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AP European History ----- SUMMER ASSIGNMENT 2018

CHECK MARGINS BEFORE PRINTING Ensure your margins are set to .5 (top, bottom, left, and right)

PRINT THE DIRECTIONS AND READ CAREFULLY!

Due on the day of 10th

Grade registration on Thursday August 16.

Save the Date: AP European History Exam is Wednesday May 8, 2019

THE PRINCE CAN BE CHECK OUT FROM THE LIBRARY--

AVAILABLE ONLY THE FIRST TWO WEEKS AFTER SCHOOL ENDS IN JUNE

You will receive Spielvogel and Palmer at registration in August

YOU MUST KEEP A PHOTOCOPY OR PHOTO OF YOUR SUMMER ASIGNMENT to study for the

summer assignment exam that will take place on Thursday August 30- as there is no guarantee that the

summer assignment will be returned to you before the test..

Failure to turn in your summer assignment on time will result in immediate removal from the class. If you

will be out of town, be sure to postmark your assignment by the registration day and send to Culver City High

School “attn: Mrs. Burton” or scan and send to joniqueburton@ccusd.org. Any other issues regarding

getting your assignment turned in on time, contact Assistant Principal Mrs. Burton.

Welcome to AP European History Congratulations, you have chosen to take on the challenge of Advanced Placement European History for the

upcoming school year. This fast-paced college-level course covers European History from the Renaissance (1400s)

to the present. We cover a lot of information in a brief amount of time and the course is demanding and rigorous.

Consider each of the following points below before deciding if this course is for you. If you are truly dedicated and

up for the challenge, you will find the class very rewarding. 1. This course involves 2 complex college level textbooks and numerous outside readings, so high reading

comprehension skills are imperative.

2. Writing is an essential component to the class so if writing essays are a challenge for you, you will have

difficulty passing this class. Many writing assignments will be timed-writing essays that you will have to

complete with limited time in class: DBQs (Document-Based Question essays), LEQs (Long Essay Questions),

and SAQs (Short Answer Questions).

3. We will cover 1 chapter every 1- 2 weeks and we will also have regular chapter quizzes & Unit Exams.

4. Classroom participation in discussions, debates, and presentations, is expected and mandatory.

5. Expect a minimum of 30 minutes of homework per night, including weekends, involving reading and taking

notes, activities, watching videos, and writing components. A great deal of independent reading and learning will

take place outside of the classroom.

6. You need to be able to work well in groups and present in front of class as group projects and activities are

components of the class.

7. You will be required to be disciplined and self-motivated, and time-management is essential.

8. If you are truly motivated and up for the challenge, we look forward to having you in class.

If you find the reading to be too difficult or the level of work ethic and intellectualism required to be

successful in this course to be too much for you, it would be better for you to find out now rather than later. After reviewing the assignment or at any point over the summer if you decide that you prefer to be enrolled in

Regular World History, email Assistant Principal Mrs. Burton: joniqueburton@ccusd.org and your counselor.

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In order to keep pace with the APEH Exam date (May 8, 2019), students must begin preparing for this class over the

summer. Many students taking the same national exam you will take in May start school in early/mid-August. They

will have two-three additional weeks of instruction. As our test is significantly earlier than the past few years, we

will have a difficult time covering all the necessary content by the end of April if we don’t start before the beginning

of school.

An assessment of your summer assignments based on Chapter 11 of the Spielvogel textbook, the European Union

questions, the assigned chapters from The Prince, will take place on Thursday August 30. Your assessment of the

modern maps of Europe will be the day before, Wednesday August 29. These assessments and all of your

summer assignments will affect your first quarter grade. You will be graded for following directions, depth,

accuracy, and quality.

Please have the following materials with you on the first day of school:

You do not need a separate binder for this class. It is preferred that you don’t. Often students

bring the wrong binder to class and students are not allowed to go to their locker during class

time. An assignment in one’s locker will not be accepted as late work is not accepted. If you do

opt to have a binder designated for only this class, it needs to be bigger than 1 inch (You will not be

able to fit your spiral notebook for notes in your binder if it is too small)! 8 1/2”x 11” College Ruled Notebook Paper –this is preferable. However if you can only find 8”x10.5” that

is fine. (Do not plan on using the kind that needs to be torn out from a spiral notebook; or the kind that

requires you to tear-off the spiral edges, for your written work that is turned into me). Spiral edged paper is

not accepted and the class will not wait for you to de-frag the assignment!

6-Binder Dividers labeled – Spiral, Notes, SAQs/DBQs/LEQs (Short Answer Question/Document Based

Questions/Long Essay Questions), Terms, SSA/PSA (Secondary Source Analysis and Primary Source

Analysis), and Study Guides

You may want to have a few packages of index cards at home to use as a study tool.

Spiral Notebook for notes- you will want to get at least 100 -120 pages (It is recommend that it be no bigger

as you will keep this in your binder). Please get the kind that has 3-ring holes punched into them. Do

not get the one with dividers. Please have this already in your binder behind the divider “Spiral” when you

come to school on Monday August 27.

5 Different colored highlighters – This should be easily accessible in a pouch in your binder.

A small stapler for your binder

Important Message: You DO NOT need to bring your textbooks to class!

CHEATING/PLAGARISM: Please do your own work. Avoid copying sentences out of the textbook (or any book

for that matter). To avoid any possibility of having the same answers as a friend (thus receiving a zero) do all of your

work on your own. Anything copied from another student, cut and pasted off the Internet, not in your own words, will be

given a zero. If your friend shares his/her work with you he/she will get a zero too. So, do not give your work at any time

during this course to someone to ‘look at’. Also, students often say that they did their work together. There never should

be the same exact answers for outside class assignments (I can tell when you have “done” the work together even when

changing the order of words). There is a difference between asking someone a question about something you don’t

understand and looking for and creating the answers together. Regarding Questions: If you have any questions you may contact Ms. Rachel Snyder at eurosnyder@aol.com. This

email address is for STUDENTS only. Please identify yourself in the email and be patient for a response as Ms.

Snyder will be traveling for part of the summer.

Texts required for this course:

Western Civilization AP ed. 10 by Jackson Spielvogel. You will be accessing the material from the attached pdf

(See Summer Assignment website).

A History of the Modern World by R.R. Palmer. You will be accessing the material from the attached pdf

The Prince by Machiavelli A pdf version is available.

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AP European History --SUMMER ASSIGNMENT 2018

All of your summer assignments must be handwritten for this class and must be

completed in black or dark blue ink (not light blue). Your work is expected to be well-

written and to reflect time and effort. It must also be legible. If it cannot be read easily, it

won’t be grade it. Any summer assignments completed in pencil will automatically lose ½

credit.

Also, make sure your name is on all of your work.

1. Research items about The Middle Ages & The European Union You will need to read Chapter 11 from the pdf of Western Civilization “The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and

Disintegration in the 14th

Century” and research answers to some of the other questions. You might need

Palmer and the internet for some information regarding feudalism and the European Union.

On the 4th day of school, we will have a test covering the research items and the assigned chapters out of Machiavelli’s The Prince. Make sure you have made a copy of your answers, as you might not have it back before the test. Answer all the following questions using complete sentences using your own words on a separate sheet of paper (not on this page). Be sure to identify clearly each section and number your answers. Failure to follow directions will result in immediate loss of ½ credit for the assignment. Feudalism:

1.) What was it and when and why did it develop (go back to the 800s) ? 2.) How were people interdependent (In a sense, how did it work)? 3.) Explain serfdom.

Fur Collar Crime: 1.) What was it?

The Hundred Years’ War: 1.) When was it? (How many years was it actually??) 2.) Who fought whom? 3.) What were the various causes? 4.) What technological improvements occurred in the field of weaponry? 5.) Who was Joan of Arc and what is her significance? 6.) Who won and what were the effects of the Hundred Years War?

The Black Death: 1.) When was it? 2.) What was Yersinia pestis? 3.) How was it spread? 4.) How did it get to Europe? 5.) What was the role of the Mongols in spreading the Plague? 6.) What was the Plague’s path through Europe? 7.) Most historians estimate that 1/3 of Europe’s population died. What were the economic, social,

psychological, and religious consequences of such a dramatic population drop? 8.) Identify another theory that the plague was not caused by rats but something else.

The Decline of the Catholic Church: 1.) How was the medieval Catholic Church corrupt?

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2.) Papal Schism: aka Western Schism, aka Great Schism, aka Avignon Schism, aka Babylonian Captivity a. Babylonian Captivity

i. When was it (not the one in ancient times)? ii. How did the papacy come to be located in Avignon?

b. Schism: How did there come to be 3 popes? c. How was the crisis resolved? d. Conciliar Movement/Conciliarism

i. What was it? ii. Was it successful?

3.) John Wycliffe (Ch 12 pg. 361) a. Who was he? b. Why is he historically significant? c. How is he an early figure of Church reform? d. Who were the Lollards?

4.) Jan Huss (Ch 12 pg. 361) a. Who was he? b. Why is he historically significant? c. What ultimately happened to him?

Humanism (See Chapter 12): 1.) What is it? 2.) What are some good examples from the late Middle Ages/Early Renaissance?

The European Union (Palmer pdf and the internet): 1. European Coal and Steel Community, 1951

a. Who proposed this? b. What countries were involved? c. Why coal and steel? d. Who were Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman and what is their relation to the ECSC?

2. Identify the components of the following Treaties: a. Treaties of Rome, 1957 b. Single Europe Act, 1986 c. Maastricht Treaty, 1991 d. Treaty of Lisbon, 2007

3. What countries are currently in “the Euro zone?” 4. Why was/is the European Union controversial? Why were (are) some countries afraid of joining? 5. What was Brexit in 2016? 6. As of the beginning of the summer of 2018 what is the current situation with Brexit?

2. You will want to be familiar with the following terms from Chapter 11 in Spielvogel. Some of

these terms might be in 12 or you might need to check the internet. Please be adaptable problem solvers. If

you cannot find a term in your textbook you will need to do some research for the definition. You should be

able to identify the Who, What, Where, When, and historical significance of any term assigned in this class.

These terms will not be collected. This is your responsibility. Bold words are especially important!

“Little Ice Age” Great Schism Pope Boniface VIII’s Unam Sanctum Vernacular literature

Black Death Bubonic Plague taille and gabelle Yersinia pestis

Flagellant Dante Divine Comedy Hundred Years’ War

Giovanni Boccaccio The Decameron Joan of Arc Estates-General

The Antichrist Purgatory Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales Lollards

Pluralism Parliament Babylonian Captivity (1305-1377) Jacquerie 1358

Edward III Peasants Revolt 1381 Petrarch Christine de Pisan

Pogroms Condottieri Golden Bull Crusades

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3. MAP ASSIGNMENT: Map Test is Wednesday August 29

You are expected to have a general knowledge of European Geography before we begin our discussion of Modern

European History. There are plenty of websites where you can find not only maps of Europe, but also blank maps in

which you may practice. And yes, you should be able to label a blank map without a word bank.

Here’s two: http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/testmaps/europe.gif & http://www.eduplace.com/ss/maps/europe.html

A good physical map of Europe is located at

http://www.ezilon.com/maps/europe-physical-maps.html

Two websites that are very useful in studying for the map tests are:

http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/European_Geography.htm

http://www.lizardpoint.com/fun/geoquiz/euroquiz.html

Know the following:

Modern Countries

Albania

Andorra

Austria

Belarus

Belgium

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Bulgaria

Croatia

Cyprus

Czech

Republic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Ireland

Italy

Kosovo

Latvia

Liechtenstein

Luxembourg

Macedonia

Malta

Moldova

Monaco

Montenegro

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russia

San

Marino

Slovakia

Slovenia

Serbia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

Bodies of Water

Adriatic Sea

Aegean Sea

Atlantic Ocean

Baltic Sea

Black Sea

Strait of Bosporus

Dardanelles

English Channel

Mediterranean Sea

North Sea

Strait of Gibraltar

Volga River

Danube River

Rhine River

Po River

Elbe River

Seine River

Mountains and Regions

The Alps

Asia Minor

The Balkan Peninsula

The Baltic States

The Benelux States

The British Isles

Caucasus Mtns

Crimean Peninsula

Iberian Peninsula

Normandy

Rhineland

Scandinavia

Ural Mountains

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

Ukraine

United Kingdom

Vatican City

Capitals and Major Cities Moscow

Dublin

Belgrade

London

Riga

Lisbon

Vilnius

Sarajevo

Madrid

Kiev

Paris

Warsaw

Bratislava

Prague

Brussels

Budapest

Amsterdam

Nicosia

Vienna

Berlin

Istanbul

Copenhagen

Athens

Oslo

Rome

Stockholm

Bucharest

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4. Read The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli

a. Some students like to purchase their own copy of The Prince. This is fine, but be aware that

those books will not have the same Introduction as the school version. Also, the chapter titles

might be a bit different. So make sure that you are reading the correct chapter assigned based on

the school’s book.

b. Read the following sections and chapters and complete the reading log for each section or

chapter. The reading log is at the end of the assignment instructions

c. As well answer the SAQ (short answer question) at the end of the reading log. Only use the

space provided.

d. Your reading log should reflect information from throughout the chapter. Consider it reading

notes. Be careful, students often lose points because their log does not reflect notes taken from

throughout the chapter, but as a brief summary directly copied from the book showing no

understanding of what is being said.

e. Make sure your analysis sentence is in your own words showing me you understand the concept

in the chapter. Don’t just repeat the words in the chapter (i.e.what is actually meant by ‘fortune’

or ‘love’ vs. ‘hate’). Repeating the chapter title or a phrase from the chapter doesn’t show

comprehension!

Introduction, Part II and X

Page 31 - Letter to Lorenzo the Magnificent

Chapters 1, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19

DUE THE 2ND

DAY OF SCHOOL – TUESDAY AUGUST 28

LATE PACKETS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED AND STUDENTS WILL BE

REMOVED FROM THE CLASS.

DO NOT TURN IN THE FOLLOWING ASSIGNMENT WITH THE ABOVE WORK

5. Read Chapter 12 in the Western Civilization textbook by Spielvogel (see pdf): Western Civilization

Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of Renaissance Complete “Chapter 12 Study Guide which is at the very end of the summer assignment. Complete your

answers on the actual study guide, but your answer should incorporate the question into the answer or have a

topic sentence, unless you are asked to simply list your answer. Make sure you write in your own words and

make sure you answer all parts of the question. You will be completing approximately 19 of these study guides

throughout the year. Remember, this is due the 2nd

day of school.

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Name___________________________________________________________

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY COVER SHEET PLEASE DO NOT STAPLE ALL ASSIGNMENTS TOGETHER

Individual assignments should be stapled, but then, attach together those

individual assignments with this form at the front using a large paper clip.

Use this as a checklist to ensure that you have completed all of the required assignments.

□ Make sure you have made a photocopy or taken a photo of all your

summer work before turning it in on registration day.

□ Cover Sheet

□ All assignments completed in pen (Blue or black ink)

□ All assignments stapled separately

□ All assignments paper clipped together when turning in at registration

□ Middle Ages/ European Union questions

□ Prince Reading Log and Short Answer Question

□ Due Tuesday August 28 --Chapter 12 Study Guide –Do not include in this

packet

Don’t forget to have your supplies before the first day of school.

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Name _______________________

The Prince – Reading Log

Must be handwritten As you do this, you are taking notes and giving summaries in your own word. Notes are just that, information jotted

down as you read. Complete sentences are not required. Don’t forget to include the date you do the reading of each

chapter. Answers to questions at the end of the various chapters need to reflect an understanding of the

concepts and terminology used in the each individual chapter. Meaning, if you had to explain to someone your

answer so that person understood without having read the book, everything you say would make sense. This part

must be complete sentences. Also, no “I” answers.

Chapter Title: Introduction Part II Chapter Number: N/A Date:

Describe Niccolò Machiavelli’s life and environment as well as the situation in Italy during his life (historical

context affecting why he wrote The Prince):

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What was Machiavelli’s purpose in writing The Prince: ____________________________________________

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Chapter Title: Introduction Part X Chapter Number: N/A Date

What aspects of ancient Rome influenced Machiavelli and which does it seem he ignored?

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Define “inalienable/unalienable rights”:_________________________________________________________

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Chapter Title: Letter to Lorenzo the Magnificent Chapter Number: N/A Date

Main Ideas while Reading: ___________________________________________________________________

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What is Machiavelli’s gift and how does it differ from others’ gifts? __________________________________

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Chapter Title: The Various Kinds of Governments… Chapter Number: 1 Date

Identify the various kinds of governments:_______________________________________________________

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Chapter Title: New Dominions…Acquired by One’s Own Arms

and Ability Chapter Number: 6 Date

Main Ideas/Notes: __________________________________________________________________________

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What is meant by virtù according to Machiavelli and why is virtù sometimes not enough and force is

necessary? ________________________________________________________________________________

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Chapter Title: Of New Dominions Acquired by the Power of

Others or by Fortune

Chapter Number: 7 Date

Main Ideas/Notes: __________________________________________________________________________

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Why is a Princedom acquired by Fortune easy to acquire, but hard to maintain (be sure you explain the idea of

fortune, don’t just use it in your answer)? _______________________________________________________

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Chapter Title: Of Those Who have Attained the Position of Prince

by Villainy

Chapter Number: 8 Date

Main Ideas/Notes: __________________________________________________________________________

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1-2 sentences explaining ways a prince comes to power besides merit/fortune and the role of virtù?

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Chapter Title: The Different Kinds of Militia and Mercenary Soldiers Chapter Number: 12 Date

Main Ideas/Notes: __________________________________________________________________________

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1-2 sentences explaining why a Prince must be wary of Mercenary troops? ____________________________

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Chapter Title: Of Auxiliary, Mixed and Native Troops Chapter Number: 13 Date

Main Ideas/Notes: __________________________________________________________________________

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1-2 sentences explaining why a Princedom without a pure national army always living in danger? __________

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Chapter Title: Of Cruelty and Clemency, and Whether It is

Better to Be Loved or Feared

Chapter Number: 17 Date

Main Ideas/Notes: __________________________________________________________________________

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1-2 sentences explaining what lessons a Prince must learn as to love and fear (avoid using terms love/fear) and

how does he justify using this assertion? ________________________________________________________

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Chapter Title: In What Way Princes Must Keep Faith Chapter Number: 18 Date

Main Ideas/Notes: __________________________________________________________________________

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1-2 sentences explaining whether it is best to be a Lion or a Fox and why? _____________________________

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Chapter Title: That We Must Avoid Being Despised or Hated Chapter Number: 19 Date

Main Ideas/Notes: __________________________________________________________________________

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1-2 sentences explaining how a Prince can avoid being despised or hated? _____________________________

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SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

The word Machiavellian means “being or acting in accordance with the principles of government analyzed in Machiavelli's The Prince, in which political expediency/usefulness is placed above morality and the use of craft and deceit to maintain the authority and carry out the policies of a ruler is described.” In your own words, summarize 3 pieces of advice that show “political usefulness placed above morality” and/or “the use of craft and deceit to maintain the authority and carry out the policies of a ruler.” Do not use the advice that it is better to be feared than loved but not hated. Be sure to 1) Explain the above quote(s) in your own words 2) Explain each pieces of advice in three separate paragraphs. Also be sure to cite which chapter the advice you are summarizing came from. Do not write beyond the space provided. No “I” answers.

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Name __________________________

Chapter 12 Reading

Due Tuesday August 28 HANDWRITTEN ANSWERS ONLY

Print out these pages and staple them together. If you think you will need more space to write (maybe

because you have large writing), adjust the spacing before printing. Be detailed with your answers.

Characteristics of Renaissance Society 331-338 1. What does the word Renaissance mean and why was the term used?

2. List and explain five characteristics of the Renaissance (answer shouldn’t have anything do with the break

from the middle ages or an age of recovery, etc…).

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

3. What is meant by l’uomo universale?

4. What was the Hanseatic League? How many cities were members by 1500? Over what goods did it have a

monopoly? What led to its decline?

5. What were some important Italian goods and industries?

6. Who were the Medicis?

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7. What were three characteristics of a “Renaissance Man” according to The Book of the Courtier? Give

specific details.

a.

b.

c.

8. How did children become adults?

9. Why did women fear childbirth?

10. At what age did women marry, and why were husbands generally much older?

The Italian States in the Renaissance, 338-343 11. What were the five major Italian states, and what regions of Italy did they occupy?

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

12. Who were the condottiere and why were they able to play a major role throughout the Italian peninsula?

13. Why was the Peace of Lodi in 1454 significant?

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The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy, 343-349 14. Explain the concept of humanism and what did it characterize?

15. Why is Petrarch referred to as the father of Italian Renaissance humanism?

16. Define civic humanism.

17. Of what subjects did the liberal arts curriculum consist?

18. Who went to school?

19. What were some early types of books printed on the Guttenberg press?

20. What were four results of printing?

a.

b.

c.

d.

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The Artistic Renaissance, 349-356

21. Describe and explain the new artistic standards that arose during the Renaissance.

22. Use what you know about humanism to identify one Renaissance value in the painting and sculptures on

pages 349-355. Be specific about the various ideas tied to humanism and what from the various pieces

of art reflect those ideas. Be sure to also read each of the pieces captions. Skip the interior of San Lorenzo.

Tribute Money by Masaccio

Primavera by Botticelli

David by Donatello

The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci

School of Athens by Raphael

Creation of Adam by Michelangelo

David by Michelangelo

Arnolfini and His Bride by Jan van Eyck

Adoration of the Magi by Albrecht Dürer

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23. What qualities made Michelangelo an artistic genius in Vasari’s eyes? What did Vasari believe was the

source of such genius (See excerpt pg 355)?

24. How were the great artists such as Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo viewed by the public? Explain the

financial gains of artists such as these men.

25. In what ways was northern art different than Italian art? You can write this out or make a T – Chart. Be

specific.

The European State in the Renaissance, 356-360

26. What was the impact of the Hundred Years’ War on France?

27. What actions did King Charles VII of France take to strengthen his power? What impact did this have on

the Estates-General?

A.

B.

Impact:

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28. Why was Louis XI known as the “Spider King”?

29. How did Louis XI maintain a constant income?

30. Describe the problem Louis XI faced in trying to suppress the power of the nobility? Who was at the

problem? What brought an end to this problem for Louis?

31.What territories came under Louis XI’s royal control during his reign?

A. B. C. D.

32. Following the Hundred Years’ War what event caused major domestic problems for England (1455-

1485)? Which royal families were fighting one another?

33. Who won in1485? From which family was the new king and what was the dynasty he established called?

34. How did Henry VII strengthen monarchical power?

1.

2.

3.

35. By the end of Henry VII’s reign, the royal treasury had quite a surplus. How did he accomplish this?

1.

2.

3.

36. Whose support did Henry VII have by the end of his reign enabling him to leave England stable and

prosperous?

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37. What were the strongest kingdoms to emerge from the Middle Ages in the Iberian Peninsula?

A. B. C.

D. E.

38. What kind of union was created by the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon?

39. What was kept separate by each kingdom?

A. B. C. D.

E. F. G.

40. How did Isabella and Ferdinand try to strengthen their royal power?

41. How were Isabella and Ferdinand able to make the strongest army in the 16th

century?

42. Why did Ferdinand and Isabella want to control the Catholic Church in Spain?

43. How did the Spanish monarchs make the clergy instruments of their power?

44. Why did Ferdinand and Isabella suppress the Jews and Muslims in Spain?

45. Concern over the authenticity of Jewish conversion to Christianity led to what in 1478 in Spain?

46. When were the Jews expelled from Spain? How many left?

47. When were the Muslims expelled from Spain?

48. Beginning in 1438 which dynasty controlled the Holy Roman Empire?

49. Explain in your own words the relevance of the quote “Leave the waging of wars to others! But you,

happy Austria, marry…”

50. What is the Reichstag?

51. What kind of problem did HRE Maximilian I face when trying to centralize or increase his power?

20

52. Why was it difficult for eastern European rulers to centralize control over their territories?

A.

B.

53. What was the Polish Sejm?

54.Who controlled the Sejm?

55. What did the Sejm do after 1511?

A.

B.

56. Why did the Bohemians ally themselves with the Poles and Slovaks?

57. King Matthias Corvinus in the 15th

century centralized his power over what country?

58. The princes of where, rose to power by allying with the Mongol Khans?

59. Who created a Russian principality?

60. When were the Mongols thrown out of the principality of Moscow?

61. Map 12.2: What aspects of Europe’s political boundaries help explain why France and the Holy Roman

Empire were often at war with each other?

62. Map 12.3: What aspects of Portugal’s geography help explain why it became a major seafaring nation,

with little overland trade with Europe?

The “Church in the Renaissance” will be included in Unit 2