apa writing style - purdue owl (1)

8/19/2019 Apa Writing Style - Purdue Owl (1)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apa-writing-style-purdue-owl-1 1/6

APA WRITING STYLE (PURDUE OWL)

Basic Form

APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials; publication year goesbetween parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning onlythe first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, andis followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. If a !I has been assigned tothe article that you are using, you should include this after the page numbers for the article. If no !Ihas been assigned and you are accessing the periodical online, use the "#$ of the website from whichyou are retrieving the periodical.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.Title of

Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. http://d.doi.org/./!!!!!

Article in o!rnal Pa"inate# $% &ol!me

%ournals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue numberingissue two where issue one ended, etc.

"arlo#, ". $. (%'). $undamentals for preparing ps!cholog! ournal articles. Journal of

Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, '*'+.

Article in o!rnal Pa"inate# $% Iss!e

%ournals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the issue number gets

indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized orunderlined.

cruton, -. (%+). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(), *%.

Article in a 'a"aine

"enr!, . A., 000. (%1, April ). 2a3ing the grade in toda!4s schools. Time, 135, 5'*%.

Article in a Nes*a*er

"nli&e other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style.'ingle pages ta&e p., e.g., p. (); multiple pages ta&e pp., e.g., pp. (), (* or pp. +, +-+*.

chult6, . (511, 7ecember 5'). Calls made to strengthen state energ! policies. The

Country Today , pp. %A, 5A.

1



Note (ecause of issues with html coding, the listings below using brac&ets contain spaces that arenot to be used with your listings. "se a space as normal before the brac&ets, but do not include aspace following the brac&et.

Basic Format +or Boo,s

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of wor! Capital letter also for subtitle.

8ocation: 9ublisher.

Note /or 0$ocation,0 you should always list the city and the state using the two letter postalabbreviation without periods 12ew 3or&, 234.

Calfee, -. C., & alencia, -. -. (%%). "P" guide to preparing manuscripts for #ournal

publication. ashington, 7C: American 9s!chological Association.

E#ite# Boo,- No A!t.or7uncan, ;. <., & Broo3s*;unn, <. (=ds.). (%>). Conse$uences of growing up poor . ?e#

Yor3, ?Y: -ussell age $oundation.

E#ite# Boo, it. an A!t.or or A!t.ors

9lath, . (5111). The unabridged #ournals% @. . @u3il (=d.). ?e# Yor3, ?Y: Anchor.

Article or /.a*ter in an E#ite# Boo,

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. 0n A. A. =ditor &

B. B. =ditor (=ds.), Title of boo (pages of chapter). 8ocation: 9ublisher.

Note 5hen you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the boo& title, use 0pp.0before the numbers 1pp. -)4. This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the pagenumbers in periodical references, e6cept for newspapers.

4?eil, <. 2., & =gan, <. (%5). 2en4s and #omen4s gender role ourne!s: A metaphor for

healing, transition, and transformation. 0n B. -. ainrib (=d.), &ender issues across

the life cycle (pp. %1>*%5). ?e# Yor3, ?Y: pringer.

'!lti0ol!me Wor,

iener, 9. (=d.). (%>). 'ictionary of the history of ideas (ols. %*). ?e# Yor3, ?Y:

cribner4s.

2



S.ort 1!otations

If you are directly 7uoting from a wor&, you will need to include the author, year of publication, andthe page number for the reference 1preceded by 0p.04. Introduce the 7uotation with a signal phrasethat includes the author8s last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to <ones (%'), tudents often had difficult! using A9A st!le, especiall!

#hen it #as their first time (p. %).

<ones (%') found students often had difficult! using A9A st!le (p. %)D #hat

implications does this haEe for teachersF

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author8s last name, the year of publication,and the page number in parentheses after the 7uotation.

he stated, tudents often had difficult! using A9A st!le (<ones, %', p. %), but

she did not offer an eplanation as to #h!.

Lon" 1!otations

Place direct 7uotations that are *9 words, or longer, in a free-standing bloc& of typewritten lines, andomit 7uotation mar&s. 'tart the 7uotation on a new line, indented :) inch from the left margin, i.e.,in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire 7uotation on the new margin,and indent the first line of any subse7uent paragraph within the 7uotation :) inch from the new

margin. aintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closingpunctuation mar&.

<ones4s (%') stud! found the follo#ing:

tudents often had difficult! using A9A st!le,especiall! #hen it #as their first

time citing sources. This difficult! could be attributed to the fact that

man! students failed to purchase a st!le manual or to as3 their teacher for

help. (p. %)

S!mmar% or *ara*.rase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another wor&, you only have to ma&e reference to the authorand year of publication in your in-te6t reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide thepage number 1although it is not re7uired.4

According to <ones (%'), A9A st!le is a difficult citation format for first*time

learners.

3



A9A st!le is a difficult citation format for first*time learners (<ones, %', p.

%).

/itin" an A!t.or or A!t.ors

A Work by Two Authors: 2ame both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each timeyou cite the wor&. "se the word 0and0 between the authors8 names within the te6t and use theampersand in the parentheses.

-esearch b! egener and 9ett! (%) supports...

(egener & 9ett!, %)

A Work by Three to Five Authors: $ist all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses thefirst time you cite the source. "se the word 0and0 between the authors8 names within the te6t and usethe ampersand in the parentheses.

(@ernis, Cornell, un, Berr!, & "arlo#, %)

In subse7uent citations, only use the first author8s last name followed by 0et al.0 in the signal phraseor in parentheses.

(@ernis et al., %)

In et al., et should not be followed by a period.

Six or ore Authors: "se the first author8s name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in

parentheses.

"arris et al. (511%) argued...

("arris et al., 511%)

!nknown Author: If the wor& does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signalphrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of boo&s and reports are italicized or

underlined; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in 7uotation mar&s.

A similar stud! #as done of students learning to format research papers (Gsing A9A,

511%).

Note In the rare case the 0Anonymous0 is used for the author, treat it as the author8s name1Anonymous, )994. In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.

"r#ani$ation as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention theorganization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.

4



According to the American 9s!chological Association (5111),...

If the organization has a well-&nown abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brac&ets the first timethe source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.

$irst citation: (2others Against 7run3 7riEing H2A77I, 5111)

econd citation: (2A77, 5111)

Two or ore Works in the Sa%e &arentheses: 5hen your parenthetical citation includes two ormore wor&s, order them the same way they appear in the reference list 1viz., alphabetically4,separated by a semi-colon.

(Berndt, 5115D "arlo#, %')

Authors With the Sa%e 'ast Na%e: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.

(=. <ohnson, 511%D 8. <ohnson, %')

Two or ore Works by the Sa%e Author in the Sa%e (ear: If you have two sources by the sameauthor in the same year, use lower-case letters 1a, b, c4 with the year to order the entries in the

reference list. "se the lower-case letters with the year in the in-te6t citation.

-esearch b! Berndt (%'%a) illustrated that...

Introdu)tions, &refa)es, Forewords, and Afterwords: 5hen citing an Introduction, Preface,/oreword, or Afterwords in-te6t, cite the appropriate author and year as usual.

($un3 & @olln, %5)

&ersonal *o%%uni)ation: /or interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-personcommunication, cite the communicator8s name, the fact that it was personal communication, and thedate of the communication. o not include personal communication in the reference list.

(=. -obbins, personal communication, <anuar! , 511%).

A. 9. mith also claimed that man! of her students had difficulties #ith A9A st!le

(personal communication, ?oEember , 5115).

/itin" In#irect So!rces

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase.$ist the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.

<ohnson argued that...(as cited in mith, 511, p. %15).

5



Note: 5hen citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above. Also, try tolocate the original material and cite the original source.

Electronic So!rces

If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date

style.

@enneth (5111) eplained...

!nknown Author and !nknown +ate: If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal

phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation 0n.d.0 1for 0nodate04.

Another stud! of students and research decisions discoEered that students succeeded

#ith tutoring (Tutoring and A9A, n.d.).

So!rces Wit.o!t Pa"e N!m$ers

5hen an electronic source lac&s page numbers, you should try to include information that will helpreaders find the passage being cited. 5hen an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use theabbreviation 0para.0 followed by the paragraph number 1<all, )99, para. =4. If the paragraphs are notnumbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify theparagraph under that heading. 2ote that in some electronic sources, li&e 5eb pages, people can usethe /ind function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.

According to mith (%>), ... (2ind oEer 2atter section, para. +).

Note: 2ever use the page numbers of 5eb pages you print out; different computers print 5eb pageswith different pagination.

Dissertation A$stract

Yoshida, Y. (511%). =ssa!s in urban transportation. 'issertation "bstracts (nternational,

)*, >>%A.

Dissertation- P!$lis.e#

8astname, $. ?. (Year). Title of dissertation (7octoral dissertation). -etrieEed from ?ame

of database. (Accession or rder ?umber)

Dissertation- Un*!$lis.e#

8astname, $. ?. (Year). Title of dissertation (Gnpublished doctoral dissertation). ?ame of

0nstitution, 8ocation.

6

apa writing style - purdue owl (1)

Documents