ap chemistry summer 2017 - gracechristian.net · grace christian school 2 ap® chemistry summer...

GRACE Christian School 1 AP® Chemistry Summer Work 2017-2018 School Year

APChemistry:SummerAssignment 2017

WelcometoAPChemistry!Iamveryexcitedtohaveyouenrolledinmyclassandcannotwaittogetstarted.APChemistryisadifficultcourse.ThisiswhyIgiveasummerassignment.Ineedyoureadyforthestartoftheschoolyearbyreviewingthethingsyoushouldhavelearnedinchemistry.TheAPChemistrycurriculumisextremelycontent-intensivesowewillmoveveryquicklyinordertogetreadyfortheAPexaminMay.So,bereadyforsomechallengingassignments.Remember,thiscourseisdesignedtomatchafirstyearcollegechemistryclass.

Assignmentsubmissionsaretobeturnedinviaemail(theworksheetsshouldbescannedandsentasPDF’s),incrementallythroughoutthesummer.Ihaveincludedalotofinformationinthispacket,butyoumayaccessoutsidesourcestohelpyouwithanytopicyoufindchallenging.Ifyouneedanextensiononanydeadlinebecauseofyoursummerschedule,youMUSTcommunicatewithme!Pleaseusetheguidelinesbelowincompletingyourwork:

SHOW YOUR WORK (where possible): To receive full credit, you must show a clear logical progression of steps leading to the answer. Your solutions should be neat and easy to follow. Answers with no work (for computational questions) will not receive credit. Obviously you can’t show work for things like naming compounds, so for things like that, work is not expected.

COLLABORATION: You are encouraged to work with other students and to receive help from any source available to you. AP Chemistry is a difficult subject and you are not expected to understand it all on your own. However, it would be considered cheating to simply copy another student’s work. If you understand the solution to a problem explained by another student, that is great, but then you should go work it on your own.


EnjoyyoursummerandbereadyforagreatyearinAPChemistry!!!Ifyouneedtoreachme,pleasefeelfreetoemailmeatjbomgardner@gracechristian.net.Ilookforwardtoteachingyouinthefall.

- Mrs.Bomgardner

PartI:LetterofIntroduction:Inordertobestteachyou,Ineedtoknowmoreaboutyou,bothasapersonandasastudent.Yourfirstassignmentistosendmeaformalletterofintroductionviae-mail(evenifI’vetaughtyoubefore!).Pleasereadtheguidelinesbelowandsendmeyourletterby[DUEDATE:JUNE1st,2017].

1)Addressittomeat:[email protected])MaketheSubject:“APChemistry:Introductionto<InsertYourNameHere>”(Donotincludethequotemarksorthebrackets,justyourname).3)Beginthee-mailwithaformalsalutation,like“DearMrs.Bomgardner”4)Nowintroduceyourselfandtellmeaboutyourself:Aboutyou:

• Whatis(currently)yourgreatesthobbyorinterest?• Whatisyourfavoritesongandwhy?• Whatwasthelastbookyoureadforfun?• Tellmealittlebitaboutyourfamily(Mom?Dad?Guardian?Siblings?Pets?)• Whatareyourplansforthefuture/nextyear/aftergraduation/careergoals?• Whatareyourstrengthsandweaknessesasastudent?• Tellmesomethingaboutyourselfthatyouareproudof.

Abouttheclass:

• Whatwasyourfavoritethingaboutyourchemistryclass?• WhydoyouwanttotakeAPChemistry?(wouldyousayitismorefortheKNOWLEDGEortheGPABOOST)?

• WhatisyourgreatesthopeforAPChemistrythisyear(Whatareyoumostlookingforwardto?)

• WhatareyourgreatestconcernsabouttakingAPChemistry?• Whatothertimecommitmentswillyouhavethisyearinadditiontothisclass(Job,sportsteams,otherAP’setc)?

• Isthereanythingelseyouwouldlikemetoknowaboutyou?5)Useclearlywritten,fullsentences.Donotabbreviatewordslikeyouaretextingtoafriend.Usespellcheck!Thisisaprofessionalcommunicationlikeyouwouldhavewithacollegeprofessor,solet’spractice.


6)Endthee-mailwithaformalclosing:“Cordially”,“Sincerely”,etc.andaddyournameasifyousignedaletter.

PartII:APChemistryisnotallaboutmemorization;however,havingthefollowingitemsmemorizedisessentialforsuccessinlearningtheconceptscoveredinthecourse.Makeflashcards,haveyourfriendsandfamilyquizyou,takethelistswithyouonvacation,ordowhateverittakestogetthisinformationfirmlyplantedinyourhead.Youwillbequizzedonthismaterialthefirstweekofschool.Studentswhowaituntilthelastminutemaydowellonthequiz,butwillstruggletherestoftheyeartryingtoremembertheseimportantthings!Studieshaveshownthatmemoryisimprovedbystudyingmaterialfrequentlyforshortperiodsoveralongstretchoftime.Sostartlearningtheseearly!

Threeareastore-memorize:(theyareattachedforyourconvenience)

[DUEDATE:Quizonthe1stFridayofSchool]

1) Rulesfornaming

a. Acids

b. IonicCompounds

c. CovalentCompounds

2) Ions(includingpolyatomic)

3) Rulesforsignificantfigures

PartIII:Dotheattachedworksheets[DUEonthe1stDayofSchool]:

1) SignificantFiguresWS

2) NamingandWritingChemicalFormulasWS

3) DimensionalAnalysisWS

4) WritingChemicalEquationsWS

5) StoichiometryWS


M1:RulesForNamingRulesforNaminganAcid

1.Forbinaryacids(meaningacompoundbetweenhydrogenandoneotherelement),theacidnamebeginswiththeprefixhydro-,thestemoftheanionhasthesuffix–icanditisfollowedbythewordacid.

Ex.-idebecomeshydro_____icAcid.Cl-istheChlorideionsoHCl=hydrochloricacid

2.Whentheanionnameendsin–ite,theacidnameisthestemoftheanionwiththesuffix–ous,followedbythewordacid.

Ex.-itebecomes______ousAcidClO2-istheChloriteionsoHClO2=Chlorousacid

3.Whentheanionnameendsin–ate,theacidnameisthestemoftheanionwiththesuffix–ic,followedbythewordacid.

Ex.-ateClO3-becomes______icAcidistheChlorateionsoHClO3=Chloricacid

RulesforNamingIonicCompounds(metal&nonmetal)

1.BalanceCharges(chargesshouldequalzero)

2.Cationisalwayswrittenfirst(innameandinformula)

3.Changetheendingoftheanionto–ide

Ex.Mg2Clismagnesiumchloride

RulesforNamingCovalentCompounds(twononmetals)

1. Ifthecationhasasubscriptof1,donotusetheprefix“mono.”Forexample,COiscarbonmonoxide,notmonocarbonmonoxide.

2. Otherthanthat,alwaysuseprefixesforbothwords.

3. Changetheendingoftheanionto–ide


M3:Ions(IncludingPolyatomic)


TipsforLearningtheIons

“FromtheTable”[LeftColumn]

Theirplaceonthetablesuggeststhechargeontheion,sincetheneutralatomgainsorlosesapredictablenumberofelectronsinordertoobtainanoblegasconfiguration.Thiswasafocusinfirstyearchemistry,soifyouareunsurewhatthismeans,gethelpBEFOREthestartoftheyear.

• AllGroup1Elementsloseoneelectrontoformanionwitha1+charge• AllGroup2Elements(alkalineearthmetals)losetwoelectronstoformanionwitha2+charge

• Group13metalslikealuminumlosethreeelectronstoformanionwitha3+charge• AllGroup17Elements(halogens)gainoneelectrontoformanionwitha1-charge• AllGroup16nonmetalsgaintwoelectronstoformanionwitha2-charge• AllGroup15nonmetalsgainthreeelectronstoformanionwitha3-charge

Noticethatcationskeeptheirname(sodiumion,calciumion)whileanionsgetan“-ide”ending(chlorideion,oxideion).

Metalsthatcanformmorethanoneionwillhavetheirpositivechargedenotedbyaromannumeralinparenthesisimmediatelynexttothenameoftheelement.

PolyatomicAnions[RightColumn]

Mostoftheworkonmemorizationoccurswiththeseions,butthereareanumberofpatternsthatcangreatlyreducetheamountofmemorizingthatonemustdo.

• “ate”anionshaveonemoreoxygenthenthe“ite”ion,butthesamecharge.Ifyoumemorizethe“ate”ions,thenyoushouldbeabletoderivetheformulaforthe“ite”ionandvice-versa.

• IfyouknowthatasufateionisSO42-thentogettheformulaforhydrogensulfate

ion,youaddahydrogeniontothefrontoftheformula.Sinceahydrogenionhasa1+charge,thenetchargeonthenewionislessnegativebyone.

• Learnthehypochloritechloritechlorateperchlorateseries,andyoualsoknowtheseriescontainingiodite/iodateaswellasbromite/bromate.

• Theprefix“hypo”means“under”or“toolittle”(think“hypodermic”,“hypothermic”or“hypoglycemia”).Hypochloriteis“under”chlorite,meaningithasonelessoxygen.

• Theprefix“hyper”means“above”or“toomuch”(think“hyperkinetic”).Theprefix“per”isderivedfrom“hyper”soperchloratehasonemoreoxygenthanchlorate.


M4:SignificantFiguresinMeasurementandCalculationsAsuccessfulchemistrystudenthabituallylabelsallnumbers,becausetheunitisimportant.Alsoofgreatimportanceisthenumberitself.Anynumberusedinacalculationshouldcontainonlyfiguresthatareconsideredreliable;otherwise,timeandeffortarewasted.Figuresthatareconsideredreliablearecalledsignificantfigures.Chemicalcalculationsinvolvenumbersrepresentingactualmeasurements.Inameasurement,significantfiguresinanumberconsistof:

Figures(digits)definitelyknown+Oneestimatedfigure(digit).Inclassyouwillhearthisexpressedas"allofthedigitsknownforcertainplusonethatisaguess."

RecordingMeasurements

Whenonereadsaninstrument(ruler,thermometer,graduate,buret,barometer,balance),heexpressesthereadingasonewhichisreasonablyreliable.Forexample,intheaccompanyingillustration,notethereadingmarkedA.Thisreadingisdefinitelybeyondthe7cmmarkandalsobeyondthe0.8cmmark.Wereadthe7.8withcertainty.Wefurtherestimatethatthereadingisfive-tenthsthedistancefromthe7.8marktothe7.9mark.So,weestimatethelengthas0.05cmmorethan7.8cm.Allofthesehavemeaningandarethereforesignificant.Weexpressthereadingas7.85cm,accuratetothreesignificantfigures.Allofthesefigures,7.85,canbeusedincalculations.InreadingBweseethat9.2cmisdefinitelyknown.Wecanincludeoneestimateddigitinourreading,andweestimatethenextdigittobezero.Ourreadingisreportedas9.20cm.Itisaccuratetothreesignificantfigures.

RulesforZeros

Ifazerorepresentsameasuredquantity,itisasignificantfigure.Ifitmerelylocatesthedecimalpoint,itisnotasignificantfigure.

ZeroWithinaNumber.Inreadingthemeasurement9.04cm,thezerorepresentsameasuredquantity,justas9and4,andis,therefore,asignificantnumber.Azerobetweenanyoftheotherdigitsinanumberisasignificantfigure.

ZeroattheFrontofaNumber.Inreadingthemeasurement0.46cm,thezerodoesnotrepresentameasuredquantity,butmerelylocatesthedecimalpoint.Itisnotasignificantfigure.Also,inthemeasurement0.07kg,thezerosareusedmerelytolocatethedecimalpointandare,therefore,notsignificant.Zerosatthefirst(left)ofanumberarenot


significantfigures.

ZeroattheEndofaNumber.Inreadingthemeasurement11.30cm,thezeroisanestimateandrepresentsameasuredquantity.Itisthereforesignificant.Anotherwaytolookatthis:Thezeroisnotneededasaplaceholder,andyetitwasincludedbythepersonrecordingthemeasurement.Itmusthavebeenrecordedasapartofthemeasurement,makingitsignificant.Zerostotherightofthedecimalpoint,andattheendofthenumber,aresignificantfigures.

ZerosattheEndofaWholeNumber.Zerosattheendofawholenumbermayormaynotbesignificant.Ifadistanceisreportedas1600feet,oneassumestwosigfigs.Reportingmeasurementsinscientificnotationremovesalldoubt,sinceallnumberswritteninscientificnotationareconsideredsignificant.

1.6x103feet 1.60x103feet 1.600x103feet

Twosignificantfigures Threesignificantfigures Foursignificantfigures

SampleProblem#1:Underlinethesignificantfiguresinthefollowingnumbers.

(a)0.0420cm answer=0.0420cm (e)2403ft. answer=2403ft.

(b)5.320in. answer=5.320in. (f)80.5300m answer=80.5300m

(c)10lb. answer=10lb. (g)200.G answer=200.g

(d)0.020ml answer=0.020ml (h)2.4x103kg answer=2.4x103kg

RoundingOffNumbers

Inreportinganumericalanswer,oneneedstoknowhowto"roundoff"anumbertoincludethecorrectnumberofsignificantfigures.Eveninaseriesofoperationsleadingtothefinalanswer,onemust"roundoff"numbers.Therulesarewellacceptedrules:

. Ifthefiguretobedroppedislessthan5,simplyeliminateit.

. Ifthefiguretobedroppedisgreaterthan5,eliminateitandraisetheprecedingfigureby1.

. Ifthefigureis5,followedbynonzerodigits,raisetheprecedingfigureby1

. Ifthefigureis5,notfollowedbynonzerodigit(s),andprecededbyanodddigit,raisethe


precedingdigitbyone

. Ifthefigureis5,notfollowedbynonzerodigit(s),andtheprecedingsignificantdigitiseven,theprecedingdigitremainsunchanged

SampleProblem#2:Roundoffthefollowingtothreesignificantfigures.

(a) 3.478m answer=3.48m

(b)4.8055cm answer=4.81cm

(c)5.333g answer=5.33g

(d)7.999in. answer=8.00in.

Multiplication

Inmultiplyingtwonumbers,whenyouwishtodeterminethenumberofsignificantfiguresyoushouldhaveinyouranswer(theproduct),youshouldinspectthenumbersmultipliedandfindwhichhastheleastnumberofsignificantfigures.Thisisthenumberofsignificantfiguresyoushouldhaveinyouranswer(theproduct).Thustheanswerto0.024x1244wouldberoundedofftocontaintwosignificantfiguressincethefactorwiththelessernumberofsignificantfigures(0.024)hasonlytwosuchfigures.

SampleProblem#3:Findtheareaofarectangle2.1cmby3.24cm.

Solution:Area=2.1cmx3.24cm=6.804cm2

Wenotethat2.1containstwosignificantfigures,while3.24containsthreesignificantfigures.Ourproductshouldcontainnomorethantwosignificantfigures.Therefore,our

answerwouldberecordedas6.8cm2

SampleProblem#4:Findthevolumeofarectangularsolid10.2cmx8.24cmx1.8cm

Solution:Volume=10.2cmx8.24cmx1.8cm=151.2864cm3

Weobservethatthefactorhavingtheleastnumberofsignificantfiguresis1.8cm.It

containstwosignificantfigures.Therefore,theanswerisroundedoffto150cm3.


Division

Individingtwonumbers,theanswer(quotient)shouldcontainthesamenumberofsignificantfiguresasarecontainedinthenumber(divisorordividend)withtheleastnumberofsignificantfigures.Thustheanswerto528÷0.14wouldberoundedofftocontaintwosignificantfigures.Theanswerto0.340÷3242wouldberoundedofftocontainthreesignificantfigures.

SampleProblem#5:Calculate20.45÷2.4.

Solution:20.45÷2.4=8.52083

Wenotethatthe2.4hasfewersignificantfiguresthanthe20.45.Ithasonlytwosignificantfigures.Therefore,ouranswershouldhavenomorethantwosignificantfiguresandshouldbereportedas8.5.

AdditionandSubtraction

Inadding(orsubtracting),setdownthenumbers,beingsuretokeeplikedecimalplacesundereachother,andadd(orsubtract).Next,notewhichcolumncontainsthefirstestimatedfigure.Thiscolumndeterminesthelastdecimalplaceoftheanswer.Aftertheanswerisobtained,itshouldberoundedoffinthiscolumn.Inotherwords,roundtotheleastnumberofdecimalplacesinyoudata.

SampleProblem#6:Add42.56g+39.460g+4.1g

Solution:86.120g

Sincethenumber4.1onlyextendstothefirstdecimalplace,theanswermustberoundedtothefirstdecimalplace,yieldingtheanswer86.1g.

AverageReadings

Theaverageofanumberofsuccessivereadingswillhavethesamenumberofdecimalplacesthatareintheirsum.

SampleProblem#7:Agraduatedcylinderwasweighedthreetimesandtherecordedweighingswere12.523g,12.497g,12.515g.Calculatetheaverageweight.

Solution:


12.523g+12.497g+12.515g=37.535g

Inordertofindtheaverage,thesumisdividedby3togiveananswerof12.51167.Sinceeachnumberextendstothreedecimalplaces,thefinalanswerisroundedtothreedecimalplaces,yieldingafinalanswerof12.512g.Noticethatthedivisorof3doesnoteffecttheroundingofthefinalanswer.Thisisbecause3isanexactnumber-knowntoaninfinitenumberofdecimalplaces.

SignificantFiguresWorksheetGivethenumberofsignificantfiguresineachofthefollowing:

____402m ____0.00420g ____5.1x104kg ____78323.01g

____34.20lbs ____3200liters ____0.48m ____1.10torr

____0.03sec ____0.0300ft. ____1400.0m ____760mmHg

Multiplyeachofthefollowing,observingsignificantfigurerules:

17mx324m=________________

0.005inx8888in=_____________

0.424inx.090in=______________

1.7mmx4294mm=__________________

0.050mx102m=____________________

324000cmx12.00cm=_______________

Divideeachofthefollowing,observingsignificantfigurerules:

23.4m÷0.50sec=______________

12miles÷3.20hours=________________

0.960g÷1.51moles=____________

1200m÷12.12sec=__________________


Addeachofthefollowing,observingsignificantfigurerules:

3.40m+0.022m+0.5m=________________

102.45g+2.44g+1.9999g=________________

102.cm+3.14cm+5.9cm=________________

234.1cm+62.04cm=________________

Subtracteachofthefollowing,observingsignificantfigurerules:

42.306m–1.22m=________________

14.33g–3.468g=________________

234.1cm–62.04cm=________________

Workeachofthefollowingproblems,observingsignificantfigurerules:

Threedeterminationsweremadeofthepercentageofoxygeninmercuricoxide.Theresultswere7.40%,7.43%,and7.35%.Whatwastheaveragepercentage?

Arectangularsolidmeasures13.4cmx11.0cmx2.2cm.Calculatethevolumeofthesolid.

Ifthedensityofmercuryis13.6g/ml,whatisthemassingramsof3426mloftheliquid?


NamingandWritingChemicalFormulasWorksheet


DimensionalAnalysisWorksheetMuchoftheworkyouwilldoinAPChemistryevolvesaroundusingdimensionalanalysis.Convertingameasurementfromoneunittoanotherisaccomplishedwithdimensionalanalysis.

Showworkforallproblems:

1) Howmanynanometersaretherein23.2centimeters?

2) Anironsamplehasamassof3.50lbs.Whatisthemassofthissampleingrams?

3) Performthefollowingconversion:6.00m/s=_________mi/hr

4) Convert23.2ºCto___________oF


5) Anexperimentrequires75.0gorethylalcohol(density0.790g/mL).Whatvolume,inliterswillberequired?

6) Calculatethemassofarectangularsolidthathasadensityof2.53g/cm3,andwhichmeasures2.50cmby1.80cmby3.00cm.

7) Asamplecontaining2.94molofcalciumcontainshowmanyatoms?


WritingChemicalEquationsWorksheetGivethetypeforeachofthefollowingreactions:

1)NaOH+KNO3àNaNO3+KOH ________________________

2)CH4+2O2àCO2+2H2O ________________________

3)Fe+3NaBràFeBr3+3Na ________________________

4)CaSO4+Mg(OH)2àCa(OH)2+MgSO4 ________________________

5)NH4OH+HBràH2O+NH4Br ________________________

6)Pb+O2àPbO2 ________________________

7)Na2CO3àNa2O+CO2 ________________________

Foreachequationbelow,identifythetype(synthesis,decomposition,singlereplacement,doublereplacement,orcombustion),predicttheproducts,andthenwritethebalancedreaction.Remembertousethesolubilityrulesfordoublereplacementreactionsandtheactivityseriesforsinglereplacementreactions.Hint:whenwritingthesereactions,ignorealloftheinformationaboutheat,orbubbling,ormixing.Thesearejustexcesswordsusedtomakecompletesentences.Simplypulloutthechemicalformulas.

Forexample:

Solutionsofsilvernitrateandmagnesiumiodidearecombined.

Thisisadoublereplacementreaction.

2AgNO3(aq)+MgI2(aq)à2AgI(s)+Mg(NO3)2(aq)

8) Ammoniumsulfatereactswithbariumnitrate.

9) Zincmetalisaddedtoasolutionofcopper(II)chloride.


10) Propanegas(C3H8)isburnedinexcessoxygen.

11) Chlorinegasisbubbledthroughasolutionofsodiumbromide.

12) Solutionsofleadnitrateandcalciumiodidearecombined.

13) Sulfuricacidiscombinedwithsodiumhydroxide.

14) Isopropylalcohol(C3H7OH)isburnedinoxygen.

15) Ironmetalshavingsareaddedtohydrochloricacid.

16) Sodiummetalisaddedtodistilledwater.


StoichiometryProblemsWorksheet1) Findthemasspercentofnitrogenineachofthefollowingcompounds:

a.NO

b.NO2

c.N2O4

d.N2O

2) Benzenecontainsonlycarbonandhydrogenandhasamolarmassof78.1g/mol.Analysisshowsthecompoundtobe7.44%hydrogenbymass.Findtheempiricalandmolecularformulaofbenzene.

3) Calciumcarbonatedecomposesuponheating,producingcalciumoxideandcarbondioxide.

a. Writeabalancedchemicalequationforthisreaction.

b. Howmanygramsofcalciumoxidewillbeproducedafter12.25gramsofcalciumcarbonatearecompletelydecomposed?


4) Hydrogengasandbrominegasreacttoformhydrogenbromidegas.a. Writeabalancedequationforthisreaction.

b. 3.2gramsofhydrogenreactswith9.5gramsofbromine.Whichisthelimitingreactant?

c. Howmanygramsofhydrogenbromidegascanbeproducedusingtheamountsin(b)?

d. Howmanygramsofexcessreactantareleftunreacted?


5) Whenammoniagas,oxygengasandmethanegas(CH4)arecombined,theproductsarehydrogencyanidegasandwater.a. Writeabalancedequationforthisreaction.

b. Calculatethemassofeachproductproducedwhen225gramsofoxygengasreactwithanexcessoftheothertworeactants.

c. Iftheactualyieldoftheexperimentin(b)is105gramsofHCN,calculatethepercentyield.


6) Whenammoniagas,oxygengasandmethanegas(CH4)arecombined,theproducts

arehydrogencyanidegasandwater.a. Writeabalancedchemicalequationforthisreaction.

b. Calculatethemassofeachproductproducedwhen225gofoxygengasisreactedwithanexcessoftheothertworeactants.

c. Iftheactualyieldoftheexperimentin(b)is105gofHCN,calculatethepercentyield.


7) Whensolutionsofpotassiumiodideandlead(II)nitratearecombined,theproductsarepotassiumnitrateandlead(II)iodide.a. Writeabalancedequationforthisreaction,including(aq)and(s).

b. Calculatethemassofprecipitateproducedwhen50.0mLof0.45Mpotassiumiodidesolutionand75mLof0.55Mlead(II)nitratesolutionaremixed.

ap chemistry summer 2017 - gracechristian.net · grace christian school 2 ap® chemistry summer...

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