“aligning the sustainable development goals (sdgs) to · 2017-10-22 · unfolded in the course of...

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“Aligning the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to

the National Development Plan (NDP):

Towards domestication of the SDGs in South Africa”

Ms Alessandra Casazza, UNDP Regional SDG Advisor

Osten Chulu, UNDP Senior Economist

United Nations Development Programme

17th June 2016

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CONCEPT NOTE

From the MDGs to the SDGs

South Africa at the center of the transition

South Africa has played a key role in the context of a number of global and continental processes that unfolded in the course of 2015 and that led to the development of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and Agenda 2063.

Chaired by the Republic of South Africa, the African Union (AU), at its May 2013 Heads of State and Government Summit, laid down a vision for the ‘Africa we want’, including eight ideals, which were later translated into the seven aspirations of Agenda 2063.1 At the same summit, Heads of State and Government of the AU decided to establish a High-Level Committee (HLC) comprising ten member states, including South Africa, to develop the Common African Position on the post-2015 development agenda (CAP).2. Subsequently, on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly, in late September 2014, the ministers of the G77 plus China (G77+China) elected South Africa as a rotating Chair of the group for 2015. As Chair of the G77+China, South Africa had the challenging task of leading the group in the context of major international negotiations taking place in 2015.

The leadership role played in the context of the above mentioned continental and global processes underpins South Africa’s vantage position to influence the continental and global development agendas, drawing from its National Development Plan (NDP) and the Vision 2030. In turn, as the SDGs and Agenda 2063 were taking shape, the finalization of South Africa’s National Development Plan and Vision 2030 was being informed by discussions around continental and global development priorities. An analysis of longstanding and emerging development challenges and a review of the MDGs’ unfinished business also contributed to inform South Africa’s NDP.

South Africa MDGs’ unfinished business

When the MDGs came to an end, in December 2015, South Africa had achieved – or was likely to achieve – a number of goals and targets. Nonetheless, the MDG agenda, in South Africa, remains unfinished, particularly in the areas of inequality of income and opportunities, unemployment and malnutrition; gender equality and women empowerment; quality of education and educational attainment; child and maternal health and disparity in access to, and quality of health services.3 Environmental sustainability is also an area where more investments need to be made going forward.

Overall, South Africa has made progress towards reducing extreme and multidimensional poverty, however, more targeted policies and investments are still needed to address entrenched issues of inequality and rampant unemployment.4 Moreover, notwithstanding progress on income and other dimensions of poverty, South Africa MDG Country Report (2013) notes that ‘the data […] give rise to a concern that there may be deep pockets of poverty in many parts of South Africa that are not being adequately reached by government policy. The data from local studies, which do not meet the stringent

1 http://agenda2063.au.int/en/documents/agenda-2063-africa-we-want-popular-version-final-edition

2 The CAP was meant to inform the participation of African Member States in the Open Working Group on Sustainable

Development Goals (OWG) and the African Group of Negotiators in the intergovernmental negotiations process that followed the OWG’s proposal for Sustainable Development Goals. 3 South Africa MDG Country Report (2015), http://www.statssa.gov.za/MDG/MDG_Country%20Report_Final30Sep2015.pdf

4 Ibid

http://agenda2063.au.int/en/documents/agenda-2063-africa-we-want-popular-version-final-edition

http://www.statssa.gov.za/MDG/MDG_Country%20Report_Final30Sep2015.pdf

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criteria of the official statistics reported, show that there are areas in South Africa with extraordinarily high levels of poverty in terms of all measures of deprivation, and that within these areas there may be severely deprived groups, who have little chance of benefiting from the country’s wealth or the redistributive policies of its government’.5 This is further collaborated in the MDG Country Report 2015 which points out that “The paucity of good information from the perspective of utility, accessibility and relevance seriously underscores the importance of producing such for South Africa. This is certainly true when progress made in improving maternal mortality is considered, as there is an absence of iv The South Africa I know, the home I understand consensus on the actual level of maternal mortality in South Africa, owing to different data sources and methodology. But we do know and there is an agreement that the counting is lagging behind in measuring progress on the target of reducing the maternal mortality ratio.”6

South Africa has also achieved the goal of universal access to education. However, notwithstanding high budget allocations to the sector,7 issues of quality8 highlight gaps in policy implementation. Moreover, quality of education particularly affects the poor and the most vulnerable, and populations living in rural areas.9

South Africa MDG Report 2015 recognises that the government has driven its transformation agenda by embedding gender equality in the Constitution and in national plans, including the National Development Plan. However, while the country has done well on gender equality indicators, having achieved 5 out of 7 MDG targets,10 it is still far from having reached gender equality.11 Women, in South Africa, still bear a disproportionate burden of unemployment, constitute the majority of casual or contract workers, and generally occupy low-wage job positions; they are also poorly represented in senior and top management positions.12

Indicators on child and maternal health show that South Africa has not achieved MDG 4 and MDG 5, even experiencing a significant increase in maternal mortality between 2002 and 2009.13 Moreover, while the availability of reliable and timely data has been acknowledged to be an issue, data show inequality of access to health services between rural and urban areas. 14 This is also reiterated in the MDG Country Report for 2015. With a high number of people living with HIV (PLHIV), estimated at 6.4 million in 2012, and a high prevalence of TB, progress towards Goal 6, at the end of 2015, are mixed.15 TB remains the number one leading cause of death among South Africans, and 2.3 million South Africans were on antiretroviral treatment in 2013.16

While South Africa is in the process of steering the economy into a low-carbon trajectory, it is still a major emitter of carbon dioxide and accounts for about 65 per cent of Africa’s emissions. Most of South

5 South Africa MDG Country Report (2013), http://www.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/MDG_October-2013.pdf

6 South Africa MDG Country Report (2015), http://www.statssa.gov.za/MDG/MDG_Country%20Report_Final30Sep2015.pdf







13 Ibid



16 Making it the largest programme in the world, South Africa MDG Country Report (2015),


http://www.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/MDG_October-2013.pdf










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Africa’s emissions have their source in the energy sector, which heavily relies on coal.17 In the area of water and sanitation, South Africa MDG Report 2015 reports significant backlogs in service provision, with reliable and sustainable water supply and consistent provision of water services being of particular concern.18

Lessons from the MDGs

As South Africa – together with other Member States of the United Nations - transitions from the MDGs to the SDGs, a number of lessons, drawn from the fifteen years of implementation of the MDGs,19 provide guidance for the implementation of the latter. Following are some of the lessons that are found to be relevant to the context of South Africa.

Commitment to the goals and the importance of effective policy implementation - The successful implementation of the MDGs was found to be conditional on country commitments to the Goals and targets. The choice of policies and how well such policies were implemented determined how much progress could be made on the MDGs.20

Citizens’ engagement in policy development – The successful implementation of the MDGs hinged on development strategies that were locally developed, based on a broad national consensus, achieved through consultation and meaningful participation by non-government stakeholders, including vulnerable groups.21

State capacity - Representative political structures, accountable institutions and adequately incentivized public servants have been the backbone of effective implementation of the MDGs.22

Horizontal, inter-sectoral coordination - The MDGs disregarded the close correlations that exist between the different goals.23 UNDP’s 2010 report ‘What Will It Take to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals? – An International Assessment’ finds that there are important synergies among the MDGs - acceleration in one goal often speeds up progress in others. For example, in households where women are illiterate, child mortality is higher, implying the links between education, the empowerment of women and the health of children. Given these synergistic and multiplier effects, all the goals need to be given equal attention and achieved simultaneously. This requires multi-sectoral approaches and coordination among various implementing agencies.’ The importance of coordination among line ministries, planning and implementing agencies at different levels (national and subnational) must be stressed also for the SDGs.24

Equality and disaggregated data - The MDGs’ exclusive focus on national averages implied a complete neglect of inequality. The use of the MDG framework was making it difficult to understand whether progress in any one goal or target had been achieved through improvements of the situation of the poor, or through additional improvements of the situation of the wealthy and privileged. Access to data, disaggregated by gender, ethnicity, age group, geographic location and other, will enable to monitor progress towards the SDGs at the last mile, to ensure that ‘no one is left behind’. More attention to

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South Africa MDG Country Report (2015), http://www.statssa.gov.za/MDG/MDG_Country%20Report_Final30Sep2015.pdf 18

Ibid 19

UNDP (2010), ‘What Will It Take to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals? - An International Assessment’ 20

Ibid 21

Ibid 22

Ibid 23

Nicole Rippin (2013), ‘Progress, Prospects and Lessons from the MDGs’, Background Research Paper submitted to the High

Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda 24

UNDP (2010), ‘What Will It Take to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals? - An International Assessment’


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equalizing policies and to strengthening the capacity to deliver services and promote the economy at the local level are crucial for countries to attain the SDGs.

South Africa NDP and Vision 2030, points of convergence with the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development

As of 2012, South Africa has a new national development plan and a vision that will guide the country’s development policies and actions until 2030. Grounded on an analysis of South Africa’s achievements, setbacks and challenges faced since 1994, the national development plan is a plan to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by 2030. More specifically, South Africa’s national development plan is a plan to address high levels of unemployment; unequal access and quality of social services, including health and education; poor infrastructure for socio-economic development; unsustainable resource management and corruption. The plan also aims at promoting a more inclusive national development process and at addressing the deep divisions that still scars the South African society. Most crucially, its successful implementation rests on the country’s capacity to implement policies and create broad-base partnerships in support of its development goals.25

The overarching goals of South Africa’s NDP are to eradicate poverty and reduce inequality considerably. These goals are clearly articulated in Vision 2030, whereby South Africa has committed to bring the proportion of people living below the national poverty line of R 419/month from 39 per cent to zero, and to reduce income inequality, as measured by the Gini Coefficient, from 0.69 to 0.6.26

An initial analysis of the National Development Plan stated objectives and the SDGs shows broad convergence between the national and the global development frameworks. Areas where there is a high degree of convergence are social protection and multidimensional poverty, including access to basic social services (SDG 1); access to healthcare services and the quality of the same (SDG 3); access to and quality of education services (SDG 4); access to water (SDG 6); access to energy and increase of renewable energy in South Africa’s energy mix (SDG 7); growth and employment (SDG 8); inequality (SDG 10); access to affordable housing and transport (SDG 11); climate change adaptation and mitigation (SDG 13); protection of oceans (SDG 14) and land (SDG 15); and, lastly, freedom from violence, promotion of responsive and accountable institutions, and the fight against corruption (SDG 16).27

The analysis has also found areas where the degree of convergence is lower. These are: measures to increase the resilience of the poor and most vulnerable to economic and environmental shocks (SDG 1.5); food security and sustainable agriculture (SDG 2); access to sexual and reproductive health-care services and measure to prevent deaths and illnesses from pollution (SDG 3.7 and 3.9); and the commitment to mainstream issues related to sustainable development and human rights into school curricula (SDG 4.6). One area where there is no, or very little, convergence between the NDP and the SDGs is the area of gender equality and women empowerment. An initial analysis of the national development framework and the SDGs shows that there is no specific objective in the NDP that speaks to any of the targets under SDG 5, nor to the issue of gender equality in education (SDG 4.5). The NDP is also not addressing issues of access to and quality of sanitation (SDG 6.2), or issues of improved water quality, integrated water resource management and water related ecosystem (SDG 6.3, 6.5 and 6.6).

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South Africa National Development Plan 2030: Our future – make it work 26

Ibid 27

This initial analysis has not included SDG17, on the means of implementation

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Under SDG 8, on growth and employment, the NDP falls short of addressing issues of green industrialization (SDG 8.4), labour rights and safe and secure working environments, particularly for migrant workers and women (SDG 8.7). the NDP does not include objectives that resonate with SDG targets on resilient infrastructure and sustainable industrialization (SDG 9); and it includes only one objective to address income inequality, remaining silent on issues related to social, political and economic inclusion, equality of outcomes, and issues related to migrants (SDG 10.2 to 10.7). Less visible, in the NDP, are also issues concerning resilience of urban dwellers and urban centers (SDG 11.5 to 11.7), as well as sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12). While NDP includes a specific objective on land and oceans’ protection, it is less explicit on issues related to marine pollution, ocean acidification, overfishing, protection of coastal areas and fishing subsidies (SDG 14.1 and from 14.3 to 14.6); the NDP is also less explicit regarding issues related to soil degradation, conservation of mountain ecosystems, biodiversity loss and other (SDG 15.3 to 15.9). While the NDP addresses a number of governance issues, including corruption, security and effective governance, it is less explicit on issues related to access to justice and illicit financial flows.

Annex 1 includes more details on the analysis of the NDP and the SDGs.

Notwithstanding the findings of the analysis included in this section, a greater degree of convergence may emerge from a more detailed analysis of the NDP and the SDGs, as well as from an analysis of sectoral as well as spatial strategies, plans and programmes, which would provide greater details than the broad aspirations covered in the NDP. While more investments can be made to deepen the analysis and ascertain a higher degree of convergence of South Africa’s development planning frameworks and policies with the SDGs, this paper claims that more focus needs to be placed on issues of implementation.

Opportunity and Challenges for implementing the SDGs in South Africa: what’s next?

As South Africa embarks in the implementation of the SDGs, through the implementation of its own National Development Plan, several are the challenges that have been identified and that need unlocking. These challenges have been briefly articulated in this paper and will be discussed at the O.R. Tambo Debate Series, on Friday, the 17th of June. The O.R. Tambo debate provides the space for further unpacking them and for identifying policy responses for South Africa going forward.

Horizontal (inter-sectoral) coordination and policy coherence

The South Africa MDG Country Report (2013) finds that the absence of multi-sectoral planning (i.e. horizontal coordination) represents a key challenge for addressing socio-economic inequities in health, as well as in other areas. This was further amplified in the South Africa MDG Country Report (2015) which noted that the attainment of the MDGs requires the development of a coherent suite of connected national development plans, policies, budgets and other interventions that place the spotlight on initiatives necessary to achieve the MDGs and facilitate their implementation. Given the grater complexity of the SDGs and their integrated nature, they call for effective inter-sectoral coordination mechanisms and practices, which can ensure policy coherence across different but inter-related sectors.

Currently South Africa’s government programmes at national and provincial levels are coordinated by the Forum of South Africa Director-General (FOSAD), comprising a series of ministerial clusters, which ensure alignment of government wide priorities, facilitate and monitor the implementation of priority

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programmes and provide a consultative platform on cross-cutting priorities and matters being taken to Cabinet.

against this, the debate can address the following questions:

Which multi-sectoral (horizontal) coordination mechanisms has South Africa relied on to ensure policy coherence for achieving the MDGs?

Can South Africa build on FOSAD’s ministerial clusters for implementing the SDGs? Would FOSAD’s ministerial clusters promote multi-sectoral coordination, ensure policy

coherence and help manage policy trade-offs for the effective implementation of the SDGs? Or would such clusters need strengthening or reforming?

Should other multi-sectoral coordination mechanisms be established to replace or complement FOSAD’s ministerial clusters?

What are the opportunities and the challenges of establishing such multi-sectoral mechanisms or of strengthening FOSAD’s ministerial clusters?

Vertical (national/sectoral-local) coordination for policy coherence and local implementation capacity

Experience across most countries in Africa has revealed that issues of vertical coordination have been found to affect policy coherence across national and local governments; whereby priorities identified and addressed at the local (provincial) or sectoral level have little resonance with national priorities and policies. In South Africa, one of the most vocal critic of the NDP has been a member of the ruling tripartite alliance, COSATU, which cites the lack of coherence and inconsistencies between the NDP and other major sectoral strategies, such as the National Growth Path from the Economic Development Department and the Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP) from the Department of Trade and Industry. For instance, in agriculture, the NDP’s preferred scenario projects only 180,000 jobs being created during the plan period, while the NGP, in contrast, sees agriculture as being a major source of new jobs.28 Ensuring that the SDGs are implemented effectively and achieved at the last mile calls for ensuring coherence between sectoral and local (provincial) level plans, policies and programmes, with national level priorities and policies. Most crucially, the effective implementation of local level policies and programmes – and therefore the capacity of local administrations (i.e. provinces) - is also critical for realizing sustainable development in South Africa.

Against this, the debate can address the following questions:

What has ensured vertical (national-sectoral-local) policy coherence in the implementation of the MDGs?

Are there vertical coordination mechanisms and practices that South Africa can build on to implement the SDGs?

What are major challenges in promoting vertical coordination and how can such challenges be addressed?

What are the major capacity issues affecting local level (provincial) policy implementation? And how can these be addressed?

Mechanisms for citizens’ engagement and partnerships with the private sector

The MDG Country Report (2015) acknowledges that South Africa has succeeded in universalizing fundamental political, social and economic rights, as set out in its Bill of Rights, while access to the

28

Cosatu Discussion Document on the NDP (2014): http://www.wsg.wits.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Neil-Colemans1.pdf

http://www.wsg.wits.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Neil-Colemans1.pdf

http://www.wsg.wits.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Neil-Colemans1.pdf

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relevant services has massively increased to reach the majority of people in South Africa. This has equalized their developmental opportunities, thus keeping the promise for many of reduced poverty and an improved quality of life, alongside political freedom. However, progress remains uneven across historical fault lines, with the most vulnerable remaining at greater risk of exclusion. The implementation of Agenda 2030 is grounded on the principle of inclusion, participation, equality and ‘leaving no one behind’. This means that national and local policies and programmes need to be designed so that they address the need of – and realise development outcomes for - all members of society, including the poorest and most vulnerable, women and girls, children, minority groups, LGBTI, PLHIV and other. For this to happen, mechanisms for engaging citizens, from all strata of society, in planning, policy making, implementation and follow-up processes need to be in place and, most crucially, they need to be effective.

While the NDP was designed on the basis of broad-base participation, it also recognises that the private sector has an important role to play, whereby national development goals cannot be achieved and delivered by government alone and will require a collaborative approach with the private sector. The need to crowd-in the private sector has also been underscored by stakeholders at the OR Tambo Debate Series (debate number 5) on the theme: ‘Building a Capable State’.


To which extent is South Africa’s development planning and policy making participatory? Are representatives of all members of society – minority groups, women and children, PLHIV,

LGBTI, and other - engaged in development planning, policy making, budgeting and monitoring /follow-up and review processes?

To which extent do inputs from civil society and representatives of the private sector influence national, sectoral and local plans and policies?

How can existing mechanisms and platforms become more effective in facilitating citizens’ engagement in planning, policy making and follow-up and review processes? And how can these ensure that inputs from civil society, including the private sector, shape national/sectoral and local policies and plans?

How can the private sector be engaged to strengthen the government’s (local and national) capacity to implement the SDGs?

State capacity for implementation

Chapter 13 of the NDP underscores the need of a capable and developmental state, which is people-centred, intervenes to correct historical inequalities and generates opportunities for its citizens.29 The OR Tambo Debate on ‘Building a Capable State’ (debate number 5) has highlighted the fact that, while there are examples of capable institutions in South Africa, these are not equally and equitably spread across the territory, with issues of spatial inequality affecting the capacity of state institutions to deliver quality services to citizens, administer justice, ensure security and regulate the economy particularly at the periphery (i.e. in rural areas). While the capacity of the state to deliver on its mandate is found to be remarkably higher in urban rather than in rural areas, leaving no one behind calls for addressing such dichotomy. Against this, a capable and developmental state needs, first and foremost, to be grounded on a professional efficient, ethical and effective public administration that implements government’s policies, and is independent from political interference. This requires, amongst other things, an

29 Debate 5 of the OR Tambo Series on Implementing the National Development Plan: ‘Building a Capable State’

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empowered Public Service Commission to oversee the public service and to ensure adherence to norms and standards.30

Building on the outcome of the OR Tambo Debate on ‘Building a Capable State’ (debate number 5), the debate can address the following questions:

Which are the most pressing interventions for strengthening state capacity to deliver on the ambitious SDGs/NDP?

Which are the key actions to be taken to ensure that the NDP/SDGs implementation leaves no one behind in South Africa?

How can the capacity of state institutions, particularly at the periphery, deliver quality services not just quantity? What are the challenges and where are the opportunities to realise quick and long-term wins?

Capacity for follow-up and review, including availability of disaggregated data

South Africa has a robust systems for data collection analysis and dissemination. Since the establishment of the Department for Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation in 2009/10, the country’s M&E system has been grounded upon the Government-Wide Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (GWME) and the generic guidelines for M&E, which brings coherence to the data collection process with a focus on results. Linked to these are other frameworks such as Outcomes Monitoring, Frontline Service Delivery and Citizen Based Monitoring, Management Performance Assessment Tool, Departmental Quarterly Performance Reporting System, and the National Evaluation System. At the level of implementation of the NDP, the 14 goals outlined in the plan are embedded into five-year Medium-Term Strategic Frameworks (MTSF) which include the monitoring and evaluation of implementation by departments.

By and large, the monitoring of progress towards the MDGs and other national development priorities used to rely – and continues to rely on data collected by Statistics South Africa, through the national census and other sources of administrative and non-administrative data, emanating from government departments and other entities. While the Africa MDG Report (2015) recognises that the availability of reliable and timely data limits South Africa’s capacity to track progress towards national (and internationally agreed) development goals and inform decision making,31 the country’s monitoring and evaluation system has mainly relied on data provided by Sector Working Groups - consisting of the relevant departments, agencies and civil society - coordinated by Statistics South Africa (Stats SA). The data utilised had to conform to the South African Statistical Quality Assessment Framework (SASQAF) guidelines set out by Stats SA.

Going forward, the SDGs will be far more demanding than the MDGs with regard to data and call for the availability of data that are disaggregated by geographic location, gender, ethnicity, age groups, and other.32 Building on the strengths of the current system, South Africa can aspire to an integrated, inclusive and participatory monitoring and evaluation system that can leverage the potential of the data revolution, including new opportunities linked to innovation, technological progress, and the surge of new public and private data providers.


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Debate 5 of the OR Tambo Series on Implementing the National Development Plan: ‘Building a Capable State’ 31

South Africa MDG Country Report (2015), http://www.statssa.gov.za/MDG/MDG_Country%20Report_Final30Sep2015.pdf 32

The importance of data and statistics for development has also been stressed in the report of the UN Secretary General’s Independent Expert Advisory Group (IEAG) on the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development, “A World That Counts.”


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Does South Africa have an integrated (whole of government and NDP/SDGs) monitoring and evaluation system?

Are progress towards national, sectoral and local development goals and targets regularly tracked?

Are policies and programmes regularly monitored and evaluated and are monitoring and evaluations’ findings informing changes in policies and programmes? Is there a demand for data to inform policy making and programme design?

How do different data users and producers interact with each other? In which space/platform? Which are the main challenges facing South Africa for building an integrated, inclusive and

participatory monitoring and evaluation system? Are such challenges related to technology, technical and/or institutional capacity, culture or other?

Aligning budgets with NDP priorities

Notwithstanding the level of ambition of a national development plan, its successful implementation hinges, amongst other things, on the resources (institutional and financial) that are aligned behind it. While on the one hand, through planning, countries allocate (scarce) resources (especially financial) to identified priority areas; on the other, the budget is the bridge that links the development plan to the implementing agencies. State institutions (i.e. line ministries and local governments) will continue to implement programmes and projects so long as they are funded. A preliminary analysis, conducted by the newly appointed second National Planning Commission (NPC), of the current alignment between the country’s budget and the NDP shows there is only 47 per cent correlation. The most commonly cited example of misalignment relates to the Department of Energy’s decision to press ahead with the procurement of new nuclear capacity, despite the NDP’s call for “more in-depth investigations” into the costs and benefits of adding new nuclear capacity.33

Further to the above, the debate can address the following questions:

Are budgets and MTEF prepared in alignment with sectoral plans? Are sectoral plans aligned with the NDP? Are development priorities articulated in the NDP reflected in budgets and MTEF?

33

http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/commission-study-shows-only-47-alignment-between-budget-and-ndp-2016-04-22

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ANNEX 1: NDP Objectives and SDGs Analysis

Sustainable Development Goals National Development Plan

SDGs Goal SDGs Targets NDP Goals NDP Targets

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than USD 1.25 a day

The plan in brief (p34) Bring the proportion of people living below the national poverty line of R 419/month from 39 per cent to zero

1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

Chapter 11. Social Protection Address problems such as hunger, malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies that affect physical growth and cognitive development, especially among children.

1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, Including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable

Chapter 11. Social Protection Ensure progressively and through multiple avenues that no one lives below a defined minimum social floor Address the skills deficit in the social welfare sector All working individuals should make adequate provision for retirement through mandated savings. The state should provide measures to make pensions safe and sustainable Social protection systems must respond to the growth of temporary and part-time contracts, and the increasing importance of self-employment and establish mechanisms to cover the risks associated with such Create an effective social welfare system that delivers better results for vulnerable groups, with the state playing a larger role compared to now. Civil society should complement government initiatives

1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services,

Chapter 11. Social Protection All children should enjoy services and benefits aimed at facilitating access to nutrition, health care, education, social care and safety

Chapter 3. Economy and Broaden ownership of assets to

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including microfinance Employment historically disadvantaged groups

1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters

Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture

2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round

2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons

2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment

2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality

2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international

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levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed

Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births

Chapter 10. Healthcare for all Reduce maternal, infant and child mortality

3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under 5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births

Chapter 10. Healthcare for all Reduce maternal, infant and child mortality

3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases

Chapter 10. Healthcare for all Progressively improve TB prevention and cure

3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being

Chapter 10. Healthcare for all Significantly reduce prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases

3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol

3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents

Chapter 10. Healthcare for all Reduce injury, accidents and violence by 50 percent from 2010 levels

3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes

3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines

Chapter 10. Healthcare for all Increase average male and female life expectancy at birth to 70 years Deploy primary healthcare teams provide care to families and communities

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for all Everyone must have access to an equal standard of care, regardless of their income Fill posts with skilled, committed and competent individuals

3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes

Chapter 9. Improving education, training and innovation

About 90 percent of learners in grades 3, 6 and 9 must achieve 50 percent or more in the annual national assessments in literacy, math and science Between 80-90 percent of learners should complete 12 years of schooling and or vocational education with at least 80 percent successfully passing the exit exams Eradicate infrastructure backlogs and ensure that all schools meet the minimum standards by 2016 Improve the throughput rate to 80 percent by 2030 Expand science, technology and innovation outputs by increasing research and development spending by government and through encouraging industry to do so

4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education


Make early childhood development a top priority among the measures to improve the quality of education and long-term prospects of future generations. Dedicated resources should be channeled towards ensuring that all children are well cared for from an early age and receive appropriate emotional, cognitive and physical development stimulation All children should have at least 2 years of pre-school education

4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university


Expand the college system with a focus on improving quality. Better quality will build confidence in the college sector and attract more

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learners. The recommended participation rate of 25 percent would accommodate about 1.25 million enrolments Increase the percentage of PhD qualified staff in the higher education sector from the current 34 percent to over 75 percent by 2030 Produce more than 100 doctoral graduates per million per year by 2030. That implies an increase from 1,420 in 2010 to well over 5,000 a year Increase enrolment at universities by at least 70 percent by 2030 so that enrolments increase to about 1.62 million from 950,000 in 2010 Produce 30 000 artisans per year

4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship


Increase the number of students eligible to study towards maths and science based degrees to 450 000 by 2030

4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations

4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy


Provide 1 million learning opportunities through Community Education and Training Centres

4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development

Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and

5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere

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empower all women and girls

5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation

5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate

5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life

5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences

Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

Chapter 4. Economic infrastructure

Ensure that all people have access to clean, potable water and that there is enough water for agriculture and industry, recognising the trade-offs in the use of water.

6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations

6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally

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6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity

Chapter 4. Economic infrastructure

Reduce water demand in urban areas to 15 percent below the business-as-usual scenario by 2030

6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate

6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes

Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services

Chapter 4. Economic Infrastructure

The proportion of people with access to the electricity grid should rise to at least 90 percent by 2030, with non-grid options available for the rest

7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix


The country would need an additional 29,000 MW of electricity by 2030. About 10,900 MW of existing capacity is to be retired, implying new build of more than 40,000 MW At least 20,000 MW of this capacity should come from renewable sources.

Chapter 5. Environmental sustainability and resilience

At least 20,000 MW of renewable energy should be contracted by 2030

7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency

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Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries

Chapter 3. Economy and Employment

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) should increase by 2.7 times in real terms, requiring average annual GDP growth of 5.4 percent over the period. GDP per capita should increase from about R 50,000 per person in 2010 to R 110,000 per person in 2030 in constant prices Exports (as measured in volume terms) should grow by 6 percent a year to 2030 with non-traditional exports growing by 10 percent a year

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Increase national savings from 16 percent of GDP to 25 percent The level of gross fixed capital formation should rise from 17 percent to 30 percent, with public sector fixed investment rising to 10 percent of GDP by 2030 Durban port capacity should increase from 3 million containers a year to 20 million by 2040.

Chapter 6. Inclusive Rural Economy

Maintain a positive trade balance for primary and processed agricultural products

8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labour intensive sectors

8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services

8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavor to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production, with developed countries taking the lead

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8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value


The unemployment rate should fall from 24.9 percent in June 2012 to 14 percent by 2020 and to 6 percent by 2030. This requires an additional 11 million jobs. Total employment should rise from 13 million to 24 million The proportion of adults working should increase from 41 percent to 61 percent The proportion of adults in rural areas

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working should rise from 29 percent to 40 percent The labour force participation rate should rise from 54 percent to 65 percent Public employment programmes should reach 1 million by 2015 and 2 million people by 2030

Chapter 6. Inclusive Rural Economy

An additional 643,000 direct jobs and 326,000 indirect jobs in the agriculture, agro processing and related sectors by 2030

Chapter 11. Social Protection Provide income support to the unemployed through various active labour market initiatives such as public works programmes, training and skills development, and other labour market related incentives

8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training

8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms

8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment

8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products

8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all

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Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border infrastructure, to support economic development and human wellbeing, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all

9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries

9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets

9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities

9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending

Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average

The plan in brief (p34) Reduce income inequality, as measured by the Gini Coefficient, from 0.69 to 0.6


The proportion of national income earned by the bottom 40 percent should rise from about 6 percent today to 10 percent in 2030

10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social,

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economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status

10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard

10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality

10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations

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10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions

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10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, Including through the implementation of planned and well- managed migration policies

Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums

Chapter 8. Transforming Human Settlements

Upgrade all informal settlements on suitable, well located land by 2030.

11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with

Disabilities and older persons


The proportion of people who use public transport for regular commutes will expand significantly By 2030, public transport will be user-friendly, less environmentally damaging, cheaper and integrated or seamless Competitively priced and widely available broadband

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Better quality public transport

11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries


Strong and efficient spatial planning system, well integrated across the spheres of government More people living closer to their places of work More jobs in or close to dense, urban townships

11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage

11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations

11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management

11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities

Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

12.1 Implement the 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries

12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources

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12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses

12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes

throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment

12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse

12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle

12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities

12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature

Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impact

13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries

Chapter 5. Environmental sustainability and Resilience

Improved disaster preparedness for extreme climate events Increased investment in new agricultural technologies, research and the development of adaptation strategies for the protection of rural livelihoods and expansion of commercial agriculture

13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning


Achieve the peak, plateau and decline trajectory for greenhouse gas emissions, with the peak being reached around 2025

13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human Chapter 5. Environmental By 2030, an economy-wide carbon price

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and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning

sustainability and Resilience should be entrenched. Zero emission building standards by 2030

Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution

14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans


A target for the amount of land and oceans under protection (presently about 7.9 million hectares of land, 848 kms of coastline and 4,172 square kilometres of ocean are protected

14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels

14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics

14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information

14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade

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Organization fisheries subsidies negotiations

14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island Developing States and Least Developed Countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism

Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements


A set of indicators for natural resources, accompanied by publication of annual reports on the health of identified resources to inform policy A target for the amount of land and oceans under protection (presently about 7.9 million hectares of land, 848 kms of coastline and 4,172 square kilometres of ocean are protected). Absolute reductions in the total volume of waste disposed to landfill each year

15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally

15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world

15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development

15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species

15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits

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arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed

15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products

15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species

15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts

Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere

Chapter 12. Building safer communities

In 2030 people living in South Africa feel safe and have no fear of crime. They feel safe at home, at school and at work, and they enjoy an active community life free of fear. Women can walk freely in the street and the children can play safely outside. The police service is a well-resourced professional institution staffed by highly skilled officers who value their works, serve the community, safeguard lives and property without discrimination, protect the peaceful against violence, and respect the rights of all to equality and justice.

16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children

16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all

16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime

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16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms

Chapter 14. Fighting corruption A corruption-free society, a high adherence to ethics throughout society and a government that is accountable to its people.

16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels

Chapter 13. Building a capable and developmental state

A state that is capable of playing a developmental and transformative role A public service immersed in the development agenda but insulated from undue political interference Staff at all levels have the authority, experience, competence and support they need to do their jobs Clear governance structures and stable leadership enable state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to achieve their developmental potential

16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels

Relations between national, provincial and local government are improved through a more proactive approach to managing the intergovernmental system

16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance

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16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration

16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements

Chapter 15. Nation building and social cohesion

Our vision is a society where opportunity is not determined by race or birthright; where citizens accept that they have both rights and responsibilities. Most critically, we seek a united, prosperous, non-racial, non-sexist and democratic South Africa.

Chapter 7. South Africa in the Region and the World

Intra-regional trade in Southern Africa should increase from 7 percent of trade to 25

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percent of trade by 2030. South Africa's trade with regional neighbors should increase from 15 percent of our trade to 30 percent.

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