AP PSYCHOLOGYUnit XIV - Overview

•Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions – Module 74

•Conformity and Obedience – Module 75

•Group Behavior – Module 76

•Prejudice and Discrimination – Module 77

•Aggression – Module 78

•Attraction – Module 79

•Altruism, Conflict, and Peacemaking – Module 80

To aid in your note taking…

I suggest that you print these as note pages.

As you read each day, use them to add your own notes.

Social PsychologyIntroductionModule 74

Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions

Introduction

• Social Psychology

• What is the focus of the social psychologist?

The Fundamental Attribution Error• Attribution theory

–Dispositional vs. situational attribution

–Examples:

–Fundamental attribution error

–Self-serving bias

–Example:

Attitudes and ActionsAttitudes Affect Actions

• Attitude–Central route persu

asion

–Example:

–Peripheral route persuasion

–Example:

Attitudes and ActionsActions Affect Attitudes:

The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

• The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon–“start small and build”

–Example:

Attitudes and ActionsActions Affect Attitudes:

Role Playing Affects Attitudes

• Role-Playing Affects Attitudes–Role - Stanford prison study

–Who and what?

–Abu Ghraib

–Who and what?

Attitudes and ActionsActions Affect Attitudes:

Cognitive Dissonance: Relief from Tension

• Cognitive Dissonance: Relief From Tension–Cognitive dissonance theory

–Example:

–“Attitudes follow behavior”

Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures – Module 75

Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures

Automatic Mimicry

• Chameleon effect

• Example:

• Mood linkage

Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures

Conformity and Social Norms

• Conformity–Solomon Asch study

–Describe:

Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures

Conformity and Social Norms

Draw Figure 75.1 and explain

Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures

Conformity and Social Norms• Conditions That Strengthen Conformity

– One is made to feel incompetent or insecure– Group has at least three people– Group is unanimous– One admires the group’s status– One has made no prior commitment– Others in group observe one’s behavior– One’s culture strongly encourages respect for

social standards

Conformity: Complying With Social Pressures

Conformity and Social Norms

• Reasons for Conforming–Normative social influence

–Example:

–Informational social influence

–Example:

Obedience: Following Orders

• Obedience–Milgram’s studies

on obedience• Procedure

• Results

• Ethics

• Follow up studies

Obedience: Following Orders

Lessons From the Obedience Studies

• Ordinary people being corrupted by an evil situation

• What did these experiments demonstrate?

Social Facilitation• Social Facilitation

–Task difficulty

–Example

–Expertise effects

–Example

–Crowding effects

–Example

Social Loafing

• Social Loafing

• Define.

–Reasons why?• Less accountability

• View themselves as dispensable

Deinviduation

• Deindividuation

• With an example, can you describe?

Group Polarization

• Group Polarization

• Discuss.

Group Polarization

• Group Polarization

Groupthink• Groupthink

–Bay of Pigs

–What?

–Challenger explosion

–How does this relate to Groupthink?

The Power of Individuals

• Social control vs personal control

• Difference?

• Minority influence

• Example:

Cultural Influences

• Culture–Culture within animals

What?

–Culture in humans

–What?

Cultural Influences

Variation Across Cultures

• Norm–Culture shock

–Example:

–Pace of life

–Example:

Cultural Influences

Variation Over Time

• Changes over the generations

• What?

Prejudice• Prejudice

• Example:

• Stereotype

• Example:

• Discrimination

• Example:

Prejudice

How Prejudiced Are People?Summarize:

PrejudiceSocial Roots of Prejudice:

Social Inequalities

• Just world phenomenon

• Example:

• Blame the victim

• What?

PrejudiceSocial Roots of Prejudice:

Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup

• Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup–Ingroup

–Example:

–Outgroup:

–Example:

–Ingroup bias

–Example:

Prejudice

Emotional Roots of Prejudice• Emotional roots of prejudice

–Scapegoat theory

–What?

–Economic variables

–Negative emotions

Prejudice

Cognitive Roots of Prejudice• Categorization

– Outgroup homogeneity

– Other-race effect

– Examples:

• Vivid cases

• Believing the world is just

– Hindsight bias

– Example:

The Biology of Aggression• Genetic Influences

• What?

• Neural Influences

• What?

• Biochemical Influences

• What?

Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression

Aversive Events• Aversive Events

–Frustration-aggression principle

–Example:

• Social and cultural influences–Aggression-replacement program

Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in AggressionAversive Events:

• Reinforcement and Modeling

– Aggression-replacement program

– What?

• Media Model for Violence

– Social scripts

– Example:

• What does your author say about violent video games teaching social scripts for violence?

The Psychology of Attraction

Proximity

• Proximity–Mere exposure effect

–Example:

The Psychology of Attraction

Physical Attractiveness• Physical attractiveness

• Example:

The Psychology of Attraction

Similarity• Similarity

– Positive correlation between similarity and liking

– Yes or No?

– Reward theory of attraction– Example:

Romantic Love

• Love

– Passionate love

– What?

– Companionate love

– What?

• Equity

• Example:

• Self-disclosure

• Example:

Altruism• Altruism

– Kitty Genovese

– Who?

• Bystander Intervention

– Diffusion of responsibility

– What?

– Bystander effect

– Example:

AltruismFigure 80.1

Draw or summarize.

Altruism

Summarize Figure 80.2

Altruism

The Norms for Helping

• Social exchange theory

• Example:

• Reciprocity norm

• Example:

• Social-responsibility norm Example:

Conflict and Peacemaking

Elements of Conflict

• Conflict• Example:• Social trap

What is the non-zero sum game?

Summarize Figure 80.3.

Conflict and PeacemakingElements of Conflict:

Enemy Perceptions

• Mirror-image perceptions

• Example:

• Self-fulfilling prophecy

• Example:

Conflict and Peacemaking

Promoting Peace

• Contact

• Example:

• Cooperation

What?–Superordinate goals

–Example:

Conflict and PeacemakingPromoting Peace

• Communication

• Example:

• Conciliation

• Example:

• GRIT – What?

• Which social psychologist advocated this strategy?

Now what?It would behoove you to answer the MC questions at the end of

each Module.

If you would like the correct answers, come see me before or

after school!