–66, 139–140, 145–146, 149,156–157, 159–163, 165, 174, 177,184–187, 189–192, 194, 197, 199–200,202, 204, 206–219, 223, 226, 229,231–232, 234, 238–239, 241–242, 244,246–247, 255–257, 260–261, 265, 269,271, 273

Australian Maritime Safety Authority,217–218, 235–237, 246, 261

BBahrain, 25, 59, 148, 186–189, 199,

215–216, 231Baltic and International Maritime Council,

230, 259Bangladesh, 25–26, 59, 149, 158–160,

162–163, 186–189, 199, 202, 226, 231,234, 238–239

Bareboat charters, 203–204Bipolar, 22, 52–53, 60Boisson, 222, 257Broader consequences across space

international cooperation, 148–152regional cooperation, 146–148state learning, 145–146

Bulk cargo, 3, 230, 232

CCapacity-building, 33, 109, 143–146, 160, 163,

234, 239–240, 252, 266, 269Cariou, 224, 258Casualty rates of ships, 223Center for Strategic and International

Studies, 11Classification societies, 216, 221–222,

225–228, 230–231, 238, 258, 268Climate change, 7, 24, 29–30, 43, 129, 136,

141–142, 144, 152, 160Coastal communities, 11, 24, 40, 140–141,

158–159Coastal erosion, 29–30, 32, 146, 152, 155,

158, 160Coastal state, 7, 20, 23–26, 38, 58–59, 62–63,

75, 130–135, 148, 152, 175, 241, 273Coastal tourism, 21, 29Coastal waters, 21, 145Coastal zone, 23, 27, 45–46, 132, 135–136,

141, 147, 158Cognitivism, 8, 76–79, 88

395

396 Index

Cold war, 3, 6, 22, 50, 52, 60–61, 63–64,66, 265

Co-management, 36Common heritage of mankind, 18, 26–27, 39,

75, 133, 274Comoros, 59, 62, 149, 160, 162, 186–187, 189,

226, 240, 259Complex interdependence, 18, 44Concept comprehensiveness, 35, 37Consistent practice, 35, 37Container Security Initiative, 39, 42, 76Container shipments, 3Continental shelf, 5, 20, 23, 25–26, 39, 97,

130–132, 207Contractualist theory, 6, 79Control and regulation, 4, 10, 17, 20, 38, 40,

43, 95Coral reefs, 24, 159Crude oil, 3, 257Customary law, 17Cyclones, 24, 135, 141, 158, 160

DDeveloping countries, 26, 141, 147, 171,

184–187, 189–200, 200–202Dijxhoorn, 222, 257Direct method, 36Disarmament, 6, 24Disaster management, 7, 42–43Djibouti, 26, 59, 62, 149, 186–189, 202,

226, 240Drug trafficking, 22, 51Dumping, 24, 206

EEast Asia, 3–4, 9, 31, 49, 52–54, 58, 61–63, 65,

95–96, 146, 184–185, 189–191, 194,196, 199, 202, 208–209, 217, 238, 265

Ecuador, 29, 214Egypt, 25, 59, 62, 149, 162–163, 186–187,

189, 199, 204, 207–214, 216,231, 239

Environmental degradation, 11, 22,42, 51

Environmental Impact Assessment, 32Epistemic communities, 6, 77, 81, 88, 106,

108, 110, 118, 142, 166, 232Ethiopia, 12, 25, 56, 59, 149, 186–187, 189,

202, 217, 226, 240, 260European fleets, 204Exclusive economic zone, 5, 7, 20–21, 23,

75–76, 131Exports, 12, 67, 183–202

FFinancial resources, 28, 31, 40–42Fisheries, 4, 7, 23–24, 39, 43, 69, 76, 129, 136,

147, 152, 155, 158–160, 177, 265, 272Fish stocks, 23, 42, 147, 159Flag of Convenience, 204, 257Flagging out, 204Flag state, 13, 76, 131, 203–205, 216–217,

219, 221–223, 225–226, 229–231, 233,238, 241, 247, 255–256, 258, 268

Flag State Implementation, 222, 241, 247Food and Agricultural Organisation, 24Food security, 11, 22, 24, 272Forum for Defence and Maritime Studies,

11, 257France, 19, 26, 29, 50, 58, 60–61, 64, 67, 139,

145, 156, 159, 181, 204, 214, 231, 239,256–257

Franses, 224, 258Freedom of the seas, 19, 40

GGCC MoU, 215, 217, 233–234, 238, 260, 269Genuine link, 203, 205, 223Geographic Information System, 34Global governance, 11Globalisation, 19, 22, 50, 70Global Ocean Observing System, 11–12, 129,

136–140, 153, 174, 176–177, 179,266–267, 269

Global security, 40, 42–43, 52Good order at sea, 7, 11, 35, 44, 271–272Graaf, 226, 258Great power, 40, 50, 53–54, 60, 265Greece, 26, 29, 204, 214, 230–231, 239Gross Domestic Product, 184

HHare, 213, 223–224, 257–258High seas, 17, 19–20, 23, 27, 38–40, 57,

75–76, 95, 130–133, 135, 274Hurricanes, 24, 135

IIllegal immigration, 22, 51Imports, 183Imposition, 9, 79, 104, 140, 174India, 25–26, 45, 50, 53–57, 59, 62–64, 134,

139–140, 145, 149, 156, 158–165, 174,177, 184–187, 189, 191–192, 195–200,202, 207–213, 215–219, 226, 229, 231,234, 236–239, 241–242, 244–247, 255,257, 267, 269, 271, 273

Index 397

Indian Ocean Computerised InformationSystem, 244

Indian Ocean Global Ocean Observing System,12, 139–140, 177, 266–267

Indian Ocean Memorandum of Understanding,12, 203, 260

Indian Ocean Rim Association for RegionalCooperation, 3, 61, 68

Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, 147, 272Indirect method, 36Indonesia, 11, 25–26, 45, 53, 59, 63, 139, 142,

145, 147, 149, 156, 159, 161–162, 165,170, 186–187, 189, 191–192, 194–196,199, 202, 208–214, 216–219, 226, 231,239, 247, 257

Industrial capacity, 40–41Industrialised countries, 184–186, 188–190,

201–202Institutional integration, 28Integrated Coastal Management, 27Integrated management, 27–28, 39, 45Integrated Technical Cooperation

Programme, 240Interdependence, 6, 18, 22, 25, 27, 42–44,

51–52, 65, 265Intergenerational equity, 35, 44Intergovernmental, 28, 35, 61, 81, 137, 148,

150, 175Internal waters, 19–20, 130International Association of Classification

Societies, 225, 258International Association of Dry Cargo

Shipowners, 230International Association of Independent

Tanker Owners, 229, 258International Chamber of Shipping, 229, 258International Conventions

Control and Management of Ships’ BallastWater and Sediments, 207

Liability and Compensation for Damagein connection with the Carriage ofHazardous and Noxious Substances bysea, 207

Prevention of Marine Pollution byDumping of Wastes and OtherMatter, 206

Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 76, 206Safe Containers, 206Safety of Life at Sea, 76, 206Standards of Training, Certification and

Watchkeeping for Fishing VesselPersonnel, 206

Standards of Training, Certification andWatchkeeping for Seafarers, 76, 206

Suppression of Unlawful Acts against theSafety of Maritime Navigation, 39, 207

International Labour Organisation, 206, 261International Maritime Organisation, 205–207International Monetary Fund, 12, 183International registers, 204, 231International Seabed Authority, 5, 23, 39, 133International Shipping Federation, 229, 258International Ship and Port Facility Security

Code, 43International Transport Federation, 204, 257International Union for the Conservation of

Nature and Natural Resources, 27Intra-Indian Ocean, 11–12, 183–202Iran, 25–26, 53, 59, 62–64, 139, 141, 149,

159–163, 186–189, 192, 199, 202,208–213, 215–218, 226, 231, 234,236–237, 242, 244, 246, 255, 274

Iraq, 25–26, 53, 59, 62, 64, 149, 162,186–189, 202

Island states, 9, 53, 58, 62, 148–149Israel, 59, 62, 162, 186–187, 189, 197, 199,

214, 226, 231

JJapan, 3, 26, 50, 53, 60, 64, 149, 156, 208, 214,

231, 239, 263Jordan, 25, 59, 62, 149, 186–189, 199, 202,

214, 231

KKenya, 25–26, 59, 62, 139, 141, 149, 158–163,

177, 186–187, 189, 215–217, 231, 234,236–237, 240–242, 244, 247

Kiehne, 222, 258Knapp, 224, 258Korea, 3, 134, 149, 208, 214, 231, 239, 259Kovats, 223, 258Kuwait, 25–26, 59, 149, 162–163, 186–187,

189, 191, 202, 208–213, 215–216, 226,229, 231

LLand locked, 17, 58–59, 148, 202, 239Latin American MoU, 224Law of the Sea Convention, 17, 39, 46, 96, 265Leadership

entrepreneurial, 141intellectual, 140–141structural, 141–142

Li, 223, 258Llacer, 223, 256, 258Load Line, 241

398 Index

MMadagascar, 25–26, 59, 62, 139, 141, 149,

158, 160, 162–163, 177, 186–189, 202,231, 234, 240

Malaysia, 11, 26, 53, 59, 63, 139, 149,160–162, 186–187, 189, 191, 192–194,196, 199, 202, 208–214, 216–219, 226,231, 234–235, 237, 240, 247, 257

Maldives, 59, 139, 149, 162, 186–189, 202,207, 215–219, 226, 234, 236–237,240–242, 244, 247

Marine environment, 18, 22–26, 42, 46, 69, 74,76, 97, 129–130, 132–133, 135, 142,144–145, 148, 160, 163, 205, 233,239, 267

Marine leisure, 21, 29Marine resources, 5, 42, 137, 160Marine scientific research, 5, 7–12, 22–23,

43–44, 69, 76, 97, 125, 129–182,265–270, 272

Maritime affairs, 4, 11, 17, 219, 257Maritime borders, 43Maritime domain, 41, 43, 273Maritime forces, 41–43Maritime Institute of Malaysia, 11, 257Maritime Labour Convention, 206, 241, 261Maritime operations, 41–42Maritime policy, 12, 40–41,

221, 266Maritime power, 23–24, 26, 40–41,

60, 135Maritime safety, 4, 7, 10–11, 13, 22, 28,

42–44, 76, 205–206, 213, 217–218,221, 223–224, 233, 235–239, 246, 258,261, 265, 267, 272

Maritime security, 4, 22, 38, 42–44, 69, 76,221, 257, 265, 271–273

Maritime technology, 41–42Maritime zones, 20, 28–31, 33–34, 42,

130–131, 134Marlow, 223, 258Mauritius, 25–26, 59, 61, 139, 141, 145, 149,

159–163, 177, 186–187, 189, 215–217,226, 231, 234, 236–237, 240–242,244, 259

McDorman, 175–176, 223, 258Middle East, 4, 9, 13, 15, 46, 49, 52–54,

58, 61–63, 146, 148–149, 184–185,189–191, 195, 199, 208–209, 265

Middle power, 265Military, 17–18, 21, 24, 40–42, 44, 51, 53,

60–62, 134–135Monsoons, 24, 135, 156, 160, 180

Mozambique, 25–26, 59, 65, 139, 141, 149,158, 160, 162, 177, 186–189, 240

Myanmar, 25, 59, 149, 162, 186–189, 202,231, 234

NNational fleet, 43, 47National identity, 17National interest, 17–18, 40, 42, 52, 95, 172,

265National jurisdiction, 7, 20–21, 23, 27, 39, 133National security, 17, 49–52, 61, 145National vision, 41Nation-states, 4–5, 17–19, 22, 24, 32, 42–43,

50–53, 55, 60–64, 97, 266Natural resources, 19, 23, 27, 39, 132–134Negotiation, 9, 25, 71–72, 78–79, 104, 107,

113, 132, 140, 174, 216, 249, 267Neoliberalism, 8, 76–79New ocean regime, 5, 7, 38, 40–41, 95Non-governmental organisations, 11, 30, 53,

61, 81, 140–141, 159, 240Non-military, 18, 51, 61Norms, 8, 49, 70–75, 77, 83–84, 89, 99, 107,

109, 115–116, 120, 168–169, 249–250,266–267, 272

North East Asia, 4, 54, 95–96

OOcean governance, 4–10, 15–126, 265–267,

272–273Oceanic, 10, 20, 55–56, 62, 65–66, 70, 90, 97,

129–130, 133–135, 139–141, 147–148,156–157, 159, 265

Oceanic space, 265Ocean regime, 5, 7, 22, 38, 40–41, 69, 95, 265Ocean use, 22–23, 38, 95, 135, 265Oil Companies International Marine Forum,

232, 259Oman, 25–26, 59, 62–63, 65, 149, 162,

186–189, 199, 215–217, 226, 234,236–237, 241–242, 244, 247, 269

Open registers, 203–204, 223Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development, 27

PPakistan, 25–26, 53, 59, 63–64, 149, 161–162,

186–187, 189, 192, 199–200, 226, 229,231, 238, 267

Paris Memorandum of Understanding, 213Paris MoU, 13, 214, 217–218, 223, 230,

245–246, 256, 261Participatory planning, 30

Index 399

Payoyo, 222, 257Philippines, 29, 149, 204, 214, 231, 240P&I clubs, 222, 228, 230–231, 258Piracy, 22, 271, 274Political will, 28, 31, 35, 40–41, 266, 271–272Pollutants, 24Port state control, 7, 8–13, 42, 76, 175, 183,

202–261, 266–270, 272–273Power to govern the sea, 10, 40–42, 44, 65,

127–261Precautionary principle, 31, 35Principal merchant fleets, 208–213Principles, 6, 20, 26, 28, 30–33, 35–38, 40,

69–76, 83, 89, 96, 99, 107, 109, 115,120, 133, 135–136, 168, 204, 249, 259,266–267

Process aggregation, 35, 37Proliferation Security Initiative, 39, 42, 76, 272

QQatar, 25, 59, 149, 162, 186–187, 189, 191,

202, 215–216

RRajaratnam School of International Studies,

12, 257Realism, 8, 76–79Regime formation, 9–10, 69, 76–82, 96, 99,

103–104, 106, 108, 110, 113, 118–119,122–125, 136–140, 152–155, 164–165,167, 170, 173–174, 213, 216, 241–247,249, 251, 254

Regimes, 3–10, 13–14, 17, 25, 43, 49, 56, 66,69–73, 75–82, 86–90, 95–99, 102–104,106–107, 214, 217, 219, 222, 232, 255,260, 266–273

Regime theory, 6–11, 15–127, 255, 266, 272Regionalism, 8–11, 50–51, 61–64, 66–68, 95Regional management, 43Regional orders, 7, 9–10, 18, 50–51, 60Regional security complex, 10, 52, 67Regions, 1–14, 17, 49–55, 62–64, 66–67,

85–86, 95–97, 146, 155, 174, 184,189–190, 192, 213, 223–224, 240,265–266

Renewable energy, 21, 29Resource conservation, 35, 44Resource degradation, 29Resource planning, 31Resource scarcity, 22, 51RightShip, 232, 259–260Roberts, 223, 258Rochdale Committee, 204

Roundtable of International ShippingAssociations, 230–232, 259

Rules, 8, 38, 40, 49, 70–74, 76–78, 82–87,89–90, 96, 98–100, 103, 106, 109, 116,120, 132, 169, 175, 205, 225, 230, 250,259, 266–267

SSaudi Arabia, 45, 53, 59, 149, 162–163,

186–187, 189, 191–192, 199, 202,208–213, 215–216, 226, 231, 240

Seaborne trade, 207, 239Sea denial, 22Sea of Eden, 25Sea-level rise, 29–30, 32, 158Sea power, 40–42, 55, 257Sectoral integration, 28Self generation, 9, 79, 104, 140, 174Seychelles, 59, 62, 139, 149, 162, 186–187,

189, 234, 240Ship Inspection Report, 232Ship management, 222, 229Shipping industry, 203, 222, 228–231, 255–256Ships of Shame, 219Ship-targeting factor, 233, 245, 255–256, 268Singapore, 12, 26, 59, 63–64, 149, 161,

186–189, 191–192, 194, 196, 199, 202,207–214, 216–219, 226, 229, 231,234–235, 237, 239–240, 247, 257

Small Island Developing States, 24Somalia, 25–26, 59, 62, 149, 186–189, 202,

226, 234, 240South Africa, 53–54, 59, 63–64, 68, 139–140,

149, 156, 159–163, 177, 186–187, 189,192, 195, 197, 199, 206, 209, 211–213,215–217, 219, 223, 226, 231, 234,236–237, 239–242, 244, 246, 255

South Asia, 4, 9, 13, 49, 52–54, 58, 61–63,146, 184–185, 189–190, 200, 265

South East Asia, 3, 9, 49, 53–54, 58, 62–63,65, 146, 184–185, 189–192, 196,199, 265

Southern Africa, 9, 52–54, 58, 61–63, 217,240, 255

Spatial integration, 28Sri Lanka, 25–26, 29, 59, 139–141, 145–146,

149, 158–160, 162–163, 177, 186–187,189, 199, 215–219, 231, 234, 236–237,239, 241–242, 244, 247, 259

Stages of regime formationagenda formation, 152–153institutional choice, 153operationalisation, 153–155

400 Index

Stakeholder integration, 28Stevedores, 228Stienberg, 183Strategic Impact Assessment, 32, 34Structuration theory, 8–11, 66, 69–93,

103–104, 272Structure over time

domination, 144–145legitimisation, 143signification, 142–143

Sub-Saharan Africa, 4, 49, 62Substandard shipping, 213, 216, 219, 222–225,

232, 238–239, 241, 244, 246–247,252–256, 266, 268–270

Sudan, 25, 45, 59, 62, 67, 149, 186–187, 189,202, 215–217, 234, 236–237, 240–241,243–244

Superpower, 50, 53, 60, 265Suppression of Unlawful Acts Convention, 76Sustainable development, 22–23, 27–28, 31,

33–35, 39, 41Sweden, 12, 26, 29, 204, 214, 231, 239

TTanzania, 59, 61, 139, 142, 145, 149, 159–160,

162, 170, 182, 186–187, 189, 215–217,234, 236–237, 240–241, 243–244

Technological capability, 40–42, 134Temporal integration, 28Territoriality, 17, 64Territorial sea, 19–20, 25, 130–131Terrorism, 22, 38, 46, 50–51, 60Thailand, 25, 29, 53, 59, 139, 149, 159–162,

186–187, 189, 191–192, 196–197, 199,202, 208–214, 216–218, 226, 231, 235,237, 240, 247

Timor-Leste, 12, 59, 149Tokyo MoU, 13, 214–219, 230, 234–239,

246–247, 260Torremolinos Protocol, 206Trade, 3, 7, 10–12, 22–24, 38, 41, 49, 55,

60–61, 63, 66, 175, 183–202, 205,

207, 224–225, 228–229, 239, 256–257,265–266, 270

Tragedy of Commons, 27Transnational, 8, 22, 43, 51, 53, 95Transportation, 3, 29, 85, 221, 232Treaty of Tordesillas, 19

UUnited Arab Emirates, 25–26, 59, 149,

186–187, 189, 191–192, 197, 199–201,209, 215–216

United Kingdom, 26, 29, 58, 61, 63–64, 67,181, 214, 256

United Nations Convention on the Law of theSea, 17

United Nations Environmental Programme,27, 39

United States, 26, 29, 39, 43, 47, 50, 60–61,64, 133, 140, 145, 156, 213–214,223, 239

Use of power, 40–41, 44User pays principle, 31Use of the sea, 38, 40–41, 272

VVasco da Gama, 183Vorbach, 223, 257–258

WWinchester, 223, 258Wonham, 222, 258World Commission on Environment and

Development, 27, 39, 45, 69World economy, 203World fleet, 12, 207–213, 231World population, 3, 19, 141

YYemen, 25–26, 46, 59, 62, 149, 186–189, 200,

202, 215–217, 234, 236–237, 240–241,243–244, 247