AP Chapter 26AP Chapter 26The Cold WarThe Cold War

Financing the FutureFinancing the Future

International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were created towards the end of the war

Allowed the U.S. to rebuild the world’s economy after the war

Potsdam Conference Potsdam Conference Germany disarmed & divided into 4 zones War criminals put on trial Disagreements between the U.S. and USSR

continued after the war December 1946 GB/US/France merged their

districts

United NationsUnited Nations Goal was to be a peace keeping organization

and prevent another world war General Assembly consisted of all member

nations Security Council had 15 members with 5 being

permanent and had veto power UN also dedicated itself to protecting human

rights

Containment EffortsContainment Efforts

Truman Doctrine- gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey to crush a communist uprising

Marshall Plan- $12 billion was given to rebuild Europe

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)- reduced trade barriers in W. Europe

Berlin Blockade/Airlift- US spent 11 months airlift goods in W. Berlin until the USSR gave up

NATO- US first peace time alliance and preached “collective security”

U.S. began to stockpile atomic weapons 1949 Soviets had nuclear weapons and the

arms race was on

Harry S. TrumanHarry S. Truman

Truman became president after FDR died in 1945 and faced many challenges

Following the war inflation rose by almost 25% and the effects of demobilizing hurt the economy

May 1946 he threatened to draft RR workers into the army but never happened

Council of Economic Affairs- board of economists that guided the president on economic issues

Republicans controlled Congress in 1946 and Truman battled with them

Taft Hartley Act- limited unions by banning 2nd Boycotts, closed shop and all union officials had to swear that they weren't communists

Election of 1948Election of 1948

Truman (D) defeated Thomas Dewey (R) and Strom Thurmond (Dixiecrat) for the presidency

1948 Truman integrated the federal workforce Fair Deal- similar to the New Deal led to aid for

housing, raised the min. wage, and expanded Social Security

Cold War at HomeCold War at Home National Security Council- group that focused on

national defense CIA created and analyzes information Loyalty Checks- FBI began to check the loyalty of

federal employees 500 lost their jobs and 6,000 resigned

McCarran Act- made Communist organizations register with the govt.

Smith Act- illegal to join the Communist party

House of un-American Activities House of un-American Activities CommitteeCommittee

Investigated those thought to be disloyal to the U.S.

Congressional hearings held to uncover those that were disloyal many were blacklisted

Actors and union leaders were questioned

Hiss Case- accused of being a Communist with very little evidence sent to jail for 2 years “Pumpkin Papers”

Rosenberg Case- Ethel & Julius were sentenced and executed for giving nuclear secrets to the Soviets both proclaimed their innocence but executed in 1953

Oppenheimer Case- helped create the Atomic Bomb but opposed the creation of the Hydrogen Bomb and eventually lost his security clearance

Hiss Denies Charges and the Red Scare

McCarthyismMcCarthyism

Joseph McCarthy- U.S. Senator claimed to have a list of 205 Communists that worked for the U.S. State Dept.

No evidence to support him but gained attention

McCarthy gave speeches and gained a lot of support from the people

He led a committee to investigate “Communist Sympathizers”

Many were black listed (refuse to hire) McCarthy even accused the Army and

Eisenhower He lost a lot of support when he bullied

people on a TV debate

McCarthyism- the use of reckless and unfair accusations in the name of suppressing political disloyalty.

McCarthy was eventually censored by the Senate and died in 1957

Investigation of homosexuals was common as well

Joseph McCarthy

The Iron Curtain

USSR refused to allow E. Europeans to travel to W. Europe

Churchill said “an iron curtain had descended across Europe”

Origins of the Cold War US & USSR are the two super powers Both feared each other Arms race begins Both give military aid to govt.’s that supported

their ideas

Cold War CultureCold War Culture

Arthur Miller’s play A Death of a Salesman was popular

J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye looked at the struggles of teenage boys

Movies focused on Cold War events and UFO’s Families and homes grew

Baby BoomBaby Boom

Post war boom in births from 1946 to 1964 over 50 million babies were born

This led to a huge demand on consumer goods Dr. Spocks Baby and Child Care encouraged

women to be stay at home moms GI Bill- eased the return of soldiers by giving

them education and employment benefits

Military Industrial CommunitiesMilitary Industrial Communities

Large communities rose up in the west to support the military

Los Alamos, NM was the center of nuclear research

Military bases popped up all over the place

Loss of China and the Korean WarLoss of China and the Korean War

Following WWII China faced a 4 year civil war and Mao Zedong won and China became communist in 1949

June 1950 N. Korea invaded S. Korea and the UN Security Council sent in troops led by Gen. MacArthur

MacArthur attacked and drove the Koreans back to the Chinese border

Chinese entered the war and drove the US back to the 38th parallel

MacArthur wanted to use atomic weapons and attack China but Truman refused and was forced to remove MacArthur from command

Korea was never a declared war but Truman had the right in NSC 68 to resist Communism

The war entered a stalemate and over 54,000 Americans died

Election of 1952Election of 1952

Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) defeated Adlai Stevenson (D)

Ike promised to end the Korean War VP Nixon was accused of accepting improper

gifts of a puppy named Checkers Ike easily won

ConclusionConclusion

The Cold War divided the world between the US and USSR

Truman Doctrine, NATO and Marshall Plan all tried to contain communism

Truman was a good president but not well liked McCarthyism played on the fears of Communism