AP BiologyMrs.

Hennings

Stations 10 & 11 Animal Diversity Treasure Hunt

Half a billion years of backbone…..

Vertebrates: named after vertebrae- a series of bones that make up the vertebral column or backbone

52,000 species of vertebratesInclude the heaviest animals ever to walk

on landVertebrates are members of the phylum

Chordata- Chordates- are bilaterian ( bilateral

symmetry) animals and they are in the clade of animals called Deuterostomia

4 key characteristics of chordatesNotochordDorsal hollow nerve cordPharyngeal slits or cleftsMuscular post anal tail

NotochordNotochord- longitudinal, flexible rod

between digestive tube and nerve cord.Large fluid filled cells in stiff tissueProvides skeletal supportIn most vertebrates- a more complex

skeleton develops around ancestral notochord

In humans the notochord is reduced to gelatinous disks sandwiched between vertebrae

Dorsal Hollow nerve cordFrom plate of ectoderm

that rolls into tube in dorsal notochord

Unique to chordatesIn chordate embryo

develops into the central nervous system- the brain and spinal cord

Phayngeal Slits or Clefts

Just posterior to mouth is the pharynx.Series of pouches separated by grooves forms

pharynx.These are called pharyngeal clefts- that develop

into slits that open to the outside of the body.These slits allow water to enter the body and exit

without passing through the digestive tract.Function as suspension feeding devices- in

invertebratesIn vertebrates these have been modified for gas

exchange and are called gill slits.In tetrapods- they don’t develop into slits- they

become part of the ear and head/neck.

Muscular post anal tailTail that extends posterior to anusIn many species is reduced in embryonic

development

TunicatesIn many species the larvae uses its tail muscles

and notochord to swim through water in search of where it can settle.

Once settled- radical metamorphosis- many of its chordate characteristics disappear

Tail and notochord reabsorbedNervous system degeneratesRemaining organs rotate 90 degreesDraws water in through siphon9 Hox genes all other chordates have 13 Different genetic controls than other chordates

Sea Squirt Anatomy

Derived characters of craniatesTwo clusters of Hox genesNeural crest- collection of cells that appears

near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo.

Neural crest cells- go throughout the body and give rise to a variety of structures including teeth, bones, cartilage, inner layer of skin, neurons and sensory capsules from which eyes and other sense organs develop.

High metabolismExtensive muscular systemHeart with at least 2 chambersRed blood cells with hemoglobinKidneys that remove wastes from blood

Hagfish Skull made of cartilage Lack jaws and vertebrae Swim in snakelike fashion Small brain, eyes, ears, and

nasal opening Mouths have tooth like

formations from keratin All 30 species are marine Bottom dwelling scavengers Slime glands that absorb

water and repels others Can produce liters of slime in

less than 1 minute ( WOW) Slime coats gills of fish-

suffocates it Research on slime to see if

can stop bleeding in surgery

Chondrichthyans ( sharks, rays and family)

Largest and most successful vertebrate predators

Cartilage fishSkeleton made of

cartilage750 speciesStreamlined bodyFast swimmers with

powerful trunk , and caudal fin

Dorsal fin stabalizesPectoral and pelvic fins

provide lifeStores large amount of oil

in liver- buoyant

Sharks and rays….. If stops swimming it will sink Continual swimming ensures water flow into mouth and out gills-

where gas exchange happens Sometimes rest on sea floor- when rest use muscles of jaws to

pump water over gills Suspension feeders- and carnivores Swallow prey whole Several rows of teeth Sharp vision- but cant see color Nostrils dead end just for smelling not breathing On head can detect electric fields No eardrums Eggs fertilized internally Male has pair of claspers on fins Some are oviparous- lay eggs that hatch outside mother Some are ovoviviparous- keep fertilized eggs in oviduct- hatch

young in uterus Viviparous- young develop in uterus and get nourishment from

placenta

Rays….Bottom dwellers

Station # 11 TetrapodsFour feetHave limbs that can

support weightHead is separated by

neckBones of pelvic girdle

are fused to back bone

No gill slitsOrigin- tetrapod body

plan was a modification of preexising body plan. Some water species used fins to help move across muddy bottom.

Amphibians

Salamanders, frogs, etc.Some aquatic- some terrestrialAmphibian- means both ways of life both water and

landLarval stage of frog- tadpole- aquatic herbivore

with gillsMetamophosis- second life- develops legs, and

digestive system for carnivorous diet.Many amphibians do not live a dual- water land life.Found in damp habitatsRely on moist skin for gas exchangeSome terrestrial species breathe through skin an

oral cavity

Frog fertilization

External in mostMale grasps female and spills

sperm over eggs as she sheds them.

Lay eggs in water or moist environment

Lack shells- mortality is highMay house eggs on back,

mouth, or in stomachSome stir eggs into foamy

nests to resist dryingUsually quiet but sometimes in

breeding seasons- males singPast 25 years huge decrease in

population

Amniotes: reptiles, (including birds), and mammalsAmniotic egg- contains four

specialized membranes:AmnionChorionYolk sacAllantois

Called amnion- for amnion fluid that baths the embryo.

Key in evolution for terrestrial life.

Allowed embryo to develop on land in own private pond.

Amniotic eggs have a shellUse rib cage to ventilate

Early amniotesNot possible to say when first evolvedReptiles- called “cold blooded” because do

not use metabolism to regulate body temperature- but do use behavior such as sunning to regulate it.

Ectothermic- absorb external heat as main source.

Endothermic- maintain body temp by metabolic activity

Dinosaurs became extinct by the end of the Cretaceous period except for birds.

Turtles

Boxlike shell made of upper and lower shields that are fused to the vertebrae- or collarbones and ribs.

Excellent defense- shellEarliest could not retract head into shellSome have adapted to deserts and others waterSea turtles- reduced shell and enlarged

forelimbs- flippers

Alligators and CrocodilesCrocodilians23 known species

confined to warm regions

What’s the difference??????The first difference between a crocodile and an

alligator is that they are from different families of crocodilians. Crocodiles are from the crocodylidae family, while alligators and caiman are from the alligatoridae family

In terms of physical differences the easiest way to tell the difference between the two is that a crocodile has a very long, narrow, V-shaped snout, while the alligator's snout is wider and U-shaped. Because of the wide snout of the alligator it packs more crushing power to eat prey like turtles that constitute part of its diet. The narrow crocodile snout, although still very powerful, is not really suited for prey like turtles but is very versatile for fish and mammals

What’s the difference contd…Another physical difference between the crocodile and

the alligator is that the crocodile's upper and lower jaws are nearly the same width, so the teeth are exposed all along the jaw line in an interlocking pattern, even when the mouth is closed. They also have an enormous 4th tooth on the lower jaw that is accommodated by depressions in the upper jaw just behind the nostrils

An alligator, on the other hand, has a wider upper jaw, so when its mouth is closed the teeth in the lower jaw fit into sockets of the upper jaw, hidden from view. Only the teeth of the upper jaw are exposed along the lower jaw line. Even the enormous 4th tooth on the bottom jaw, which is exposed in a crocodile, is hidden in the alligator.

Another physical difference is that crocodiles have a lighter olive brown coloration, while alligators appear blackish. Alligators also prefer freshwater while crocodiles like brackish water and sometimes even ocean

Birds10,000 speciesArchosaursReduced anatomy modified for flightLack a urinary bladderOnly one ovaryGonads smallToothlessFeathers made of protein B keratinFlight has benefits: enhances hunting, flying

insects, escape from predators and can move about.

EndothermicAcute visionComplex behaviors

Early evolution of mammalsGroup of amniotes called synapsidsEarly lacked hair, had a wide gait and laid

eggs.Distinctive- hole behind eye socket on each

side of socket- human have this feature.( temporal fenestra)

Three major lineages:Monotremes ( egg laying)Marsupials ( mammals with pouch)Eutherians (placental mammals)

Monotremes Found only in Australia and New Guinea One species of platypus and 4 species

of echidnas Lay eggs Have hair Produce milk- lack nipples Milk is secreted by glands on the belly

of the mom- after hatching the baby sucks the milk from the mom’s fur.

MarsupialsOpossum, kangaroo, koalaHigher metabolic rate Nipples that provide milkGive birth to live youngEmbryo develops in uterusHas a placentaBorn early and completes

development while nursingKangaroo- size of a bee

after birthpouch

Eutherians ( Placental mammals)Placentas more complex than marsupialsLonger pregnancy than marsupialsComplete embryonic development in

uterusHas placenta that provides nourishmentIncludes primates

Primates

Lemurs, tarsiers,monkeys and apes.

Humans are part of the APE group.

Hands and feet adapted for grasping

Digits have flat nailsSkin ridges on fingers

(fingerprints)Large brainShort jawsForward facing eyesWell developed parental

careComplex social behavior

Primate Characteristics contd..Grasping hands and feetAll primates except for humans have big toe

that is widely separated from others to grasp branches

Opposable thumbArboreal maneuvering- excellent hand eye

coordinationExcellent visionGood depth perceptionThree main groups:

Lemurs TarsiersAnthropoids

Lemurs are small primates known as "prosimians," which, roughly translated, means "pre-primates" or "before monkeys." Native only to the island of Madagascar and the neighboring Comoro Islands, lemurs resemble the oldest ancestors of primates which existed tens of millions of years ago

Most lemurs are arboreal, living in trees. They spend most of their time at the top of the rainforest canopy or in the forest midlevel. An exception is the ring-tailed lemur, which spends most of its time on the ground.

Unlike some other primates, lemurs do not have prehensile tails (they cannot hang by their tails from trees like monkeys) but they do have long, wet noses. Lemurs have a keen sense of smell and they also have good vision, even at night. Their thumbs and big toes are opposable, but they mainly use their teeth and an extended "toilet claw" on the second toe of their hind feet for grooming.

TarsiersTarsiers are small animals with enormous eyes; each

eyeball is approximately 16 mm in diameter and is as large as their entire brain.Tarsiers also have very long hind limbs. In fact, their feet have extremely elongated tarsus bones, from which the animals get their name. The head and body range from 10 to 15 cm in length, but the hind limbs are about twice this long (including the feet), and they also have a slender tail from 20 to 25 cm long. Their fingers are also elongated, with the third finger being about the same length as the upper arm. Most of the digits have nails, but the second and third toes of the hind feet bear claws instead, which are used for grooming. Tarsiers have very soft, velvety fur, which is generally buff, beige, or ochre in color

New World MonkeysNew World monkeys are limited to tropical

forest environments of southern Mexico, Central, and South America.  All of these monkeys are predominantly arboreal and mostly herbivorous. They eat leaves, fruits, nuts, gums, and occasional small prey such as insects.  Today, there are at least 53 species commonly divided into two families--Cebidae and Callitricidae

Old World MonkeysThe Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae

are a group of primates, falling in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the clade Catarrhini. The Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia today, inhabiting a range of environments from tropical rain forest to savanna, scrubland, and mountainous terrain, and are also known from Europe in the fossil record. However, a (possibly introduced) free-roaming group of monkeys still survives in Gibraltar (Europe) to this day. Old World monkeys include many of the most familiar species of non-human primates such as baboons and macaques.

GibbonAlso called the lesser apes, gibbons differ from

great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans and humans) in being smaller and pair-bonded, exhibiting low sexual dimorphism, in not making nests, and in certain anatomical details in which they superficially more closely resemble monkeys than great apes do. Gibbons are masters of their primary mode of locomotion, brachiation, swinging from branch to branch for distances of up to 15 m (50 ft), at speeds as high as 56 km/h (35 mph). They can also make leaps of up to 8 m (27 ft), and walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance. They are the fastest and most agile of all tree-dwelling, non-flying mammals.

Depending on species and gender, gibbons' fur coloration varies from dark to light brown shades, and anywhere in between black and white. It is rare to see a completely white gibbon.

OrangutansThe orangutans (or orangutangs) are one of two

endangered species of great apes (the other being the gorilla). Known for their intelligence, they live in trees and are the largest living arboreal animal. They have longer arms than other great apes, and their hair is typically reddish-brown, instead of the brown or black hair typical of other great apes. Native to Indonesia and Malaysia, they are currently found only in rainforests on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, though fossils have been found in Java, the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Vietnam and China. There are only two surviving species in the genus Pongo: the Bornean Pongo pygmaeus and the critically endangered Sumatran Pongo abelii. The subfamily Ponginae includes the extinct genera Gigantopithecus and Sivapithecus

GorillasGorillas are the largest of the living primates. They

are ground-dwelling and predominantly herbivorous. They inhabit the forests of central Africa. Gorillas are divided into two species and (still under debate as of 2008) either four or five subspecies. The DNA of gorillas is 98%–99% identical to that of a human, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the two chimpanzee species.

Gorillas live in tropical or subtropical forests. Although their range covers a small percentage of Africa, gorillas cover a wide range of elevations. The Mountain Gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes, ranging in altitude from 2,200–4,300 metres (7,200–14,000 ft). Lowland Gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level.

ChimpanzeeChimpanzee, sometimes colloquially chimp, is the

common name for the two extant species of ape in the genus Pan. The Congo River forms the boundary between the native habitat of the two species:

Common Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes: the better known chimpanzee lives primarily in West and Central Africa.

Bonobo, Pan paniscus: also known as the "Pygmy Chimpanzee or Bonzi Chimpanzee", this species is found in the forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Chimpanzees are members of the Hominidae family, along with gorillas, humans, and orangutans. Chimpanzees split from human evolution about 6 million years ago and thus the two chimpanzee species are the closest living relatives to humans, all being members of the Hominini tribe (along with extinct species of Hominina subtribe). Chimpanzees are the only known members of the Panina subtribe. The two Pan species split only about one million years ago.

BonoboThe Bonobo is endangered and is found in the

wild only in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Along with the Common Chimpanzee, the Bonobo is the closest extant relative to humans. Since the two species are not proficient swimmers, it is possible that the formation of the Congo River 1.5–2 million years ago led to the speciation of the Bonobo. They live south of the river, and thereby were separated from the ancestors of the Common Chimpanzee, which live north of the river.[

Derived characteristics of HumansStand uprightBipedalLarger brainCapable of languageSymbolic thoughtManufacture and use toolsChimps and humans 99% identical

Hominins20 extinct species

that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees.

AustralopithsBrain only 1/3 size

of present day human

“lucy” 1974 discovery= 1 m tall.

Capable of arboreal locomotion

Arms longerWalked on two legs

Homo neanderthalsLarger brain equal to oursBuried their deadMade hunting toolsBecame extinct 28,000 years ago

Homo Sapiens Lacked heavy brow ridges of

earlier species From AfricaBased on mitochondrial DNA

and y chromosome DNAGene FOXP2- plays key role

in human language.FOXP2- Who inherit mutated

gene have language impediments and reduced activity in Broca’s area of brain. This gene experienced intense natural selection.