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Jewish Literature
Apoc./Pseud.Individuals
QumranRabbinic
Apoc./Pseud.
1. ApocryphaA. General
1. Placement: 14 books between OT, NT2. Source: LXX mostly, Old Latin for a few3. Date: 200 BC—AD 1004. Popularity: presence in Qumran documents;
many translated into Greek (LXX); some even written in Greek (Wis. Sol., 2 Macc.)
5. Terminology: originally, “hidden books,” i.e., mysteries, secret lore, only for wise
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.Roman Catholic Russian Orthodox Greek Orthodox
1–2 EsdrasTobitJudithEsther AdditionsWisdom of SolomonSirachBaruchLetter of JeremiahDaniel AdditionsPrayer of Manasseh1–2 Maccabees
Adds:3 MaccabeesPsalm 151
Adds:3 MaccabeesPsalm 1514 Maccabees
Apocrypha Canons
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.1. Apocrypha
B. Jewish Use1. Pre-AD 70: term of honor2. Post-AD 70: outlawed; term grew into disuse
Jamnia traditions: canon ends with Ezra and Hebrew onlyceased copying or systematically destroyedsurvival due entirely to Christian use
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.1. Apocrypha
C. Christian Use: Varying Attitudes1. Early attitudes
Athanasius (373): not canonical, “heretical”Jerome (420): not canonical, but edifying
2. Later attitudesGreek Orthodox: canonicalRoman Catholic: changed Athanasius; made “deuterocanonical” (Council of Trent, 1546)Protestant: not canonical, but edifying
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.1. Apocrypha
D. Kinds of Literature1. Historical: 1 Esdras, 1–2 Macc.2. Moralistic novels: Tobit, Judith, Susanna, Bel and
the Dragon3. Didactic: Wis. Sol., Ecclesiasticus (Wis. Sir.)4. Devotional: Prayer of Manasseh, Prayer of
Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men5. Epistolary: Letter of Jeremiah6. Apocalyptic: 2 Esdras
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.1. Apocrypha
E. Cultural Influence1. General: homilies, meditations, liturgies, poets,
dramatists, composers, artists, proverbs, names2. Shakespeare: daughters names (Susanna, Judith);
80 allusions from 11 books3. Longfe$ow: references to 1–2 Macc. (New
England Tragedies); Judas Maccebeus
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.1. Apocrypha
E. Cultural Influence4. Music
“Now Thank We All Our God” depends on Luther’s trans. of Sir. 50:22–24“It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” depends on Wis. Sol. 18:14–15 for the time of birthHandel: oratorios Susanna, Judas Maccabaeus, Alexander Balas
5. Expressions: “a good name endures forever” (Sir. 41:13)
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.1. Apocrypha
E. Cultural Influence6. Columbus: discovery of New World depended
on Columbus’s reasoning from 2 Esdras 6:42F. New Testament Influence
1. Christian Bible: LXX, which has these books2. Romans 1: Paul’s argument parallels Wis. Sol.3. Heb. 1:1–3: compare Wis. Sol. 7:25–274. Heb. 11:35–37: depends on martyrdom of seven
brothers, a story in 2 Macc. 6–7
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.1. Apocrypha
G. Literary Bridge: OT to NT1. First encounters
with Pharisees, Sadduceeswith belief in demonswith apocalyptic ideas
2. Jewish background of Jesus’ sayingsMatt. 11:28–30 (Ecc. 1:23–24)Matt. 9:16–17 (Ecc. 9:10)Lk. 12:16–20 (Ecc. 11:18–19)
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.2. Pseudepigrapha
A. Additional Jewish Religious Literature1. Beyond OT canon/Apocrypha2. Designation inadequate (does not apply to all)3. Scholarly lists vary
B. Canonical Process1. Jewish: widely popular up to AD 70
Jerusalem’s fall: voided apocalyptic messages Christian use increased rabbinic rejection
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.2. Pseudepigrapha
B. Canonical Process2. Christian: widely popular even after AD 70
survival due mostly to churches in easthence, survival in eastern translations (Syriac, Ethiopic, Coptic, Georgian, Armenian, Silavonic)
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.2. Pseudepigrapha
C. Types and Subjects1. Types: all kinds of Jewish devotional, religious (apocalyptic, testaments, wisdom, prayer, psalms, odes, oracles, drama, history, romance)
2. Subjects: apocalyptic dominates, so is often theodicy, God’s kingdom, future, with emphasis on doctrines of humanity, sin, judgment, heaven/hell
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.2. Pseudepigrapha
D. Apocalyptic Genre in Particular1. Context: born out of fires of persecution,
Maccabean period especially, evoking God’s ultimate control of history by timely direct intervention in final battle, judgment
2. Doctrine: theodicy, God’s kingdom, future, with emphasis on doctrines of humanity, sin, judgment, heaven/hell, resurrection, future bliss
2. PseudepigraphaD. Apocalyptic Genre in Particular
3. Prominent Features stereotypical visions, symbolsperiodization of historytwo-age dualism
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.
TheEnd!
ApocalypticPoint of
View
Human History331 2
1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5 6 7
(Two-Age Dualism)
Jewish Apocalyptic
Roman Rule: The Early Empire
Apoc./Pseud.
Old Age(Evil)
AdamPast & Present
New Age(Good)
Future
Kingdom
of God
Apocalyptic Intervention
Jewish Literature—Apocrypha
Apoc./Pseud.2. Pseudepigrapha
E. New Testament Influence1. Possible: Test. Iss. 5:2; Test. Dan 5:3 on Jesus’
saying, “Love the Lord . . . and your neighbor as yourself ”
2. Definite1 Enoch 1:9 quoted in Jude 14–15Assumption of Moses story alluded to in Jude 9
Jewish Literature
Apoc./Pseud.Individuals
QumranRabbinic
Individuals
1. Philo (20 BC–AD 45)A. Alexandrian Judaism
1. Status: family of means, Greek education2. Leader: headed delegation to Caligula3. Apologist: for Jewish religion to Greek culture4. Accommodationist: observant but moderate
B. Interpretive Method1. Allegorist: bridging philosophy to faith2. Doctrine: highly developed Logos doctrine
Jewish Literature—Individuals
Individuals
2. Josephus (37–110)A. Background
1. Priestly family, Pharisaic training2. Galilean commander in Jewish War3. Post-war life in Rome, Flavian family client
B. Writings1. Historian: Antiquities of the Jews, Jewish War2. Apologist: Life, Against Apion
Jewish Literature—Individuals
Individuals
Jewish Literature
Apoc./Pseud.Individuals
QumranRabbinic
Qumran
1. Significance of DiscoveryA. Jewish Text (Reliability)
1. Predates Masoretic text by 1,000 years2. Substantially 99% the same
B. Jewish Eschatology (Importance)1. Vitality and variety of messianic movements2. Fervor of eschatological expectations
C. Jewish Observance (Heterodoxy)1. Prominence of Jewish sects2. Traditions becoming “normative” Judaism
Jewish Literature—Qumran
Qumran
Jewish Literature—Qumran
Qumran2. Writings of Community
A. Biblical Writings1. Law: Leviticus2. Prophets: Isaiah3. Writings: Psalms, Job
B. Community Writings1. Damascus Document2. War Scro$3. Thanksgiving Hymns4. Habakkuk Commentary
Jewish Literature
Apoc./Pseud.Individuals
QumranRabbinicRabbinic
Jewish Literature—Rabbinic
Rabbinic1. Periods of Development of Talmud
A. Scribes (Sopherim, 450–270 BC)1. Ezra’s reforms the catalyst2. “Great Synagogue” tradition (line of authority)
B. Pairs (Zugoth, 175 BC–AD 10) 1. Hasmonean: Alexandra Salome (Simon ben Shatah)
2. Herodian: Hillel and ShammaiMishnah in development (oral tradition)two opposing schools (set positions on taxes, divorce law, etc.)
Jewish Literature—Rabbinic
Rabbinic1. Periods of Development of Talmud
C. Teachers (Tannaim, AD 10–220)1. Rival schools: Beth Hillel, Beth Shammai2. Revered sages: Gamaliel, Zakkai, Akiba, Judah3. Post-war realities (adjustments, substitutions)
law substituted for the lost templepatriarchate for the lost priesthoodHouse of Hillel for the lost House of Aaron
4. Rabbi Judah I: codifies the oral Mishnah (220)
Jewish Literature—Rabbinic
Rabbinic1. Periods of Development of Talmud
D. Speakers (Amoraim, AD 220–500)1. Oral traditions continue developing
oral commentary on written Mishnahbecame known as Gemaratwo distinct forms: Palestinian, Babylonian
2. Talmud eventually producedTalmud = Mishnah + Gemaratwo distinct forms: Palestinian, BabylonianFrom Ezra to Talmud = 1000 years
Jewish Literature—Rabbinic
Rabbinic2. Other Literary Deposits
A. Liturgical Tradition1. Synagogue context2. Targums: translations of Scripture readings
B. Commentary Traditions1. Topical context: Mishnah and Gemara2. Versified context: Midrash3. Authority in these contexts
ha)adah: non-binding materialhalakah: legally-binding material
Jewish Literature—Rabbinic
RabbinicCommentary Traditions
Versified ContextMidrash
• Exodus: Mekilta• Leviticus: Siphra• Nm./Dt.: Siphre
Topical ContextMishnah & Gemara• Seeds• Festivals• Women• Damages• Holy Things• Purifications
Oral Tradition Authority• Ha)adah: non-binding material• Halakah: legally-binding material
Liturgical TraditionSynagogue Context
Targums• Aramaic translations• Law: one verse• Prophets: three verses
Mishnah
Pal. Gem. Bab. Gem.
Pal. Talmud Bab. Talmud