ap biology name guided reading chapter 28 pages 548 · pdf file- pteridophytes →...
TRANSCRIPT
Page 1 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
AP Biology Name __________________________
Guided Reading Chapter 28 Pages 548 to 553
1. What is the theory of serial endosymbiosis
2. Label the following diagram.
3. Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids because…
4. Label the diagram of secondary endosymbiosis below.
5. Label the following cladogram of all living things. Explain what horizontal gene transfer is.
Page 2 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
Chapter 29 – How Plants Colonized Land
- Four main groups of land plants:
o ________________________ (mosses)
o ________________________ (ferns)
o ________________________ (conifers – ex. pines)
o ________________________ (flowering plants)
- Bryophytes → “_____________________”; (no water tubes)
- Pteridophytes → “___________________” but _______________________
- Gymnosperms → “__________________” with ______________
- Angiosperms → “___________________” with ______________________________________
- Closest relative to land plants = green algae called ________________________
- Features of Land Plants:
o
o
Page 3 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
- BUT….many algae have some of this….SO…
- UNIQUE FEATURES connect land plants and charophyceans:
o
o
- Differences between land plants and close algae relatives (so ONLY land plants have these):
o __________________ meristems
o ______________________ embryos
o ___________________ of generations
o Sporangia produces ______________________
o Gametangia produces gametes
Archegonia =
Antheridia =
o DETAILS →
Apical meristems →
Multicellular, dependent, embryos →
Alternation of generations →
Gametophyte with haploid cells → gametophyte produces …
Sporophyte with diploid cells → sporophyte is produced by mitotic
division of the _______________________; sporophyte produces
haploid spores by ____________________
o ALSO…..water conservation →
Except for bryophytes, land plants all have true roots, stems, leaves because of vascular tissues
o Xylem →
o Phloem →
Prevents desiccation
Page 4 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
- Evolutionary connections between land plants and charophyceans:
o Homologous chloroplasts, peroxisomes, cell walls
o ________________________ (structure in cell division)
o _______________________ sperm (algae and many plants)
o Molecular systematic → chloroplast DNA and rRNA
1. Use the diagram below to view plant evolution in broad terms.
2. What general characteristics could you infer about plants that lack vascular tissue?
Page 5 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
- Complete the following diagram representing the life cycle of a moss.
Bryophytes
o Three phyla: __________________________, ____________________________,
_______________________________ (mosses closest to vascular plants)
o ____________________________ most conspicuous/ dominant phase
Page 6 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
3.
4. What are some of the ecological and economic benefits of moss? List at least three.
- What was the dominant life cycle in Seedless Vascular Plants?
Vascular Plants
o Food transport (__________________) and water transport (___________________)
o
o ___________________________ = dominant generation
Pteridophytes (seedless vascular) → FERNS
Sporophyte = dominant
o Homosporous →
o Heterosporous → 2 kinds of spores
Megaspores =
Microspores =
Produces sori →
Page 7 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
- Other information:
o Seedless vascular plants formed “__________________” during carboniferous period
5. Complete the diagram below outlining the life cycle of a fern.
6. What is the difference between a plant being homosporous and heterosporous?
7. What effect did the development of the first forests have on carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Page 8 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
Chapter 30 – Evolution of Seed Plants
- Reproductive Adaptations of Seed Plants:
o Reduction of gametophyte
NOT ________________________ like in pterophyta (ferns)
o Evolution of seed
Spores →
Seeds →
o Evolution of Pollen
Pollen →
Page 9 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
No water requirement (no flagellated sperm)
Label the diagram from page 598 and what is its significance?
- Seed Plants
o Vascular plants that produce seeds
o Recall: sporophyte = dominant phase (ex. pine trees = sporophytes)
o Two clades of seed plants:
Gymnosperms →
Angiosperms →
Most diverse and geographically widespread
_________________ known species
Complete the diagram below of the life cycle of a pine.
Page 10 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
o ANGIOSPERMS = phylum ___________________________
Monocots →
Leaves with ______________________ veins
______________________ group (single ancestor)
Dicots →
Leaves with _________________________ veins
_____________ seed leaves
Success of angiosperms due to:
Flowers:
Angiosperm structure specialized for reproduction
Specialized shoot with 4 circles of modified leaves: sepals, petals,
stamens, carpals
o Sepals →
o Petals →
o Stamens →
Produce _______________________ → male
gametophytes
o Carpals →
Also called ________________
Produce __________________________ → female
gametophytes
Stigma →
Style →
Ovary →
_____________ and
____________ are
NOT involved in
reproduction
Page 11 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
Ovules/ seeds are protected by the ovary
o Seed forms from _________________
o Fruit forms from ________________
Fruit:
Angiosperm structure that protects dormant seeds and aids in dispersal
Mature ovary (fruit)
o
o Wall of ovary becomes a ______________________ →
Simple fruit →
Aggregate fruit →
Multiple fruit →
Humans produce edible fruits via selective breeding (ex. apple, orange,
cereal grain)
Angiosperm Life Cycle
Heterosporous →
o Male →
o Female →
Steps of the cycle:
o Anthers produce microspores
o Microspores form pollen
o Ovules produce megaspores
o Megaspores from embryo sac
o Pollen → sticky stigma of carpal
Although they can self pollinate, most
____________________________
Cotyledons →
Double Fertilization
Male
Female
Page 12 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
Characteristic of angiosperms
Creates _______________________ central cell
Function→
Specifics →
o 1 pollen grain = __ sperm
o 1 sperm fertilizes the egg → ___ zygote
o 1 sperm fuses with the 2 nuclei to form 3n __________________
which becomes the …
Note→
o Monocots store most food in __________________________
(ex. corn)
o Dicots transfer nutrients from the endosperm to the
_____________________ (ex. beans)
Label the angiosperm diagram
o
Coevolution
Relationship between animals and angiosperms
o
o
Page 13 of 13 Rob Zimmerman, based on Biology Campbell and Reese 2002, modified from M. Carr and L. Mariello
Plants and Human Welfare
Agriculture (food!) is based on ________________________
Plant diversity is non-renewable
o Humans are extinguishing plants →
o Ethical concerns →
o Practical concerns →
ECOSYSTEMS ARE LIVING TREASURES!!