appendix 1: invasive species lists and fact sheets · galium verum yellow bedstraw ms 3 geranium...
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Appendix 1: Invasive Species Lists and Fact Sheets
Found in this Appendix:
• Top10invasiveplantsintheCreditRiverwatershed(Flyer)
• CVClistofinvasiveplantspecies(directlybelow).Thislistratesthespeciesin5categoriesfromthemostinvasive(Category
1)topotentiallyinvasiveplants(Category5)andawatchlistofspecies.Youwillalsofindacolumninthislistthatgivesa
PlantAggressiveness(PA)scorewhichreflectshowdifficulttheplantistocontrol(thelowerthenumber,themoreaggressive
theplant).Youwillneedthisnumberinsection4.2ofthemanualwhendevelopingyourprioritiesforimplementingcontrol
ofthesespeciesonyourproperty.
• OtherresourcesinsertedintothisAppendix:
o InvasiveplantIDbook
o GardeningWiselybrochure
o NativewoodlandplantIDbook
CVC Priority Invasive Plants
LegendUtilizedHabitats
UF- Uplandforest,tablelandforesttypeswithmostlydrytofreshsoils
FF- Floodplainforest,generallylowlandforesttypeswithfreshtomoistsoils
W- Wetland,includesswamp,marsh,andaquaticcommunities
MS-MeadowandSuccessional,includesmeadow,woodland,savannahandprairie
*PlantAggressiveness(PA)scoreratestheaggressivenessofthespeciesintermsofcontrollingitsspread.Thismaydiffer
insomecaseswithitscategoryratingwhichencompassesanumberofevaluationcriteria.
*Notethatscientificnomenclatureandcommonnamesmayvaryacrossliterature.Tocompoundthissituationmanyspecieslisted
belowhavehorticulturalvariantswhichcausefurtherconfusionforreadersofthislist.Forthisreasonreadersshouldbeawareof
thesecautionsandspeaktoaknowledgeableprofessionalorCVCstaffwhendealingwithanyspeciesthatshareseitherthesame
generaasaspecieslistedhereorasimilarcommonname.
ListbasedontheoriginalSEROntarioInvasivespecieslist.InvasiveExoticSpeciesRankingforSouthernOntario
©UrbanForestAssociatesInc.
January2002
Appendix 1
2
Scientific name common nameUtilized Habitats PA score
PriMAry SecondAry TerTiAry
category 1-Transformers-Speciesthatexcludeallotherspeciesanddominatesitesindefinitely.Plantsinthiscategoryareathreattonaturalareaswherevertheyoccurbecausetheytendtodispersewidely(forexample,throughtransportbybirdsorwater).Theyarethetoppriorityforcontrolbutcontrolmaybedifficult.Upondetectionimmediateremovalisrecommendedandcontrolofspreadintootherareas.
Acer negundo Manitobamaple FF UF MS 2
Aegopodium podagraria Goutweed FF UF MS 1
Alliaria petiolata Garlicmustard UF FF MS 1
Alnus glutinosa Blackalder W FF 2
Butomus umbellatus Floweringrush W 2
Celastrus orbiculatus Orientalbittersweet MS FF UF 1
Cynanchum nigrum Blackswallow-wort MS UF FF 1
Cynanchum rossicum Paleswallow-wort MS UF FF 1
Glyceria maxima Roughmannagrass W FF 2
Heracleum mantegazzianum Gianthogweed W FF 1
Hesperis matronalis Damesrocket FF MS 2
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Europeanfrog-bit W 1
Impatiens glandulifera Himalayanbalsam W FF 2
Lonicera japonica Japanesehoneysuckle UF FF MS 2
Lonicera maackii Amurhoneysuckle UF FF MS 1
Lonicera morrowi Morrow’shoneysuckle UF FF MS 1
Lonicera tatarica Tartarianhoneysuckle UF FF MS 1
Lonicera x bella Hybridhoneysuckle UF FF MS 1
Lonicera xylosteum Europeanflyhoneysuckle UF FF MS 1
Lythrum salicaria Purpleloosestrife W 1
Morus alba Whitemulberry UF FF MS 2
Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasianwatermilfoil W 1
Nymphoides peltata Floatingheart W 1
Phragmites australis Commonreed W 1
Polygonum cuspidatum Japaneseknotweed W FF 1
Potamogeton crispus Curlypondweed W 1
Rhamnus cathartica Commonbuckthorn UF FF MS 1
Vinca minor Periwinkle UF FF MS 1
category 2-Highlyinvasive-Speciesthatarehighlyinvasivebuttendtodominateonlycertainnichesordonotspreadrapidlyfrommajorconcentrations.Manyspreadbyvegetativemeansorseedsthatdropclosetotheparentplant.Mostpersistindensepopulationsforlongperiods.Controlwherenecessaryandlimittheirspreadintootherareas.
Acer platanoides Norwaymaple UF FF MS 2
Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamoremaple UF FF MS 2
Appendix 1
3
Scientific name common nameUtilized Habitats PA score
PriMAry SecondAry TerTiAry
Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven UF FF MS 2
Cirsium arvense Canadathistle MS 2
Convallaria majalis Lily-of-the-valley UF FF 2
Coronilla varia Crownvetch MS 2
Elaeagnus umbellata Autumnolive MS 2
Hedera helix Englishivy UF FF 2
Lysimachia nummularia Moneywort FF 2
Miscanthus sacchariflorus Eulalia W 2
Miscanthus sinensis Eulalia W 2
Populus alba Whitepoplar MS FF 3
Rhamnus frangula Glossybuckthorn W FF UF 1
Robinia pseudo-acacia Blacklocust MS FF UF 3
Rosa multiflora Multiflorarose MS FF UF 3
Scilla siberica Scilla FF UF 3
Typha angustifolia Narrow-leavedcattail W 2
Typha x glauca Hybridcattail W 2
Ulmus pumila Siberianelm UF FF MS 2
category 3-Moderatelyinvasive-Speciesthataremoderatelyinvasivebutcanbecomelocallydominantgivencertainconditionse.g.soils,recreationalimpactsordisturbances.Controlwherenecessaryandlimittheirspreadintootherareas.
Abutilon theophrasti Velvet-leaf MS 3
Acer ginnala Amurmaple MS FF UF 3
Acinos arvensis Mother-of-thyme MS 3
Artemisia absinthum Absinthsage MS 3
Barbarea vulgaris Yellowrocket MS 3
Berberis thunbergii Japanesebarberry UF FF 3
Berberis vulgaris Commonbarberry UF FF 3
Berteroa incana Hoary-alyssum MS 3
Betula pendula Europeanbirch W MS 3
Bromus inermis Smoothbrome MS 3
Carduus nutans Noddingthistle MS 3
Centaurea maculosa Spottedknapweed MS 3
Convolvulus arvensis Fieldbindweed MS 3
Crataegus monogyna Singleseedhawthorn MS 3
Dactylis glomerata Orchardgrass MS 3
Dipsacus sylvestris Teasel MS 3
Appendix 1
4
Scientific name common nameUtilized Habitats PA score
PriMAry SecondAry TerTiAry
Elaeagnus angustifolia Russianolive MS 3
Eleutherococcus sieboldianus Five-leavedaralia UF FF 3
Elymus repens Quackgrass MS 3
Euonymus alata Wingedeuonymus UF FF 2
Euonymus europaeus Spindle-tree UF FF 3
Euonymus fortunei Wintercreepereuonymus UF FF 3
Euphorbia cyparissias Cypressspurge MS 3
Festuca arundinacea Tallfescue MS 3
Forsythia suspensa Weepingforsythia UF FF 3
Forsythia viridissima Forsythia UF FF 3
Galium mollugo Whitebedstraw UF FF MS 3
Galium verum Yellowbedstraw MS 3
Geranium robertianum Herbrobert UF FF 3
Glechoma hederacea Groundivy FF MS 3
Humulus japonicus Japanesehop FF MS W 3
Iris pseudoacorus Yellowflag W 3
Kochia scoparia Summercypress MS 3
Ligustrum vulgare Privet MS UF FF 3
Lotus corniculatus Bird-foottrefoil MS 3
Lycopus europeaus Bugleweed W 3
Lysimachia nummularia CreepingJennie FF 3
Melilotus alba Whitesweetclover MS 3
Melilotus officinalis Yellowsweetclover MS 3
Pastinaca sativa Wildparsnip MS 3
Pinus sylvestris Scotspine MS 3
Poa pratensis Kentuckybluegrass MS 3
Ranunculus repens Creepingbuttercup MS 3
Rhodotypos scandens Jetbead UF FF MS 3
Rorippa amphibia Marshcress W 3
Salix alba Whitewillow FF 3
Salix fragilis Crackwillow FF 3
Salix x rubens Hybridwillow FF 3
Saponaria officinalis Bouncing-bet MS 3
Solanum dulcamara Bittersweetnightshade FF W 3
Sorbaria sorbifolia Falsespiraea UF FF MS 3
Appendix 1
5
Scientific name common nameUtilized Habitats PA score
PriMAry SecondAry TerTiAry
Syringa vulgaris Lilac MS 3
Tanacetum vulgare Tansy MS 3
Thymus praecox Creepingthyme MS 3
Urtica dioica ssp. dioica Europeanstinging-nettle FF UF MS 3
Vicia cracca Cowvetch MS 3
Vicia sativa ssp. nigra Commonvetch MS 3
Vicia tetrasperma Slendervetch MS 3
category 4-MinimallyInvasive-Speciesthatdonotposeanimmediatethreattonaturalareasbutdocompetewithmoredesirablenativespecies.Onceestablished,manycanreproduceaggressivelyandbecomedifficulttoeradicate.Somearesimilartonativespeciesandareoftensubstitutedbynurseries.Controlwherenecessaryandlimittheirspreadtootherareas.
Aesculus hippocastanum Horse-chestnut UF FF 4
Ajuga reptans Creepingbugleweed FF UF MS 4
Alnus incana ssp. incana Europeanwhitealder W FF 4
Campanula rapunculoides Creepingbellflower FF UF MS 4
Euphorbia esula Leafyspurge MS 4
Hemerocallis ssp. Daylily MS 4
Hieracium aurantiacum Orangehawkweed MS 4
Hieracium caespitosum Yellowhawkweed MS 4
Hieracium lachenalii Commonhawkweed MS 4
Hieracium x floribundum Palehawkweed MS 4
Hypericum perforatum St.John’s-wort MS 4
Inula helenium Elecampane MS 4
Linaria vulgaris Butter-and-eggs MS 4
Lolium perenne Perennialryegrass MS 4
Malva moschata Muskmallow MS 4
Medicago lupulina Blackmedick MS 4
Medicago sativa Alfalfa MS 4
Mentha x piperita Peppermint MS 4
Myosotis scorpioides Trueforget-me-not W 4
Nepeta cataria Catnip MS 4
Origanum vulgare Wildmarjoram MS 4
Pachysandra terminalis Japanesespurge UF FF MS 4
Phalaris arundinacea Reedcanarygrass W 4
Populus x canadensis Carolinapoplar UF FF 4
Rumex acetosella Sheepsorrel MS 4
Appendix 1
6
Scientific name common nameUtilized Habitats PA score
PriMAry SecondAry TerTiAry
Salix caprea Goatwillow W FF 4
Salix purpurea Purplewillow W 4
Senecio jacobaea Tansy MS 4
Setaria spp. Foxtail MS 4
Sorbus aucuparia Europeanmountainash UF FF 4
Symphoricarpus albus var.laevigatus Westernsnowberry UF FF 4
Trifolium arvense Rabbit-foot MS 4
Trifolium pratense Redclover MS 4
Trifolium repens Whiteclover MS 4
Tussilago farfara Sweetcoltsfoot W MS 4
Viburnum opulus sp. opulus Guelderrose FF UF W 4
category 5-PotentiallyInvasive-SpeciestoMonitor-SomeofthesespecieshavethepotentialtobecomeinvasiveinOntario.TheycanreproduceaggressivelyonoccasionbuthavenotyetbeenshowntobeaseriousthreattonaturalareasinOntario.Someareverysimilartoindigenousspeciesandmaythereforebedifficulttoidentify.Wheretheearlystagesofinvasionaredetected,removalisrecommended.Monitoringofoccurrencesstronglysuggested.
Anthiscussylvestris WildChervil MS FF W 4
Artemisiavulgaris Commonmugwort MS 4
Cornusalba Tatariandogwood W FF 4
Daphnemezereum Mezer’sDaphne FF 4
Fraxinusexcelsior Europeanash FF UF 4
Humuluslupulus Commonhop MS 4
Isatistinctoria Dyer’swoad MS 4
Lapsanacommunis Nipplewort MS 4
Najasminor Minornaiad W 4
Populustremula Europeanaspen UF FF MS 4
Prunusavium Birdcherry MS UF FF 4
Prunusmahaleb Perfumedcherry MS UF FF 4
Sambucusracemosassp.racemosa Europeanredelder FF UF MS 4
Tiliacordata Europeanlinden UF FF 4
Torilisarvensis Hedgeparsley FF MS UF 4
Ulmusglabra Scotchelm UF FF 4
Violaodorata Sweetviolet UF FF 4
category 6-Watchlist-Theseareinvasivespeciesknowntohavesignificanteconomic,healthorenvironmentalimpactsinadjacentjurisdictionsandarenotyetknowntobepresentintheCreditRiverwatershed,butareatriskofbeingintroduced.Awarenessandmonitoringofthesespeciesandimmediateremovalupondetectionisthereccommendedaction.
Ampelopsisbrevipedunculata Porcelainberry UF FF 1
Cabombacaroliniana Fanwort W 1
Appendix 1
7
Scientific name common nameUtilized Habitats PA score
PriMAry SecondAry TerTiAry
Egeriadensa Waterweed W 1
Hydrillaverticillata Hydrilla W 1
Microstegiumvimineum Japanesestiltgrass UF FF 1
Myriophyllumaquaticum Parrotfeather W 1
Persicariaperfoliata Mile-a-minuteweed MS FF W 1
Phellodendronamurense Amurcork-tree UF 1
Pistiastratiotes WaterLettuce W 1
Puerarialobata Kudzu MS FF UF 1
Stratiotesaloides Watersoldier W 1
Trapanatans Water-chestnut W 1
Polygonumxbohemicum BohemianKnotweed W FF 1
Polygonumsachalinense GiantKnotweed W FF 1
Polygonumpolystachyum HimalayanKnotweed W FF 1
Appendix 1
8
Appendix 2: Mapping and Data Forms
mapping Data form - tranSect Sampling metHoD
Transect number occurrence id number
invasive species name
numbers (population) extent comments
Appendix 2
9Appendix 2
mapping Data form - polygon Sampling metHoD
Polygon number invasive species name
numbers (population) extent comments
10 Appendix 2
Determ
inin
g Project Priority- Sum
mary M
ethod A
pproach W
orksh
eet
Pro
ject n
umb
err
emo
val metho
d
to b
e usedc
ost o
f m
ethod
Tim
e req
uired
Bio
diversity value
(Hig
h) (Lo
w)
co
mm
ents
Sum
mary and
assig
ned p
riority
(1) Hig
h to
(5) Low
123456789101112131415161 71819
11Appendix 2
Pro
ject
#1.
Ho
w m
any
pla
nts?
2. F
eatu
re t
o p
rote
ct?
3. H
ow
ag
gre
ssiv
e is
the
pla
nt?
4. H
ow
har
d is
the
pla
nt t
o c
ont
rol?
Fina
l sco
re
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
det
erm
inin
g P
roje
ct P
rio
rity
- S
cori
ng M
etho
d A
pp
roac
h W
ork
shee
t
1. H
ow
man
y in
vasi
ve p
lant
s d
o i
have
?1point-Justasmallamountbutit’sspreading
2points-Afairamountandit’sspreading
3points-Alot!It’salloverthearea
2. A
re t
here
fea
ture
s w
ithi
n th
e ar
ea i
wan
t to
pro
tect
?1point-Therearemanyrareplantsorcommunitytypesinthearea
2points-Thereareafewrareplantsorcommunitytypesinthearea
3points-TheinvasionishappeningneardisturbededgesorareasIdon’treally
careabout
3. W
hat
imp
act
is it
hav
ing
and
ho
w a
gg
ress
ive
is t
he p
lant
? P
leas
e se
e th
e To
p In
vasi
ve P
lant
list
to h
elp
you
rank
Pla
nt A
ggre
ssiv
enes
s (P
A) i
f you
are
un
fam
iliar
with
the
plan
t.
1point-Itissoaggressiveanditchangestheareasomuchthatfewother
speciessurvive.PA=1
2points-Itinvadesundisturbedareasandoutcompetesnativespecies.PA=2
3points- Itdoesn’tout-competenativespeciesbutnativesdon’tregenerate.PA=3
4points-Itonlyinvadesdisturbedareassuchasedges.PA=norankassigned
4. H
ow
har
d is
it t
o c
ont
rol?
1point-Fairyeasy,onetreatmentandit’sprettymuchgone
2points-Takesmultipletreatments,buteventuallyit’sgoneandnativespecies
willreplaceit
3points-Takesmultipletreatments,butnativeplantswon’tregenerate,andwill
needreplanting
4points-Noeffectivetreatmenthasbeenfoundforthisspecies.
*Totalallscores.Thelowerthescore,thehigherthepriorityratingtheprojectshouldreceive.
12 Appendix 3
Appendix 3: Rare Vegetation Communities of Ontario
ThisappendixprovidesalookatsomeoftherarecommunitytypesinOntariobrokendownbetweensouthernOntario(southof
theCanadianShield,page14)andnorthernOntario(CanadianShieldandnorth,page24)andadescriptionofeach.Ashortlistis
providedattheendonpg.29
In thedescriptionofsomeof the rareplantcommunities in thisdocument youmayseesoilmoisture regime isoften included
withinthedescriptionasitcansometimesdifferentiatebetweenararecommunitytypeandasimilaronethatismorecommon.Soil
moistureregimeidentifiestheamountofmoisturetypicallypresentwithinthesoil.Asoil’smoistureregimeisaproductofthephysical
propertiesandarrangementofitssoilparticles,whichinturndefinethecapacityofittoretainordrainwater.
Youwillalsoseeinthisdocument“ProvincialRanks”associatedwitheachrareplantcommunitytype.Belowisadescriptionof
theseranks.
S1 critically imperiled—Critically imperiled in the nation or state/province because of extreme rarity (often 5 or fewer
occurrences)orbecauseofsomefactor(s)suchasverysteepdeclinesmakingitespeciallyvulnerabletoextirpationfromthe
state/province.
S2 imperiled—Imperiledinthenationorstate/provincebecauseofrarityduetoveryrestrictedrange,veryfewpopulations(often
20orfewer),steepdeclines,orotherfactorsmakingitveryvulnerabletoextirpationfromthenationorstate/province.
S3 Vulnerable—Vulnerable in thenationorstate/provincedue toa restricted range, relatively fewpopulations (often80or
fewer),recentandwidespreaddeclines,orotherfactorsmakingitvulnerabletoextirpation.
S? not ranked yet; or if following a ranking, rank Uncertain (e.g. S3?).
S#S# range rank—Anumeric range rank (e.g.,S2S3) isused to indicateany rangeofuncertaintyabout thestatusof the
speciesorcommunity.Rangescannotskipmorethanonerank(e.g.,SUisusedratherthanS1S4).
(NHIC,2012http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/mnr/nhic/glossary/srank.cfm)
13Appendix 3
Quick Look-up Table of Contents
Aquatic communities (p. 15) Marshes (p. 15) Treed Swamps (p. 16)
Thicket Swamps (p. 16) Bogs (p. 17) Shorelines/Beaches (p. 17)
Sand dunes (p. 18) cliffs (p. 18) Talus (p. 19)
crevices and caves (p. 19) rock Barrens (p. 20) Sand Barrens (p. 20)
14 Appendix 3
Alvars (p. 21) Tallgrass Prairies (p. 22) Tallgrass Savannahs (p. 22)
Credit:BillMcIlveen Credit:BillMcIlveen
Tallgrass Woodlands (p. 23) Forest (p. 23)
Credit:BillMcIlveen
15Appendix 3
SOUTHERN ONTARIO
I) AQUATIC
Definition:Shallowtodeepopenwater(>2metres)withoutemergentvegetationdominance(standingwateralwayspresent)
Rare Aquatic Community Types Provincial Rank
A) Shallow Aquatic containing American Lotus S1
II) WETLANDS
Definition: Communities that are seasonally or permanently flooded by shallow water, or the water table is close to the surface; The
resulting wet soils favour the dominance of plants that grow wholly or partially in water (NHIC, 2009 http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/
Mnr/nhic/communities/comm_list_wetland.cfm)
Wetlandsareclassifiedhereinto4differenttypes:Marshes,Swamps,FensandBogs.Thesearefurtherdefinedbelow,andare
providedwithabriefdescriptionoftheraretypesofeach.
1) MARSHES
Definition: Frequently or continually flooded wetlands characterized by emergent herbaceous vegetation adapted to wet soil
conditions and changing water flows. Tree and shrub cover less than or equal to 25%; dominated by emergent wetland plants;
Water depth <2m.(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR1998ELCGuide).
rare Marshes
TheonlyraretypesofmarshesidentifiedinsouthernOntarioareclassifiedasMeadow Marshes.Thesemarshesaregenerallyonly
floodedinthespring,butaremoisttodrybysummer.Thevegetationthatoccurswithinthesemarshesislesstolerantofprolonged
flooding.MeadowMarshesaredescribedastheareawhereaquaticandterrestrialecosystemsmeet.
A) Great Lakes coast Meadow Marsh:
Occursinnear-shoreareasoftheGreatLakes;containssandy,gravellyorcobblysurfacematerials
a) dominated by grasses S2
b) dominated by Shrubby cinquefoi S1
B) Tallgrass Meadow Marsh:
AcommunitytypedominatedbytypicalprairiegrassesincludingIndianGrass,LittleBluestem,BigBluestemetcetera.
a) dominated by Bluejoint and Prairie Slough Grass S3
c) Mineral Meadow Marsh
Usuallydominatedbygrassesorsedges;richerareasaredominatedbycolonialspecies;waveswept, icescouredareasare
sparselyvegetated,containmineralsurfacematerialsofsand,gravelorcobble.Theseareoftenareasexposedbyshoreline
energiesanddisturbance,suchaswindandwaveaction.
a) dominated by Prairie Slough Grass S3
d) organic Meadow Marsh
Areasdominatedbygrassesandsedgesandothercolonialspecies.Organicsoils(>40cmdepthoforganic/peatymaterial)
whereshorelineenergiesanddisturbanceislow.
a) dominated by Prairie Slough Grass S3
16 Appendix 3
2) SWAMPS
Definition: Often confused with marshes but distinguished by >25% tree and shrub cover, most growing wholly or partly in water.
Swamps occur on wet soils and are flooded for most, if not all the growing season; >2m standing water or vernal pooling comprising
>20% of ground coverage.(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Thicket Swamp
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%withgreaterthan25%shrubsgrowingwhollyorpartiallyinwater
a) Mineral Thicket Swamp
Wetsoilswith<40cmoforganic/peatysoil.
i) dominated by Buttonbush S3
ii) dominated by Southern Arrow-wood S3
iii) dominated by Paw-paw S3
b) organic Thicket Swamp
Organicsoilmaterials>40cm
i) dominated by Buttonbush S3
ii) dominated by Spicebush S3
iii) dominated by Poison Sumac S3
iv) dominated by Huckleberry S1
B) oak deciduous Mineral Swamp
Treeorshrubcover>25%withtreesthatare>5minheight.Deciduoustreespecies>75%ofcanopycover;Typicallyfernand
sedgerich;wetsoilswith<40cmoforganic/peatysoil.
a) dominated by Swamp White oak S2S3
b) dominated by Bur oak S3
c) dominated by Pin oak S2S3
3) FENS
Definition: A type of peatland resembling a bog with saturated peat/organic soils >40cm, rarely flooded, dominated by sedges,
grasses and low shrubs (<2m in height), contain less than or equal to 25% tree cover (>2m in height).(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,
http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) open Fen
Treecoverlessthanorequalto10%andshrubcoverlessthanorequalto20%.
a) Graminoid Fen ecosite
i) dominated by Twig-rush S3?
ii) Perched Mineral Prairie Fen S1
Dominatedbyfenandprairiegrasses
b) Shrub Fen dominated by Highbush Blueberry-Leatherleaf S2S3
B) Treed Fen
Treecoverbetween10%and25%
a) dominated by Gray Birch S2S3
17Appendix 3
4) BOgS
Definition: Characterized by >40 cm organic peat accumulation, high water table (saturated soils) with acidic-loving vegetation, trees
(>2m high) are less than or equal to 25% of cover, rarely flooded; stagnant, nutrient poor environments(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,
http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Shrub Kettle Peatland
Treecoverbetween10%and25%withcontinuousSphagnum mosscover
a) dominated by Leatherleaf S3
b) dominated by Highbush Blueberry S1S2B
B) Treed Kettle Peatland
Treecoverbetween10%and25%withcontinuousSphagnum mosscover
a) dominated by Tamarack and Leatherleaf S3
III) TERRESTRIAL
1) SHORELINE
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Beach / Bar
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecover lessthanorequalto60%;subjectto
activeshorelineprocesses:icescour,waveenergy,erosionanddeposition;coarseparentsurfacematerialsuchasrock,sand
orbedrockabovetheseasonalhigh-watermark;subjecttoextremesinmoistureandtemperature.
a) open Sand Beach / Bar
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;opennessmaintainedbyactiveshoreline
processes;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;sandysurfacematerial.
i) dominated by Sea rocket S2S3
b) Gravel / Shingle / cobble Beach / Bar
i) Gravel Beach dominated by Wormwood S2S3
ii) Shingle Beach dominated by red cedar – common Juniper S1
c) Limestone Bedrock Beach / Bar
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;carbonatebedrock;averagesoildepth<15cm;exposed
bedrocksurfacescover>50%ofarea.
i) dominated by Shrubby cinquefoil S2
d) Sandstone Bedrock Beach / Bar
Covervaries frompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;carbonatebedrock;averagesoildepth<15cm,exposed
sandstonesurfacescover>50%ofarea.
18 Appendix 3
B) Sand dune
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto50%;activerolling
sandhills formedbywave andwindprocesses; restricted to the near-shore areas of theGreat Lakes; stability of surface
materialsarevariablewith little tonoaccumulationoforganicmaterialsand lownutrientavailability;subject todroughtand
temperatureextremes.
a) Grassland Sand dune
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;dominatedbygrasses;restrictedtomostactive,leaststable
sand.
i) dominated by Little Bluestem, Switchgrass S2
ii) dominated by Little Bluestem, Long-leaved reed Grass,
Great Lakes Wheat Grass S2
b) Shrubland Sand dune
Treecover lessthanorequal to25%;shrubcover lessthanorequal to25%;covervaries frompatchyandbarrento
continuousthicket.Usuallydominatedbygrasseswithscatteredtodenseshrubcover;morestable,lessdisturbedsand.
i) dominated by Sand cherry S2
ii) dominated by Juniper S2
iii) dominated by Hop-tree S1
c) Savannah (Treed) Sand dune
Treecover>25%but less thanorequal to60%;covervaries fromsavannahtowoodland,usuallyvariably treedwith
understorydominatedbygrasses;relativelystablesand.
i) dominated by cottonwood S1
ii) dominated by red cedar S1
iii) dominated by Balsam Poplar S1
2) CLIFF
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;Treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;verticalornear-
verticalexposedbedrock>3mheight;sharptovariablybrokenedges,facesandrims;averagesoildepth<15cm,highlyexposed
andsubjecttoextremesintemperatureandmoisture.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) open Limestone / dolostone cliff
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;typicallyfoundonverticalornear-verticalbare
bedrockfaces;coverpatchyandbarren;carbonaterock.
a) Unshaded cliff face dominated by cliffbrake, Lichen S3
b) Shaded cliff face dominated by Bulblet Fern, Herb robert S3
c) Unshaded cliff face dominated by canada Bluegrass S3
d) open Limestone/dolostone Seepage cliff S3
Excessmoistureduetowaterseepage
e) open Limestone/dolostone cliff rim S2
B) Shrubland Limestone / dolostone cliff
a) cliff rim dominated by common Juniper S2S3
b) cliff rim dominated by round-leaved dogwood S3
19Appendix 3
c) Treed Limestone / dolostone cliff
Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;typicallyrestrictedtonarrowcliffrim,dependentonhowbrokenandfractured
thecliffrimandfaceare;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland).
a) dominated by White cedar S3
b) dominated by Sugar Maple, ironwood, White Ash S3
3) TALUS
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%.Slopesofrock
rubbleatthebaseofcliffs;coarserockydebris>50%ofgroundsurface;averagesoildepth<15cm;bedrocktypeimportant.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) open Limestone / dolostone Talus
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;barerocksurfacespredominate;soilavailability
limited;carbonaterock.
a) dry Herbaceous Limestone / dolostone Talus S2
HerbRobert,PoisonIvy,CanadaBluegrassandMaidenhairSpleenwort;drytofreshsoilmoistureregimes
b) Wet Herbaceous Limestone / dolostone Talus S2
HerbRobert,SpottedTouch-me-notandWhiteSnakeroot,moisttofreshsoilmoistureregimes.
B) Shrubland Limestone / dolostone Talus
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcover>25%;bouldersstrewnwithpocketsofsoil.
a) dominated by round-leaved dogwood S2S3
b) dominated by Mountain Maple S3
c) Treed Limestone / dolostone Talus
Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahor
woodland);greateravailabilityofsoilaccumulatedbetweenrocks;carbonaterock.
a) dry Talus dominated by White Birch S3
b) dry Talus dominated by White cedar S3
c) Moist Talus dominated by Sugar Maples S3
d) Basswood, White Ash, Butternut Moist Tree Limestone Talus S2
e) Hemlock, Sugar Maple Moist Limestone Talus S2
d) open Sandstone Talus S1
e) Shrubland Sandstone Talus S1
F) Treed Sandstone Talus S1
4) CREVICE AND CAVE
Vegetationcoverpatchyandbarren,influencedbyextremeshading;treesandshrubsabsent;sheltered,mostlyenclosedcavities
andcrevicesinbedrock;extremeshadingandcooltemperatures;rocktypeimportant.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Limestone / dolostone Solution cave S1
Cavesformedbyachemicalprocesswherebythecalciumcarbonateinlimestoneorcalciummagnesiumcarbonateindolomite
isdissolvedbyrainwatertoformchambersandexcavationpassages;tube-likeformationareformedbycompletelyflooded
conditions,andcanyon-likeformationsarearesultofanundergroundstreaminanair-filledpassage.
B) Limestone / dolostone crevice cave S1
Formedinareaswherethebedrockhassplitandpulledaway,suchasontheedgeofacliff,creatingacrackorcrevice
20 Appendix 3
5) ROCk BARREN
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;variablebedrock
fromundulatingbarerockwithmoundsandpits,tobrokenrockwithfissures;rocktypeimportant;patchysoildevelopment;soil
depth<15cmandvariable;extremesinmoistureandtemperatures;possibleunderstoreyspeciesincludeHarebell,EarlySaxifrage,
Bristle-leavedSedge,PovertyGrass,andEbonySpleenwort
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Limestone / dolostone Barren
a) open Limestone / dolostone Barren
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;foundwhereconditionsaremostextreme;
barerocksurfacesorsmallpatchesofveryshallowsoil.
i) dry Limestone / dolostone Barren S2S3
Coverpatchyandbarren;carbonaterock.
b) Shrubland Limestone / dolostone Barren
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorEqualto25%;foundwhereconditionsmaybelessextreme,
whererockisbrokenandcrackedorwherelimitedsoilshaveaccumulated.
i) dominated by common Juniper S3
ii) dominated by round-leaved dogwood S3
c) Treed Limestone / dolostone Barren
Treecover>25%but less thanorequal to60%; foundwherebedrock isbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoils
haveaccumulated;carbonateBedrock;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahor
woodland).
i) dominated by red cedar S1
ii) dominated by Hackberry S1
iii) dominated by oak trees S1
B) Sandstone Barren
a) open Sandstone Barren
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;foundwhereconditionsaremostextreme;
Barerocksurfacesorsmallpatchesofveryshallowsoil.
i) dry Sandstone Barren S1
Coverpatchyandbarren;Sandstonerock.
b) Shrubland Sandstone Barren S1
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorEqualto25%;foundwhereconditionsmaybelessextreme,
whererockisbrokenandcrackedorwherelimitedsoilshaveaccumulated.
c) Treed Sandstone Barren S1
Treecover>25%but less thanorequal to60%; foundwherebedrock isbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoils
haveaccumulated;sandstonebedrock;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahor
woodland).
21Appendix 3
c) Granite Barren
a) Shrubland Granite Barren
Treecover<25%,shrubcover<25%Foundwhereconditionsmaybelessextremewhererockisbrokenandcrackedor
wherelimitedsoilshaveaccumulated;coverpatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket.
i) dominated by chokeberry S2
b) Treed Granite Barren
Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;foundwherebedrockisbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoilshave
accumulated;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland).
i) dominated by red cedar S1
ii) dominated by Pitch Pine S1
6) ALVAR
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed,treecovergreaterthanorequalto60%.Level,unfractured
limestone(carbonate)bedrock,patchymosaicofbarerockpavementandshallowsoilsoverbedrock,soildepth15cmmseasonal
alternationbetweeninundationanddrought
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) open Alvar
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%,typicallyrestrictedtobarerockpavementand
patchyshallowsoils
a) Pavement Type
Vegetationpatchyandbarren;drymoistureregime.
i) dominated by Shrubby cinquefoil, creeping Juniper,
Scirpus-like Sedge (carex scirpoidea) S2
ii) dominated by Philadelphia Panic Grass, False Pennyroyal S1
b) Grassland Type
Vegetationmorecontinuousmeadow;drytofreshmoistureregime.
i) dominated by northern dropseed, Little Bluestem, Scirpus-like Sedge S2S3
ii) dominated by Tufted Hairgrass, canada Bluegrass,
Philadelphia Panic Grass S2S3
iii) dominated by canada Bluegrass, nodding onion S1
B) Shrub Alvar
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcover>25%;onveryshallowsoilsorinrockfractures.
a) dominated by common Juniper, creeping Juniper, Shrubby cinquefoil S2
b) dominated by common Juniper, Fragrant Sumac, Hairy Beardtongue S2
c) Treed Alvar
Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;onveryshallowsoilsorinrockfractures;covervariesfrompatchyandbarren
tomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland);bedrockmorefracturedorgreatersoilaccumulation.
a) dominated by White cedar, Jack Pine, Shrubby cinquefoil S1
b) dominated by Jack Pine, White cedar, Low calamint S1
c) dominated by White cedar, White Spruce, Philadelphia Panic Grass S3
d) dominated by red cedar, early Buttercup S2
e) dominated by chinquapin oak, nodding onion S1
f) dominated by Shagbark Hickory, Prickly Ash, Philadelphia Panic Grass S1
g) dominated by Jack Pine, White cedar, common Juniper S2
22 Appendix 3
7) SAND BARREN
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;baresand
surfacematerialsnotassociatedwithdistincttopographicfeatures(i.e.sanddune);subjecttoperiodsofprolongeddroughtand
disturbances(e.g.fire).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) open Sand Barren
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuous
meadow;extremelydry;disturbedsands.
a) dominated by Bracken Fern S2
b) dominated by Sedge S1
c) dominated by Wheat-grass S1
8) TALLgRASS PRAIRIE, SAVANNAH AND WOODLAND
GroundlayerdominatedbyprairiegrassesincludingBigBluestem,LittleBluestemandIndianGrass;variablecoveroropen-
grown trees; treecover less thanorequal to60%;onunconsolidatedmineral soil, soildepth>15cm,well-drainedsands,
loamsandsometimesclay;subjecttoseasonalextremesinmoistureconditions;springfloodingandsummerdrought;frequent
disturbancebyfire.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) open Tallgrass Prairie
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.
a) dry Tallgrass Prairie S1
Dominatedbyprairiegrasses,prolongedperiodsofdrought.Associatespecies includeCylindricAnemone,Rock
Sandwort,Pinweed,Scribner’sPanicGrassandBluets.
b) Moist-Fresh Tallgrass Prairie S1
Dominatedbyprairiegrassesandforbs(herbaceousfloweringplants);seasonalfloodingfollowedbysummerdrought;
AssociatespeciesincludeDenseBlazingStar,GrayConeflower,OhioSpiderwort,PrairieDockandIronweed;freshto
moistsoilmoistureregimes.
B) Tallgrass Savannah
Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto25%;seeOpenTallgrassPrairievegetationtypesforcharacteristicvegetation.
a) dry Tallgrass Savannah
Widelyspaced,open-growntreeswithanunderstoryofprairiegrassesandforbs;prolongedperiodsofdrought.
i) dominated by Black oak S1
ii) dominated by Black oak and Pine S1
b) Moist Tallgrass Savannah
Widely spaced, open-grown treeswith anunderstory of prairie grasses and forbs; seasonal flooding followedby
summerdrought.
i) dominated by Pin oak and Bur oak S1
ii) dominated by Black oak S1
23Appendix 3
c) Tallgrass Woodland
Treecover>35%butlessthanorequalto60%;(seeOpenTallgrassPrairievegetationtypesforcharacteristicvegetation).
a) dry Tallgrass Woodland
Open-growntreeswithanunderstoreyofprairiegrassesandforbs;PennsylvaniaSedgecommon;drytofreshmoisture
regimes;prolongedperiodsofdrought.
i) dominated by Black oak, White oak S1
ii) dominated by Bur oak, Shagbark Hickory S1
Shallowsoilsovercarbonatebedrock.
b) Moist Tallgrass Woodland
Open-growntreeswithanunderstoreyofprairiegrassesandforbs;seasonalfloodingfollowedbysummerdrought.
i) dominated by Black oak, White oak S1
ii) dominated by Pin oak S1
9) FOREST
Treecover>60%,siteconditionsandsoiltypesvariable.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) deciduous Forest
Deciduous tree species >75% of canopy cover.
a) dry oak deciduous Forest
RedOak,WhiteOakandBlackOakseparatelydominantorinvariablemixtureswithRedMaple,WhitePineandBlack
Cherryascommonassociates;canopycovervariable;oftenrelativelyopen(60to80%canopyclosure);subjectto
someextremesinconditionsordisturbance(e.g.fire,historicallanduse).
i) dominated by Black oak S3
BrackenFernpresent.
b) dry-Fresh deciduous Forest
Treespeciesassociationsthatareeitherrelativelyuncommonoraresultofdisturbanceormanagement;SugarMapleis
absentorcompriseslessthan10%ofcanopycover;sandsandloams;uppertomiddleslopesortablelandtopographic
positions.
i) dominated by Hackberry S2
AssociatedwithRedOak,Basswood,ChinquapinOak,WhiteAshandGreenAsh;long-styledSweet-cicely,
HerbRobert,Jumpseed;usuallyoncarbonatesandsorshallowsoilsovercarbonatebedrock;onlyfoundin
extremesouthwesternOntario.
c) Moist-Fresh Sugar Maple deciduous Forest
SugarMaplewithGreenAsh,BlackAsh,RedMaple,WhiteElm,YellowBirch,BasswoodandBeechassociates;
dominantspeciesvary;occursonmiddletolowerslopeswithpotentiallypoordrainage;mixofterrestrialandwetland
species.
i) dominated by Sugar Maple and Black Maple Mix S3
Moistyetwelldrainedsites,oftenalongfloodplains
24 Appendix 3
d) Moist-Fresh Lowland deciduous Forest
White Elm,Willow, BlackWalnut, BlackMaple, Basswood,Green Ash andBlack Ash dominate separately or in
variablemixtureswithotherhardwoodassociates; typicallymoreopencanopies,maybe<60%treecover;some
shrubswithgreaterpresenceofvinesandamixofherbaceousspeciescommontowetsites.
i) dominated by Black Walnut S2S3
Typicallyassociatedwithriparianzonesandterraces;streamandriverbanksandfloodplains.
e) Moist-Fresh Hackberry deciduous Forest S2
B) Mixed Forest
Conifertreespecies>25%anddeciduoustreespecies>25%ofcanopycover.
a) dry oak-Pine Mixed Forest
RedOak,WhiteOak,ChinquapinOak,PitchPine,WhitePineandRedPineinvariablemixtures;Canopytypicallyopen
innature;LowSweetBlueberry,BuffaloBerryandCommonJuniper.BrackenFern.
i) dominated by oak and Pitch Pine S1
PitchPine,RedOakand,toalesserextent,WhiteOakinvariablemixtures;Restrictedtoshallowsoilsandbare
rocksurfacesassociatedwithrockoutcrops(knobsandridges)ontheCanadianShield(FrontenacCounty).
ii) dominated by chinquapin oak and Pine S2
ChinquapinOakwithRedPineandWhitePine;AssociatesofPricklyAshandFragrantSumac;BrackenFern;On
droughty,well-drainedsandsandshallowsoilsovercarbonate,basicoracidicbedrock.
NORTHERN ONTARIO
I) Wetlands
Definition: Wetlands are lands that are seasonally or permanently flooded by shallow water as well as lands where the water table is
close to the surface; in either case the presence of abundant water has caused the formation of wet soils that favour the dominance
of plants that grow wholly or partially in water (NHIC, 2009 http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/Mnr/nhic/communities/comm_list_
wetland.cfm)
Wetlandsareclassifiedhereinto4differenttypes:Marshes,Swamps,FensandBogs.Thesearefurtherdefinedbelow,andare
providedwithabriefdescriptionoftheraretypesofeach.
1) MARSHES
Definition: Frequently or continually flooded wetlands characterized by emergent herbaceous vegetation adapted to wet soil
conditions, and changing water flows. Tree and shrub cover less than or equal to 25%, dominated by emergent wetland plants,
water depth <2m.(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR1998ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Atlantic coastal Plain Shallow Marsh S3
These communities occur inland but exemplify characteristics of communities found along the Atlantic coast. The types
of species thatcomprise thesecoastalmarshes include the following (pleasenote that itmay takeanexpert foraccurate
identification):Small-headedBeaked-rush(Rhynchospora capitellata),CommonMeadow-beauty(Rhexia virginica),Longbeak
Beaksedge(Rhynchospora scirpoides),Hall’sbulrush(Scirpus hallii).Alsocontainsotherherbaceousvegetation.
B) Bulrush - Stiff Arrowhead - Pondweed Shallow Marsh S4
DominatedbyHard-stemmedBulrush(Scirpusacutus),RiverBulrush(Scirpusfluviatilis),StiffArrowhead(Sagittariarigida),and
Pondweed(Potamogetonspp.)
25Appendix 3
2) SWAMPS
Definition: Often confused with marshes but distinguished by >25% tree and shrub cover, most growing wholly or partly in
water. Swamps occur on wet soils and are flooded for most, if not all the growing season; >2m standing water or vernal pooling
comprising >20% of ground coverage.(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,
ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) White Pine - White Birch Mineral Mixed Swamp S3
Treecover>25%(oftrees>5minheight);Deciduoustreespecies>25%andconiferoustreespecies>25%ofcanopycover;
vegetationisamixtureofconiferswampanddeciduousswampspecies;typicallyfernrichanddominatedbyEasternWhite
Pine(Pinus strobus),Alderspecies(Alnus spp.)andRoyalFern(Osmunda regalis).
3) FENS
Definition: A type of peatland resembling a bog with saturated peat/organic soils >40cm, rarely flooded, dominated by sedges,
grasses and low shrubs (>2m), contain less than or equal to 25% tree cover (of trees>2m) (2002 CyberNatural Software,
http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/ andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Boreal open Seepage Fen S2S3
Treecover lessthanorequal to10%;shrubcover lessthanorequal to25%.Contains:SlenderSedge(Carex lasiocarpa),
Cespitose Bulrush (Scirpus cespitosus), Capillary Beaked-rush (Rhynchospora capillacea), Bog Rosemary (Andromeda
glaucophylla).
B) Grassy open Poor Fen S5
Treecoverlessthanorequalto10%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.contains:RunningBogSedge(Carex oligosperma),
SlenderSedge(Carex lasiocarpa),Peatmossspecies(Sphagnumspp),Mossspecies(Polytrichum spp).
c) Black Spruce - Tamarack - Leatherleaf Patterned Fen S5
Between 10-25% tree cover. Dominated by Swamp Birch (Betula pumila), Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata), Bog
Rosemary(Andromeda glaucophylla),RunningBogSedge(Carex oligosperma).
4) BOgS
Definition: Characterized by >40 cm organic peat accumulation, high water table (saturated soils) with acidic-loving vegetation,
tree cover (>2m) less than or equal to 25%, rarely flooded; stagnant, nutrient poor environments (2002CyberNaturalSoftware,
http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Virginia chain Fern open Bog S3
Treecoverlessthanorequalto10%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;groundcoverdominatedbySphagnumspecies
andsedges;dominatedbyVirginiaChainFern(Woodwardia virginica).
26 Appendix 3
ii) Terrestrial
1) SHORELINE
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Bedrock Shoreline
a) Acidic open Bedrock Shoreline S5
GreatLakesGranite/MetamorphicLakeshore
b) Great Lakes Arctic-Alpine Basic open Bedrock Shoreline S3
Basalt(Conglomerate)BedrockLakeshoreSparseVegetation
B) Sand dune
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto50%;activerollingsand
hillsformedbyshorelineandwindprocesses;restrictedtothenear-shoreareasoftheGreatLakes;stabilityofsoilvariable;littleto
noaccumulationoforganicmaterials,lownutrientavailability,subjectedtodroughtandtemperatureextremes.
a) Sand cherry - Wormwood - canada Wild rye Shrub dune S1
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket;Usuallydominatedbygrasseswithscatteredtodense
shrubcover;DominatedbySandCherryandWormwood.
b) American dune Grass - Beach Pea - Sand cherry dune Grassland S2
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket;Usuallydominatedbygrasseswithscatteredtodense
shrubcover;DominatedbyBeachPea(Strophostyles helvola),SandCherry(Prunus pumila)andcontainsAmerican
BeachGrass(Ammophila breviligulata).
2) CLIFF
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;verticalornear-
verticalexposedbedrock>3mheight;bedrocktypeimportant;sharptovariablybrokenedges,facesadrims;averagesoildepth
<15cm,highlyexposedandsubjecttoextremesintemperatureandmoisture.
rare cliffs
TheonlyraretypesofcliffsidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareclassifiedasopen cliffs.Theseareaspossesstreecoverthatisless
thanorequalto25%.Thevegetationcoverissparse,patchyandbarren,andtheyaretypicallyfoundontheverticalornear-vertical
barebedrockfaces.Therearefourdifferenttypes,eachwithdifferentgroundmaterialproperties,asidentifiedbelow.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Basic open cliff S3S4
Diabase/Basalt
B) Boreal carbonate open cliff S1S2
Limestone
c) Boreal Acidic Sandstone open cliff S2
Sandstone
d) Acidic Granite open cliff Type S3S4
Granite/Metamorphic
27Appendix 3
3) TALUS
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecover lessthanorequalto60%;slopesofrock
rubbleatthebaseofcliffs;coarserockydebrisgreaterthan50%ofsurfacegroundmaterials;averagesoildepth<15cm;bedrock
typeimportant.
rare Talus
TheonlyraretypesoftalusidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareclassifiedasopen Talus.Theseareaspossesstreecoverthatisless
thanorequalto25%.Vegetationcoverissparse,patchyandbarren.Therearethreedifferenttypesoftalus,eachwithdifferent
groundmaterialproperties,asidentifiedbelow.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Basic open Talus S3S4
Diabase/Basalt
B) Acidic open Granite Talus S3S4
Granite/Metamorphic
c) Basic open Glacier Talus S1
GlacierTalus.Containsmoreherbaceousvegetation.
4) ROCk BARREN
rare rock Barren
TheonlyraretypesofRockBarrenidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareTreed rock Barrencommunities.Thesepossessbetween
25-60%treecoverage,andarefoundwherebedrockisbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoilshaveaccumulated.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Hill’s oak - White Pine - Poplar Acidic Treed Rock Barren S3
DominatedbyEasternWhitePine(Pinus strobus),RedPine(Pinus resinosa),NorthernPinOak(Quercus ellipsoidalis),Northern
RedOak(Quercus rubra),andEasternRedCedar(Juniperus communis).
B Bur oak Acidic Treed rock Barren Type S2S3
DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),andNorthernPinOak(Quercus ellipsoidalis)
5) ALVAR
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecovergreaterthanorequalto60%;level,unfractured
limestone(carbonate)bedrock;patchymosaicofbarerockpavementandshallowsoilsoverbedrock;soildepth<15cm;seasonal
alternationbetweeninundationbywateranddrought.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Bur oak Treed Alvar S1S2
Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(ie.savannahorwoodland);bedrockismorefracturedorthereis
agreateraccumulationofsoilthanopenandshrubalvarcommunities;dominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),Poverty
OatGrass(Danthonia spicata),PrairieSmoke(Geum triflorum).
28 Appendix 3
6) SAND BARREN
Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;baresandy
groundmaterialnotassociatedwithdistincttopographicfeatures(i.e.sanddune);subjecttoperiodsofprolongeddroughtand
disturbances(e.g.fire).
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) dry Hay Sedge Sand Barren S1
DominatedbyHaySedge(Carexfoenea),BrackenFern.(Pteridium aquilinum),Kalm’sBrome(Bromus kalmii)
B) dry Sweet Fern - carex lucorum Sand Barren S1
DominatedbySweetFern(Comptoniaperegrine),BrackenFern.(Pteridium aquilinum),andKalm’sBrome(Bromus kalmii).
7) TALLgRASS PRAIRIE, SAVANNAH AND WOODLAND
GroundlayerdominatedbyprairiegrassesincludingBigBluestem,LittleBluestemandIndianGrass.Variablecoveroropen-
growntrees;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%.Onunconsolidatedmineralsoils,soildepth>15cm,well-drainedsands,
loamsandsometimesclay.Subjecttoseasonalextremesinmoistureconditions;springfloodingandsummerdrought;frequent
disturbancebyfire.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) open Tallgrass Prairie
Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.
a) dry Fescue Mixed-grass Prairie S1
Contains:RoughFescue(Festucascabrella),Stipa(grass)species
b) northern Moist-Fresh Tallgrass Prairie S1
Contains:BigBluestem(Andropogon gerardii),PorcupineBunchgrass/Needlegrass(Stipa spartea),NorthernDropseed
(Sporobolus heterolepis)
B) Tallgrass Savannah
Tree cover greater than 25% but less than or equal to 25%; (see Open Tallgrass Prairie vegetation types for understory
vegetation).
a) northern Fresh – Moist Bur oak Tallgrass Savannah S1
DominatedbyBurOak(Quercusmacrocarpa)
8) FOREST
Treecover>60%;siteconditionsandsoiltypesvariable.
rare Forests
TheonlyrareforesttypesidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareclassifiedasdeciduous Forestcommunities.Greaterthan75%ofthe
canopyoftheseforestsiscomprisedofdeciduousspecies.
Rare Types Provincial Rank
A) Moist -Fresh Bur oak-Green Ash-Trembling Aspen deciduous Forest S2S3
DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),GreenAsh(Fraxinus pennsylvanica),TremblingAspen(Populus tremuloides);
ContainsSaskatoonBerry(Amelanchier alnifolia),WildSarsaparilla(Aralia nudicaulis),AssiniboiaSedge(Carex assiniboinensis)
B) Bur oak - Saskatoon Berry dry deciduous Woodland S2
Dominated by Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa), and Saskatoon Berry (Amelanchier alnifolia). Contains Hazelnut (Corylus
americana).
29Appendix 3
SUMMARY OF RARE PLANT COMMUNITIES:
description (from nHic) Prov. rank eLc *
SOUTHERN
AquaticFloating-leavedShallowAquaticEcosite S1
AmericanLotusFloating-leavedShallowAquaticType SAF1-2
Wetland
Marsh
MeadowMarsh
GreatLakesCoastalMeadowMarshEcosite
GraminoidCoastalMeadowMarshType S2 MAM4-1
ShrubbyCinquefoilCoastalMeadowMarshType S1 MAM4-2
Wet-MoistTallgrassPrairieMeadowMarshEcosite
WetBluejoint-PrairieSloughGrassTallgrassPrairieMeadowMarshType S3 MAM6-1
MineralMeadowMarshEcosite
PrairieSloughGrassMineralMeadowMarshType S3 MAM2-8
OrganicMeadowMarshEcosite
PrairieSloughGrassOrganicMeadowMarshType S3 MAM3-7
Swamp
ThicketSwamp
MineralThicketSwampEcosite
ButtonbushMineralThicketSwampType S3 SWT2-4
SouthernArrow-woodMineralThicketSwamp S3 SWT2-11
Paw-pawMineralThicketSwampType S1 SWT2-12
OrganicThicketSwampEcosite
ButtonbushOrganicThicketSwampType S3 SWT3-4
SpicebushOrganicThicketSwampType S3 SWT3-11
PoisonSumacOrganicThicketSwampType S3 SWT3-13
HuckleberryOrganicThicketSwampType S1 SWT3-14
DeciduousMineralSwamp
OakDeciduousMineralSwampEcosite
SwampWhiteOakMineralDeciduousSwamp S2S3 SWD1-1
BurOakMineralDeciduousSwampType S3 SWD1-2
PinOakMineralDeciduousSwampType S2S3 SWD1-3
*ELCisanacronynfortheEcologicalLandsClassificationSystemforSouthernOntario.1998.
HaroldLee,WasylBakowsky,JohnRiley,JaneBowles,MikePuddister,PeterUhlig,SeanMcMurray.
30 Appendix 3
Fen
OpenFen
GraminoidFenEcosite
Twig-rushGraminoidFenType S3? FEO1-1
PerchedMineralPrairieFenType S1
ShrubFen
ShrubFenEcosite
HighbushBlueberry-LeatherleafShrubFenType S2S3
TreedFen
TreedFenEcosite
GrayBirchTreenFedType S2S3
Bog
OpenKettlePeatland
ShrubKettlePeatlandEcosite
LeatherleafShrubKettlePeatlandType S3
HighbushBlueberryShrubKettlePeatlandType S1S2
TreedKettlePeatland
TreedKettlePeatlandEcosite
Tamarack-LeatherleafTreedKettlePeatlandType S3
Terrestrial
Shoreline
Beach/Bar
OpenSandBeach/BarEcosite
SeaRocketSandBeachType S2S3 BBO1-1
Gravel/Shingle/CobbleBeach/BarEcosite
WormwoodGravelBeachType S2S3 BBO1-2
RedCedar-CommonJuniperShingleBeachType S1 BBS1-1
LimestoneBedrockBeach/BarEcosite
ShrubbyCinquefoilLimestoneBeachType S2 BBO2-1
SandstoneBedrockBeach/BarEcosite
SandDune
DuneGrasslandEcosite
LittleBluestem-Switchgrass-BeachgrassDuneGrassland S2 SDO1-1
LittleBluestem-Long-leavedReedGrass-GreatLakes
WheatGrassDuneGrassland S2 SDO1-2
DuneShrublandEcosite
SandCherryDuneShrublandType S2 SDS1-1
JuniperDuneShrublandType S2 SDS1-3
Hop-treeDuneShrublandType S1 SDS1-2
31Appendix 3
DuneSavannahEcosite
CottonwoodDuneSavannahType S1 SDT1-1
RedCedarDuneSavannahType S1 SDT1-3
BalsalmPoplarDuneSavannahType S1 SDT1-2
cliff
OpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffEcosite
Cliffbrake-LichenOpenUnshadedLimestone/DolostoneCliffFaceType S3 CLO1-1
BulbletFern-HerbRobertOpenShadedLimestone/DolostoneCliffFaceType S3 CLO1-2
CanadaBluegrassOpenUnshadedLimestone/DolostoneCliffFaceType S3 CLO1-3
OpenLimestone/DolostoneSeepageCliffType S3 CLO1-4
OpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffRimType S2 CLO1-5
Limestone/DolostoneCliffShrublandEcosite
CommonJuniperOpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffRimShrublandType S2S3 CLS1-1
Round-leavedDogwoodOpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffRimShrublandType S3 CLS1-2
TreedLimestone/DolostoneCliffEcosite
WhiteCedarTreedLimestoneCliffType S3 CLT1-1
SugarMaple-Ironwood-WhiteAshTreedLimestoneCliff S3 CLT1-2
OpenSandstoneCliffEcosite S1
SandstoneCliffShrublandEcosite S1
TreedSandstoneCliffEcosite
Talus
OpenLimestone/DolostoneTalusEcosite
DryHerbaceousLimestone/DolostoneTalus S2
WetHerbaceousLimesone/DolostoneTalus S2
Limestone/DolostoneTalusShrublandEcosite
Round-leavedDogwoodOpenLimestone/DolostoneTalusShrublandType S2S3 TAS1-1
MountainMapleOpenLimestoneTalusShrublandType S3 TAS1-2
TreedLimestone/DolostoneTalusEcosite
WhiteBirchDryTreedLimestoneTalusType S3 TAT1-2
WhiteCedarDryTreedLimestoneTalusType S3 TAT1-3
SugarMapleMoistTreedLimestoneTalusType S3 TAT1-4
Basswood-WhiteAsh-ButternutMoistTreedLimestoneTalus S2
Hemlock-SugarMapleMoistLimestoneTalusType S2 TAT1-6
OpenSandstoneTalusEcosite S1
SandstoneTalusShrublandEcosite S1
TreedSandstoneTalusEcosite S1
crevice and cave
Limestone/DolostoneSolutionCaveEcosite S1
Limestone/DolostoneCreviceCaveEcosite S1
32 Appendix 3
rock Barren
OpenandTreedRockBarren
OpenLimestone/DolostoneBarrenEcosite
DryLimestone/DolostoneBarrenType S2S3 RBO1-1
Limestone/DolostoneShrublandBarrenEcosite
CommonJuniperLimestone/DolostoneShrublandBarrenType S3 RBS1-1
Round-leavedDogwoodLimestone/DolostoneShrublandBarren S3 RBS1-2
TreedLimestone/DolostoneBarrenEcosite
RedCedarTreedLimestoneBarrenType S1 RBT1-1
HackberryTreedLimestoneBarrenType S1 RBT1-2
OakTreedLimestoneBarrenType S1 RBT1-3
OpenSandstoneBarrenEcosite
DrySandstoneBarrenType S1
SandstoneBarrenShrublandEcosite S1
TreedSandstoneBarrenEcosite S1
GraniteShrublandBarrenEcosite
ChokeberryGraniteShrublandBarrenType S3 RBS2-1
TreedGraniteBarrenEcosite
RedCedarTreedGraniteBarrenType S1 RBT2-2
PitchPineTreedGraniteBarrenType S1 RBT3-1
Alvar
OpenAlvarEcosite
ShrubbyCinquefoil-CreepingJuniper-Scirpus-likeSedgeAlvarPavementType S2
PhiladelphiaPanicGrass-FalsePennyroyalAlvarPavementType S1
NorthernDropseed-LittleBluestem-Scirpus-likeSedgeAlvarGrasslandType S2S3
TuftedHairgrass-CanadaBluegrass-PhiladelphiaPanicGrassAlvarGrasslandType S2S3
CanadaBluegrass-NoddingOnionAlvarGrasslandType S1
AlvarShrublandEcosite
CommonJuniper-CreepingJuniper-ShrubbyCinquefoilAlvarShrublandType S2
CommonJuniper-FragrantSuman-HairyBeardtongueAlvarShrublandType S2
TreedAlvarEcosite
WhiteCedar-JackPine-ShrubbyCinquefoilTreedAlvarShrublandType S1
JackPine-WhiteCedar-LowCalamintTreedAlvarGrasslandType S1
WhiteCedar-WhiteSpruce-PhiladelphiaPanicGrassTreedAlvarGrasslandType S3
RedCedar-EarlyButtercupTreedAlvarGrasslandType S2 ALT1-5
ChinquapinOak-NoddingOnionTreedAlvarGrasslandType S1 ALT1-1
ShagbarkHickory-PricklyAsh-PhiladelphiaPanicGrassTreedAlvarGrasslandType S1 ALT1-2
JackPine-WhiteCedar-CommonJuniperTreedAlvarShrublandType S2
33Appendix 3
Sand Barren
SandBarrenEcosite
BrackenFernSandBarrenType S2 SBO1-1
HaySedgeSandBarrenType S1 SBO1-2
SlenderWheat-grassSandBarrenType S1 SBO1-3
Tallgrass Prairie, Savannah and Woodland
DryTallgrassPrairieEcosite
DryTallgrassPrairieType S1 TPO1-1
Moist-FreshTallgrassPrairieEcosite
Moist-FreshTallgrassPrairieType S1 TPO2-1
DryTallgrassSavannahEcosite
DryBlackOakTallgrassSavannahType S1 TPS1-1
DryBlackOak-PineTallgrassSaannahType S1 TPS1-2
Moist-FreshTallgrassSavannahEcosite
Moist-FreshPinOak-BurOakTallgrassSavannahType S1 TPS2-1
Moist-FreshBlackOakTallgrassSavannahType S1
DryTallgrassWoodlandEcosite
DryBlackOak-WhiteOakTallgrassWoodlandType S1 TPW1-1
DryButOak-ShagbarkHickoryTallgrassWoodlandType S1 TPW1-2
Moist-FreshOakTallgrassWoodlandEcosite
Moist-FreshBlackOak-WhiteOakTallgrassWoodland S1 TPW2-1
Moist-FreshPinoakTallgrassWoodlandType S1 TPW2-2
Forest
DeciduousForest
DryDeciduousForestEcosite
DryBlackoakDeciduousForestType FOD1-3
Dry-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestEcosite
Dry-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestType S2 FOD4-3
Moist-FreshSugarmaple-MixedDeciduousForestEcosite
Moist-FreshSugarmaple-BlackmapleDeciduousForest S3 FOD6-2
Moist-FreshBlackWalnutDeciduousForestEcosite
Moist-FreshBlackWalnutDeciduousForestType S2S3 FOD7-4
Moist-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestEcosite
Moist-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestType S2
MixedForest
DryOak-PineMixedForestEcosite
DryOak-PitchPineMixedForestType S1 FOM1-1
DryChinquapinOak-PineMixedForestType S2 FOM1-2
34 Appendix 3
NORTHERNWetland
Marsh
AtlanticCoastalPlainShallowMarshType
Bulrush-StiffArrowhead-PondweedShallowMarshType
Swamp
WhitePine-WhiteBirchMineralMixedSwampType
Fen
BorealOpenSeepageFenType
GraminoidOpenPoorFenType
BlackSpruce-Tamarack-LeatherleafPatternedFenType
Bog
VirginiaChainFernOpenBogType
Terrestrial
Shoreline
GreatLakesArctic-AlpineBasicOpenBedrockShorelineType
AcidicOpenBedrockShorelineType
Sand dune
AmericanDuneGrass-BeachPea-SandCherryDuneGrasslandType
SandCherry-Wormwood-CanadaWildRyeShrubDuneType
cliff
BasicOpenCliffType
AcidicGraniteOpenCliffType
BorealCarbonateOpenCliffType
BorealAcidicSandstoneOpenCliffType
Talus
BasicOpenGlaciereTalusType
BasicOpenTalusType
AcidicOpenGraniteTalusType
rock Barren
Hill’sOak-WhitePine-PoplarAcidicTreedRockBarrenType
BurOakAcidicTreedRockBarrenType
Alvar
BurOakTreedAlvarType
Sand Barren
DrySweetFern-CarexlucorumSandBarrenType
DryHaySedgeSandBarrenType
35Appendix 3
Tallgrass paririe, Savannah and Woodland
NorthernMoist-FreshTallgrassPrairieType
DryFescueMixedgrassPrairieType
NorthernMoist-FreshBurOakTallgrassSavannah
Forest
BurOak-SaskatoonBerryDryDeciduousWoodlandType
Moist-FreshBurOak-GreenAsh-TremblingAspenDeciduousForestType
36 Appendix 4
Appendix 4: Control Methods
document below reproduced from cVc control methods document
The following is a list of themost current prescriptivemethods of control for a select number of invasive plant species. The
recommendationsareacombinationofmethodssuppliedbyToveChristensenandSilviaStrobloftheMNR,theCityofToronto
Parks,ForestryandRecreationdepartment(CaraWebsterpers.comm.),GregBalesoftheMNRandCVCstaff (RodKrickand
FreyjaForsyth).Othersourcesusedare listedthroughout thetext.This listwillberefinedbyCVCover timeasnew information
becomesavailable.SpeciesareorganizedbyUplandShrubs,UplandFlora,WetlandFloraandtheappendixconcludeswithTrees.
Choiceofmethodsmayvarydependingonanumberofcriteria,e.g.whetheryouareoptingfornon-chemical(pesticide)methods,
thesizeandintensityoftheinfestationyouaredealingwith,andwhethertherearenon-targetplantsinthevicinitythatyoumust
preserve,adjacencyofwaterorpublicsafetyconcerns.Thetablesbelowattempttoprovidesomeguidanceinthisregard.
diScLAiMer:Thebelowsuggestedcontrolmethodshavebeencompiled frommanysources.Beforeusinganypesticidethe
readermustensurethatthepesticideisregisteredbythePestManagementRegulatoryAgency(hasaPestControlProductsAct
registrationnumber)andisclassifiedforuseinOntario.Thepesticidelabelwillprovideinstructionsonhowthepesticidecanbe
used,whatpestsitmaybeusedtocontrolandsafetyequipmentrequired.Alllabeldirectionsmustbefollowed.Itisanoffenceto
useanunregisteredorunclassifiedpesticideortouseapesticideincontraventionofthelabeldirections.Licencesandadditional
requirementsunderthePesticidesActandRegulation63/09mayalsoapplytotheuseofcertainpesticides.
infestation Level definitions:
Light Apatchorpatchesofplantsthatissmall.Isolatedclustersofplantscanbeeasilycountedordistinguished
acrossanareaofhabitat.Patchesgenerallydonotexceedmorethan5metresindiameterandareremote
fromotherpatchesoftheinvasiveplant.
Moderate Isolatedsmallpatchesarebeginningtoblend intoeachother,butarenotyetonecohesive ‘infestation’.
Patchescanbeanywherefrom5metresto50metres(e.g.thesizeoftwotenniscourtsplacedendtoend)
indiameterandmaybeassociatedwithothernodesofinfestation.Theplantsinquestionarenotyetapart
ofthedominantcommunityform;whetherintheground,shrub,orcanopylayer.
Heavy Theplant species inquestionarealmostconsistently found inabundanceacross thehabitat.Theplant
speciesformsadominantorco-dominantcomponentofthehabitateitherintheground,shruborcanopy
layer.
Upland Shrubs
Autumn olive• Seemethodsforbuckthornandhoneysuckles
other notes:Handwrenchingnotrecommendedasthisshrubwillheavilysuckerfromun-removedrootsfragments.
Buckthorns, common and glossy (Rhamnus cathartica, R. frangula)
Habitat
• Openareas,disturbedforestedges,ravines,forests,thickets,wetlands.
• Willgerminateinfullsunorshade.
• Shadetolerantunderforestcanopy.
37Appendix 4
reproduction and dispersal
• Prolificseedproduction,seeddispersedbybirds.
• Producesseedatveryyoungage.
• Rootsuckers,resproutsvigorouslyfromcutstumps.
• Formsapersistentseedbank.Seedcanremainviablefor2-3years(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
Suggested Method of control
• 4-5yearsofcontrolcanberequiredtocontrolseedbank.
• Burningeffectiveifrepeatedoverseveralyears.
infestation level Method/Management
Light (pioneer) non-herbicide Handwrenchingifshrubsarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimizedasthismaybringtheseedbanktothesurface.Girdlingalonenoteffective.
Light to heavy and large areas chemical Itissuggestedthatanover-the-counteraceticacid(vinegar)product(amixtureofaceticacidandcitrusoils)(e.g.EcoSenseorEcoClear)couldbeeffectiveatsmallerscales.Thestumpiscutabout2or3inchesabovethegroundandthenmashedupwithanaxe.Stumpisthenthoroughlysoakedwiththesolution.Anearlysummerapplicationfollowedbyasecondapplication(stumpmustbere-woundedagain)3or4weekslatercanbehighlyeffective.
Basalbarkapplicationof30%Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)inanoilcarrieris the most effective.Coata5cmorsobandonbarktotallyaroundeachstem,orusea5%foliarsprayinlatesummer,earlyfall.Asalessexpensivebutalsoslightlylesseffectivealternative,apply100%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)withapaintbrushafterpeakflowering(May-July)tocut/girdledstems.Bothmethodswillrequirefollow-uptreatmentsasnomethodis100%effective.
other notes: Whilebuckthorndoesnotresproutfromundergroundroots,itcanresproutfrombudsatthebaseofthetreestemand
herbicidetreatmentofthestumpisstronglyrecommended.Roundupisnon-selectiveandsurroundingdesirablevegetationcanbe
damaged.Autumnisthepreferredtimetocutandstump-treatbuckthorn,because1)buckthornsretaingreenleaveslateintothe
fall,makingiteasytofindallplantsand2)mostnativevegetationisdormant,minimizingthepotentialharmtonon-targetplants.To
beeffective,theherbicidementionedabovemustbeappliedimmediatelyaftercutting.Herbicidechemicalscanbeappliedeitherby
sprayingindividualcutstumpswithalowpressurehandsprayerorelsebywipingtheherbicideoneachcutstumpwithasponge
applicator(sponge-typepaintapplicatorscanbeused).
Buckthornleaflitterincreasesthesoilnitrogencontent,whichcreatesconditionsfavourableforbuckthorngrowthandwhichmay
harmnativeplantsadaptedtooriginalsoilconditions(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
Triclopyrapplicationduringthedormantseasonreducesthepotentialfordriftinjury.UseofTriclopyrisbestdoneinthedormant
seasontolessendamagetonon-targetspecies.Greatcareshouldbeexercisedtoavoidgettinganyofthemixturesontheground
nearthetargetplantsincesomenon-targetspeciesmaybeharmed.AvoidusingTriclopyrifrainisforecastforthefollowing1-4
days;otherwiserunoffwillharmnon-targetspecies(Heidorn,1990)
38 Appendix 4
Honeysuckles (Non-native) (Lonicera tartarica, L. mackii, L. morrowii, L. bella)
Habitat
• Disturbedsuccessionalcommunities,wetlands,woodlandedges,woodlands.
• Moderatelyshadetolerant,canopygaps.
reproduction and dispersal
• Prolificseedproductionberrieshighlyattractivetobirds,whichdisseminateseedswidelyacrossthelandscape.
• Seedsremainviablefor4-5ormoreyears.
• Sproutingoccursinestablishedpopulations.
Suggested Method of control
•Burningeffectiveifrepeatedoverseveralyears.
infestation level Method/Management
Light to moderate non-herbicide Handwrenchingifshrubsarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.Repeatedyearlycuttingtogroundlevelinshadedforestcanresultinhighmortality.
Handwrenchingifshrubsarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.Repeatedyearlycuttingtogroundlevelinshadedforestcanresultinhighmortality.
Light to heavy chemicalGirdling/cuttingtogroundandapplicationof100%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)withpaintbrush(willrequirefollow-uptreatmentstocontrolresprouting).Basalbarkapplicationof30%Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)inanoilcarrierisalsoveryeffectiveifdoneinearlyorlatespring.Laterseasonapplicationsoftriclopyrhavehadmixedsuccess
other notes:Winterclippingshouldbeavoidedasitencouragesvigorousre-sproutingofthenon-nativehoneysuckles.Recent
studieshaveshownthatsomehoneysucklescanhaveallelopathiceffectssimilartothoseofgarlicmustard(Dorningetal.,2007)
Upland Flora
canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Habitat
• Cultivatedfields,pastures,roadsides,disturbedsites,forestopenings,shorelines,savannahs,prairies.
• Growsbestinopen,disturbedsunnysitesonwell-drained,deepmoistloamyclaysoils.
reproduction and dispersal
• Reproducesprimarilybyvegetativegrowthofrootsystem.
• Verticalrootscangrowasdeepas6.8m,horizontalrootscanspreadasmuchas6minoneseason,patchescanspread1-2
m/year.Readilypropagatesfromstemandrootfragments.
• Producesseed,almostexclusivelyinsectpollinated.
Suggested Method of control
•Beststrategyistoshadethisspeciesoutbyestablishingtrees.
•Latespringburningcanbehighlyeffective,althoughitmaybenecessarytocontinueforseveralyears.
•Stemweevil,budweevilandstemgallflyarecommerciallyavailablebiologicalcontrols.
39Appendix 4
infestation level Method/Management
Light to heavy non-herbicide Deeprootsystemmakeshandpullingdifficult.Repeatedmowing,justasflowersareabouttoopencontinuedoverseveralyearscanbeeffective.
chemical SpotapplicationwithGlyphosateorwithselectiveherbicideClopyralid,orMetsulfuron.Sprayingatfloweringtime(mid-JunetoearlyJuly)withGlyphosatecanbequiteeffective.
dog-strangling vines (dSV) (or Swallow-worts) (Cynanchum rossicum, C. nigrum)
Habitat
• Fields,hydrocorridors,disturbedforestedges,ravines.
• Nottolerantofheavyshade,butiscapableoftransforminghealthyforestovertimeintomoreopenwoodlands.
reproduction and dispersal
• Prolificseedproduction,seedwind-dispersedoverlong-distances.
• Abletoregeneratefromrootcrownpieces.
Suggested Method of control
• Burningineffectiveandcanencouragepopulations.
infestation level Method/Management
Light non- herbicide Canbecontrolledbyremovingplants,includingrootsystems.Onlyeffectiveinloosesoilswhenplantsarestillyoung.Solarisationforupto2yearsanoptioninsmallmonoculturepatches.
chemical Wickwithglove(carwashmitt)–spray22%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)(mixedwithdye)–carefullywipeontoleavestoavoiddamagetootherplants;2treatmentsperseason,follow-uprequired.
Heavy infestations in isolated colonies or woodlot edges
non-herbicide Solarisationforupto2years,followedbyreplantingofnativeaggressivespecies.MowingandcuttingisineffectivebutcanreducebiomassandcontainpopulationbypreventingseedproductionMowatleasttwotimesperseasonandtargetthefirsttimejustastheseedpodsareforming.
chemical Spraywith3-5%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup),appliedbybackpacksprayeratonsetofflowering(mid-June);minimum2treatmentsperseasonfor2-3years.Secondtreatment2to3weekslater.Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)andimazapyr(e.g.Arsenal)alsoeffective.Dichlorpropalsoshowssomepromiseinefficacytrials.
Heavy infestations in linked corridors
chemical Pesticideapplicationcannotbejustifiedonthisbasis–toomuchlabourandherbicideproductwouldberequired–notsustainable;possiblestrategy-introducingcompetitivevegetationingradualphasesovertimeandcuttingDSVmanuallytoallowvegetationtoestablish&eventuallyshadeoutDSV.
other notes:SomerecentinformationhasshownthatDSVtreatedinshadedareaswithglyphosphatedoesnotrespondwell.May
needtoconsideralternativesorhigherconcentrationsthanthoselistedabove.Dog-stranglingvineisaplantthatisdifficulttocontrol
withnosinglemethodorcombinationofmethodsabletoeradicatethisforestinvader.Cooperationwithsurroundinglandownersis
requiredtopreventestablishedDog-stranglingvinecoloniesfromspreadingintonewareas.Limityourtravelthroughareasinfested
40 Appendix 4
withDog-stranglingvineduringseeddispersaltopreventseedspreadingintonewareas.Takethetroubletoremoveseedsfrom
yourbootsandclothes,pets,bicycleandotherequipmentwhencomingoutofinfestedareas.
Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
Habitat
• Riverfloodplains,forests,roadsides,woodededgesandforestopenings.
• Toleratesfullsuntofullshade,preferspartialcanopy.
• Oneofafewnon-nativeherbsthatdominatetheunderstoryofforestedareas.
reproduction and dispersal
• Biennial,arosetteofleavesformedduringfirsthalfofatwo-yearcycle.
• Insecondspring,rosettesdeveloprapidlyintomatureplantsthatflower,produceseedanddiebylateJune.
• Asingleplantcanproducethousandsofseedsthatscatterasmuchasseveralmetersfromtheparentplant.
• Long-distancedispersalismostlikelyaidedbyhumansandwildlife(e.g.,deer).
• Spreadsrapidly,candisplacenativeplantswithin10yearsofbecomingestablished.
Suggested Method of control
• There are twobasicmonitor/controlmeasures that are effective for garlicmustard. The first is to focuson identifying and
eradicatingnew(orsatellite) infestationsbeforeaseedbankisestablished,andthemoredifficulttaskoferadicating longer,
established‘invasionfronts’.Garlicmustardcaneasilyinvadedisturbedsitesthereforereducedisturbancestosoilandvegetation
foundneartheseinvasionfronts.
• 2-5yearsoftreatmentswillbenecessarytodepleteseedbanks.
• Burningstimulatesgerminationof storedseedsandseedlinggrowth,andmustbeconductedannually for3 to5years to
achieveeffectivecontrol.
• Fourbeetlesarecurrentlybeinginvestigatedasbiocontrols,maybeavailableinthenearfuture.
41Appendix 4
infestation level Method/ Management
Light non-herbicide Pulloutplantsattimeoffloweringpriortoseedpoddevelopment(earlyMay);pullingmaynotbefeasibleonerosion-pronesites.Soilsdisturbancemustbeminimized.Inlongestablishedpopulations,pullingmaysimplyunearthburiedseeds.Pullingcanonlybeeffectiveifsitecanberevisitedanumberoftimesayearoveranextendednumberofyearssufficienttoexhausttheseedbank.
Moderate-heavy in large patches/ woodlot edges etc. ; monocultures
non-herbicide Goodcontrolrequiresremovalofthisplantbeforeitsetsseed.Cutatthetimeoffloweringwithweedwhippertypeequipmentandensuretheplantsarecutdowntogroundlevel.Useachoppingmethodwiththeweedwhippertocuttheplantintoshortsegmentsandthiswillpreventthecutgarlicmustardplantfromproducingseed(perscomm.–CaraWebster).Whereascuttingto10cmabovethegroundallowssomeoftheplantstosurviveandreleaseseed.
Cuttingwithbrushcuttersormanuallyattimeofflowering(earlytomid-June)iseffectiveonlyifrepeatcuttingperformed2-4weekslater;plantshavetobecutasclosetobaseaspossibleotherwisetheywillresprout.Useachoppingmethodwiththeweedwhippertocuttheplantintoshortsegmentsandthiswillpreventthecutgarlicmustardplantfromproducingseed(perscomm.–CaraWebster).Takecarenottodamagenearbynativespeciesandinsteadpullthegarlicmustardfoundneardesirableplantspecies.Mustrepeatoverseveralyears.
Solarisation-placementoftarp/plasticoverselectareas.Replantingwithaggressivenativespeciesandmulchingaroundplantingstocounterdisturbanceofseedbed.Proceedinaphasedapproach.
chemicalGlyphosate(amitroleortriclopyrmaybemoreeffective)provideseffectivecontrolofheavyinfestationswhenappliedinmid-spring;inthefallandearlyspringGlyphosate(3%solution)canbeappliedtorosettes(firstyearplants).
WherelackofsnowcoverprovidestheopportunitysprayingthreetimesbetweenNovemberandMarchcanbeveryeffectiveprovidedtemperatureisabove10°C.
Moderate-heavy in large patches in highly significant areas
chemical DuetothewidespreaddistributionofGarlicmustard–controlwithherbicideisnotrecommendedonalargescale;selectivepatchescouldbesprayedwith3%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)inlatefallwhileplantsareintherosettestage–shouldonlybeconsideredafterothermethodshavebeenattempted.
other notes:Garlicmustardhasknownallelopathiceffectsthatpreventthesuccessfulgerminationandgrowthofnativespecies.
Considerthisinrestoration.Pulledflowerstemscanstillformviableseedsifleftlyingonthegroundandthereforemustberemoved
fromthesiteandproperlydisposedof.
42
Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)
Habitat
• Commonlyfoundalongriverbanks,streamsandwetplaceswithsoildeepenoughfortaprootdevelopment.
• Targetpopulationsalongriversandstreamsandurbanstormwatersystems.Coordinatethroughouttheentiredrainagesystem.
Sitesupstreamshouldbecontrolledfirst,sinceseedswillbedisperseddownstream.
• Germinationofseedsrequiresmoisture.
• Gianthogweedthrivesonavarietyofsitesandcantoleratewelldrainedandsaturatedsiteswithsiltyandsandysoils.
reproduction and dispersal
• Oneplantcanproducebetween27000-50000seeds.
• Seedsdispersalmayoccurshortdistancesbywindorbywatercourse.
• Seedlongevityisabout3-5years.
• Inadditiontoreproductionbyseedsindividualscanreproducebybudgrowthonbothcrownandstalk.
Suggested Method of control
• Managementprogramsshouldspanbetween3-5yearstoaccount fortheplantscapabilityofstoringcarbohydratesbelow
groundaswellastheplantsabilitytoproducethousandsofseeds.Non-herbicide,chemicalandbiocontrolmethodsmayall
beimplementedingianthogweedcontrol.
infestation level Method/Management
Light non-Herbicide Pullingmaybeeffectiveaslongasitisensuredthatallrootsareremoved.Itisalsoeffectivetocutroots3-4inchesbeneathsoilsurfaceinearlyspring.Greatcareandprecautionmustbetakentoavoidskincontactwithclearsapwhichcausesphotodermititis.Follow-uprequiredinmid-seasontodealwithresproutsandoversubsequentyears.
Solarisationwithablacktarporplasticcanbeeffectiveoverseveralyearsofapplication.
chemical Earlyapplicationof2%Glyphosate(e.g.Round-up)maybeappliedtoplantsleavesduringbuddingandtheperiodofactiveplantgrowth.EarlyMay-Juneisthebesttimebeforetheplantbecomestootall.Cuttingthestem(oruseofaninjectiontool)andinjecting5-6mlofglyphosphateintothehollowstemalsoeffective.
Follow-upateachapplicationsitenecessarytodealwithanyresproutsormissedplants.
Moderate-Heavy non-herbicide Consistentmowingmaydepleteenergystoresintheroots.
chemical Seeasabove,howevercutandinjectmaynotbepracticalatthislevel,ratheruseafoliar/sprayapplication.Foliarsprayapplicationgenerallythefasteractingandmosteffectiveapproach.
other notes:Thisspeciescausesphototoxicburnswhenskincomesintocontactwithanysap.Itmayevencauseblindnessifsap
enterstheeye.Whenworkingaroundthisspecieswearallappropriateprotectiveequipment[gloves,non-absorbentclothing(e.g.
PVCsuit),andeyeprotection]andwashdownallequipmentandclothingwhenworkiscompleted.
Appendix 4
43
Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria)
Habitat
• Commonlyfoundalongroadsides,forestunderstoriesandforestedges.
• Moistsoilsandshadedareasareeasilyinvadedbygoutweed.
• Goutweedisknowntocarpettheforestgroundcoverwhereitoutcompetesnativewildflowers(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
reproduction and dispersal
• Whenshadedgoutweedcanspreadviaundergroundstems.Seedsdonotgerminateintheshade.
• Seedsaregenerallynotlonglivedandgerminatewithintheirfirstyear(PlantConservationAlliance,2009).
• Populationscommonlyescapegardenboundariesintonaturalareas.
• Seedshavenospecialadaptationtofacilitatedispersalthroughanimalsorwind.
Suggested Method of control
• Whenpulling,careshouldbetakentoensurethatrhizomeshavebeenremoved.
• ThereisnoknownbiologicalcontrolinNorthAmerica(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
infestation level Method/Management
Light non-herbicide Maybepulledwiththeremovalofallrhizomes.Pullingmaydisturbthesoilinawaythatencouragesseedrecruitment.Willneedtorevisitinsubsequentyearstodealwithresprouts.
Solarisation Patchescanbecoveredwithadarkplasticsheetinthespring(Kaufmanetal.,2007).Leaveplasticdownforupto2years.
Moderate-heavy chemical SprayingwithGlyphosateherbicidesmosteffectiveinearlyspring.Repeatedapplicationswillbenecessaryoverthecourseofoneseason.Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)ina1-2%solutioncanalsobehighlyeffective
Contactherbicidesareineffectivesincegoutweedreadilyrecoversfromdefoliation.
non-herbicide Maybemowedfrequentlyormowedandthencoveredwithlandscapefabricandheavymulch(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
other notes:Seedlingsneedstronglighttoestablish,inwoodyareaspopulationgrowthismainlyduetorhizomes(PlantConservation
Alliance,2009).Mosttypesofeasterndeciduousforestsarevulnerabletogoutweedinvasion.Infestationscanusuallybetracedto
abandonedorill-keptgardens.
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis)
Habitat
•Meadows,openwoodlands,disturbedsites.
•Favoursmoistconditions,avoidsacidsoilsandheavyshade.
reproduction and dispersal
•Reproducesbyseedandrhizomes.
•Germinationprimarilyoccursinearlyspring,butcanalsooccurinearlyautumnifsoilmoistureisadequate.
•Readilyexpandspopulationbasevegetativelyandaggressively;sod-forming.
Appendix 4
44
Suggested Method of control
•Springburningisthemostwidelyusedtooltocontrolcoolseasongrasses.However,itmaybenecessarytoburnannuallyfor
severalyears.Burningmostlikelytobeeffectiveat“boot”stage,whenfloweringheadstillenclosedinsheath.
infestation level Method/Management
Lighttoheavy non-herbicide Difficulttoeradicatewithnonchemicalcontrols.Smallpatchescanbehandgrubbed,makingsureallrootsareremoved.
chemical Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup)hasbeeneffectivelyusedtoshiftdominancefromnon-nativetonativegrasses.Applyinearlyspringwhilenativespeciesaredormant.
Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
Habitat
• Richmoistsoils
• Doesnottoleratefullsunlight,isshadetolerantandoftenfoundinopenforests(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
reproduction and dispersal
• Undergroundrunnersandrootletsthatformatleafnodesallowperiwinkletoquicklyspread(Kaufmanetal.,2007).
• Periwinkleproducesseedbutprimarilyspreadsthroughrunners.
Suggested Method of control
IthasbeenfoundthattheeffectivenessofGlyphosatehasbeencompromisedduetotheplantswaxyleaves.Thereisnoknown
biocontrolmethodforperiwinklecontrol.
infestation level Method/Management
Light non-herbicide Ifpulledbyhandensurethatrootfragmentsarecompletelyremoved.Sinceperiwinklehardlyspreadsthroughseeds,recruitmentofnewseedsthroughpullingisnotanissue(Kaufman et al., 2007).
Moderate-Heavy chemical Becauseoftheplantswaxycuticleherbicideuptakeisachallenge.Suggestwoundingorcuttingtheplantwithaweedwhipperfirst.Aftercutting/wounding,plantsmaybesprayedwitha3%solutionofglyphosphate(e.g.Roundup).
Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)hasbeenfoundtobelesseffectivethenGlyphosate.
other notes:Nobiologicalcontrolsareknown.Periwinkleisaveryrobustplantandmanyoftheherbicidesthatareusedtocontrol
itmayhaveimpactsonsurroundingnativeplants.
Appendix 4
45
Wetland FloraHimalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera)
Habitat
•Moistriverbanks,dampwoods.
reproduction and dispersal
•Annual,singleplantcanproduceupto800seeds,whichareexplosivelyreleasedseveralmetresfromadultplant.
•Seedscansurvivelongperiodsinwater,andcanfloatdownstreamtoinvadenewareas.
Suggested Method of control
infestation level Method/Management
Light to heavy and small/large patches
non-herbicide CutonceinfullflowerJulytoAugusttodepleteseedbank;interplantwithtreesandshrubsandslowlyoutshadeovertime.Repeatinsuccessiveyearstoaddressresprouts.Solarisationanoptioninsmallpatches.
chemical Foliartreatmentwith2-3%Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup).
Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum)
Habitat
•Damptodrysoils,alongstreamsandrivers,inlow-lyingareas,wasteplaces,oldhomesteads.
•Foundprimarilyinmoist,unshadedhabitats.
•Doesnotappeartoinvadeforestunderstories.
reproduction and dispersal
•InNorthAmerica,seedsdonotappeartobeasignificantmodeofreproduction.
•Mainlyreproducethroughextensiverhizomesthatreach15-20minlength.
•Rhizomefragmentsarewasheddownstreamortransportedinfill.
•Rhizomescanregeneratefromsmallfragmentsandwhenburiedupto1mdeep.
Suggested Method of control
infestation level Method/Management
Light to moderate - small patches
non-herbicide Mowingandcuttingmaybeeffectiveifdoneclosetotheground,twicepermonthbetweenAprilandAugust,thenmonthlyuntilthefirstfrost.Repeatthistreatmentforatleast5yearstoexhaustrootreserves.
Mechanicallycontrolledareasshouldbemonitoredthroughoutthegrowingseasontoensurenewinfestationsdonotdevelopfromrootfragments.
Light to heavy and small/large patches
Solarisationcanalsobeused,beawarethattarpmustextendateast3or4metresbeyondouterboundarytopreventrhizomesescapingunderthetarp.Leaveinplace2years.
chemical Effectiveherbicidesinclude:imazapyr,Glyphosate,andtriclopyr.
Cut1-2timesoverseason;sprayresproutinearlyfallandfollowingspringwith1.34%glyphosphate.Willneedtotreatinsubsequentyears.
Steminjections/cutsurfacetreatmentsaremosteffectiveinthesummerorfall,whilefoliarapplicationsaremosteffectiveatthelatebudstage.
Appendix 4
46
other notes:Recentstudieshaveshownthatiftreatedandtopkilled,therhizomescanpersistforupto2yearsbeforeresprouting.
Thisstressestheneedformonitoringandlongtermcontrol(Holmenetal.,2007).
Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
Habitat
• Wetlands,streamandriverbanks,lakeshores,ditchesandotherdisturbedwetareas.
reproduction and dispersal
• Perennial, singleplantcanproducehundredsof thousandsof seeds,seedshavehighviability; rapidbuildupof seedlings
possible.
• Dispersalmainlybywind,butseedsalsotransportedonfeetofwaterfowlandotherwetlandanimals,alsodispersedbywater
currents.
• Canspreadvegetativelybyresproutingfromcutstemsandregenerationfrompiecesofrootstock.
Suggested Method of control
• UniversityofGuelphstudiedandpiloted theuseofseveralEuropeanbeetlesasacontrolagent.Resultsweresuccessful.
Beetlescanbepurchasedasaveryeffectivecontrolagentwhendealingwithlargepopulations.
infestation level Method/Management
Light non-herbicide Canberemovedbyhand;entirerootstockmustbepulledout.
Light to heavy non-herbicide Biologicalcontrol:Commerciallyavailable(Galerucellaspp.)beetles.
chemical MostcommonlycontrolledwithGlyphosateinareaswithnostandingwater);treatmentshouldoccurafterpeakbloomingperiod(July-August).
common reed (Phragmites australis)
Habitat
• Readilyinvadesopenwetlands,especiallythosewithdisturbance.
reproduction and dispersal
• Produceswindbornseeds,butmovesmostrapidlythroughastoloniferousrootsystem.
Appendix 4
47Appendix 4
Suggested Method of control
infestation level Method/Management
Light non-herbicide Handwrenchingmakingsureallportionsoftherhizomeareremoved.Disposeofplantpartsoffsite.Willneedtomonitorrepeatoverseveralyears.
Moderate to heavy non-herbicide Solarisationover1yearwheninmonocultures.Methodworksbestindirectsunlight.Mayneedtocombinewithtouchupsprayswithaherbicidetocontrolanyplantsthathavemanagedtopokethroughthetarpingmaterialoratedges.
*Mowing2timesaseasonwithfollowupspotsprayingisthebestintegratedapproach.
chemical Anticipatehavingtodotwoapplicationsinoneseasontogainhighlevelsofcontrol.Latespringapplicationfollowedbylatesummerorearlyfall(nolaterthanmid-September.)Apply2%Glyphosate(e.g.Round-upUltra2orWeathermax).ImazapyratsimilarconcentrationsmoreeffectivethanGlyphosphatebutalsoamoreexpensiveproduct.After2or3weeksfollowingapplicationofGlyphosate,cutormowdownthestalkstostimulatetheemergenceandgrowthofotherplantspreviouslysuppressed.
Inareaswithsensitivespecies:Afoliarspraycanbeappliedorinjectedwithahandheldorbackpacksprayerwithanozzleintothecutstem.StemscanalsobewickedwithawashglovesoakedinGlyphosphate
other notes:Hasknownallelopathiceffectsonotherwetlandplants. OntarioMinistryofNaturalResourceshascompleteda
PhragmitesBestManagementPracticesdocumentwhichcanbeconsultedforgreaterdetail.
reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea)
• Seemethodsforcommonreed.
other notes:Posttreatmentrestorationrecommendations–somesuccessintheUnitedStateshasbeenhadwithlivestaking
areas treatedbyGlyphosate withaggressivenativewillowspecies2 to3 feetaparte.g.Salixexigua,S.discolor.Thismethod
reducedreedcanarygrassbiomassby56to68%respectively(Kimetal.2007).
rough manna grass (Glyceria maxima)
Habitat
• Nutrientrich,moistsoils.
• Glyceriamaxima isawetlandplantanddoesbestalongriverbanksand in freshwater (Global InvasiveSpeciesDatabase,
2009).
reproduction and dispersal
• Flowingwateristhemainseeddispersalmethodbutlivestockalsoplayalesserrole.
• Densepopulationsusevegetativereproductiontospreadintoadjacentareas.
• Seedproductionoccursinsummerandautumn.
• Most seeds tend to germinate immediately but some remain dormant for a few years (Global InvasiveSpeciesDatabase,
2009).
Suggested Method of control
• SinceGlyceriamaximagrowsinandaroundwaterherbicidesshouldbeusedwithprecautiontoensurethatimpactonnon
targetplantsandorganismsisminimal.Differentsurfactantsinmanydifferentherbicideproductshavebeenshowntocause
damagetofishandamphibians.
48 Appendix 4
infestation Level Method/Management
Light non-herbicide Ifremovalisdonebyhandensurethattherootsareremovedtoavoidresprouting.Revisittodealwithresprouts.
Moderate-Heavy Solarisation Darkplastictarpsorsheetingmaybeplacedoverpatches.Leaveinplacefor2seasons.
non-herbicide Cuttingmaybedoneinthefalltodepletecarbohydratestoresutilizedinspringgrowth.Cutareasmayalsobefloodedtodiscourageregrowth(NatureConservancy,2009b)
HerbicideslikeGlyphosate(e.g.Round-up)maybeusedwithcareata2%concentration.
other notes:Grazingisnotencouragedsinceyoungshootshavehighconcentrationsofcyanide(NatureConservancy,2009b).
Mostmethodscallforimmediaterevegetationwithnativespeciesuponremovalofglyceriamaxima.
Trees
Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila)
Habitat
• Disturbedwoods,roadsides,pastures,alongsidestreams.
• Tolerantofpoorsoilsandlowmoisture.
reproduction and dispersal
• Produces1-seededsamarasthatarewinddispersed.
• Seedsgerminatereadilyandseedlingsgrowrapidly,formsthicketsofhundredsofseedlingsinbareground.
Suggested Method of control
infestation level Method/Management
Light to heavy non-herbicide Smallseedlingcanberemovedbyhandorwithweedwrench.Girdlinginlatespringtomidsummereffectiveiffollowupoccurstodealwithresprouting.
chemical Canalsobecontrolledusingcutstemapplicationsof20%Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup)inthefall.
Manitoba maple (Acer negundo)
Habitat
• Disturbedwoods(moreoftenfloodplains),roadsides,pastures.
• Tolerantofpoorsoils.
reproduction and dispersal
• Produceswingedseedsthatarewinddispersed.
• Seedsgerminatereadilyandseedlingsgrowrapidly,formingmonoculturewoodlands.
Suggested Method of control
49Appendix 4
infestation level Method/Management
Light to heavy non-herbicide Handwrenchingiftreesarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.Girdlingmostlyineffectiveasitresproutsheavily,followupoverseveralyearsneededtodealwithresprouts.
chemical Girdling/cuttingandapplicationof100%Glyphosate9E.g.Roundup)withpaintbrush(willrequirefollow-uptreatmentstocontrolresprouting)infall.
norway maple (Acer platanoides)
Habitat
• Disturbedforestsoftenassociatedinareasofdevelopment.
• Tolerantofpoorsoilsandformsadensecanopy.
reproduction and dispersal
• Produceswingedseedsthatarewinddispersed.
• Seedsgerminatereadilyandseedlingsgrowrapidlyoftenreplacingnativemaplesasthedominanttreespecies.
Suggested Method of control
infestation level Method/Management
Light to heavy non-herbicide Handwrenchingoruseofaweedwrenchhighlyeffectiveiftreesarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.
Girdlingcanbeeffectiveonlargetrees(>25cmDBH).Treesmaytakeseveralyearstodie.Monitoroverthisperiodandre-girdleifneeded.
chemical Girdling/cuttingandapplicationof100%Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup)atthestumpwithpaintbrush(willrequirefollow-uptreatmentstocontrolresprouting)infall.Basalbarkapplicationof30%Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)alsoeffective.Withlargetreesasecondapplicationmaybeneeded.
Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
• SeemethodsforNorwaymaple.
other notes:Posttreatmentrestorationrecommendations-studieshaveshownthatinlowlightconditionsshadetolerantspecies
suchasredmaplecanout-competethisspecies.Similarlyinopenconditionsstaghornsumachasproventoout-competetree-of-
heaven(Huebner,2007).Thisspeciesisalsoknownforitsabilitytosuckerfromrootstock.Anymethodthatallowsforthecutting
ofthetrunkseemstoencouragerootsuckering.TheCityofTorontoisnowexperimentingwithnickingthebarkandapplyinga
herbicidethroughthesecutstokillboththetreeandsuppressthebiologicaltriggersforrootsuckering.
notes when using a basal bark application for Triclopyr (e.g. Garlon)
Basalbarktreatmentswithtriclopyr(e.g.Garlon)shouldnotbeusedintemperaturesover80°Faschemicalwillvolatizeanddrift.
Stem diameter Species Treatment
<15 mm Buckthorn,Norwaymaple,Tree-ofheaven Paint10inchesofstem,oneside
15mm-50mm Paint10inchesofstem,bothsides
>50 mm Paintfullcircumferenceofstem
Any Thickerbarkedspecies:Honeysuckle,Multiflorarose,Barberry,Orientalbittersweet
Cutstumpandpaint
(Table.NatureConservancy.2007)
50 Appendix 4
Her
bic
ide
tim
ing
cha
rt-
Tric
lop
yr a
nd G
lyp
hosp
hate
Sp
ecie
sJ
FM
AM
JJ
AS
on
dc
om
men
tsB
uckt
horn
Glyphosphate(cutstump)
Triclopyr(basal)
Triclopyrtrialsrequiredovercorewintermonths
Gar
lic m
usta
rd
Glyphosphate(spray)
Wherenosnowcoverandtemperaturesreachabove
10°Capplicationscanbeeffective
dS
V
Glyphosphate(spray)
2applicationsspacedapartoverseason
Bus
h ho
neys
uckl
es
Glyphosphate(cutstump)
Triclopyr(basal)
WinterapplicationnotevaluatedasyetwithTriclopyr.
Suspectitmaynotbeeffective
J. k
notw
eed
Glyphosphate(spray/inject)
Man
ito
ba
map
le
Glyphosphate(cutstump)
Triclopyr(basal)
Awaitingresultsof2011trialswithTriclopyr.
no
rway
map
le
Glyphosphate(cutstump)
Triclopyr(basal)
Mayneed2ndapplicationinyear2withTriclopyr.Late
fallandwinterbasalapplicationresultsunknownasyet
(2012)
co
mm
on
reed
Glyphosphate(spray/hand-
wicking)
2applicationsrequiredinoneseason.Needfurthertrials
withinthesuggestedwindow
Win
ged
euo
nym
us
Triclopyr(basal)
Wintertrialsrequired
Go
utw
eed
Glyphosphate(spray)
Triclopyr(spray)
2applicationswithintimingwindowforGlyphosphate.
nWinterapplications(seecomments)nOptimaltimingnPartlyeffective,butnotoptimaltimingnNotenoughdata,trialsrequired
51
References
Dorning,M.andD.Cipollini.Leaf and root extracts of the invasive shrub, lonicera maackii, inhibit seed germination of three herbs
with no autotoxic effects.EcologicalRestoration.Vol.25#3,September2007.
GlobalInvasiveSpeciesDatabase.Availableonline:http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?fr=1&si=891&sts=
(AccessedAugust8th,2009).
Heidorn,Randy.1990.Vegetation Management Guideline, Exotic Buckthorns, Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.), Glossy
buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula L.) and Dahurian buckthorn (Rhamnus davurica Pall.), Vol. 1, No. 5.Approved02/06/90byIllinois
DepartmentofConservation,110JamesRoad,SpringGrove,Illinois60081
Holman,M.L.,Dunwiddie,P.W.andR.G.Carey.Investigating the rapid spread of invasive knotweed in a riparian setting. Ecological
Restoration.Vol.25#2,June2007.
Huebner,C.D.2007.Competitive ability of ailanthus altissima and an overview of other RWU-4557 invasive plant studies.Ecological
Restoration.Vol.25#2,June2007.
Kaufman,S.R.andW.Kaufman.2007. Invasive plants: a guide to identification and the impacts and control of common North
American Species.Mechanicsburg,PA.Stackpolebooks.
Kim, K.D., and K. Ewing.Controlling phalaris arundinacea with live willow stakes: a density dependent response. Ecological
Restoration.Vol.25#2,June2007.
NatureConservancy.2007.http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/tools/painter.html.(AccessedDecember18,2007).
The Nature Conservancy. 2009b. Available online: http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtglyc.html (Accessed August 7th,
2009)
PlantConservationAlliance’sAlienPlantWorkingGroup. Availableonline:http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/aepo1.htm
(AccessedAugust7th,2009).
Appendix 4
52 Appendix 5
APPENDIX 5: Tools and Equipment for Invasive Species Removal
Unlessotherwisenotedthisappendix(textandphotos)drawsuponthefollowingresource:
Miller,JamesH.2003.Nonnative invasiveplantsofsouthernforests:afieldguidefor identificationandcontrol.Gen.Tech.Rep.
SRS-62.Asheville,NC:U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,ForestService,SouthernResearchStation.93p.<http://www.invasive.
org/eastern/srs/control.html>
diScLAiMer:Thebelowsuggestedcontrolmethodshavebeencompiledfrommanysources.
BeforeusinganypesticideyoumustensurethatthepesticideisregisteredbythePestManagementRegulatoryAgency(hasaPest
ControlProductsActregistrationnumber)andisclassifiedforuseinOntario.Thepesticidelabelwillprovideinstructionsonhowthe
pesticidecanbeused,whatpestsitmaybeusedtocontrolandsafetyequipmentrequired.Alllabeldirectionsmustbefollowed.It
isanoffencetouseanunregisteredorunclassifiedpesticideortouseapesticideincontraventionofthelabeldirections.Licences
andadditionalrequirementsunderthePesticidesActandRegulation63/09mayalsoapplytotheuseofcertainpesticides.
ToolsshownbelowareprovidedwithbriefdescriptionsandexamplesofsomesupplierinOntario/Canada.Thismanualisinnoway
endorsingspecificproducts;theyarelistedasexamplesonly.
Herbicide application
Althoughtreatingextensiveinaccessibleinfestationsmayrequirebroadcasttreatmentsofherbicidespraysorpelletsbyhelicopteror
tractormountedapplicationsystems,thebestapproachisusuallyselectiveapplicationsofherbicidestotargetinvasiveplantswhile
avoidingorminimizingapplicationtodesirableplants.
Theselectivemethodsdescribedare
• directedfoliarsprays,
• steminjection,
• cut-treat,
• basalsprays,and
directed Foliar Sprays
Directed foliar sprays are herbicide-water sprays aimed at target plant foliage to
coverallleavestothepointofrunoff,usuallyappliedwithabackpacksprayer(use
lowpressure,driftretardants,andsprayshieldstoavoiddrift).Herbicideapplication
bydirectedfoliarspray isthemostcosteffectivemethodfortreatingmosttypesof
invasiveplantspecies.With thismethod,herbicidesare thoroughlymixed inwater,
oftenwithanon-ionicsurfactant,andappliedtothefoliageandgrowingtipsofwoody
plantsor tocompletelycoverherbaceousplants.Foliarspraysareusuallymosteffectivewhenapplied frommidsummerto late
fall,althoughspringandwinterapplicationshaveuseonspecificplantsandsituations.Selectivetreatmentispossiblebecausethe
applicatordirectsthespraytowardstargetplantsandawayfromdesirableplants.Theadditionofawater-solubledyecanassistin
trackingtreatmentanddetectingspraydriftondesirableplants.Althoughdyesaremessyandshort-livedasavisiblemarker,theyare
helpfulintrainingandtrackingcriticalapplications.Anothersafeguardistoonlyusefoliaractiveherbicides,becausedirectedsprays
ofsoil-activeherbicidescandamageorkillsurroundingplantswhentheirrootsarewithinthetreatmentzone.Neveruseherbicides
withsoilactivitytotreatinvasiveplantsunderdesirabletreesorshrubs.
Directedspraysareusuallyappliedwithabackpacksprayerandaspraywandequippedwithafullcone,flatfan,oradjustablecone
spraytip.Thesetipsandsprayingpressuresof20to30poundspersquareinchcanensureproductivitywithonlyafewfinedroplets
thatmaydrifttosurroundingplants.Tosafeguardsurroundingplantsfromdamagebyspraydrift,suspendapplicationsduringwindy
conditions.Asprayshieldthatattachestotheendofthewandcanfurtherminimizedrift.Addingadriftretardanttothespraymixture
caneliminatedriftalthougheffectivenessmaybediminished.
53Appendix 5
Plantsupto6feettallcanbetreatedwiththisequipment,whiletheadditionofacommerciallyavailablewandextensioncanslightly
increaseheightcapabilities.Totreatplantsuptoabout18feettall,usehigherspraypressureswithastraight-streamornarrowflat
fantip.
Directedfoliarspraysarealsoappliedusingwandsonhosesattachedtosprayingsystemsmountedonall-terrainvehicles,trucks,
ortractors.Also,aspraygunwithanarrowflat fantipcanreplaceawandforsomeapplications.Anotherusefulalternativefor
treatingdifferentsizedwoodyplantsisaspraygunwithaswivelthatholdstwotips—narrowandwide-angled—thatcanbequickly
changedduringapplication.
Stem injection
Steminjection(includinghack-and-squirt)involvesherbicideconcentrateorherbicide-
watermixtures applied into downward incision cuts spaced aroundwoody stems
made by an axe, hatchet, machete,
brushax,ortreeinjector.Treeinjection,
includingthehack-and-squirttechnique,
isaselectivemethodofcontrollinglarger
treesandshrubs(morethan2inchesin
diameter) with minimum damage to
surrounding plants. It requires cuplike
downwardincisionsspacedaroundthe
stem with a measured amount of
herbicide applied into each of the
incisions. Special tree injectors are
availabletoperformthisoperation,ora
narrow-bitaxe,hatchet,ormachetealongwithaspraybottlecanbeusedinsequence
toperformthehack-and-squirtmethod.Completelyfillingthestemwithedge-to-edge
cutsor injections isrequiredforvery largestemsordifficult-tocontrolspecies.The
herbicideshouldremainintheinjectioncuttoavoidwastingherbicideonthebarkand
to prevent damage of surrounding plants. Avoid injection treatments if rainfall is
predictedwithin48hours.
Treeinjectiontreatmentsaremosteffectivewhenappliedinlatewinterandthroughout
thesummer.Heavyspringsapflowinspringcanwashherbicidefromincisioncuts,
makingthisanineffectivetimetousethismethod.
cut-Treat
Cut-treat involves herbicide concentrates or herbicide-water mixtures applied to
the outer circumference of freshly cut
stumps or the entire top surface of
cut stems, applied with a backpack
sprayer, spray bottle, wick, or paint
brush. Freshly cut stems and stumps
of woody stems, including canes and
bamboo,canbetreatedwithherbicide
mixtures toprevent resproutingand to
killroots.Cuttingisusuallybychainsaw
orbrushsaw,butcanbeaccomplished
by handsaws or cutting blades. To
54 Appendix 5
minimizedeactivation of the herbicide, remove sawdust from stumpsbefore treatment. Treat stems and stumps asquickly as
possibleaftercuttingwithabackpacksprayerorutilityspraybottleforsprayapplicationsorawickapplicator,labwashbottle,or
paintbrushforsmallstems.
Forstumpsover3inchesindiameter,completelywettheouteredgewiththeherbicideorherbicidemixture.Completelywetthe
topsofsmallerstumpsandallcutstemsinaclump.
Themosteffectivetimeforthestumpspraymethodislatewinterandsummer.Althoughwintertreatmentsareslightlylesseffective
thangrowingseasonapplications,theabsenceoffoliageoncutstemsandbranchesproducessomeoffsettinggainsinapplication
efficiency.
Basal Sprays
Basalspraysareherbicide-oil-penetrantmixturessprayedordaubedontothelowerportionofwoodystems,usuallyappliedwitha
backpacksprayerorwickapplicator.Fullbasaltreatmentsrequirethatthelower12to20inchesoftargetwoodystemsbecompletely
wettedonallsideswithanoil-basedspraymixture.Applicationistosmoothjuvenilebark.Fullbasalspraysareusuallyeffectivein
controllingwoodystemslessthanabout6inchesindiameterorlargerdiametersofsusceptiblespecies,beforebarkbecomesthick,
corky,andfurrowed.Theappropriateequipmentforthistreatmentisabackpacksprayerwithawandorspraygunfittedwitha
narrow-angleflatfan,cone,oradjustabletip.Awickapplicatorcanalsobeused.
Herbicidesthataresolubleinoil(e.g.Garlon4)aremixedwithacommerciallyavailable
basaloil,vegetableoilorcropoil(avoiddieselfuel,orkerosene)Someherbicidesare
soldreadytousewiththeseingredients.
Amodifiedmethod,streamlinebasalsprays,iseffectiveformanywoodyspeciesup
to2inchesindiameter,aswellastreesandshrubsupto6inchesindiameterifthe
species is susceptible. Equipment for this treatment is abackpack sprayerwith a
spraygunandalow-flowstraight-streamornarrow-anglespraytip.Topreventwaste,
maintain pressure below30pounds per square inchwith a pressure regulator. At
thispressure,aneffectivereachof9feetispossiblewhilebarksplashisminimized.
Fortreatingstemslessthan2inchesindiameter,applythestreamofsprayup-and
downsinglestemsforabout6to8inches,orapplyacrossmultiplestemscreating
2-to3-inch-widebands.Thissamemultiplebandtreatmentcanbeeffectiveonlarger
stems.Directthespraystreamtosmoothjuvenilebarkatapointabout4to18inches
fromtheground.Stemsthatarethickbarkedornear3inchesindiameterrequiretreatmentonallsides.
Avoidesterherbicideformulationsonhotdaystopreventvapordriftinjurytonon-targetplants.
Streamline basal spray (CVC)
55Appendix 5
Weed-wickers/Applicators
This is a great tool for herbicide application in situationswhere you need to avoid
herbicidedriftorareworkingaroundsensitivenon-targetplants.Mostmodelshave
ballvalvestocontrolherbicideflowandvarioussizedandshapedapplicationsponges
orfabricsleeves.
RittenhouseisthesupplieroftheWickweeder
1402FourthAve.,R.R.#3
St.Catharines,ON,CanadaL2R6P9
1-877-488-1914,email:[email protected]
Mechanical Removal
Weed Wrenches
Thesetoolsaregreatforpullingoutlargeshrubsupto2to21/2inchesindiameter.
Thereareavarietyof themout there.Beloware listedacoupleofcompaniesthat
supplysuchtoolsinCanada.
TheExtractigator-http://www.extractigator.com/
ThePullerbear-http://www.pullerbear.com/
Tree girdlers
Thesetoolsremoveastripofbarkaway
fromatreeorshrub.Thecutmustbe
deep enough to remove the vascular
cambium of the tree/shrub (a spongy
inner layerofthebark).Dependingon
thespeciesthiswilleventuallystarveit
ofnutrientsanditwilldieoveraperiod
ofayearortwo.Thistypeofwounding
may allow also for the uptake of a
herbicide through the wound that
wouldnotpenetrate thebarksuchas
aGlyphosphateproduct.
CommercialSolutions-www.csinet.ca/field-forestry-mining-supply.php
TrueNorthSpecialtyProducts-www.truenorthspecialty.com/english/equipment/barkblaster.htm
Basal bark application with a weed-wicker (CVC)
Various weed wrenches (CVC)Tree girdlers (CVC)
56 Appendix 6
Appendix 6: Resources and Contacts
InformationCategories: 1.Restorationadviceandassistance
2.Potentialfunding
3.Informationonprovinciallyorregionallyrarespecies
4.Invasivespeciesinformation
5.Reportinginvasivespecies
6.Nativeplantspeciesinformation(plantidentification,specieslists,specieshabitatconditions,etc)
7.Potentialremovalassistance
*ResourcesthathaveinformationspecifictotheCreditValleywatershed
information category
organization contact information description and Website information (if applicable)
conSULTAnTS/nUrSerieS
1,6 Acorus restoration
7226thConc.Rd RR#1 Walsingham,ONN0E1X0 Tel:519-586-2603 Email:[email protected]
Nativeplantsource,informationandadvice: http://www.ecologyart.com/
1 ecological outlook and
ontario Parks Association
Authors:D.HavingaandJ.M.Daigle
Publishers:EcologicalOutlookandOntarioParksAssociation
Restoring Natures Place -AguidetonaturalizingOntarioparksandgreenspace.
1,6 Grow Wild 3784Hwy#7 Omemee,ONK0L2W0
NurseryAddress: 4735Durham/York30 Claremont,ONL1Y1A3
Phone:705-799-2619 Cell:416-735-7490
Noemail–onlinecontactform:
http://www.grow-wild.com/contact.php
Nativeplantsource,informationandadvice: http://www.grow-wild.com/
7 Lands & Forests
consulting
HeadOffice-Hanover DaveTaylor 421608Con6NDR.R.R.#1, Elmwood,ON.N0G1S0
Tel:1-519-364-tree(8733) Tollfree:1-888-923-9995 Fax:1-519-364-8736
Email:[email protected]
Forestryandprofessionalprescribedburncontractor: http://www.landsandforests.com/
57Appendix 6
information category
organization contact information description and Website information (if applicable)
non-GoVernMenT orGAniZATionS
4,6 canadian Wildlife
Federation (cWF)
350MichaelCowplandDrive Kanata,ONK2M2W1
Tel:1-800-563-9453 Fax:613-599-4428
Noemail-onlinecontactform:http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/contact-us/contact-us.html
Invasivespeciesencyclopaediawhichprovidesinformationaboutnativeandinvasiveranges,invasionpathway,status,impactsandcontrolmeasures: www.cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/invasive-species/
WildAboutGardening-AlistofnativeplantsuppliersforOntario: www.wildaboutgardening.org/en/gab/section3/ontario/index.htm
ListofplantsnativetoeachregionofCanada: old.wildaboutgardening.org/en/growing/section4/encyclopedia/index.asp
1,3 eastern ontario Model
Forest
P.O.Bag2111 KemptvilleONK0G1J0
Tel.:(613)258-8241 Fax.:(613)258-8363
Email:[email protected]
TheEnhancingSpeciesatRiskHabitatinYourEasternOntarioWoodlotbookletisintendedasatooltoassistlandownersinenhancingspeciesatriskhabitat:
http://www.eomf.on.ca/en/information-reports/publications/information-reports/page-2-10
(Scrolldownthepageandclickon“Clickheretoview”)
1,4,6 evergreen 355AdelaideStreetWest,5thFloor Toronto,ONM5V1S2
Tel:416-596-1495 Tollfree:1-888-426-3138 Fax:416-596-1443
email:[email protected]
Nativeplantdatabase: nativeplants.evergreen.ca/
Invasivespeciesfactsheetsandprofiles: www.evergreen.ca/en/resources/native-plants/fact-sheets.sn
1,3,4,6 Federation of ontario naturalists
(Fon)
HeadOffice 366AdelaideStreetWest,Suite201 Toronto,ONM5V1R9
Tel:416-444-8419 Tollfree:1-800-440-2366 Fax:416-444-9866
Email:[email protected]
OntarioNature-Anorganizationthatprotectswildspeciesandwildspacesthroughconservation,educationandpublicengagement: www.ontarionature.org/index.php
Avarietyofdownloadablefactsheetsarealsoavailable: www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/publications.php
HabitatCreationwithNativePlants www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PdFs/misc/habitat_creation.pdf
BackyardHabitats www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PdFs/id_guides/backyard.pdf
WetlandRestorationandRehabilitation www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PdFs/misc/wetland_restoration.pdf
NaturalInvaders www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PdFs/id_guides/natural_invaders.pdf
SpeciesatRiskinOntario www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PdFs/id_guides/SAr_brochure.pdf
58 Appendix 6
information category
organization contact information description and Website information (if applicable)
non-GoVernMenT orGAniZATionS
4,6 Lake Huron centre for
coastal conservation
P.O.Box178, Blyth,ONN0M1H0
Phone:(519)523-4478
Email: [email protected]
Informationoninvasivespecies,withafocusonspeciesthatarehavingseriousimpactonLakeHuron’secology: http://lakehuron.ca/index.php?page=invasive-species
Importanceofnativeplants: http://lakehuron.ca/index.php?page=importance-of-native-plants
1 Landscape ontario*
7856FifthLineSouth Milton,ONL9T2X8
Tel:(905)875-1805 Fax:(905)875-3942
ListslandscapingcompaniesinOntariowhoprovideprofessionalserviceandwhoseprinciplesincludetorespectandimprovetheenvironment: www.landscapeontario.com
3,4 nature canada Tel:1-800-267-4088
Email:[email protected]
DiscussesendangeredspeciesandspeciesatriskinCanada,withselectprofilesonsomespecies: http://www.naturecanada.ca/endangered.asp
Briefgeneralinformationaboutinvasivespeciesmentionedasathreattoparksandnaturalareas.Doeshighlightafewinvasivespecies: http://www.naturecanada.ca/parks_cons_invasive.asp
4 natureServe N/A Invasivespeciesdatabase–Asearchengineforinvasivespecies: www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/natureServe
1,6 north American
native Plant Society (nAnPS)
POBox84,StationD Etobicoke,ONM9A4X1
Voicemail:(416)631-4438
Email:[email protected]
Informationaboutwhynativeplantsshouldbeusedandhowtostartgardeningwithnativeplants: www.nanps.org
Avarietyoffactsheetsaboutnativeplantspeciesandgardening: www.nanps.org/index.php/resources/publications
ButterflyGardening:AttractingButterfliestoGardensintheGreatLakesWatershed www.nanps.org/pdfs/butterfact.pdf
NativePlantGardening:AnIntroductiontotheBenefitsofLandscapingwithNature www.nanps.org/pdfs/nativefact.pdf
NativeTrees:ForGardenersintheGreatLakesWatershed www.nanps.org/pdfs/treefact.pdf
59Appendix 5Appendix 6
information category
organization contact information description and Website information (if applicable)
non-GoVernMenT orGAniZATionS
4,6 ontario invasive Plant council (oiPc)
P.O.Box2800 4601GuthrieDrive Peterborough,ONK9J8L5
Tel:705-748-6324ext243 Fax:1-705-748-9577
Anon-profit,multi-agencyorganizationinresponsetothethreatofinvasiveplantsprovidinginformationregardinginvasiveplantsandlinkstootherwebsitesrelatedtoinvasiveplantsandnativeplants: www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca
Avarietyoffactsheetsregardinginvasivespecies: www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/index.php/publications
QuickreferenceGuidetoInvasivePlantSpecies-Aselectionofcommoninvasiveplants,withdetailsonhowtoidentifythem.ThisisalsoavailablefromCreditValleyConservation’sinvasivewebsite. www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/invasive speciespeciescards_cVc_Hr_sm.pdf
ALandowner’sGuidetoControllingInvasiveWoodlandPlants-Aguidedetailinghowtodealwithaselectiononinvasivespecies(inpartnershipwith:OntarioFederationofAngler’sandHunters,OakRidgesMoraineFoundation,VictoriaLandandWaterStewardshipCouncilandtheGovernmentofOntario): www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/LandownerGuideinvasive species_web.pdf
1,4,6 ontario Society for ecological restoration
(Sero)
N/A NativePlantResourceGuidesavailableforpurchase: www.serontario.org/publications.htm
ArankedlistofinvasivespeciesinsouthernOntariobasedonthedegreeofinvasiveness: serontario.org/pdfs/exotics.pdf
1 Society for ecological
restoration international
Authors:S.PackardandC.F.Mutel
Publisher:IslandPress
TheTallgrassRestorationHandbookforPrairies,Savannas,andWoodlands. -Providespracticalandcomprehensiveinformationonrestorationofprairies,savannasandwoodlands.
PUBLic inSTiTUTionS
4,6 canadian Biodiversity
Web Site
N/A Providesgeneralinformationonnativeandinvasivespecies: http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/index.htm
4 canadian Botanical
conservation network, royal
Botanical Gardens
RoyalBotanicalGardens Attention:Dr.DavidGalbraith P.O.Box399 Hamilton,ONL8N3H8
Tel:1-905-527-1158,ext.309 Fax:1-905-577-0375
HaslistsofinvasiveplantsinCanada,providinginformationonsuchthingsasspeciesdescription,habitat,provinciallocations,controlmethods: http://www.rbg.ca/cbcn/en/projects/invasive species/i_list.html
4,6 canadian Museum of
nature
240McLeodStreet Ottawa,ONK1P6P4
(613)566-4700 Tel:613.566.47001.800.263.4433
Email:[email protected]
OntheirNativePlantCrossroadswebsitethereisinformationnativeandinvasiveplants: http://nature.ca/plnt/index_e.cfm
60 Appendix 6
information category
organization contact information description and Website information (if applicable)
PUBLic inSTiTUTionS
1,6 centre for Land and Water
Stewardship, University of
Guelph
RichardsBuilding,UniversityofGuelph Guelph,ONN1G2W1
Tel:519-824-4120ext.58329
Email:[email protected]
Publicationsfortheidentificationandmanagementofwoodlandplants: www.uoguelph.ca/~claws/newsite/publications.html
4 University of Georgia, center for invasive
Species and ecosystem
Health
TheUniversityofGeorgia P.O.Box748 4601ResearchWayCPES 113AdministrationBuilding Tifton,Georgia31793
Phone:229-386-3298 Fax:229-386-3352
Therearemanyemailslistedonline,thereforecheckthislinkforcontacts:http://www.bugwood.org/contactUs.html
Informationonhowtoidentify,controlandreportinvasivespecies(althoughreportingisfortheUS),aswellasvideosanddistributionmaps(alsooftheUSonly): http://www.invasive.org/
BooKS/MAnUALS/FAcT SHeeTS
1,4 dcnr invasive exotic Plant Tutorial for
natural Land Managers,
Mid-Atlantic exotic Pest
Plant council
SteveYoung 56175thSt.S. Arlington,VA22204
Email:steveyoung[at]aol.com
Providesfactsheets,managementandcontrolinformationonlistedinvasivespecies: http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/invasivetutorial/List.htm
6 N/A Authors:D.BennetandT.Tiner Publisher:McClelland&StewartLtd.
Wild City: A guide to nature in urban Ontario, from termites to coyotes-ProvidesnaturalhistoriesofmostofthecommonplantsandwildlifefoundinOntario’scities.
6 N/A Authors:J.DiekelmannandR.Schuster. Publisher:TheUniversityofWisconsinPress
Natural Landscaping: Designing with Native Plant Communities-Providesbasicguidanceinusingnativeplantsinlandscaping,fromplanningandlandscapingtoplanting.
6 N/A Author:L.Johnson Publisher:WhitecapBooks
100 Easy-to-grow Native Plants for Canadian Gardeners-Nativespeciesinformationandlistofnativenurseries.
6 N/A Author:L.Johnson Publisher:RandomHouseofCanada
Grow Wild-Providesinformationonlow-maintenanceandsure-successgardeningwithnativeplants
6 N/A Author:D.W.Tallamy Publisher:TimberPress
Bringing Nature Home-Providesinformationonhowtosustainwildlifewithnativeplants.Italsoincludeslistsofnativeplantsforregionhabitats.
4 N/A Authors:S.R.KaufmanandW.Kaufman Publisher:StackpoleBooks
Invasive Plants-AguidetoidentificationandtheimpactsandcontrolofcommonNorthAmericanspecies.
4 N/A Authors:R.K.Kohli,H.P.SinghandD.R.Batish
Publisher:CRCPress,Taylor&FrancisGroup
Invasive Plants and Forest Ecosystem -Providesafoundationininvasiveecology,discussestheimpactsoninvasivespeciesonnaturalsystemsandmanagementtoolsforcontrollinginvasivespecies.
61Appendix 6
information category
organization contact information description and Website information (if applicable)
MUniciPAL LeVeL orGAniZATionS
1,4,6,7 city of Toronto – Urban Forestry Services
Tel(Torontocitylimits):311 Tel(outsidecitylimits): 416-392-2489 Fax:416-338-0685
Email:[email protected]
UrbanForestryServicessiteprovidesinformationonnative,invasiveandendangeredspecies,treeplanting,bi-lawsandpolicies:http://www.toronto.ca/trees/
Factsheetoncontrollinginvasiveplants: www.toronto.ca/trees/pdfs/Fact_3_controlling_invasive_Plants.pdf
Factsheetonhowtoselectandbuynativeplants,aswellasplantsoilandlightrequirements: www.toronto.ca/trees/pdfs/Fact_2_How_to_Select_and_Buy_native_Plants.pdf
1,3,4,5,6
conservation Halton
2596BritanniaRoadWest Burlington,ONL7P0G3
Tel:905-336-1158 Fax:905-336-7014
Lands and Forestry -Providesinformationontheirtreeplantingprogram,aswellasinformationonEmeraldAshBorerandGypsyMoth: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/Showcategory.cfm?subcatid=787
Species at Risk-Informationonspeciesatrisk,includingaspecieslistandreportingform: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/Showcategory.cfm?subcatid=1328
Invasive Exotics-Informationoninvasivespecies,includingnativeandinvasivespecieslistsandagianthogweedfactsheet: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/Showcategory.cfm?subcatid=1114
1,4,5,6,7
credit Valley conservation
(cVc)*
1255OldDerryRoad Mississauga,ONL5N6R4
Tel:905-670-1615or 1-800-668-5557
Fax:905-670-2210
Stewardship programs and service-Informationonthedifferentprogramsandservicesprovided,includingtreeplanting,ecologicallandscapeing/gardeningandrestorationresources: http://www.creditvalleycons.com/programsandservices/stewardship.htm
Informationaboutwhatinvasivespeciesare,listsoftypesofinvasiveplants,andmethodsofcontrolforinvasiveplants: www.creditvalleyca.ca/invasive species
Caring for Your Land and Water-Avarietyoffactsheetscoveringtopicsincludingnaturalgardening: www.creditvalleyca.ca/programsandservices/caringforyourland.htm
Listofecological/landscapecompaniesthatcanhelplandownersplanwhattheywantfortheirproperty: www.creditvalleyca.ca/landscaping/downloads/ecologicalServiceProviders.pdf
ListofnativeplantnurseriesforsouthernOntario: www.creditvalleycons.com/landscaping/downloads/cVcnativePlantnurseries.pdf
62 Appendix 6
information category
organization contact information description and Website information (if applicable)
MUniciPAL LeVeL orGAniZATionS
1,4 Grand river conservation
Authority (GrcA)
400ClydeRoad,POBox729 Cambridge,ONN1R5W6
Tel:519-621-2761 Tollfree:1-866-900-4722 Fax:519-621-4844
Email:[email protected]
Tree Planting-Providesupportfortreeplantingprojectsonprivatelands. http://www.grandriver.ca/index/document.cfm?Sec=48&Sub1=4
Invasive Species-Informationoninvasivespecies,andGRCA’sforestmanagementofinvasivespecies: http://www.grandriver.ca/index/document.cfm?Sec=48&Sub1=6&Sub2=0
1,6 Toronto and region
conservation Authority (TrcA)
5ShorehamDrive Downsview,ONM3N1S4
Tel:(416)661-6600 Fax:(416)661-6898
Email:[email protected]
Community Stewardship Program-Providesprogramsincludinghands-ondemonstrations,workshops,naturewalks,plantingandclean-upactivities: http://trca.on.ca/get-involved/stewardship/index.dot
Healthy Yards Program–Providesinformationandresourcestohelplandownerscreatenaturalgardensusingnativeplants: www.trca.on.ca/get-involved/stewardship/healthy-yards-program
1,4,6 Upper Thames river conservation
1424ClarkeRoad London,ONN5V5B9
Tel:519-451-2800 Fax:519-451-1188
Informationoninvasivespecies: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/invasive_species/invasive_species.htm
Treeplantingprogram: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/Stewardship_Grants/forestry.htm
Informationonnativespecies,includingwhatspeciestoplantandgardeningwithnatives: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/native_species/nativespecies.htm
ProVinciAL AGencieS
1,2,3,4,5,6
conservation ontario
Box11,120BayviewParkway Newmarket,ONL3Y4W3
Tel:905-895-0716 Fax:905-895-0751
Email:[email protected]
AlistofallofOntario’s36conservationauthoritiesbasedonthewatershed.Thisprovideslinkstoalltheconservationareasthatcanprovidesupportforlandownersinprotectingandenhancingthenaturalareasoftheirproperties.Theyalsoprovideworkshops,educationalprogramsandvolunteereventsthroughouttheirwatersheds: www.conservation-ontario.on.ca/about/cas.html
2,3,4,6 Great Lakes information
network
N/A Informationonvarioustopics: Endangered species: http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/endanger.html
Invasive species: http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/invasive.html
Plants of the Great Lakes Region: http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/plants.html
Funding and Grants in the Great Lakes Region: http://www.great-lakes.net/infocenter/news/funding.html
63Appendix 6
information category
organization contact information description and Website information (if applicable)
ProVinciAL AGencieS
1,2,3,4,6
ontario Ministry
of natural resources (oMnr)*
MainOffice 300WaterStreet,P.O.Box7000 Peterborough,ONK9J8M5
Tel:1-800-667-1940
Noemail-onlinecontactform:http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/contactUs/index.html
AlistoftheMNRDistrictOffices: www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/contactUs/2columnSubPage/STeL02_179002.html
Downloadablefactsheetscoveringavarietyofrestorationrelatedtopicsincludingpreservingnaturalshorelines,managingforestsandnaturalizingyourbackyard: www.lrconline.com/extension_notes_english/index.html
Taxincentiveprograms:
Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program (CFWIP)http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/LetsFish/2columnSubPage/STeL02_166030.html
Conservation Lands Tax Incentive Program http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/cLTiP/2columnSubPage/291172.html
Managed Forest Tax Incentive Program http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Forests/Publication/Mnr_e000245P.html
Species at Risk Farm Incentive Program http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/newsroom/Latestnews/258625.html
Descriptionofwhataspeciesatrisk(SAR)is,aswellasalistoftheSARinOntario: www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Species/index.html
Alistofspeciesatrisk(SAR)inOntario: www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Species/2columnSubPage/276722.html
ListsofSARinOntariobyregion*: www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Species/2columnSubPage/246809.html
Invading Species Program(InpartnershipwiththeOntarioFederationofAnglersandHunters)seeOntario Federation of Anglers and Hunters
3,6 natural Heritage
information centre (nHic)*
Email:[email protected] Compiles,maintainsanddistributesinformationonnaturalspecies,plantcommunitiesandspacesofconservationconcerninOntario: nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/Mnr/nhic/nhic.cfm
4,5 ontario Federation of Anglers and
Hunters (oFAH)
4601GuthrieDrive, P.O.Box2800 Peterborough,ONK9J8L5
Tel:705-748-6324 Fax:705-748-9577
Email:[email protected]
Invading Species Awareness Program(InpartnershipwiththeMinistryofNaturalResources)–Informationaboutvarioustypesofinvasivespecies,downloadablefactsheets,aninvasivespeciesonlinereportingsystemandhotline(ReportingHotline:1-800-563-7711): www.invadingspecies.com
Invasive Tracking System:Awebbasedreportingandnetworkingtooldesignedtoallowuserstocreate,viewanddownloadinvasivespeciessightingreportsandmaps: http://www.invasivestrackingsystem.ca
64 Appendix 6
information category
organization contact information description and Website information (if applicable)
ProVinciAL AGencieS
1,2,4 ontario Stewardship
P.O.Box7000 300WaterStreet4thfloor, SouthTower Peterborough,ONK9J8M5
ProvidesalistofallofthestewardshipcouncilsinOntario: www.ontariostewardship.org/index.php/local_council
Species at Risk Stewardship Fund–AfundopentoindividualsandgroupsinsupportofstewardshipactivitiesthatwillimprovethestatusofSARandtheirhabitats: www.ontariostewardship.org/index.php/financial_suport_incentives
4 Stewardship network of
ontario
Email: [email protected]
Avarietyofinformationaboutinvasivespeciesandwaystocontributetofightingthem: www.stewardshipcentre.on.ca
FederAL AGencieS
4 canadian Food inspection
Agency (cFiA)
NationalHeadquarters 1400MerivaleRoad Ottawa,ONK1A0Y9
Tel:1-800-442-2342
noemail-onlinecontactform:http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/tools/feedback/commene.shtml
Southwest
1200CommissionersRdE,Unit19 London,ONN5Z4R3
Tel:519-691-1300 Fax:519-691-1314
Central
259WoodlawnRoad,WestSuiteA Guelph,ONN1H8J1
Tel:519-837-5817 Fax:519-837-9774
Toronto
1124FinchAvenueWest,Unit2 Downsview,ONM3J2E2
Tel:416-665-5055 Fax:416-665-5069and 416-667-4965
North East
Unit7-38AurigaDr. Nepean,ONK2E8A5
Tel:613-946-7897 Fax:613-946-7902
Informationaboutinvasiveplantsaswellasactsandregulationspertainingtoinvasivespecies: http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/invenv/invenve.shtml
Asummaryreportprovidinginformationsuchasthehistoryofinvasiveplants,theeconomic,environmentalandsocialimpactsofinvasiveplants,andCanada’sresponsetoinvasiveplants: www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/invenv/techrpt/summrese.shtml
Invasive Alien Species Partnership Program(AdministeredbyEnvironmentCanadaandinpartnershipwithFisheriesandOceansCanada):seeEnvironmentCanada
65Appendix 6
information category
organization contact information description and Website information (if applicable)
ProVinciAL AGencieS
2,4 environment canada
InquiryCentre 351St.JosephBoulevard PlaceVincentMassey,8thFloor Gatineau,QuebecK1A0H3
Tel:1-800-668-6767
Email:[email protected]
GeneralinformationaboutwhatalienspeciesareandCanada’sresponsetothem:www.ec.gc.ca/eee-ias/
Invasive Species Web Portal–informationaboutinvasivespecies,whatpeoplecandotohelpaswellasameansofbrowsingorsearchingvariousinvasivespeciesrelatedtopics:www.invasive speciespecies.gc.ca
Invasive Alien Species Partnership Program(inpartnershipwithCanadianFoodInspectionAgencyandFisheriesandOceansCanada)-Thestrategyforcombatingalienspeciesprovidingfundingforprovinces,municipalities,educationalinstitutions,non-governmentorganizationsandothergroupswhoareworkingtoprevent,detectandmanageinvasivealienspecies: www.ec.gc.ca/eee-ias/default.asp?lang=en&n=A49893Bc-1
Invasive Plants of Natural Habitats in Canada-Areviewofwetlandanduplandspeciesandthelegislationgoverningtheircontrol: www.ec.gc.ca/eee-ias/78d62AA2-55A4-4e2F-AA08-538e1051A893/invasive species.pdf
66 Appendix 7
App
endi
x 3
Map
i
Appendix 7: Conservation Authorities of Ontario
67Appendix 7
68 Appendix 8
Appendix 8: Ontario Ministry of the Environment – Regional Offices
reGion county/Township
reGionAL oFFice Mailing Address
Telephone/Toll Free/Fax
central region:
Toronto,Halton,Peel,York,Durham,Simcoeand
Muskoka
5775YongeSt,8thFloor
Toronto,ONM2M4J1
Tel(416)326-6700
TollFree1-800-810-8048
Fax(416)325-6347
West-central region:
Haldimand,Norfolk,Niagara,Hamilton-Wentworth,
Dufferin,Wellington,WaterlooandBrant
119KingSt.W.,12thFloorHamilton,
ONL8P4Y7
Tel(905)521-7640
TollFree1-800-668-4557
Fax(905)521-7820
eastern region:
Frontenac,Hastings,Lennox&
Addington,PrinceEdward,Leeds&Grenville,
Prescott&Russell,Stormont/Dundas&Glengarry,
Peterborough,KawarthaLakes,Northumberland,
Renfrew,Ottawa,Lanark,DistrictofNipissing(Twp.
ofSouthAlgonquin)andHaliburton
1259GardinersRoad,Unit3
KingstonONK7P3J6
Tel(613)549-4000
TollFree1-800-267-0974
Fax(613)548-6908
Southwestern region:
Elgin,Middlesex,Oxford,Essex,Kent,Lambton,
Bruce,Grey,HuronandPerth
733ExeterRd.
London,ONN6E1L3
Tel(519)873-5000
TollFree1-800-265-7672
Fax(519)873-5020
northern region (east):
Manitoulin,Nipissing,ParrySound,Sudbury,
Algoma(East),TimiskamingandSaultSte.Marie
199LarchStreet,
Ste1101
Sudbury,ONP3E5P9
Tel(705)564-3237
TollFree1-800-890-8516
Fax(705)564-4180
northern region (west):
Algoma(West),Cochrane,Kenora,RainyRiver,
TimminsandThunderBay
435JamesSt.S.,
Suite331
ThunderBayONP7E6S7
Tel(807)475-1205
TollFree1-800-875-7772
Fax(807)475-1754
69Appendix 8