Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist) Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa Built the mosquito fleet of naval ships Anti-British/Pro-French Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans. Against slavery Owned 200 slaves Strict Construction of Constitution Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of Louisiana territory Jefferson realized that ideas are often hard to put into practice in a realistic world. President Jeffersons 1 st Term Judiciary Act of 1801 Tripolitan War Treaty of San Ildefonso Louisiana Purchase / Lewis & Clark Essex Junto (Northern Confederacy) Significance of case??? This case established the principle of judicial review The Supreme Court is the sole interpreter of the Constitution It can declare laws unconstitutional This greatly expands the power of the Supreme Court (Judicial Branch) Helps establish the judicial branch as an equal branch to legislative and executive branches Who is John Marshall? Chief Justice that presided over case Served 34 years (1801 1835) Ideas to remember with John Marshall He helped increase the power of the Federal Government Decisions helped promote business and the economy Federal Government became more powerful at the expense of the state governments Barbary raids 1801: Pasha of Tripoli was not happy with his share of dollars Informally declared war on US. 1801: Pasha of Tripoli was not happy with his share of dollars Informally declared war on US. Pacifist Jefferson reluctantly dispatched navy, secured peace for $60,000 ransom for American sailors. Small gunboats used with some success in Tripoli Jefferson interested in their cost savings. Mosquito fleet of 200 small gunboats constructed. War of 1812: these boats would prove to be ineffective. Map 7 of 45 Expansion of the United States with Louisiana Purchase 1803 1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England 1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million Needed the money for his war with Great Britain Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre Doubled the size of the US Jeffersons greatest accomplishment Why? Didnt fight a war, no blood shed. Butttttt was it Constitutional Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million Needed the money for his war with Great Britain Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre Doubled the size of the US Jeffersons greatest accomplishment Why? Didnt fight a war, no blood shed. Butttttt was it Constitutional Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Meriwether Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore north Louisiana Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark. Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific President Jefferson wanted to find the Northwest Passage United States claim to the Pacific Northwest Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Meriwether Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore north Louisiana Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark. Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific President Jefferson wanted to find the Northwest Passage United States claim to the Pacific Northwest 4.3.I.A Secretly forming a political pact with some radical New England Federalists. Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede from the nation Secretly forming a political pact with some radical New England Federalists. Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede from the nation Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election The conspiracy then disintegrated Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election The conspiracy then disintegrated Angered by an insulting remark attributed to Hamilton, Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot him Angered by an insulting remark attributed to Hamilton, Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot him Hamiltons death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burrs arrest and trial for treason In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burrs arrest and trial for treason A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshalls narrow definition of treason and the lack of witnesses to any overt act by Burr Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807): These decrees issued by Napoleon dealt with shipping and led to the War of The Berlin Decree initiated the Continental System, which closed European ports to ships which had docked in Britain. The Milan Decree authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping vessels trying to trade at British ports. Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807): These decrees issued by Napoleon dealt with shipping and led to the War of The Berlin Decree initiated the Continental System, which closed European ports to ships which had docked in Britain. The Milan Decree authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping vessels trying to trade at British ports. Orders-in-council British laws which led to the War of Orders-in- council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. Orders-in-council British laws which led to the War of Orders-in- council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. 1806: England closed ports under French control to foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships & impressed Americans. Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports. Impressment An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy Most Americans were angered over this incident and public opinion was to go to war with the British. 1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop. British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered 3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed 1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop. British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered 3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed Jeffersons response to the Chesapeake Affair was the Embargo Act of 1807. Short of war, Jefferson attempted to defend our neutrality by stopping all American exports to the world. Jeffersons response to the Chesapeake Affair was the Embargo Act of 1807. Short of war, Jefferson attempted to defend our neutrality by stopping all American exports to the world. President James Madison Non-Intercourse Act Replaced the Embargo of Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macons Bill No. 2. Macons Bill No Opened trade with all nations, including Britain and France. If France or Britain agreed to respect our rights as a neutral, then we would close trade with the other country. Freedom of the seas Impressment Defend our self interest -British forts -Arming of Indians (Tecumseh) -Desire for Canada -No respect from British Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality of the US. Would this be a violation of President Washingtons policy of keeping the US out of war and neutral? US unprepared for war. Failed invasion into Canada. Blockade hurt US economy Naval Battles Almost rented Portugals Navy The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declared, We have met the enemy and they are ours Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812 Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814 freak hurricane saves the day Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the British destroyed it. U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. September 13 th, 1814 Considered greatest U.S. victory to that time Defeated Britishs best without help from any country Andrew Jackson becomes the next big war hero. Kept Louisiana Purchase under the control of the U.S. Considered greatest U.S. victory to that time Defeated Britishs best without help from any country Andrew Jackson becomes the next big war hero. Kept Louisiana Purchase under the control of the U.S. The Treaty of Ghent War of 1812 is considered a stalemateDec Peace commissioners in Ghent devised the following terms of peace A halt to the fighting The return of all conquered territory to the prewar borders Recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States Treaty was ratified by the Senate Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems : U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade around the Atlantic coastline of US New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the war Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England 4.3.II.B UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL Born in Virginia in 1758, Attended the College of William and Mary, Fought with Continental Army Practiced law in Virginia. Elected United States Senator Helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. Elected President in 1816 and served from 1817 to Era of Good Feelings Monroe Doctrine Boston Manufacturing Co. (4.2.I.A) Samuel Slater Lowell and Waltham (4.2.I.A) President James Monroe Spirit of Nationalism in US patriotism or national oneness Country is united, confident, and growing , 9 states joined the original 13. One political party---Republican party not the current one Respect from Europe Monroe first president to visit all states. Boston newspaper declared an Era of Good Feelings had began. But, time period was not free of problems. Cultural Nationalism Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Websters blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism Economic Nationalism AMERICAN SYSTEM Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political movement to support the growth of the nations economy AMERICAN SYSTEM Political Nationalism Movement to bring about the support for national government is over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states. In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood Threatened balance of power in Congress 11 free states 11 slave states The Tallmadge amendment prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25. Passed by the House, not in the Senate. The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate. In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood Threatened balance of power in Congress 11 free states 11 slave states The Tallmadge amendment prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25. Passed by the House, not in the Senate. The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate. (4.3.III.A) Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state Maine was to be admitted as a free state In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30', slavery was prohibited Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state Maine was to be admitted as a free state In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30', slavery was prohibited After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise Election of 1820 Monroe 2 nd Term Pushes the American System (4.2.III) pTariff of 1816 pSecond Bank of the U. S. pInternal improvements at federal expense. - National Road Congresss attempt to unite the US National transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers. Henry Clays American System Despite some governmental and private efforts to create a unified national economy, most notably the AMERICAN SYSTEM, the shift to market production linked the North and Midwest more closely than either was linked to the South. (4.2.II.B) Provide economic growth Americans buying American goods American self-sufficiency. Protective Tariff to promote infant industry Tariff of nd BUS to promote a stronger economy Rechartered in 1816 The Land Act of 1820 The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the West demanded transportation Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and the infant industry. Because of the British blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for internal transportation improvements. Referred to as Americas Self Defense Doctrine. It is a continuation of President Washingtons neutrality and isolationist policies. Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe Referred to as Americas Self Defense Doctrine. It is a continuation of President Washingtons neutrality and isolationist policies. Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere No European Colonization in the Americas US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere No European Colonization in the Americas US will stay out of European affairs Monroe Doctrine US recognized existing European Colonies Economy Leader __________ Role of Government Economy Leader __________ Role of Government NORTHEAST Business and Manufacturing Daniel Webster ____________Business and Manufacturing Daniel Webster ____________ Wanted TariffsWanted Tariffs Backed internal improvementsBacked internal improvements Wanted end to cheap public landWanted end to cheap public land Increasingly nationalisticIncreasingly nationalistic Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it. (4.2.II.A) (4.2.III.C) (4.2.III.E) Economy Leader __________ Role of Government SOUTH Cotton growingCotton growing John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun_____________ Opposed tariffs and government spending on American SystemOpposed tariffs and government spending on American System Increasingly supportive of states rightsIncreasingly supportive of states rights Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it. WEST Frontier agricultureFrontier agriculture Henry ClayHenry Clay_____________ Supported internal improvementsSupported internal improvements Wanted cheap landWanted cheap land Loyal to the U.S. Govt.Loyal to the U.S. Govt. Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issueAgainst slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue Economy Leader __________ Role of Government (4.1.I.A) AFTER ELECTION OF 1824 JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Political world changed during the New Democracy. Two new political parties emerge New parties NATIONAL REPUBLICANS 1.Adams, Clay and Webster 2.strong national govt. 3.Favored the BUS, tariffs, internal improvements, industry, public schools and moral reforms such as prohibition of liquor and abolition of slavery. 4.Best/privileged run the govt. DEMOCRATS 1.Jackson and Calhoun 2.Believed in states rights and federal restraint in economic and social affairs. 3.Favored the liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into the government. 4.Protected the common man. Jacksons Top Ten 10. Andrew Jackson was the first President from a state west of the Appalachian Mountains. 9. Andrew Jackson was the first Tennessean to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. 8. Andrew Jackson was the first territorial Governor of Florida. 7. Andrew Jackson was the first person to serve as a U.S. Representative, Senator, and President. 6. Andrew Jackson exercised his veto power 12 times as President, more than all of his predecessors combined. Jacksons Top Ten 5. Andrew Jackson was the first President to articulate that as President he represented all the people and the will of the majority must govern. 4. Andrew Jackson helped found and was the first U.S. President to represent the Democratic Party. 3. Andrew Jackson is the only U.S. President to be censured by the U.S. Senate. The censure (official criticism) was cancelled in the last year of his presidency. Jacksons Top Ten 2. The first assassination attempt on a sitting U.S. President occurred on January 30, 1835, when Robert Lawrence failed to slay Andrew Jackson. 1. Andrew Jackson was the only President in American History to pay off the national debt and leave office with the country in the black. Jackson 1 st term Jackson vs. Biddle Other Events Jefferson-Jackson Day Dinner King Andrew Eaton Affair (ONeal)Peggy (ONeal) Eaton was the wife of Jacksons secretary of war (John Eaton) who was the target of malicious gossip by other cabinet wives championJackson became her champion and stood up for her because of what happened to his late wife, Rachel. When Jackson tried to force the cabinet wives to accept Eaton socially, most of the cabinet resigned. VP Calhoun resigns and goes back to South Carolina. good ole boys.Jackson creates the kitchen cabinet which were informal advisers, Jacksons good ole boys. WebsterHarrison The Hudson River School Characteristics of the Hudson River School A new art for a new land. Issues/Themes Addressed by the Antebellum Artists In Natures Wonderland Thomas Doughty, 1835 View of the Catskills, Early Autumn Thomas Cole, 1837 The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or The Pastoral State - Thomas Cole, 1836 Washington Crossing the Delaware Emmanuel Gottlieb Leutze Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry. Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill of its day "Father of the American Factory System." Samuel Slater was the "Father of the American Factory System." The Lowell Mills (4.2.I.B) Americans beat the British at their own game, made better factories Francis C Lowell (a British traitor ) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody Together they improved the mill and invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing Women & the Economy 1850: 10% of white women working for pay outside home Vast majority of working women were single Left paying jobs upon marriage Cult of domesticity Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker Empowers married women Increased power & independence of women in home led to decline in family size Workers & Wage Slaves With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of wage slaves developed Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc. Labor unions illegal 1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10 Workers & Wage Slaves 1820s & 1830s: right to vote for laborers Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved conditions Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better conditions 1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10-hour day 1837 depression hurt union membership Commonwealth v. Hunt Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal conspiracies as long as they were peaceful Helped expand slavery because of the need for cotton (4.2.II.A) 1. The Second Great Awakening (4.1.II.A) Spiritual Reform From Within [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Education Womens Rights Abolitionism Temperance Movement (4.1.II.A) Frances Willard The Beecher Family American Temperance Society Demon Rum! Temperance Movement The most significant reform movements of the period sought not to withdraw from society but to change it directly Temperance Movement undertook to eliminate social problems by curbing drinking Led largely by clergy, the movement at first focused on drunkenness and did not oppose moderate drinking In 1826 the American Temperance Society was founded, taking voluntary abstinence as its goal. The most significant reform movements of the period sought not to withdraw from society but to change it directly Temperance Movement undertook to eliminate social problems by curbing drinking Led largely by clergy, the movement at first focused on drunkenness and did not oppose moderate drinking In 1826 the American Temperance Society was founded, taking voluntary abstinence as its goal. Anti-Alcohol movement American Temperance Society formed at Boston nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There sign pledges, pamphlets, anti-alcohol tract 10 nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There Demon Drink stressed temperance and individual will to resist Lyman Beecher Neal Dow Lucretia Mott The Drunkards Progress From the first glass to the grave, 1846 Penitentiary Reform (4.1.II.A) Dorothea Dix ( ) 1821 first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY Father of American Education Horace Mann ( ) The McGuffey Eclectic Readers Used religious parables to teach American values. Teach middle class morality and respect for order. Teach 3 Rs + Protestant ethic (frugality, hard work, sobriety) Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning. Transcend the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe. Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature (1832) Walden (1854) Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) Self-Reliance (1841) The American Scholar (1837) Utopians(4.1.II.A) Hawthorne The Oneida Community New York, 1848 John Humphrey Noyes ( ) Millenarianism --> the 2 nd coming of Christ had already occurred. Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. all residents married to each other. carefully regulated free love. Robert Owen ( ) Utopian Socialist Village of Cooperation Original Plans for New Harmony, IN New Harmony in 1832 Anti-Slavery Movement (4.1.II.B) American Colonization Society 1816 Liberia Underground Railroad William Lloyd Garrison ( ) eSlavery & Masonry undermined republican values. eImmediate emancipation with NO compensation. eSlavery was a moral, not an economic issue. eThe Liberator-1831 Black Abolitionists David Walker ( ) (4.1.III.C) > Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites. Frederick Douglass ( ) 1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass 1847 The North Star Harriet Tubman ( ) eHelped over 300 slaves to freedom. e$40,000 bounty on her head. eServed as a Union spy during the Civil War. Moses Separate Spheres Concept Republican Motherhood evolved into Cult of Domesticity (4.1.III.B) eA womans sphere was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside). eHer role was to civilize her husband and family. e An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural! Womens Movement (4.1.II.A) Early 19c Women 1.Unable to vote. 2.Legal status of a minor. 3.Single could own her own property. 4.Married no control over her property or her children. 5.Could not initiate divorce. 6.Couldnt make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husbands permission. World Anti-Slavery Convention-1840World Anti-Slavery Convention-1840 MottMott StantonStanton Seneca FallsSeneca Falls Declaration of SentimentsDeclaration of Sentiments Womens Rights