Structured Questions

7 marks: AO2: 5 AO3: 2

8 marks AO1: 8

10 marks AO2: 8 AO3: 2

AO1 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the content, concepts and processes.

AO2 Analyse, interpret and evaluate geographical information, issues and view points and apply understanding in unfamiliar contexts.

AO3 Select and use a variety of methods, skills and techniques (including the use of new technologies) to investigate questions and issues, reach conclusions and communicate findings.

Note When there are two commands in a question; students must respond to both elements to gain good marks. When describing a photograph, students should do more than simply ‘lift’ features from the photo. If the question asks them to make an assessment of the quality of living that can be inferred. Hence, commentary refers to anything that is appropriate and can be inferred from the stimulus — so long as it is geographical. The student is being invited to think about the photo and reflect on it.

WORLD CITIES

INNER CITY DECLINE

(Jan 04) Inner city decline has taken place in many urban areas within the United Kingdom.With reference to one or more inner city areas that you have studied, explain why inner city decline has taken place.

Causes of inner city decline:

• closure of industry (old manufacturing)• run down housing - movement out of aspiring people

• high levels of unemployment - lack of spending power• difficulties of communication to/from area• downward spiral effect - social and economic malaise• poor environmental conditions - derelict land, graffiti

An example could be the London Docklands prior to London Docklands development.Reasons are the closure of the London docks; closure of associated industries; closure of industries that relied on imported materials; low educational attainment and aspirations amongst local people; out migration of more wealthy and so on.

Level 1 (0-3 marks)A simple list of reasons, none fully developed or attributed to area named ; or one developed reason only.Level 2 (4-8 marks)

More than one reason fully developed and attributed to the named area , or sophisticated commentary.

Comment on the characteristics of an inner city area and identify one piece of evidence from census Enumeration District A that suggests that this had taken place, and show how it illustrates regeneration

Mark Scheme

The data demonstrates the following:High proportion of people who do not have use of their own bath/toilet.

High proportion of people who do not own a car (over 70%)Low occupancy rates, particularly with high proportions of ethnic minorityand high numbers of children . could be elderly indigenous population?Or one parent families? Or empty properties?Relatively high numbers of people seeking work.

Level 1 simplistic statements derived from data. High / low statements.

Level 2 recognition of the more complex aspects of the data . e.g. recognition of possibility of age profile. More sophisticationof analysis e.g. % calculations and some comments on them.

A has more households with exclusive use of bath and toilet. Suggests some refurbishment. Lowest occupancy rates . movement in of single people and/or couples? Lower proportions of ethnic minorities . increase in value of houses?

(Redfern) With reference to examples, suggest reasons for urban decline.

Reasons for urban decline:

Economic decline: Since the 1950s there has been a widespread movement of employment

away from the large conurbations to smaller urban areas and to rural areas. This fall in employment has been largely in traditional manufacturing industries, formerly based on coal, steam power and railways

The growth of service industries did not compensate for the massive job losses in manufacturing

The inner cities contained many of the types of workplace which were most likely to be closed. These were old plants with the oldest production techniques, lowest productivity and most highly unionised workforces.

Population loss and social decline: Between 1951 and 1981, the UK’s largest conurbations lost 35% of their

population and migration was the key cause In the 1980s, a significant proportion of the out-migration from cities

involved people moving to rural areas, a process known as counter-urbanisation

The people who left the inner-city areas tended to be the younger, the more affluent and the moreskilled.

Social decline followed economic decline

The poor physical environment: The physical environment of the inner cities is usually poor, with low-

quality housing, empty and derelict properties, vacant factories and unsightly, overgrown wasteland

In addition, slum clearance schemes of the 1960s and 1970s created unsightly estates of poorly constructed houses and high-rise flats, which then had to be demolished

Mark schemeLevel 1 Simple statements of reasons, without any development or exemplification; or development of one reason only. (1–4 marks)Level 2 Sophisticated statements of reasons, which may show evidence of being interrelated or linked to a specific area(s) where urban decline has taken place. Credit material at this level which shows depth of knowledge and understanding. (5–8 marks)Note This question is assessing knowledge and understanding. Credit will be awarded for both depth and/or breadth of knowledge. As they are specifically required by the question, references to actual areas (case studies) will be needed to access the higher level.

(Jan 08) Study Figure 2 on page 7. It shows selected socio-economic data for boroughs fromwest to east across London.(i) Using Figure 2 only, describe & comment on the differences that exist between Inner London boroughs and Outer London boroughs.

Mark Scheme

ILBs have:

More households without a car/van- Many people may choose not to have a car as public transport is available, and costs of car use are high (parking, congestion charge).

Fewer households that are owner-occupied - Many people in London choose to rent, high costs of mortgaging.

Higher rates of unemployment- There is a marked rise in unemployment (especially to the east of the city) a feature of many inner city areas.

Level 1 (1-4 marks)Only one indicator discussed; or series of simplistic statements without any sense that the graph has been examined closely. No commentary.Level 2 (5-7 marks)More than one indicator discussed; credit any sophistication of comment.

With reference to examples, suggest reasons or inner city decline. (8 marks)

OUT OF TOWN RETAILING

(June 03) Using Figure 1, comment on the characteristics of out-of-town retailing developments in the UK. (7 marks)Mark Scheme

Comments would be on

creation of huge areas of car parking

landscaping of the area around development

other leisure-based activities attracted to the same locale

provision of purpose built transport termini

newly built motorway access routes

creation of recycling depots

loss of large areas of farmland

range of retail activities

facilities for disabled

Outline and comment on the various attitudes of people who live near out-of-town retailing developments to these developments. (8 marks)

Mark Scheme

Attitudes could be based on the following considerations:

Greater opportunities to shop without the need to travel into city centre (favourable);

Greater employment opportunities for local people, especially students at weekends (favourable).

Resultant increase in traffic in the area, with consequent pollution/noise (unfavourable);

Local streets may also become congested with on street parking (unfavourable); All night shopping will mean continual movement in the area, especially delivery lorries (unfavourable).

Level 1 (0-4 marks) Only one attitude stated; or listing of simple statements with no real attitudinal development.

Level 2 (5-8 marks) More sophisticated statements with more than one attitude stated which are different and clearly attributed.

(Jun 04) With reference to examples, describe the effects of the development of out-of-town retailing areas on existing Central Business Districts (CBDs) of towns.Mark Scheme

N.B. Effects MUST be on the CBD, not on area around out-of-town centre.

They will include: Decline of city centre shops . shop closures . job losses Reduction in pedestrian densities Increase in number of charity shops in former premises of chain stores Greater emphasis on office developments and other services Move to ‘fight back’by many CBD’s Improvements topedestrian areas and shopping malls, CCTV systems, More Sunday/late night opening, special events.

Level 1(0-4 marks) A simple list of effects with no real development of any; or one well developed effect only.

Level 2 (5-8 marks) more than one effect clearly developed. References to specificcase studies access this level. The majority of answers will concentrate on the negative impact, so credit those answers that refer to the positive stimulus given to CBDs (as above).

(June 06) Study Figure 1 on the insert. It is an aerial photograph of an out-of-town retail park. Describe and comment on the main characteristics of this retail park.Mark Scheme

(i) The main characteristics include: Large extensive site Appears to be a flat site – river floodplain? Large one storey buildings, or at most two storey Extensive areas of car parking, scattered through the area Monorail or railway system which interconnects the complex Well planned road layouts, with roundabouts Retail elements entirely undercover

Level 1 (0-4 marks)Two of the above characteristics identified and describedLevel 2 (5-7 marks)More than two characteristics identified, described and commented on.

(June 09) With reference to examples, suggest reasons why out-of-town locations are attractive to retail developers.Mark Scheme

Notes for answers Reasons for out-of-town locations: Increased access to wealthier suburban population; Cheaper land for site and expansion; Access to new roads / motorways; Advantage of derelict land grants (brownfield sites); High levels of dereliction in inner city / CBDs; Difficulty of access to CBDs – for shoppers and deliveries; Possibility of developing new attractive greenfield sites.

Level 1 (0-4 marks)Generalised statements of reasons that could apply to any out of town location. Reasons tend to be stated simplistically. Development of one reason only.Level 2 (5-8 marks)Development of more than reason.

(Jun 08) Figures 2a and 2b show the results of a study into the attitudes of people to the opening of a new out-of-town retail development. It was conducted in a nearby CBD.Describe and comment on the attitudes expressed.

Mark Scheme

Initially shoppers were very much in favour of the development, but this reduced after the opening. Also initially shopkeepers/employees were very much against, which again reduced in scope afterwards.

The aspirations of the shoppers were not matched, and neither werethe fears of the shopkeepers. Perhaps there were difficulties of access, or some refurbishment of the CBD.Level 1 (0-4 marks)Simple statements of attitudes or changes in attitudes with no commentary.Level 2 (5-7 marks)One attitude, or change in attitude, discussed / commented upon.

(Specimen) Discuss the impacts of out-of-town centre retailing on urban areas. (10 marks)Urban planners are extremely concerned that CBDs are declining, as there are potentially large problems for run-down city centres which can become very

dangerous at night. Dereliction,increased numbers of low grade shops and lack of investment all encourage “blight” to set in.Planners see the CBD as an important social and cultural meeting point for a city. A declining CBD will only accelerate the success of the out-of-town centres. A number of strategies are being devised to help the city centre “fight back”:• The provision of a more attractive shopping environment with pedestrianisation, new street furniture, floral displays, paving and landscaping• The construction of all-weather shopping malls that are air conditioned in the summer and heated in the winter, often with integral low cost parking• The encouragement of specialist areas, such as open street markets, cultural quarters and arcades• The improvement of public transport links to the heart of the CBD, with rapid transit systems, park and ride schemes and shopper buses• The extensive use of CCTV and emergency alarm systems to reduce crime and calm the fears of the public, particularly women• The organisation of special shopping events such as Christmas fairs, late night shopping and Sunday shopping• Conservation schemes that enhance the ambience of heritage cities such as Chester, York, Bath and Cambridge.

Many cities are also encouraging functions other than retailing to increase the attractions of a CBD by:• Developing a wider range of leisure facilities, such as café bars, restaurants, music venues (such as the “Arenas” in many city centres), cinemas and theatres that people would visit in the evening• Promoting street activity as is often the case at Covent Garden in London• Developing a wide range of nightlife, such as “clubbing” in Manchester and Leeds (but there are negatives associated with this with the high level of policing that will be necessary)• Establishing theme areas, such as the gay area in Manchester, or the cultural quarters of Sheffield and Stoke• Developing flagship attractions (for example the photographic museum in Bradford)• Encouraging residential activities to return to city centres, either in the form ofgentrification or new up-market apartments.On the rural – urban fringe, large areas have been devoted to major retail parks and this has involved the following:• Redevelopment and/or clearance of a large area of cheap farmland, or a brownfield site• The creation of extensive areas of car parking (The Trafford Centre has 10000 spaces)

• The construction of a link to a motorway interchange, or outer ring road• The development of other transport interchange facilities - bus station, supertram, railway station.• The construction of linked entertainment facilities - e.g. Warner Village cinemas, fast food outlets.Mark schemeLevel 1 – Simple statements of impact. No depth to answer, mostly generalisations. Limited use of examples. 1-3 marksLevel 2 – Some detail and depth for one type of impact: negative or positive. Good use is made of at least one example. 4-8 marksLevel 3 – Fully developed answer, for both forms of impact, positive and negatives. Rounded answer with full range of impacts discussed and/or evaluated. 9-10 marks

Evaluate the success of one city centre retailing scheme that you have studied. (10 marks)

With reference to examples, discuss the social, economic and environmental impacts of out of town retailing on nearby CBD’s (10 marks)

URBAN REGENERATION

(Redfern) With reference to one process of urban regeneration that you have studied, discuss the effectiveness of the process in the area(s) affected.

Mark schemeLevel 1 Simple statements of urban regeneration schemes/policies which could apply to any area of the country.No specific detail provided, nor any attempt to assess success. (1–4 marks)Level 2 Specific descriptive statements of an urban regeneration scheme/policy some of which can be clearly attributed to a named example. Assessment is tentative and implicit. (5–8 marks)Level 3 A fully developed answer,with good elaboration and clear detail of the chosen urban regeneration scheme/policy. Assessment of success is explicit. (9–10 marks)Note This question is assessing depth of knowledge and understanding. The requirement is that only one process of regeneration is referred to, though this could be examined in more than one area. It is also clear that actual areas (case studies) need to be referred to. The key command is ‘discuss’ which means that the student has to examine the overall effectiveness of the chosen process from a variety of standpoints to access the highest level.

(June 03)The regeneration of inner city areas can be achieved by a number of methods, including gentrification and the use of City Challenge Partnerships.Choose either City Challenge Partnerships or Gentrification.Outline the ways in which your chosen method can regenerate inner cities, and comment on their success. (8marks)

Mark SchemeGentrificationThis is a process of housing improvement associated with a change in the neighbourhood composition when lower income groups are displaced by more affluent people, usually in professional or managerial occupations. It is a process by which the regeneration of inner cities is carried out by individuals or groups of individuals, and not by supported bodies. Gentrification involves the rehabilitation of old houses and street on an individual basis, but is openly encouraged by other groups such as estate agents, building societies and the local council. One of the clear positive outcomes is that the social mix of the area is changed in the direction of greater affluence. The purchasing power of the residents is greater which leads to rise in general level of prosperity in the area. The area becomes dominated by “yuppies”, with a subsequent increase in the number of bars, restaurants and other higher status services.The very nature of the refurbishment that takes place in each house leads to the creation of employment, such as design, building work, furnishings and decoration, in the area. There are, however, clear disadvantages of gentrification. Local people on low incomes find it increasingly difficult to purchase houses, as the price of refurbished property rises markedly.Indeed, the size of the privately rented sector diminishes as more properties are sold off. Friction and conflict occurs between the “newcomers” and the original residents. Gentrification is taking place in the central parts of a wide number of towns and cities in the United Kingdom. Examples include Notting Hill and Islington in London, around the Brindley Place area in Birmingham, and the Castlefield area of Manchester. Similar upmarket converted dwellings can now be found in the central parts of most towns.Level 1 (0-4 marks) generalised statements of the role of gentrification with no specific references to named examples. Links to regeneration projects are restricted. Evaluation comments are simplistic.Level 2 (5-8 marks) specific statements about the role of gentrification access this level. Clear references to regeneration projects are clear. Precise evaluative comments are provided.

(June 04) There have been a number of policies (other than Housing Associations) aimed at inner city improvement within the United Kingdom. Describe the aims of the chosen policy and comment on the effectiveness of that policy in one or more named areas where it was established.

Mark SchemeA wide number of policies could be identified, perhaps the most popular will be Development Corporations, e.g. London Docklands. We should check that the policy is aimed at inner city improvement, and credit appropriate detail of the named policy in the area identified. Allow gentrification to maximum level 1.

Mark schemeLevel 1 (1-3 marks) – Simple setting out the aims and outcomes of the chosen policy. Some statements are likely to be generalised, and not directly applicable to the area named. No evaluative comments are given at all.Level 2 (4-8 marks) – Some detail and depth of either a positive or a negative impact that are clearly attributed to the area named by the candidate. Precise evaluative comments access this level. Good use is made of at least one example. Level 3 (9-10 marks) – Fully developed answer, for both forms of impact, positive and negatives. Rounded answer with full range of impacts discussed and/or evaluated.

(Jan 05) The Albert Dock in Liverpool is an area where regeneration, including retail change, has taken place. Study Figure 1 on the insert.Using only the information in Figure 1 on the insert, describe & comment on the main changes that have taken place in the Albert Dock.

Mark schemeMain points:

Closure in the 1970.s Refurbishment by UDC (MDC) Development as heritage attraction

Level 1 (0-4 marks) A simple list of changes, none fully developed or attributed to area; or one developed reason only.Level 2 (5-7 marks)

More than one point fully developed and attributed to the named area & evidence of sophisticated commentary.

(Jan 05) Study Figure 1, on the insert, a photograph of part of the Greenwich Millennium Village in London, together with extracts from a blog by a local resident.Describe & comment on the main the features of urban regeneration in this area.

Mark schemeNotes for answers. (7 marks)Regeneration features

Construction of new (high-rise) housing areas – variable heights, variety of sizes / prices, considered use of colour; walk ways which are lit

Built on a former gasworks site; decontamination needed (brownfield site) Man-made lake, ecology park Riverside development overlooking the Thames Within ped-shed (walking) distance of the underground Social transformation

Level markingLevel 1 (0-4 marks) A simple list of regeneration features, none fully developed or described; or one developed account only

Level 2 (5-7 marks)

More than one regeneration feature fully examined and developed

(b) (ii) The blog expresses several negative views about the development.Comment on the evidence given to support these negative views.

Mark SchemeNotes for answers. (7 marks)Negative views:

Aim of social inclusion and participation – not been the outcome Highly expensive houses / flat – too expensive for locals (few descendents

of workers at the gasworks could afford to live there) Deserted during the day – no sense of community Distant from the rest of Greenwich – separate area within the local area No attempts to mix – not even to walk to the station on the way to work

Credit commentary on level of bias in the document.Level markingLevel 1 (1-4 marks)

Simple statements of negative elements none fully developed or described; or one developed account onlyLevel 2 (5-7 marks)More than one negative view fully developed. Commentary is clear.

(Jun 08) Study Figure 3 on the insert which shows an area that has undergone regeneration.Using only Figure 3, describe and comment on the features that indicate regeneration has occurred.

Mark SchemeSalford QuaysThe key aspect here is the link to ‘regeneration’. So, be prepared to credit before and after statements which can be gleaned from the photo:Formerly a dock area - now tourist/businessTwo cranes are clearly visible - sign of earlier industryUpgrading of edge of water area - lights, railings, block pavingNew building in the background - offices / apartments?Cleaner water vis-à-vis pollutedLevel markingLevel 1 (1-4 marks)Simple listing of features without any reference to renewal /regeneration. No commentary.Level 2 (5-7 marks)References to renewal/regeneration. Each reference to receive creditthrough Level. Commentary on renewal/regeneration

Explain a scheme to regenerate a declining inner city and evaluate its success. Notes for answers.A wide number of partnerships could be identified. We should check that the policy is aimed at inner city improvement and is a partnership between governments and the private sector, and credit appropriate detail of the namedpartnership in the area identified.Level markingLevel 1 (1-4 marks)A set of statements setting out the aims and outcomes of the chosen policy. Statements are likely to be generalised, and not directly applicable to the area named by the candidate. No evaluative comments are given at all.

Level 2 (5-8 marks)

Statements of either a positive or a negative impact that are clearly attributed to the area named by the candidate. Precise evaluative comments access this level. Better responses may indicate both positive and negative outcomes, and / or may indicate short term and long term impacts.URBANISATION IN LEDC

(Jun 05) Study Figure 1, on the insert, which is a photograph of an area of São Paulo in Brazil.Describe and comment on the various characteristics of urban growth in an LEDC as shown in Figure 1.

The photograph demonstrates the two main elements of urban growth in LEDCs.The rich - the tall apartment blocks / offices, densely packed together and covering an extensive area, (the horizon must cover a large distance of high-rise buildings). These are areas of high-class residential property as well as places of employment.The poor- the favelas in the foreground. Ramshackle, made of timber and old doors with corrugated iron roofs. Despite this, there are aspects of permanence- the roadway, the electricity lines, maybe telephone lines. Even gardens appear to have been laid out.Level 1(1-4 marks)Simple identification of features on the photograph with no attempt to describe or categorise.Level 2 (5-8 marks)Description and/or categorisation of features in the photograph. Some indication that the candidate has looked at, and analysed the photo in detail.

Similar Question (Page 288- Redfern)

Study Photograph C. Describe and comment on the contrast in the quality of living that can be seen in the urban area shown in the photograph.

The photograph demonstrates the two main elements of urbanisation in developing countries:_ the rich — the tall apartment blocks/offices, densely packed together and covering an extensive area (but with some green spaces). These are areas of high-class residential property as well as places of employment_ the poor — the favelas in the foreground. Ramshackle, made of timber and old doors with corrugated iron roofs. Despite this there are aspects of permanence — the roadway, the cars, the electricity lines, maybe telephone lines. Not a great deal of evidence of planning

of layout. Some of the buildings have an air of permanence (use of brick and concrete)

Mark schemeLevel 1 (1–4 marks) Simple identification of features on the photograph with no attempt to describe or classify. Commentary is either lacking or simplistic. Level 2 (5–7 marks) Clear description and/or classification of features in the photograph. Commentary is sophisticated, which also demonstrates that the candidate has looked at, and analysed, the photo in detail.

(June 09) Name one major urban area in a Less Economically Developed Country (LEDC) that you have studied and explain the growth of that urban area.

Growth of Mumbai Suburbanisation of Mumbai Growth of Dharavi

Level markingLevel 1 (0-3 marks)Simple statements of variation from the data e.g. high/low statements, higher/lower statements.Level 2 (4-8 marks)More sophisticated description that recognises the wide range of quality of life. Commentary based on good description, as in the nfa, access this level.

(Jan 08) With reference to one or more examples, describe the problems that exist in urban areas in LEDCs.In Cairo:

30% of the city has no public sewerage system; 55% of waste water is untreated as it travels through open canals and riversto the sea.

Although the city does not have extensive areas of squatter settlements, many people live in inappropriate locations . the Cities of the Dead (the tombs of old Cairo) and on rooftops in makeshift dwellings.

There is serious air pollution, caused by high levels of traffic and fumes from open-air cooking stoves.

Waste disposal is disorganised . in some areas it is done by the Zabbaleen with donkey carts.

Level markingLevel 1 (0-3 marks)Generalised account of problems that could refer to any city in anLEDC. Problems tend to be listed simplistically rather than dealt with

in depth.Level 2 (4-8 marks)Specific statements relating to the named city / urban area access thislevel. Answers are detailed and have depth.

(Jan 08) Using Figure 1 only, identify and comment on the various attitudes to the removal of favelas (shanty towns) in Rio de Janeiro.

Glorinha . against . lived there for most of her life, raised her children there, tended her garden.Jose . against . wants to protect areas that are the homes to many poorer members of society; resents having to move to please the .rich..Leila . for . wants to make the city more attractive and more law abiding. Feels that the favela residents would gain by moving to out of town location.Carlos . for . wants to increase tourist numbers.Level markingLevel 1 (1-4 marks)Only one attitude stated / commented upon; or listing of simplestatements with no real attitudinal development.Level 2 (5-7 marks)More than one attitude stated / commented upon; which are differentand clearly attributed.

URBANISATION IN MEDC

(June 03) Study Figure 2. United Kingdom would like to reduce counterurbanisation. Describe and comment on the extent the information given in Figure 2 illustrates this?

Projected new home building in England (1991–2016) by county

Large number of new homes in London, Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire. Limited growth of new homes in East Anglia,

Areas with less than 70,000 new homes:Northern parts of England – Cumbria, NorthumberlandSeveral counties down the western side of the country – Shropshire, Gloucestershire, CornwallCluster along south coast – Sussex @ 2, Isle of Wight.General comment re peripheral

Explain the causes of counter urbanisation (8marks)

Causes of counter-urbanisation:_ People may have a negative reaction to city life and many want to escape the air pollution, dirt and crime of the urban environment._ People aspire to what they see as the pleasant, quiet and clean environment of the countryside, where land and house prices are cheaper._ Car ownership and greater affluence allow people to commute to work from such areas. Indeed, many sources of employment have also moved out of cities._ Improvements in technology, such as the internet, have allowed more freedom of location.- Someone working from a home computer can access the same global system as a person in a city centre office block._ There is a rising demand for second homes and earlier retirement._ There is a need for rural areas to attract income. Agriculture is currently facing economic difficultiesand one straightforward way for farmers to raise money is to sell unwanted land and buildings.Mark schemeLevel 1 (1–4 marks) Simple statements of cause, without any development or exemplification; or development of one cause only. Level 2 (5–8 marks)Sophisticated statements of cause, which may show evidence of being interrelated or linked to a specific area(s) where counter-urbanisation has taken place. Credit material at this level which shows depth of knowledge and understanding.

(June 04) With reference to More Economically Developed countries (MEDCs), Explain the process of counter-urbanisation and describe the impact that counter-urbanisation has had on areas.

Counterurbanisation is the process of population movement out of major urban areas into much smaller urban areas and rural areas. People are said to ‘upsticks’ and move away from large cities, physically crossing and going beyond the .greenbelt.. The increased use of the private car, and electronic technologies have enabled this to increase in many MEDCs.

Possible impacts: Increased use of commuter railway station nearby Increased value of houses in the area Increase in the construction of .executive housing. in the area Conversions of farm buildings to housing Locals move out of area Environmental degradation

Level 1 (1-4 marks)Describes the process. Impact statements are likely to be generalised, and not directly applicable to a area named are.Level 2 (5-8 marks)Statements of either a positive or a negative impact that are clearly attributed to the area named area. A higher mark would be given where responses may indicate both positive and impacts.

(June 09) Choose one of the methods listed below, and describe how effective the method has been in the regeneration of an inner city area. (8 marks)

Property-led regeneration Partnerships between government and the private sector

Notes for answers (8 marks)Statements will depend on the area and scheme identifiedLevel markingLevel 1 (1-4 marks)Generalised statements of the effectiveness of chosen method with no specific references to named examples. Links to regeneration projects are restricted. Evaluation comments are simplistic.

Level 2 (4-8 marks)Specific statements about the effectiveness of chosen method in named areas access this level. Clear references to regeneration projects are clear. Precise evaluative comments are provided.

(Specimen) Outline and illustrate the concept of ‘gentrification’ in an urban area. (8 marks)

Gentrification is a process of housing improvement. It is associated with a change in the neighbourhood composition in which low income groups are displaced by more affluent people, usually in professional or managerial occupations. Gentrification is a proces by which the regeneration of inner cities can take place, but it is different from other schemes in that gentrification is carried out by individuals or groups of individuals, and not by supported bodies. Gentrification involves the rehabilitation of old houses and streets on an individual basis, but is openly encouraged by othergroups such as estate agents, building societies and local authorities.One of the clear positive outcomes is that the social mix of the area is changed and becomes more affluent. The purchasing power of the residents is greater which leads to rise in the general level of prosperity. The area becomes dominated by “yuppies”, with a subsequent increase in the number of bars, restaurants and other higher status services. The very nature of the refurbishment that takes place in each house leads to the creation of local employment, such as design, building work, furnishings and decoration.There are, however, clear disadvantages of gentrification. Local people on low incomes find it increasingly difficult to purchase houses, as the price of refurbished property rises markedly. Indeed, the size of the privately rented sector diminishes as more properties are sold off. Friction and conflict occurs between the “newcomers” and the original residents.Gentrification is taking place in the central parts of a wide number of towns and cities in the UK. Well documented examples include Notting Hill and Islington in London.Mark schemeLevel 1 – Simple statements of concept, or simple statements of illustration only. No depth of discussion. 1-4 marksLevel 2 – Detailed statements of concept and/or illustration. Better responses may discuss actual evidence of gentrification. 5-8 marks

URBANISATION

Describe on the distribution of the areas with less than 40% of the population living in urban settlement and comment on attitudes to urbanisation of people who live in rural areas. . (8 marks)

Mark SchemeNotes for answers.

Areas of less than 40% urbanised population: LEDC - Asian countries: China, India, SE Asia, SW Asia (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan), S Arabian peninsulaAfrican countries: Sahel countries, East African countries, Southern African countries of Botswanaand Zimbabwe.Attitudes could be based on the following considerations:Reduction in population density of rural areas (favourable) /prospect of money being sent home from city (favourable)/potential increase in market for agricultural produce (favourable).Resultant social imbalance in rural communities (unfavourable) / lack of manpower to maintain land (unfavourable) / loss of entrepreneurial skills to city

(unfavourable).

Level 1 (1-4 marks)Only one attitude stated, or listing of simple statements with no real attitudinal development. Level 2 (5-8 marks)More than one attitude stated, which are different and clearly attributed.

Question 4Describe and comment on the pattern of urbanisation as shown in figure C

Scan and copy map from Redfern Page 284(a) Description should include:_ high rates of urbanisation (60% and over) — South America, North America, Europe and Russia, Australia and New Zealand; isolated countries of Libya and Saudi Arabia_ medium levels of urbanisation (40–60%) — west Africa (e.g. Nigeria), North Africa, southernAfrica_ areas of less than 40% urbanised population — Asian countries, e.g. China, India, southeast Asia;southwest Asia (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan); southern Arabian peninsula; African countries; Sahel countries; east African countries; southern African countries of Botswana and Zimbabwe

Commentary could relate to levels of economic development, the nature of the terrain and the nature of the economy. Anomalous countries (e.g. Paraguay, Libya) could feature.

Mark schemeLevel 1 (1–4 marks) Simple listing of areas mostly by continent. Lack of commentary or simplistic commentary; no recognition of any anomalies to the general pattern. Level 2 (5–7 marks) Some sophisticated commentary on the distribution/pattern described. Recognition of anomalous countries.

Note There are two commands in this question. Students must respond to both elements to gain good marks. When describing a global distribution, students should try to identify general patterns, as well as anomalies to them.Commentary can refer to anything appropriate that can be inferred from the data — so long as it is geographical.The student is being invited to think about the data and reflect on them.

(Redfern) Assess the effects of re urbanisation on cities at different levels of economic development.

Re-urbanisation is the movement of people into the city centre or inner city as part of the process of urban regeneration.There are three main processes at work:Gentrification — in-movement by individuals or groups of individuals into older housing that was previously in a state of disrepair and the subsequent improvement of that housingProperty-led regeneration schemes — in-movement by people as part of large-scale investmentprogrammes aimed at urban regeneration in a wider social, economic and physical senseThe move towards sustainable communities — allowing individuals and communities living in citycentres to have access to a home, a job and a reliable income, with a reasonable quality of life andopportunities to maximise personal potential through education and health provision, andthrough participation in local democracies

The topic of re-urbanisation can cover a wide range of urban areas within countries at different levels of economic development. There are many such schemes that could be discussed. Urban regeneration schemes within countries that are economically less developed (such as self-help schemes and sites and services schemes) could feature here, under sustainable communities above, as well as the more standard case studies within the UK (as given above). It is important to stay within the remit of the question, and examine only effects of re-urbanisation. Better responses would refer to a minimum of two case studies.

Mark schemeLevel 1 Simple statement of effects which could apply to a wide range of re-urbanisation schemes. There is limited use of case study material to illustrate or support the general points being made.No overall assessment is given. (1–4 marks)Level 2 Statements of effects that are sophisticated and/or linked to specific areas of study.Good use is made of exemplification to support the answer. Marks in the upper range should be awarded for clear references tore-urbanisation within urban areas at different levels of economic development. Assessment is tentative and implicit. (5–8 marks)Level 3 A fully developed answer,with good elaboration and clear detail of the effects of re-urbanisation with thechosen urban areas. Statements of assessment are explicit. (9–10 marks)

Note The key command for this question is ‘assess’. Hence the student must make some judgement regarding theeffects of re-urbanisation on the chosen areas referred to.The student must refer to at least two countries at differentstages of economic development, and it is clear that good use of case study material is necessary. A wholly generalor theoretical answer would have difficulty accessing the higher levels.

WASTE

(Specimen) Study Figure 4 which shows the ways in which three European cities manage their waste.Describe the differences in the ways in which the cities manage their waste andcomment on the different methods used. (7 marks)

Landfill: London dominates (over 2 x Vienna; 5 x Amsterdam)Energy recovery: Amsterdam has 40% (2 x Vienna; 5 x London)Composting: Vienna has largest proportion (15%); small amounts only in the other two citiesRecycling: both Vienna and Amsterdam have much higher proportions than London.

Comments:Landfill: unsightly, threat to groundwater, produces methane gasEnergy recovery: involves incineration, produces CO2 and other toxins, but can be used to heat water.Composting: expensive on a large scale; needs advanced anaerobic digestion; can produce useful by-productsRecycling: high costs of collection, high set up costs, low market values of materials. Relies on individuals.Mark schemeLevel 1 – Description only given, no explicit comparison, and no commentary other than more obvious statements. 1-3 marksLevel 2 – Clear statements of difference, with further credit at this level for appropriate and sophistication of commentary. 4-7 marks