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AP WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 29 INDEPENDENCE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India Slide 2 Experiments in Political Order Efforts to create political order across the developing world had to battle many conditions: Exploding populations High (and unrealistic) expectations following independence Lack of available resources to meet these expectations Diverse populations that had little loyalty to the new central state Large areas with widespread poverty and weak private economies Slide 3 Experiments in Political Order Wide range of political systems were established throughout the developing world: Communist regimes Multi-party democracies One-party democracies Military regimes Personal dictatorships and tyrannies Slide 4 Indias Political Evolution In India = Western- style democracy practiced continuously since independence Regular elections Peaceful changes in government Multiple political parties Civil rights and liberties A woman voting in the 2008 state election in India Slide 5 Indias Political Evolution: Why Democracy Worked Struggle for independence in India was much longer than struggles in Africa = gave Indian leaders time to figure out how they wanted to structure the new state The British gradually gave power over to the Indians = over several decades prior to independence in 1947 Many Indians possessed administrative and technical skills as a result Nationalist movement in India = within one political party (Congress Party) Committed to democracy Slide 6 Rejection of Democracy in Africa: Why? Theory #1 = Africans just werent ready for democracy or lacked the ingredients for democratic politics Africas traditional culture = based on communal rather than individualist values not compatible with the competitiveness of party politics Lack of an educated electorate, middle-class, and strong capitalist economy Slide 7 Rejection of Democracy in Africa: Why? Theory #2 = Democracy was not an adequate system for developing a modern economy Competing political parties (that dont always agree) = would slow down the process of creating national unity and developing a modern economy A little cell phone action Slide 8 Rejection of Democracy in Africa: Why? The following conditions that existed within many initial democratic governments in Africa undermined popular support for democracy: Widespread economic disappointment Class resentments due to increased inequalities and competition for jobs, housing, education, etc. Ethnic conflicts, which sometimes turned violent Example: Genocide in Rwanda in 1994 Slide 9 Alternatives to Democracy Most common alternative = government by soldiers By the early 1980s = the military actively governed about 15 African nations These militaries: Took power during times of crisis Claimed the nation was in danger and that only they could restore order Got rid of old political parties and constitutions Vowed to return power to civilians and restore democracy at some point Military Leaders in Mali Slide 10 Revival of Democracy in Africa: 1980s Failure of authoritarian governments to fix disastrous economic situations became evident Variety of grassroots movements began that demanded democratic change in order to better their lives: Disaffected students, religious organizations, urban workers, womens groups Encouragement from world events End of apartheid in South Africa; fall of communism; etc. Nigerian Voter in 2011 Slide 11 AP WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 23 INDEPENDENCE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH Experiments in Economic Development: Changing Priorities, Varying Outcomes Slide 12 Obstacles to Economic Development Most societies = sharply divided by class, religion, ethnic group, and gender Explosive population growth In most places = colonial rule had provided only the most basic foundations for modern development (if anything at all) Low literacy rates Few people with managerial experience Weak private economies Inefficient transportation systems Little leverage with the wealthy nations of the Global North Slide 13 The Role of the State Most people expected that state authorities would take responsibility for developing the economy Why? Private economies = weakly developed Entrepreneurs = didnt have funds to invest Successful Soviet industrialization under state direction = hopeful State control = could protect people against the inequalities that came with capitalism Slide 14 The Role of the State In the late 20 th century, the support for state-directed economies faded and more people began to favor market economies Why? Collapse of the Soviet Union = the worlds first state-dominated economy Evident failure, mismanagement, and corruption of many state-run enterprises International organizations (like the World Bank) = pushed developing countries in a capitalist direction The switch to market economies led to rapid economic growth in many nations (ex: China and India), but it also created inequalities and social conflict Slide 15 Issues with Economic Development Urban bias = too much focus on city-based industrial development and neglect or exploitation of rural areas and agriculture Male bias = encouraging men to work in modern industries and women to work in agriculture Debate over capital and technology-drive projects versus investment in human capital Capital-driven projects = dams, factories, etc. Human capital investment = education, technical training, health care, nutrition, etc. Slide 16 Issues with Economic Development Benefits versus drawbacks of foreign aid, investment, and trade Every economic decision (where to locate schools, factories, etc.) was political Always resulted in winners and losers in terms of power, advantage, and wealth Slide 17 Varied Results of Economic Experiments Various reasons for such sharp differences in economic results: Geography and natural resources Differing colonial experiences Variations in regional cultures Degree of political stability and social equality State economic policies Population growth rates Varying forms of involvement with the world economy Durban, South Africa Cocoa Farming in Ghana Slide 18 Varied Results of Economic Experiments Successful Economic GrowthLittle to No Economic Growth East Asian countries ex: South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, CHINA! Most of Africa India growing high-tech sector and middle class Most of the Arab world Oil-producing countries especially since the 1970s when demand for oil skyrocketed Parts of Asia Several Latin American countries ex: Chile, Brazil