ap biology chapter 10 photosynthesis. name the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon onto...
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AP BIOLOGYChapter 10
Photosynthesis
Name the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon onto RuBP in Calvin cycle in C3 plants.
Name the cells that control the opening and closing of stomates on the underneath surface of leaves
A stack of thylakoids is called a _______
RUBISCO
Guard cells
granum (pl. grana)
Organisms that get energy by consuming other living things
Fluid filled compartment inside thethylakoids
Chloroplasts are found mainly in__________ cells in the interior of the leaf
Heterotrophs (consumers)
Thylakoid space or lumen
mesophyll
chloroplastmitochondria
WHERE DOES IT GO? KREBS CYCLECALVIN CYCLELIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS
CALVIN CYCLEKREBS CYCLE
Type of cell where carbon fixation happens in C3 plants
Electron carrier that receives electrons at the end of electron transport during the light dependent reactions
Name the product(s) of the light dependent reactions
Mesophyll cells
NADP+
NADPH, ATP, and O2
Type of cell where carbon fixation happens in C4 plants
Molecule that provide electrons to replace the electrons in chlorophyll a in PSII that are energized and passed down the ETC
Name the product(s) of the light independent reactions
Mesophyll cells
H2O
G3P (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate) (….glucose)
Which kind ofplants usethis pathway
to fix CO2?
Name the enzymeused to add CO2 toPEP in this pathwayC4 plants
have bundlesheath cells
PEP carboxylase
Which molecule is added to RuBP during photorespiration?
5-carbon molecule to which CO2 is added during carbon fixation in C3 plants
Light absorbing molecules like chlorophyll and carotenoids are called ____________
oxygen
RuBP- Ribulose bisphosphate
pigments
chloroplastmitochondria
WHERE DOES IT GO?
FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR at end of ETC = ?ENERGY SOURCE = ?LOCATION OF ETC = ?
ETC in cristae ETC in thylokoid(inner membrane) membrane
Glucose is energy Sunlight is
Source energy source
Final electron Final electron acceptor = O2 acceptor = NADP+
Type of cell where Calvin cycle happens in C4 plants
3-carbon molecule to which CO2 is added during carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants
Name the reactants of the Calvin cycle
Bundle sheath cells
PEP (Phosphoenolpyruvate)
ATP, NADPH, CO2
CAM plants fix carbon in mesophyllcells _______.
during the day at night
Molecules _____ electrons when they are reduced. (lose gain)
at night
GAIN
Remember:OIL RIGOxidation Is Losing electronsReduction Is Gaining electrons
Name the enzyme that adds CO2 to PEP when carbon is fixed in C4 and CAM plants
CAM stands for ________________
Give some examples of CAM plants
PEP carboxylase
Crassulacean acid metabolism
Succulents (jade, sedum), cactus, pineapple,
Have DNA
Have cytochromes Ubiquinone (Q)
chloroplastmitochondria
WHERE DOES IT GO?CELLULAR RESPIRATIONHAVE DNAHAVE CYTOCHROMESUBIQUINONE (Q)
Cellular respiration
chlorophyll
Name this molecule
Give some examples of C4 plants
Place where H+ ions build up during ETC in the light dependent reactions = ?
Name the color of light that is least effect in driving photosynthesis
Corn, sugar cane, many grasses
Thylakoid space
Green- plants reflect green wavelengths
RIBOSOMES
Proton pumps
photophosphorylation
chloroplastmitochondria
WHERE DOES IT GO?RIBOSOMESOXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONPROTON PUMPSPHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
Oxidative phosphorylation
Label reactants and products for photosynthesis:
#1 = ___________________#2 = ___________________#3 = ___________________#4 = ___________________#5 = ___________________
Carbon dioxide
WATEROXYGEN
SUGARLight energy
Wavelengths of light chlorophyll absorbs the best = ?
Guard cells open stomata when they are __________
turgid flaccid
Name the metallic cofactor at the center of chlorophyll’s phorphyrin ring
Red, blue-violet
turgid
Magnesium
Because rubisco has a greater affinity for O2 instead CO2 , when CO2 is low and oxygen is high plants switch into this pathway
Tell where the H+ ions that build up in the thylakoid space during the light reactions come fromphotorespiration
1. Pumped from stroma by proton pumps in thylakoid membrane2. Produced when water is split to replaceelectrons lost by chlorophyll
Found in animalsgrana
Have ATP synthase
chloroplastmitochondria
WHERE DOES IT GO?FOUND IN ANIMALSGRANAHAVE ATP SYNTHASEFOUND IN PLANTS
Found in plants
The process of incorporating CO2 intoorganic compounds = ?
The process of using light energy to generate ATP using chemiosmosis = ?
Ion channel/enzyme complex that uses the power of H+ ions moving down their gradient to add Pi onto ADP
Carbon fixation
photophosphorylation
ATP synthase
Identify:A= ___________
B = ___________
C= ____________
D = ____________
E = ______________
thylakoid
stroma
granum (pl., grana)
Thylakoid space (lumen)
cytoplasm
This process of using themigration of solvents toseparate molecules is called ___________
Tell some of the factors that influence themovement of molecules up the
paper.
chromatography
Solubility in solvent, size of molecules,attraction to paper
A __________ is made up of a reaction center surrounded bya number of light harvesting accessory pigments
During cyclic electron flow, electrons move from PSI to ____________
Explain why plants switch from noncyclic to cyclic electron flow
photosystem
ETC (cytochromes)
Allows them to make more ATP for Calvin Cycle which requires more ATP than NADPH
What happens to the oxygen produced when water molecules split during the light dependent reactions?
On which side of the membrane is the Pi added to ADP to make ATP?
On which side of the membrane is water split?
Lost to atmosphere as O2
stroma
Thylakoid space
Label molecules of the light dependent reactions.
A = ___________________B = ___________________C = ___________________D = ___________________
Electron Transport Chain
PHOTOSYSTEM II
PHOTOSYSTEM I
ATP Synthase
NADH
FADH2
PHOTOSYNTHESISCELLULARRESPIRATION
WHERE DOES IT GO?NADPHNADHFADH2
PRODUCTS = ? REACTANTS = ?
NADPH
PRODUCTS = PRODUCTS = CO2,+ H2O + O2, + G3P (glucose) energy (ATP)
REACTANTS = REACTANTS = O2 + C6H12O2(glucose) CO2 + H2O
Yellow and orange accessory pigments that funnel light energy to chlorophyll a
An organism that can make its own food like a green plant is called an_______________
Carotenoids
Autotroph (producer)
http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg
Which ion moves across the membrane to power the ATP synthase enzyme to add a phosphate to ADP?
Where do the carbon atoms come from that end up in carbohydrates made by the Calvin cycle?
Which gas is given off by plantsduring photosynthesis?
H+ (Hydrogen ion)
Carbon dioxide
oxygen
chemiosmosis
thylakoids
has own DNA
chloroplastmitochondria
WHERE DOES IT GO?
THYLAKOIDSCHEMIOSMOSISHAS OWN DNA
What role do the accessory pigments like xanthophyll and carotene play in photosynthesis?
Oxidizing agents _____ electrons in redox reactions.
They act as antennas to collect light energy and pass it to chlorophyll a; Provide protection for chlorophyll by absorbing some of the sun’s energy
gain
For what reason do cells switch and use cyclic rather than non cyclic electron flow during the light dependent reactions?
Reducing agents _____ electrons in redox reactions.
Allows cell to make more ATP than NADPH because Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH
lose
Tell which molecule the H in NADPH originally comes from.
NADPH
Another name for the Calvin cycle is_______________
Comes from H2 Owhen water is split
Light independent(old name was dark reactions)
The ultimate source of carbon found in glucose is from ?
How many carbon dioxide molecules are needed to make 1 molecule of glucose?
Discrete particles of light are called__________
CO2
6
photons
chloroplastmitochondria
WHERE DOES IT GO?
MOLECULE THAT DONATES ELECTRONS TO ETC =?WHERE H+ BUILDS UP = ?ROLE OF GLUCOSE= ?
Glucose is reactant Glucose is product(broken down) (produced)
H+ build up in H+ build up intermembrane space thylakoid
space
NADH/FADH2 chlorophyll a donates electrons donates electrons to ETC to ETC
Explain why plant “look” green.
Molecules _____ electrons when they are oxidized. (lose gain)
We see reflected light. Chlorophyll reflects green wavelengths
LOSE
Remember:OIL RIGOxidation Is Losing electronsReduction Is Gaining electrons
CAM plants make sugar via the Calvin cycle_______.
during the day at night
Name the 3 phases of the Calvin cycle
during the day
Carbon fixationReductionRegeneration
Which kind of plants usethis pathway to fix CO2?
Name the enzymeused to add CO2 toPEP in this pathway
CAM plantsfix CO2 at night and run Calvin cycle during the day
PEP carboxylase
Why does PSII come first in line in front of PSI in the thylakoid membrane?
How do the levels of AMP and ATPplay a regulatory role in the glycolysis
pathway?
PSI was discovered and named first
High levels of AMP (means cell is low in ATP) stimulate phosphofructokinase in glycolysis pathway ~ make it when need itHigh levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase to shut off pathway ~ don’t run glycolysis if not needed
Tell which molecule each of the atoms that end up in glucose originally came from:
C6H12O6
_______ ________ _________
CO2CO2H2O
Type of cell where carbon fixation happens in CAM plants
Molecule that receives electrons at the end of electron transport during the light dependent reactions
Name the product(s) of the light dependent reactions
Mesophyll cells
NADP+
NADPH, ATP, and O2
Another name for the Calvin cycle is______________
Tell the equation for photosynthesis
Where is the Pi added to ADP to make ATP in the light dependent reactions?
Light independent reactions (used to be called dark reactions)
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy → 6 O2 + C6H12O6
On stroma side of thylakoid membrane
In which type of cell does the Calvin cycle happen in C3 plants
Why are C3 plants called C3?
When NADPH levels are higher than ATP what happens to the path of electrons in the light reactions?
mesophyll
The first step in carbon fixation in these plantsproduces a 3 carbon sugar
Switch from noncyclic to cyclic electron flowto make more ATP for Calvin cycle
RuBP carboxylase has the greatest affinity for ______
CO2 O2
Why are C4 plants called C4?
The first step in carbon fixation in these plantsproduces a 4 carbon sugar
O2
That’s why plants switch to photorespiration when CO2 is low
CAM plantsC4 plants
WHERE DOES IT GO?Where is carbon fixed? When is carbon fixed?Enzyme that catalyzes first step in carbon fixation?
PEP carboxylaseadds CO2 to PEP
Fix carbon in mesophyll cells
Carbon fixation Carbon fixation happens in day happens at night
CAM plantsC4 plants
WHERE DOES IT GO?Where does Calvin cycle happen?When does Calvin cycle happen?How is carbon fixation and Calvin cycle separated?
Calvin cycle happens Calvin cycle happensin bundle sheath cells in mesophyll cells
Carbon fixation/ Carbon fixation/Calvin cycle separated Calvin cycle
separated spatially spatially Fixation in mesophyll fixation at night
Calvin in Bundle Calvin during day sheath cells
Calvin happens during day
Process of using H+ gradient to generate ATP
= ________________________
(Can refer to ATP made in mitochondria too)
Process of creating ATP using a Proton gradient created by
the energy gathered from sunlight.
= ________________________
Process that consumes oxygen, releases CO2, generates no
ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs
on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen
concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide
= ___________________________________
chemiosmosis
photophosphorylation
photorespiration