apes review 12 days till the apes exam do now: match up the legislation flash cards at your table....
TRANSCRIPT
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APES REVIEW12 days till the APES Exam
Do Now: Match up the Legislation Flash Cards at your table.
Agenda:• Legislation Flash Cards• Lecture: Most Important Legislation
Homework: “115 Ways to Go APE!”• 18 LAW flash cards (Due Thur)
• Flashcards #1 – 50 (Due Fri)• Flashcards #51 – 115 (Due Mon)
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APES REVIEW11 days till the APES Exam
Do Now: 7 Multiple Choice questions
Agenda:• Lecture: Legislation • Legislation FlashCards• Silent Spring
Homework: Read “Silent Spring”excerpt; answer questions.• Flashcards #1 – 50 (Due Fri)• Flashcards #51 – 115 (Due Mon)
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• What’s the difference between the Kyoto Protocol and the Montreal Protocol?
• Why would a country not ratify the Kyoto Protocol?
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The Most Important Environmental Legislation
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Early Days
• Why did early laws not mention the environment?– There was so much land and so
many resources in the US that it was unimaginable that they could be in danger
• After Civil War people continued to migrate West and realized that US did not have endless supply of land/resources.– First national park, Yellowstone
National Park, was established in 1872
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Early Activists• Henry David
Thoreau (1817-1862) Walden– Studied nature at
Walden Pond• John Wesley Powell
(1834-1902)– First to pass through
Grand Canyon– First to advocate to
regulate land use
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Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919)
• Started own natural history museum as child became part of NYC’s AMNH– “Golden Age of Conservation”
– increased national forest lands by 400%, 150 new national forests, 51 bird reserves, established five national parks (Grand Canyon), 4 national reserves, 18 national monuments, 24 reclamation projects, etc.
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Rachel Carson
• Silent Spring, 1962
• Awoke in many Americans an awareness of the state of the environment
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1970s Environmental Legislation
• Most laws and policies enacted during Nixon era
• Earth Day (1970)• Nixon signed into the
law NEPA (1970)
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National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
• Required all federal agencies to provide Environmental Impact Statements for their activities– EIS: outlines all possible environmental effects and
steps it has taken to avoid environmental harm, and justification for why any unavoidable harm may be necessary
• Led to the creation of the EPA
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Established by Nixon in 1970• Functions:– to protect human health– protect and preserve Earth’s
air, water, land, and endangered species
• EPA launched WaterSense in 2006: promotes water-efficient consumer products (like Energy Star program)
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Water Quality
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1969, Cuyahoga River, Cleveland OH
• Oil slick on the river caught on fire• Ignited national outrage• Soon after pressure was placed on government
leaders to pass legislation to reduce water pollution
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Clean Water Act (CWA)• Passed by US Congress in 1972• Goal: Return all surface water in US to “fishable and
swimmable”• Act requires specific point sources of pollution to acquire a
permit and develop technology that would control output• Requires: best available, economically achievable
technology for limiting toxic discharge– allows NO discharge at all of 126 toxic pollutants
• Result: Surface water of US has improved dramatically– All surface water is not yet swimmable or fishable– Federal and State money allocated to build municipal sewage
treatment facilities
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Opponents to Clean Water Act
• Farmers, developers, state/local movements feel hindered by the CWA
• Local/state governments are required to spend money implementing and enforcing the CWA, none of which is reimbursed by the federal government
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Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
• Regulates water in municipal and commercial systems
• Some people say the regulations are too loose for rural communities (pesticides, herbicides, and lead)
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Air Quality
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Clean Air Act• Legislation passed in
1963• First legislation to
control air pollution • Amended in 1970 with
two goals: (1) Set standards to protect
human health (2) Protect materials,
climate, crops, visibility, and personal comfort
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Clean Air Act • Clean Air Act has
been modified since• Now covers
standards for SUVs, water craft, ozone protection (phasing out CFCs), acid rain, and smog.
• Establishes a cap and trade program for SO2
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Montreal Protocol (1987)
• One of greatest environmental success stories
• 180 nations agreed to cut CFC production in half– Today production and use
of CFCs decreased 95%– Ozone layer is recovering
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Kyoto Protocol• Developed at a world summit in 1997 to
address measures for reducing GHG emissions
• Promises were made by many nations, but not real progress was made
• United States announced that it would not follow the protocol, and soon after, the whole movement lost support
• The US Emits 20% of world’s CO2
• China and India are rapidly increasing CO2 levels
• Failure to address global change will force us to be reactive rather than proactive
• This is not effective environmental planning
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US-China Climate Agreement
• US & China produce over 1/3 of global greenhouse gas emissions
• Agreement made in November 2014:– Obama agreed to cut GHG emissions 26-28% below
2005 levels by 2025– Xi Jinping of China agreed to reach peak CO2 emissions
by 2030 & increase alternative energy to 20% of all energy by 2030
Bottom Line: VERY BIG DEAL (if they meet commitments)
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Solid & Hazardous Waste
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Love Canal, Niagara Falls, NY
• In 1970s, revealed that the site had been used to bury 21,000 tons of toxic waste
• Hooker Chemical sold the site to Niagara School Board in 1953 for $1, detailing the presence of waste
• Land was developed anyway
• Birth defects, enlarged head, feet, hands, miscarriages, etc.
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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Reliability Act (CERCLA) (1980)
• AKA SUPERFUND• Identify parties responsible for
contaminated areas (solid/hazardous waste) and compel them to clean up the damage at their own expense
• Established trust fund, paid by taxes from polluting industries, to clean up abandoned sites where the responsible party cannot be found
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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
• AKA “Cradle-to-Grave Act”
• Sets regulations about manufacture, transport, storage, use, and disposal of hazardous chemicals
• Requires extensive documentation at every step to ensure hazardous wastes are disposed of properly
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Endangered Species
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Endangered Species Act (ESA) • Bill written in 1874 to protect
American bison• US Congress failed to pass bill;
most people thought wild animals as abundant
• Wasn’t until 1973 when ESA was passed
• Sought to identify all endangered species and protect biodiversity, regardless of how useful a species is to humans
• ESA regulates harassing, harming, hunting, shooting, trapping, collecting, importing/exporting, possessing or selling endangered species
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Lacey Act of 1900
• Law in the US that prohibits trade in wildlife, fish, and plants that have been illegally taken, possessed or sold.