APA Citation Style & Avoiding APA Citation Style & Avoiding PlagiarismPlagiarism

Jennifer AdamsJennifer Adams

Vaughan Memorial Library Room Vaughan Memorial Library Room 425, 2425, 2ndnd floor floor

jennifer.adams@acadiau.cajennifer.adams@acadiau.ca

Plagiarism & APA stylePlagiarism & APA style

What is plagiarism?What is plagiarism?

How to avoid itHow to avoid it

In-text citation - ExamplesIn-text citation - Examples– Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Direct QuotesSummarizing, Paraphrasing, Direct Quotes

Format of an APA paperFormat of an APA paper

Format of References pageFormat of References page

What is Plagiarism?What is Plagiarism?

It is stealing words, ideas, images or other It is stealing words, ideas, images or other intellectual property. In other words, it is intellectual property. In other words, it is failing to give appropriate failing to give appropriate acknowledgement when repeating acknowledgement when repeating someone else’s words. It is cheating.someone else’s words. It is cheating.

See Acadia’s policy on Academic Integrity:See Acadia’s policy on Academic Integrity:http://www.acadiau.ca/registrar/2004_calehttp://www.acadiau.ca/registrar/2004_calendar/regulati/regula.htm ndar/regulati/regula.htm

Why do you keep hearing so much Why do you keep hearing so much about Plagiarism?about Plagiarism?

It’s importantIt’s important

Unintentional plagiarism is still plagiarismUnintentional plagiarism is still plagiarism

Not knowing how or when to cite is not an Not knowing how or when to cite is not an excuseexcuse

Academic Community – Integrity and TrustAcademic Community – Integrity and Trust

Synthesis of Information – not total Synthesis of Information – not total repetitionrepetition

Forms of PlagiarismForms of Plagiarism

copying and pasting complete papers from electronic sources copying and pasting complete papers from electronic sources copying and pasting passages from electronic sources without copying and pasting passages from electronic sources without placing the passages in quotes and properly citing the sourceplacing the passages in quotes and properly citing the sourcehaving others write complete papers or portions of papers for you having others write complete papers or portions of papers for you summarizing ideas without citing their source summarizing ideas without citing their source pulling out quotes from sources without putting quotation marks pulling out quotes from sources without putting quotation marks around the passagesaround the passagesclosely paraphrasing - not putting the information in your own words closely paraphrasing - not putting the information in your own words (even if it's cited) (even if it's cited) quoting statistics without naming the source unless you gathered quoting statistics without naming the source unless you gathered the data yourself the data yourself using words and passages you don't understand and can't explainusing words and passages you don't understand and can't explain

More forms of plagiarismMore forms of plagiarism

self-plagiarizing - using one paper for more than one self-plagiarizing - using one paper for more than one class without the permission of your professorsclass without the permission of your professorsmaking up sources making up sources making up bibliographic or citation information  (page making up bibliographic or citation information  (page numbers, etc.) numbers, etc.) using photographs, video, or audio without permission or using photographs, video, or audio without permission or acknowledgment acknowledgment translating from one language to another without translating from one language to another without properly citing the original sourceproperly citing the original sourcecopying computer programs or other technical copying computer programs or other technical information without acknowledgmentinformation without acknowledgmentfailing to acknowledge sources of oral presentation, failing to acknowledge sources of oral presentation, slides, or Web projectsslides, or Web projects

Avoiding plagiarismAvoiding plagiarism

When using someone else's opinion, When using someone else's opinion, theory or information you must provide a theory or information you must provide a reference for any information you:reference for any information you:– paraphraseparaphrase (use the idea in different words) (use the idea in different words) – summarizesummarize (express the main points of) (express the main points of)– quotequote (use the exact words) (use the exact words)

Avoiding PlagiarismAvoiding Plagiarism

Keep track of where you’ve quoted material from. The Keep track of where you’ve quoted material from. The person marking your assignment knows exactly where to person marking your assignment knows exactly where to check your quotes, and read more about the cited check your quotes, and read more about the cited author's arguments.author's arguments.

Cite all the words you quote. Don’t use half a sentence, Cite all the words you quote. Don’t use half a sentence, place a citation in brackets and then continue on with the place a citation in brackets and then continue on with the authors words.authors words.

Avoiding PlagiarismAvoiding Plagiarism

The text of your paper should be The text of your paper should be documented throughout with citations of documented throughout with citations of the author and date of works used in your the author and date of works used in your research research

You You willwill have have manymany citations. citations.

ParaphrasingParaphrasing

Things to remember when paraphrasing: Things to remember when paraphrasing: Read and understand the text.Read and understand the text. Do not change the context of the original.Do not change the context of the original.

ParaphrasingParaphrasing

REMEMBER : Even if you have avoided REMEMBER : Even if you have avoided using the author's words, or sentence using the author's words, or sentence structure, an unacknowledged paraphrase structure, an unacknowledged paraphrase is plagiarism because it presents someone is plagiarism because it presents someone else’s information and ideas as your own.else’s information and ideas as your own.

SummarizingSummarizing

Rather than using a lot of block quotations, Rather than using a lot of block quotations, you can “summarize” the author’s original you can “summarize” the author’s original message or idea by shortening it and message or idea by shortening it and citing it. You still have to use your own citing it. You still have to use your own words.words.

Direct QuotationsDirect Quotations

Using the author’s exact wordsUsing the author’s exact wordsAll exact reproductions of an author’s words All exact reproductions of an author’s words should appear in quotation marks or in a block should appear in quotation marks or in a block quotation.quotation.Example: Jacobs-Meadway and Larson (2006) Example: Jacobs-Meadway and Larson (2006) suggest “a parody may not be fair and suggest “a parody may not be fair and permissible if the subject of the parody is not the permissible if the subject of the parody is not the mark or matter that is appropriated, but mark or matter that is appropriated, but something else” (p.15).something else” (p.15).

APA style of referencingAPA style of referencing

Two main parts to correct referencing in APA Two main parts to correct referencing in APA style:style:

1) The1) The parenthetical citation parenthetical citation in the text of your in the text of your essay. essay.

This is usually just the author's name and the publication This is usually just the author's name and the publication date. date.

2)2) TheThe reference list reference list that appears at the end of  that appears at the end of  your paper.your paper.

This is a detailed list of all the material you have 'cited' in This is a detailed list of all the material you have 'cited' in your paper. your paper. 

The page should say “References.” (no underline, no The page should say “References.” (no underline, no quotations marks, no bold, centered at the top of the page).quotations marks, no bold, centered at the top of the page).

In-text citationIn-text citation

Directly quoted material appears with Directly quoted material appears with quotation marks followed by parenthesis quotation marks followed by parenthesis and the page number. The location of the and the page number. The location of the parenthetical citation for a quote depends parenthetical citation for a quote depends upon the placement of quoted material upon the placement of quoted material within the sentence.within the sentence.Example: (Smith, 2004, p.5).Example: (Smith, 2004, p.5).

Long quotationsLong quotations

If the quotation is long (40 words or more), it should be formatted If the quotation is long (40 words or more), it should be formatted as a block quotation, and the parentheses should appear after as a block quotation, and the parentheses should appear after the final punctuation mark: the final punctuation mark: – Adler (2003) suggests cohesiveness is the ability of team Adler (2003) suggests cohesiveness is the ability of team

members to act as one. Team members’ ability, when members to act as one. Team members’ ability, when necessary, to perceive, interpret, and act on situations in similar necessary, to perceive, interpret, and act on situations in similar or mutually agreed upon ways determines the team's level of or mutually agreed upon ways determines the team's level of cohesiveness. Due to they lower level of similarity, multicultural cohesiveness. Due to they lower level of similarity, multicultural teams initially exhibit less cohesion that most homogeneous teams initially exhibit less cohesion that most homogeneous teams (p.127).teams (p.127).

No quotation marks, No quotation marks, double spacedouble space, indent 5 spaces from the , indent 5 spaces from the margin.margin.

When a work is cited in a When a work is cited in a secondary sourcesecondary source

When a source is discussed that you didn’t When a source is discussed that you didn’t access:access: name both the primary work (work referred to).name both the primary work (work referred to). give a citation for the secondary source (the work you give a citation for the secondary source (the work you

actually read) in the text of your assignment.actually read) in the text of your assignment. in the reference list you give only the secondary in the reference list you give only the secondary

source (the book you read). source (the book you read).

ExampleExample

In-text citation: In-text citation: – In 1990, Coleman’s study defined social capital as, “The set of In 1990, Coleman’s study defined social capital as, “The set of

resources, tangible or virtual, that accrue to organizations resources, tangible or virtual, that accrue to organizations through social structure and facilitating the attainment of through social structure and facilitating the attainment of organizational goals” (Coleman, as cited in Gabbay, 2001, organizational goals” (Coleman, as cited in Gabbay, 2001, p.232). p.232).

It would appear in your references list asIt would appear in your references list as

Gabbay, S. (Ed.). (2001). Gabbay, S. (Ed.). (2001). Social capital of organizationsSocial capital of organizations (Vol. 18). Oxford: JAI.(Vol. 18). Oxford: JAI.

Reference ListReference List

Each reference must be sufficient for a reader to Each reference must be sufficient for a reader to locate the work in question. locate the work in question.

A reference must include certain information, A reference must include certain information, organized by fields, that depends on the source organized by fields, that depends on the source type. type.

Collect this information for any given source Collect this information for any given source type, ranging from books to lectures to Web type, ranging from books to lectures to Web pages, and then translate this material into the pages, and then translate this material into the fields required for the citation. fields required for the citation.

Reference ListReference List

References ListReferences List– Double spacedDouble spaced– Alphabetical by author’s last nameAlphabetical by author’s last name– Indent second line under author’s nameIndent second line under author’s name

Examples-PrintExamples-Print

Author(s) of article - surname and initials. (Year). Author(s) of article - surname and initials. (Year). Title of article. Title of article. Journal name volume number Journal name volume number (issue (issue

number), page number(s).number), page number(s).

• Morgan, R., & Mitchell, S. (1997). Obstacles to export initiation Morgan, R., & Mitchell, S. (1997). Obstacles to export initiation and expansion. and expansion. Omega: The International Journal of Omega: The International Journal of Management Science, 25 Management Science, 25 (6), 677-690.(6), 677-690.

Examples-OnlineExamples-Online

Journal article from a databaseJournal article from a database Author. (Year). Title. Author. (Year). Title. Journal name.Journal name. Volume Volume (issue), pages. (issue), pages.

Retrieved Month Day, Year from Name of Database.Retrieved Month Day, Year from Name of Database.Example: Example: Caterini, E. (1997).  Effects of bilingualism and biliteracy Caterini, E. (1997).  Effects of bilingualism and biliteracy

on children's emerging concepts of on children's emerging concepts of print.  print.  Developmental Psychology, Developmental Psychology, 33, 429-33, 429-

440.  Retrieved July 7, 2004, from PsycARTICLES 440.  Retrieved July 7, 2004, from PsycARTICLES database.  database. 

Examples-OnlineExamples-Online

Journal article from WebJournal article from Web

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference reference elements in the selection of resources by elements in the selection of resources by psychology psychology undergraduates. undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5,Research, 5, 117- 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from 123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html http://jbr.org/articles.html

APA style- ReviewAPA style- Review

Use citations when using another’s ideas, Use citations when using another’s ideas, theories or words.theories or words.Reference list will have all the works you cited Reference list will have all the works you cited in your paper. Don't put references in that you in your paper. Don't put references in that you didn’t cite.didn’t cite.Take detailed information for every source you Take detailed information for every source you use and be sure to record the date you use and be sure to record the date you accessed web pages.accessed web pages.For more information, consult the For more information, consult the Publication Publication of the American Psychological Association of the American Psychological Association GuideGuide (5 (5thth Edition) Edition)

Questions?Questions?

You Quote It, You Note it! TutorialsYou Quote It, You Note it! Tutorials

Check the APA Publication ManualCheck the APA Publication Manual

Library Web pageLibrary Web page

http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html