apes review topics
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APES review topics. Cycles. All nutrients on earth have to cycle: matter is neither created nor destroyed. All nutrients pass through both living and non living components of the ecosystem Living things need all nutrients and can only get them through consumption (animals) or uptake (plants) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Cycles• All nutrients on earth have to cycle: matter is
neither created nor destroyed. • All nutrients pass through both living and non
living components of the ecosystem• Living things need all nutrients and can only get
them through consumption (animals) or uptake (plants)
• Nitrogen cycle is driven by bacteria• Hydrologic cycle is driven by the sun, water
vapor• Carbon cycle: greenhouse effect, carbon
sequestration.
Soils• O layer- organic material, decaying life• A layer- topsoil, humus• B layer- subsoil, some broken parent material • C layer- parent material bedrock• Infiltration: the downward movement of water through soil.• Leaching: dissolving of minerals and organic matter in
upper layers carrying them to lower layers.• The soil type determines the degree of infiltration and
leaching.• Sand- 0.05-2 mm• Silt- 0.002-0.05 mm• Clay- less than 0.002 mm• Soil nutrients are determined by the type of vegetation
which is determined by the climate
Weathering and erosion• Soil erosion lowers soil fertility and can overload nearby
bodies of water with eroded sediment.– Sheet erosion: surface water or wind peel off thin layers of soil.– Rill erosion: fast-flowing little rivulets of surface water make small
channels.– Gully erosion: fast-flowing water join together to cut wider and
deeper ditches or gullies.• Soil erosion is the movement of soil components, especially
surface litter and topsoil, by wind or water.• Soil erosion increases through activities such as farming,
logging, construction, overgrazing, and off-road vehicles.• Desertification- land becoming more desert like due to soil
erosion• Weathering- biologic, chemical and mechanical• Weathering is the breaking apart of rock material into
smaller particles
Global warming• Proxy Data
– Ice cores, Tree Rings and Lake Core Sediments• major factors shape the earth’s climate:
– The sun.– Greenhouse effect that warms the earth’s lower troposphere and
surface because of the presence of greenhouse gases.– Oceans store CO2 and heat, evaporate and receive water, move
stored heat to other parts of the world.– Natural cooling process through water vapor in the troposphere
(heat rises).• Between 1979 and 2005, average Arctic sea ice dropped
20%• If seas levels rise by 9-88cm during this century, most of
the Maldives islands and their coral reefs will be flooded.• “global warming” refers to the current increase in global
temperatures which is suspected to be caused by anthropogenic sources (cars, factories, etc)
Spreading centerCollision between
two continentsOcean trench
Plate movement
Subduction zone
Oceanic crust
Continental crust
Continental crust
Material cools as it reaches
the outer mantle
Cold dense material falls back through
mantle
Hot material
rising through
the mantle
Mantle convection
cell
Two plates move towards each other. One is subducted back into the mantle on a falling convection current.
Mantle
Hot outer core Inner
core
Plate movementTe
cton
ic
plat
e
Oceanic tectonic
plate
Oceanic tectonic plate
Oceanic crust
EURASIAN PLATEEURASIAN PLATENORTH NORTH AMERICAN AMERICAN PLATEPLATE
ANATOLIAN ANATOLIAN PLATEPLATE
JUAN DE JUAN DE FUCA PLATEFUCA PLATE
CHINA CHINA SUBPLATESUBPLATE
CARIBBEAN CARIBBEAN PLATEPLATE
PHILIPPINE PHILIPPINE PLATEPLATE
ARABIAN ARABIAN PLATEPLATEAFRICAN AFRICAN
PLATEPLATEPACIFIC PACIFIC PLATEPLATE SOUTH SOUTH
AMERICAN AMERICAN PLATEPLATENAZCA NAZCA
PLATEPLATEINDIA-INDIA-
AUSTRALIAN AUSTRALIAN PLATEPLATE
SOMALIAN SOMALIAN SUBPLATESUBPLATE
ANTARCTIC PLATEANTARCTIC PLATE
Divergent plate boundaries
Convergent plate boundaries
Transform faults
Benefits of the ocean
• Great diversity- coral reefs• Coral bleaching- waters getting too warm
causing coral (animals) to die leaving behind only the white limestone
• Coral reefs protect main land from high surf and storms.
• Huge amount of carbon sequestration• estuaries are where rivers meet the sea. Help
control flooding, very productive ecosystem. – Filter toxic pollution, excess plant nutrients, sediments
and other pollutants.
Ozone depletion• How to make ozone:
– O2 + High Energy UV O + O– O2 + O O3
• CFC’s – chlorofluorocarbons• Stratospheric ozone depletion• Harmful effects of less ozone:
– Melanoma – Basal Cell Carcinomas – Squamous Cell Carcinomas – Other Skin Damage – Cataracts and Other Eye Damage – Immune Suppression – Inhibit photosynthesis in plankton
Air pollution• Carbon oxides- incomplete combustion of
carbon-containing materials.– 93% of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the troposphere
occurs as a result of the carbon cycle.– 7% of CO2 in the troposphere occurs as a result of
human activities (mostly burning fossil fuels).
• Nitrogen oxides- nitrogen and oxygen gas in air react at the high-combustion temperatures in automobile engines and coal-burning plants.
• Sulfur Oxides- 2/3 come from coal and oil combustion– SO2 in the atmosphere can be converted to sulfuric
acid (H2SO4) and sulfate salts (SO42-) that return to
earth as a component of acid deposition.
Air Pollution• Suspended particulates (SPM)
– The most harmful forms of SPM are fine particles (PM-10, with an average diameter < 10 micrometers) and ultrafine particles (PM-2.5).
• Troposphere Ozone- highly reactive gas, major component of photochemical smog.– UV + VOC = NOx = Ozone– NOx: Released mainly from burning of fossil fuels– VOCs: emitted in gasoline fumes, and in the
evaporation of solvents• Nitrogen dioxide- A brown gas which contributes
to urban haze– Can be converted in the atmosphere to HNO3 which
then is deposited as acid deposition